Chapter C: A. Ives (6)

Sev"enth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixth; one coming after six others.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seven; one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided.

3. (Mus.) (a) An interval embracing seven diatonic degrees of the scale. (b) A chord which includes the interval of a seventh whether major, minor, or diminished.

Sev`en-thir"ties (?), n. pl. A name given to three several issues of United States Treasury notes, made during the Civil War, in denominations of $50 and over, bearing interest at the rate of seven and three tenths (thirty hundredths) per cent annually. Within a few years they were all redeemed or funded.

Sev"enth*ly (?), adv. In the seventh place.

Sev"en*ti*eth (?), a. [AS. hund- seofontigoða.] 1. Next in order after the sixty-ninth; as, a man in the seventieth year of his age.

2. Constituting or being one of seventy equal parts.

Sev"en*ti*eth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixty-ninth.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventy; one of seventy equal parts or fractions.

Sev"en*ty (?), a. [AS. hund- seofontig. See Seven, and Ten, and cf. Seventeen, Sixty.] Seven times ten; one more than sixty-nine.

Sev"en*ty, n.; pl. Seventies (&?;). 1. The sum of seven times ten; seventy units or objects.

2. A symbol representing seventy units, as 70, or lxx.

The Seventy, the translators of the Greek version of the Old Testament called the Septuagint. See Septuagint.

Sev`en*ty-four" (?), n. (Naut.) A naval vessel carrying seventy-four guns.

Sev"en-up`, n. The game of cards called also all fours, and old sledge. [U. S.]

Sev"er (?), v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Severed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Severing.] [OF. sevrer, severer, to separate, F. sevrer to wean, fr. L. separare. See Separate, and cf. Several.] 1. To separate, as one from another; to cut off from something; to divide; to part in any way, especially by violence, as by cutting, rending, etc.; as, to sever the head from the body.

The angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the
just.

Matt. xiii. 49.

2. To cut or break open or apart; to divide into parts; to cut through; to disjoin; as, to sever the arm or leg.

Our state can not be severed; we are one.

Milton.

3. To keep distinct or apart; to except; to exempt.

I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people
dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there.

Ex. viii. 22.

4. (Law) To disunite; to disconnect; to terminate; as, to sever an estate in joint tenancy. Blackstone.

Sev"er, v. i. 1. To suffer disjunction; to be parted, or rent asunder; to be separated; to part; to separate. Shak.

2. To make a separation or distinction; to distinguish.

The Lord shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of
Egypt.

Ex. ix. 4.

They claimed the right of severing in their challenge.

Macaulay.

Sev"er*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being severed. Encyc. Dict.

Sev"er*al (?), a. [OF., fr. LL. separalis, fr. L. separ separate, different. See Sever, Separate.] 1. Separate; distinct; particular; single.

Each several ship a victory did gain.

Dryden.

Each might his several province well command, Would all but stoop
to what they understand.

Pope.

2. Diverse; different; various. Spenser.

Habits and faculties, several, and to be distinguished.

Bacon.

Four several armies to the field are led.

Dryden.

3. Consisting of a number more than two, but not very many; divers; sundry; as, several persons were present when the event took place.

Sev"er*al, adv. By itself; severally. [Obs.]

Every kind of thing is laid up several in barns or storehoudses.

Robynson (More's Utopia).

Sev"er*al, n. 1. Each particular taken singly; an item; a detail; an individual. [Obs.]

There was not time enough to hear . . . The severals.

Shak.

2. Persons oe objects, more than two, but not very many.

Several of them neither rose from any conspicuous family, nor left
any behind them.

Addison.

3. An inclosed or separate place; inclosure. [Obs.]

They had their several for heathen nations, their several for the
people of their own nation.

Hooker.

In several, in a state of separation. [R.] "Where pastures in several be." Tusser.

Sev`er*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Severalities (&?;). Each particular taken singly; distinction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sev"er*al*ize (?), v. t. To distinguish. [Obs.]

Sev"er*al*ly, adv. Separately; distinctly; apart from others; individually.

There must be an auditor to check and revise each severally by
itself.

De Quincey.

Sev"er*al*ty (?), n. A state of separation from the rest, or from all others; a holding by individual right.

Forests which had never been owned in severalty.

Bancroft.

Estate in severalty (Law), an estate which the tenant holds in his own right, without being joined in interest with any other person; -- distinguished from joint tenancy, coparcenary, and common. Blackstone.

Sev"er*ance (?), n. 1. The act of severing, or the state of being severed; partition; separation. Milman.

2. (Law) The act of dividing; the singling or severing of two or more that join, or are joined, in one writ; the putting in several or separate pleas or answers by two or more disjointly; the destruction of the unity of interest in a joint estate. Bouvier.

Se*vere" (?), a. [Compar. Severer (?); superl. Severest.] [L. severus; perhaps akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?; awe, &?;&?;&?; revered, holy, solemn, Goth. swikns innocent, chaste: cf. F. sévère. Cf. Asseverate, Persevere.] 1. Serious in feeeling or manner; sedate; grave; austere; not light, lively, or cheerful.

Your looks alter, as your subject does, From kind to fierce, from
wanton to severe.

Waller.

2. Very strict in judgment, discipline, or government; harsh; not mild or indulgent; rigorous; as, severe criticism; severe punishment. "Custody severe." Milton.

Come! you are too severe a moraler.

Shak.

Let your zeal, if it must be expressed in anger, be always more
severe against thyself than against others.

Jer. Taylor.

3. Rigidly methodical, or adherent to rule or principle; exactly conformed to a standard; not allowing or employing unneccessary ornament, amplification, etc.; strict; -- said of style, argument, etc. "Restrained by reason and severe principles." Jer. Taylor.

The Latin, a most severe and compendious language.

Dryden.

4. Sharp; afflictive; distressing; violent; extreme; as, severe pain, anguish, fortune; severe cold.

5. Difficult to be endured; exact; critical; rigorous; as, a severe test.

Syn. -- Strict; grave; austere; stern; morose; rigid; exact; rigorous; hard; rough; harsh; censorious; tart; acrimonious; sarcastic; satirical; cutting; biting; keen; bitter; cruel. See Strict.

-- Se*vere"ly, adv. -- Se*vere"ness, n.

Se*ver"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Severities (#). [L. severitas: cf. F. sévérité.] The quality or state of being severe. Specifically: --

(a) Gravity or austerity; extreme strictness; rigor; harshness; as, the severity of a reprimand or a reproof; severity of discipline or government; severity of penalties. "Strict age, and sour severity." Milton.

(b) The quality or power of distressing or paining; extreme degree; extremity; intensity; inclemency; as, the severity of pain or anguish; the severity of cold or heat; the severity of the winter.

(c) Harshness; cruel treatment; sharpness of punishment; as, severity practiced on prisoners of war.

(d) Exactness; rigorousness; strictness; as, the severity of a test.

Confining myself to the severity of truth.

Dryden.

Sev"er*y (?), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. ciborium. Oxf. Gloss.] (Arch.) A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling. [Written also civery.]

Sev`o*ca"tion (?), n. [L. sevocare, sevocatum, to call aside.] A calling aside. [Obs.]

Sè"vres blue` (?). A very light blue.

Sè"vres ware` (?). Porcelain manufactured at Sèvres, France, ecpecially in the national factory situated there.

Sew (?), n.[OE. See Sewer household officer.] Juice; gravy; a seasoned dish; a delicacy. [Obs.] Gower.

I will not tell of their strange sewes.

Chaucer.

Sew, v. t. [See Sue to follow.] To follow; to pursue; to sue. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Sew (?), v. t. [imp. Sewed (?); p. p. Sewed, rarely Sewn (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sewing.] [OE. sewen, sowen, AS. siówian, swian; akin to OHG. siuwan, Icel. s&?;ja, Sw. sy, Dan. sye, Goth. siujan, Lith. siuti, Russ, shite, L. ssuere, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, Skr. siv. √156. Cf. Seam a suture, Suture.] 1. To unite or fasten together by stitches, as with a needle and thread.

No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment.

Mark ii. 21.

2. To close or stop by ssewing; -- often with up; as, to sew up a rip.

3. To inclose by sewing; -- sometimes with up; as, to sew money in a bag.

Sew, v. i. To practice sewing; to work with needle and thread.

Sew (?), v. t. [√151 b. See Sewer a drain.] To drain, as a pond, for taking the fish. [Obs.] Tusser.

Sew"age (?), n. 1. The contents of a sewer or drain; refuse liquids or matter carried off by sewers

2. Sewerage, 2.

Sewe (?), v. i. To perform the duties of a sewer. See 3d Sewer. [Obs.]

Sew"el (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A scarecrow, generally made of feathers tied to a string, hung up to prevent deer from breaking into a place. Halliwell.

Se*wel"lel (?), n. [Of American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar gregarious burrowing rodent (Haplodon rufus), native of the coast region of the Northwestern United States. It somewhat resembles a muskrat or marmot, but has only a rudimentary tail. Its head is broad, its eyes are small and its fur is brownish above, gray beneath. It constitutes the family Haplodontidæ. Called also boomer, showt'l, and mountain beaver.

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Sew"en (?), n. (Zoöl.) A British trout usually regarded as a variety (var. Cambricus) of the salmon trout.

Sew"er (?), n. 1. One who sews, or stitches.

2. (Zoöl.) A small tortricid moth whose larva sews together the edges of a leaf by means of silk; as, the apple-leaf sewer (Phoxopteris nubeculana)

Sew"er (?), n. [OF. sewiere, seuwiere, ultimately fr. L. ex out + a derivative of aqua water; cf. OF. essevour a drain, essever, esseuwer, essiaver, to cause to flow, to drain, to flow, LL. exaquatorium a channel through which water runs off. Cf. Ewer, Aquarium.] A drain or passage to carry off water and filth under ground; a subterraneous channel, particularly in cities.

Sew"er, n. [Cf. OE. assewer, and asseour, OF. asseour, F. asseoir to seat, to set, L. assidere to sit by; ad + sedere to sit (cf. Sit); or cf. OE. sew pottage, sauce, boiled meat, AS. seáw juice, Skr. su to press out.] Formerly, an upper servant, or household officer, who set on and removed the dishes at a feast, and who also brought water for the hands of the guests.

Then the sewer Poured water from a great and golden ewer, That from
their hands to a silver caldron ran.

Chapman.

Sew"er*age (?), n. 1. The construction of a sewer or sewers.

2. The system of sewers in a city, town, etc.; the general drainage of a city or town by means of sewers.

3. The material collected in, and discharged by, sewers. [In this sense sewage is preferable and common.]

Sew"in (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sewen.

Sew"ing (?), n. 1. The act or occupation of one who sews.

2. That which is sewed with the needle.

Sewing horse (Harness making), a clamp, operated by the foot, for holding pieces of leather while being sewed. -- Sewing machine, a machine for sewing or stitching. -- Sewing press, or Sewing table (Bookbinding), a fixture or table having a frame in which are held the cords to which the back edges of folded sheets are sewed to form a book.

Sew"ster (?), n. A seamstress. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sex- (?). [L. sex six. See Six.] A combining form meaning six; as, sexdigitism; sexennial.

Sex, n. [L. sexus: cf. F. sexe.] 1. The distinguishing peculiarity of male or female in both animals and plants; the physical difference between male and female; the assemblage of properties or qualities by which male is distinguished from female.

2. One of the two divisions of organic beings formed on the distinction of male and female.

3. (Bot.) (a) The capability in plants of fertilizing or of being fertilized; as, staminate and pistillate flowers are of opposite sexes. (b) One of the groups founded on this distinction.

The sex, the female sex; women, in general.

Sex`a*ge*na"ri*an (?), n. [See Sexagenary.] A person who is sixty years old.

Sex*ag"e*na*ry (?), a. [L. sexagenarius, fr. sexageni sixty each, akin to sexaginta sixty, sex six: cf. sexagénaire. See Six.] Pertaining to, or designating, the number sixty; poceeding by sixties; sixty years old.

Sexagenary arithmetic. See under Sexagesimal. -- Sexagenary, or Sexagesimal, scale (Math.), a scale of numbers in which the modulus is sixty. It is used in treating the divisions of the circle.

Sex*ag"e*na*ry, n. 1. Something composed of sixty parts or divisions.

2. A sexagenarian. Sir W. Scott.

||Sex`a*ges"i*ma (?), n. [L., fem. of sexagesimus sixtieth, fr. ||sexaginta sixty.] (Eccl.) The second Sunday before Lent; -- so called ||as being about the sixtieth day before Easter.

Sex`a*ges"i*mal (?), a. [Cf. F. sexagésimal.] Pertaining to, or founded on, the number sixty.

Sexagesimal fractions or numbers (Arith. & Alg.), those fractions whose denominators are some power of sixty; as, , , ; -- called also astronomical fractions, because formerly there were no others used in astronomical calculations. -- Sexagesimal, or Sexagenary, arithmetic, the method of computing by the sexagenary scale, or by sixties. -- Sexagesimal scale (Math.), the sexagenary scale.

Sex`a*ges"i*mal, n. A sexagesimal fraction.

Sex"an`gle (?), n. [L. sexangulus sexangular; sex six + angulus angle: cf. F. sexangle. Cf. Hexangular.] (Geom.) A hexagon. [R.] Hutton.

{ Sex"an`gled (?), Sex*an"gu*lar (?) } a. [Cf. F. sexangulaire.] Having six angles; hexagonal. [R.] Dryden.

Sex*an"gu*lar*ly, adv. Hexagonally. [R.]

Sex*av"a*lent (?), a. See Sexivalent. [R.]

Sex*dig"it*ism (?), n. [Sex- + digit.] The state of having six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.

Sex*dig"it*ist, n. One who has six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.

Sexed (?), a. Belonging to sex; having sex; distinctively male of female; as, the sexed condition.

Sex"e*na*ry (?), a. Proceeding by sixes; sextuple; -- applied especially to a system of arithmetical computation in which the base is six.

Sex*en"ni*al (?), a. [L. sexennium a period of six years, sexennis of six years; sex six + annus a year. See Six, and Annual.] Lasting six years, or happening once in six years. -- n. A sexennial event.

Sex*en"ni*al*ly, adv. Once in six years.

{ Sex"fid (?), Sex"i*fid (?), } a. [Sex- + root of L. findere to split: cf. F. sexfide.] (Bot.) Six-cleft; as, a sexfid calyx or nectary.

Sex`i*syl*lab"ic (?), a. [Sex- + syllabic.] Having six syllables. Emerson.

Sex"i*syl`la*ble (?), n. [Sex- + syllable.] A word of six syllables.

Sex*iv"a*lent (?), a. [Sex- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (hem.) Hexavalent. [R.]

Sex"less (?), a. Having no sex.

Sex`loc"u*lar (?), a. [Sex- + locular: cf. F. sexloculaire.] (Bot.) Having six cells for seeds; six-celled; as, a sexlocular pericarp.

Sex"ly (?), a. Pertaining to sex. [R.]

Should I ascribe any of these things unto myself or my sexly
weakness, I were not worthy to live.

Queen Elizabeth.

Sex*ra"di*ate (?), a. [Sex- + radiate.] (Zoöl.) Having six rays; -- said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. of Spicule.

Sext (?), n. [L. sexta, fem. of sextus sixtt, fr. sex six: cf. F. sexte.] (R.C.Ch.) (a) The office for the sixth canonical hour, being a part of the Breviary. (b) The sixth book of the decretals, added by Pope Boniface VIII.

Sex"tain, n. [L. sextus sixth, fr. sex six: cf. It. sestina.] (Pros.) A stanza of six lines; a sestine.

||Sex"tans (?), n. [L. See Sextant.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin, the ||sixth part of an as.

2. (Astron.) A constellation on the equator south of Leo; the Sextant.

Sex"tant (?), n. [L. sextans, -antis, the sixth part of an as, fr. sextus sixth, sex six. See Six.] 1. (Math.) The sixth part of a circle.

2. An instrument for measuring angular distances between objects, -- used esp. at sea, for ascertaining the latitude and longitude. It is constructed on the same optical principle as Hadley's quadrant, but usually of metal, with a nicer graduation, telescopic sight, and its arc the sixth, and sometimes the third, part of a circle. See Quadrant.

3. (Astron.) The constellation Sextans.

Box sextant, a small sextant inclosed in a cylindrical case to make it more portable.

Sex"ta*ry (?), n.; pl. Sextaries (#). [L. sextarius the sixth part of a measure, weight, etc., fr. sextus sixth, sex six.] (Rom. Antiq.) An ancient Roman liquid and dry measure, about equal to an English pint.

Sex"ta*ry (?), n. [For sextonry.] A sacristy. [Obs.]

{ Sex*tet" (?), Sex*tet"to (?), } n. (Mus.) See Sestet.

Sex"teyn (?), n. A sacristan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sex"tic (?), a. [L. sextus sixth.] (Math.) Of the sixth degree or order. -- n. (Alg.) A quantic of the sixth degree.

Sex"tile (?), a. [F. sextil, fr. L. sextus the sixth, from sex six. See Six.] (Astrol.) Measured by sixty degrees; fixed or indicated by a distance of sixty degrees. Glanvill.

Sex"tile, n. [Cf. F. aspect sextil.] (Astrol.) The aspect or position of two planets when distant from each other sixty degrees, or two signs. This position is marked thus: &8star;. Hutton.

Sex*til"lion (?), n. [Formed (in imitation of million) fr. L. sextus sixth, sex six: cf. F. sextilion.] According to the method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. According to the English method, a million raised to the sixth power, or the number expressed by a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed. See Numeration.

Sex"to (?), n.; pl. Sextos (#). [L. sextus sixth.] A book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into six leaves.

Sex`to*dec"i*mo (?), a. [L. sextus- decimus the sixteenth; sextus the sixth (fr. sex six) + decimus the tenth, from decem ten. See - mo.] Having sixteen leaves to a sheet; of, or equal to, the size of one fold of a sheet of printing paper when folded so as to make sixteen leaves, or thirty-two pages; as, a sextodecimo volume.

Sex`to*dec"imo, n.; pl. Sextodecimos (&?;). A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into sixteen leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of a book; -- usually written 16mo, or 16°.

Sex"to*let (?), n. (Mus.) A double triplet; a group of six equal notes played in the time of four.

Sex"ton (?), n. [OE. sextein, contr. fr. sacristan.] An under officer of a church, whose business is to take care of the church building and the vessels, vestments, etc., belonging to the church, to attend on the officiating clergyman, and to perform other duties pertaining to the church, such as to dig graves, ring the bell, etc.

Sexton beetle (Zoöl.), a burying beetle.

Sex"ton*ess, n. A female sexton; a sexton's wife.

Sex"ton*ry (?), n. Sextonship. [Obs.] Ld. Bernes.

Sex"ton*ship, n. The office of a sexton. Swift.

Sex"try (?), n. See Sacristy. [Obs.]

Sex"tu*ple (?), a. [Formed (in imitation of quadruple) fr. L. sextus sixth: cf. F. sextuple.] 1. Six times as much; sixfold.

2. (Mus.) Divisible by six; having six beats; as, sixtuple measure.

Sex"u*al (?), a. [L. sexualis, fr. sexus sex: cf. F. sexuel.] Of or pertaining to sex, or the sexes; distinguishing sex; peculiar to the distinction and office of male or female; relating to the distinctive genital organs of the sexes; proceeding from, or based upon, sex; as, sexual characteristics; sexual intercourse, connection, or commerce; sexual desire; sexual diseases; sexual generation.

Sexual dimorphism (Biol.), the condition of having one of the sexes existing in two forms, or varieties, differing in color, size, etc., as in many species of butterflies which have two kinds of females. -- Sexual method (Bot.), a method of classification proposed by Linnæus, founded mainly on difference in number and position of the stamens and pistils of plants. -- Sexual selection (Biol.), the selective preference of one sex for certain characteristics in the other, such as bright colors, musical notes, etc.; also, the selection which results from certain individuals of one sex having more opportunities of pairing with the other sex, on account of greater activity, strength, courage, etc.; applied likewise to that kind of evolution which results from such sexual preferences. Darwin.

In these cases, therefore, natural selection seems to have acted
independently of sexual selection.

A. R. Wallace.

Sex"u*al*ist, n. (Bot.) One who classifies plants by the sexual method of Linnæus.

Sex`u*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being distinguished by sex. Lindley.

Sex"u*al*ize (?), v. t. To attribute sex to.

Sex"u*al*ly, adv. In a sexual manner or relation.

{ Sey (?), Seyh (?) }, obs. imp. sing. & 2d pers. pl. of See. Chaucer.

{ Seye (?), Seyen (?) }, obs. imp. pl. & p. p. of See.

Seynd (?), obs. p. p. of Senge, to singe. Chaucer.

Seynt (?), n. A gridle. See 1st Seint. [Obs.]

{ ||Sfor*zan"do (?), ||Sfor*za"to (?), } a. [It. sforzando, p. pr., and sforzato, p. p. of sforzare to force.] (Mus.) Forcing or forced; -- a direction placed over a note, to signify that it must be executed with peculiar emphasis and force; -- marked fz (an abbreviation of forzando), sf, sfz, or &?;.

||Sfu*ma"to (?), a. [It.] (Paint.) Having vague outlines, and colors ||and shades so mingled as to give a misty appearance; -- said of a ||painting.

||Sgraf*fi"to (?), a. [It.] (Paint.) Scratched; -- said of decorative ||painting of a certain style, in which a white overland surface is cut ||or scratched through, so as to form the design from a dark ground ||underneath.

Shab (?), n. [OE. shabbe, AS. sc&?;b. See Scab.] The itch in animals; also, a scab. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shabbing.] [See Scab, 3.] To play mean tricks; to act shabbily. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shab, v. t. To scratch; to rub. [Obs.] Farquhar.

Shab"bed (?), a. Shabby. [Obs.] Wood.

Shab"bi*ly (?), adv. In a shabby manner.

Shab"bi*ness, n. The quality or state of being sghabby.

{ Shab"ble (?), Shab"ble }, n.[Cf. D. sabel, and G. säbel.] A kind of crooked sword or hanger. [Scot.]

Shab"by (?), a. [Compar. Shabbier (?); superl. Shabbiest.] [See Shab, n., Scabby, and Scab.] 1. Torn or worn to rage; poor; mean; ragged.

Wearing shabby coats and dirty shirts.

Macaulay.

2. Clothed with ragged, much worn, or soiled garments. "The dean was so shabby." Swift.

3. Mean; paltry; despicable; as, shabby treatment. "Very shabby fellows." Clarendon.

||Shab"rack (?), n. [Turk. tshprk, whence F. chabraque, G. shabracke.] ||(Mil.) The saddlecloth or housing of a cavalry horse.

Shack (?), v. t. [Prov. E., to shake, to shed. See Shake.] 1. To shed or fall, as corn or grain at harvest. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

2. To feed in stubble, or upon waste corn. [Prov. Eng.]

3. To wander as a vagabond or a tramp. [Prev.Eng.]

Shack, n. [Cf. Scot. shag refuse of barley or oats.] 1. The grain left after harvest or gleaning; also, nuts which have fallen to the ground. [Prov. Eng.]

2. Liberty of winter pasturage. [Prov. Eng.]

3. A shiftless fellow; a low, itinerant beggar; a vagabond; a tramp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby.

All the poor old shacks about the town found a friend in Deacon
Marble.

H. W. Beecher.

Common of shack (Eng.Law), the right of persons occupying lands lying together in the same common field to turn out their cattle to range in it after harvest. Cowell.

Shack"a*to*ry (?), n. A hound. [Obs.]

Shac"kle (?), n. Stubble. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.

Shac"kle, n. [Generally used in the plural.] [OE. schakkyll, schakle, AS. scacul, sceacul, a shackle, fr. scacan to shake; cf. D. schakel a link of a chain, a mesh, Icel. skökull the pole of a cart. See Shake.] 1. Something which confines the legs or arms so as to prevent their free motion; specifically, a ring or band inclosing the ankle or wrist, and fastened to a similar shackle on the other leg or arm, or to something else, by a chain or a strap; a gyve; a fetter.

His shackles empty left; himself escaped clean.

Spenser.

2. Hence, that which checks or prevents free action.

His very will seems to be in bonds and shackles.

South.

3. A fetterlike band worn as an ornament.

Most of the men and women . . . had all earrings made of gold, and
gold shackles about their legs and arms.

Dampier.

4. A link or loop, as in a chain, fitted with a movable bolt, so that the parts can be separated, or the loop removed; a clevis.

5. A link for connecting railroad cars; -- called also drawlink, draglink, etc.

6. The hinged and curved bar of a padlock, by which it is hung to the staple. Knight.

Shackle joint (Anat.), a joint formed by a bony ring passing through a hole in a bone, as at the bases of spines in some fishes.

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Shac"kle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shackled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shackling.] 1. To tie or confine the limbs of, so as to prevent free motion; to bind with shackles; to fetter; to chain.

To lead him shackled, and exposed to scorn Of gathering crowds, the
Britons' boasted chief.

J. Philips.

2. Figuratively: To bind or confine so as to prevent or embarrass action; to impede; to cumber.

Shackled by her devotion to the king, she seldom could pursue that
object.

Walpole.

3. To join by a link or chain, as railroad cars. [U. S.]

Shackle bar, the coupling between a locomotive and its tender. [U.S.] -- Shackle bolt, a shackle. Sir W. Scott.

Shack"lock` (?), n. A sort of shackle. [Obs.]

Shack"ly, a. Shaky; rickety. [Colloq. U. S.]

Shad (shd), n. sing. & pl. [AS. sceadda a kind of fish, akin to Prov. G. schade; cf. Ir. & Gael. sgadan a herring, W. ysgadan herrings; all perhaps akin to E. skate a fish.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of food fishes of the Herring family. The American species (Clupea sapidissima), which is abundant on the Atlantic coast and ascends the larger rivers in spring to spawn, is an important market fish. The European allice shad, or alose (C. alosa), and the twaite shad. (C. finta), are less important species. [Written also chad.]

The name is loosely applied, also, to several other fishes, as the gizzard shad (see under Gizzard), called also mud shad, white-eyed shad, and winter shad.

Hardboaded, or Yellow-tailed, shad, the menhaden. -- Hickory, or Tailor, shad, the mattowacca. -- Long-boned shad, one of several species of important food fishes of the Bermudas and the West Indies, of the genus Gerres. -- Shad bush (Bot.), a name given to the North American shrubs or small trees of the rosaceous genus Amelanchier (A. Canadensis, and A. alnifolia) Their white racemose blossoms open in April or May, when the shad appear, and the edible berries (pomes) ripen in June or July, whence they are called Juneberries. The plant is also called service tree, and Juneberry. -- Shad frog, an American spotted frog (Rana halecina); - - so called because it usually appears at the time when the shad begin to run in the rivers. -- Trout shad, the squeteague. -- White shad, the common shad.

Shad"bird` (shd"brd), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The American, or Wilson's, snipe. See under Snipe. So called because it appears at the same time as the shad. (b) The common European sandpiper. [Prov. Eng.]

Shadd (shd), n. (Mining.) Rounded stones containing tin ore, lying at the surface of the ground, and indicating a vein. Raymond.

Shad"de (?), obs. imp. of Shed. Chaucer.

Shad"dock (?), n. [Said to be so called from a Captain Shaddock, who first brought this fruit from the East Indies.] (Bot.) A tree (Citrus decumana) and its fruit, which is a large species of orange; -- called also forbidden fruit, and pompelmous.

Shade (shd), n. [OE. shade, shadewe, schadewe, AS. sceadu, scead; akin to OS. skado, D. schaduw, OHG. scato, (gen. scatewes), G. schatten, Goth. skadus, Ir. & Gael. sgath, and probably to Gr. sko`tos darkness. &radic;162. Cf. Shadow, Shed a hat.] 1. Comparative obscurity owing to interception or interruption of the rays of light; partial darkness caused by the intervention of something between the space contemplated and the source of light.

Shade differs from shadow as it implies no particular form or definite limit; whereas a shadow represents in form the object which intercepts the light. When we speak of the shade of a tree, we have no reference to its form; but when we speak of measuring a pyramid or other object by its shadow, we have reference to its form and extent.

2. Darkness; obscurity; -- often in the plural.

The shades of night were falling fast.

Longfellow.

3. An obscure place; a spot not exposed to light; hence, a secluded retreat.

Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there Weep our sad bosoms
empty.

Shak.

4. That which intercepts, or shelters from, light or the direct rays of the sun; hence, also, that which protects from heat or currents of air; a screen; protection; shelter; cover; as, a lamp shade.

The Lord is thy shade upon thy right hand.

Ps. cxxi. 5.

Sleep under a fresh tree's shade.

Shak.

Let the arched knife well sharpened now assail the spreading shades
of vegetables.

J. Philips.

5. Shadow. [Poetic.]

Envy will merit, as its shade, pursue.

Pope.

6. The soul after its separation from the body; -- so called because the ancients it to be perceptible to the sight, though not to the touch; a spirit; a ghost; as, the shades of departed heroes.

Swift as thought the flitting shade Thro' air his momentary journey
made.

Dryden.

7. (Painting, Drawing, etc.) The darker portion of a picture; a less illuminated part. See Def. 1, above.

8. Degree or variation of color, as darker or lighter, stronger or paler; as, a delicate shade of pink.

White, red, yellow, blue, with their several degrees, or shades and
mixtures, as green only in by the eyes.

Locke.

9. A minute difference or variation, as of thought, belief, expression, etc.; also, the quality or degree of anything which is distinguished from others similar by slight differences; as, the shades of meaning in synonyms.

New shades and combinations of thought.

De Quincey.

Every shade of religious and political opinion has its own
headquarters.

Macaulay.

The Shades, the Nether World; the supposed abode of souls after leaving the body.

Shade (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shading.] 1. To shelter or screen by intercepting the rays of light; to keep off illumination from. Milton.

I went to crop the sylvan scenes, And shade our altars with their
leafy greens.

Dryden.

2. To shelter; to cover from injury; to protect; to screen; to hide; as, to shade one's eyes.

Ere in our own house I do shade my head.

Shak.

3. To obscure; to dim the brightness of.

Thou shad'st The full blaze of thy beams.

Milton.

4. To pain in obscure colors; to darken.

5. To mark with gradations of light or color.

6. To present a shadow or image of; to shadow forth; to represent. [Obs.]

[The goddess] in her person cunningly did shade That part of
Justice which is Equity.

Spenser.

Shade"ful (?), a. Full of shade; shady.

Shade"less, a. Being without shade; not shaded.

Shad"er (?), n. One who, or that which, shades.

Shad"i*ly (?), adv. In a shady manner.

Shad"i*ness, n. Quality or state of being shady.

Shad"ing, n. 1. Act or process of making a shade.

2. That filling up which represents the effect of more or less darkness, expressing rotundity, projection, etc., in a picture or a drawing.

||Sha*doof" (sh*df"), n. [Ar. shdf.] A machine, resembling a well ||sweep, used in Egypt for raising water from the Nile for irrigation.

Shad"ow (shd"), n. [Originally the same word as shade. &radic;162. See Shade.] 1. Shade within defined limits; obscurity or deprivation of light, apparent on a surface, and representing the form of the body which intercepts the rays of light; as, the shadow of a man, of a tree, or of a tower. See the Note under Shade, n., 1.

2. Darkness; shade; obscurity.

Night's sable shadows from the ocean rise.

Denham.

3. A shaded place; shelter; protection; security.

In secret shadow from the sunny ray, On a sweet bed of lilies
softly laid.

Spenser.

4. A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water. Shak.

5. That which follows or attends a person or thing like a shadow; an inseparable companion; hence, an obsequious follower.

Sin and her shadow Death.

Milton.

6. A spirit; a ghost; a shade; a phantom. "Hence, horrible shadow!" Shak.

7. An imperfect and faint representation; adumbration; indistinct image; dim bodying forth; hence, mystical representation; type.

The law having a shadow of good things to come.

Heb. x. 1.

[Types] and shadows of that destined seed.

Milton.

8. A small degree; a shade. "No variableness, neither shadow of turning." James i. 17.

9. An uninvited guest coming with one who is invited. [A Latinism] Nares.

I must not have my board pastered with shadows That under other
men's protection break in Without invitement.

Massinger.

Shadow of death, darkness or gloom like that caused by the presence or the impending of death. Ps. xxiii. 4.

Shad"ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shadowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shadowing.] [OE. shadowen, AS. sceadwian. See adow, n.] 1. To cut off light from; to put in shade; to shade; to throw a shadow upon; to overspead with obscurity.

The warlike elf much wondered at this tree, So fair and great, that
shadowed all the ground.

Spenser.

2. To conceal; to hide; to screen. [R.]

Let every soldier hew him down a bough. And bear't before him;
thereby shall we shadow The numbers of our host.

Shak.

3. To protect; to shelter from danger; to shroud.

Shadowing their right under your wings of war.

Shak.

4. To mark with gradations of light or color; to shade.

5. To represent faintly or imperfectly; to adumbrate; hence, to represent typically.

Augustus is shadowed in the person of Æneas.

Dryden.

6. To cloud; to darken; to cast a gloom over.

The shadowed livery of the burnished sun.

Shak.

Why sad? I must not see the face O love thus shadowed.

Beau. & Fl.

7. To attend as closely as a shadow; to follow and watch closely, especially in a secret or unobserved manner; as, a detective shadows a criminal.

Shad"ow*i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shadowy.

Shad"ow*ing, n. 1. Shade, or gradation of light and color; shading. Feltham.

2. A faint representation; an adumbration.

There are . . . in savage theology shadowings, quaint or majestic,
of the conception of a Supreme Deity.

Tylor.

Shad"ow*ish, a. Shadowy; vague. [Obs.] Hooker.

Shad"ow*less, a. Having no shadow.

Shad"ow*y (?), a. 1. Full of shade or shadows; causing shade or shadow. "Shadowy verdure." Fenton.

This shadowy desert, unfrequented woods.

Shak.

2. Hence, dark; obscure; gloomy; dim. "The shadowy past." Longfellow.

3. Not brightly luminous; faintly light.

The moon . . . with more pleasing light, Shadowy sets off the face
things.

Milton.

4. Faintly representative; hence, typical.

From shadowy types to truth, from flesh to spirit.

Milton.

5. Unsubstantial; unreal; as, shadowy honor.

Milton has brought into his poems two actors of a shadowy and
fictitious nature, in the persons of Sin and Death.

Addison.

Sha"drach (?), n. (Metal.) A mass of iron on which the operation of smelting has failed of its intended effect; -- so called from Shadrach, one of the three Hebrews who came forth unharmed from the fiery furnace of Nebuchadnezzar. (See Dan. iii. 26, 27.)

Shad"-spir`it (?), n. See Shadbird (a)

Shad"-wait`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A lake whitefish; the roundfish. See Roundfish.

Shad"y (?), a. [Compar. Shadier (?); superl. Shadiest.] 1. Abounding in shade or shades; overspread with shade; causing shade.

The shady trees cover him with their shadow.

Job. xl. 22.

And Amaryllis fills the shady groves.

Dryden.

2. Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat.

Cast it also that you may have rooms shady for summer and warm for
winter.

Bacon.

3. Of or pertaining to shade or darkness; hence, unfit to be seen or known; equivocal; dubious or corrupt. [Colloq.] "A shady business." London Sat. Rev.

Shady characters, disreputable, criminal.

London Spectator.

On the shady side of, on the thither side of; as, on the shady side of fifty; that is, more than fifty. [Colloq.] -- To keep shady, to stay in concealment; also, to be reticent. [Slang]

Shaf"fle (?), v. i. [See Shuffle.] To hobble or limp; to shuffle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shaf"fler (?), n. A hobbler; one who limps; a shuffer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sha"fi*ite (?), n. A member of one of the four sects of the Sunnites, or Orthodox Mohammedans; -- so called from its founder, Mohammed al-Shafeï.

Shaft (?), n. [OE. shaft, schaft, AS. sceaft; akin to D. schacht, OHG. scaft, G. schaft, Dan. & Sw. skaft handle, haft, Icel. skapt, and probably to L. scapus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, a staff. Probably originally, a shaven or smoothed rod. Cf. Scape, Scepter, Shave.] 1. The slender, smooth stem of an arrow; hence, an arrow.

His sleep, his meat, his drink, is him bereft, That lean he wax,
and dry as is a shaft.

Chaucer.

A shaft hath three principal parts, the stele [stale], the
feathers, and the head.

Ascham.

2. The long handle of a spear or similar weapon; hence, the weapon itself; (Fig.) anything regarded as a shaft to be thrown or darted; as, shafts of light.

And the thunder, Winged with red lightning and impetuous rage,
Perhaps hath spent his shafts.

Milton.

Some kinds of literary pursuits . . . have been attacked with all
the shafts of ridicule.

V. Knox.

3. That which resembles in some degree the stem or handle of an arrow or a spear; a long, slender part, especially when cylindrical. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The trunk, stem, or stalk of a plant. (b) (Zoöl.) The stem or midrib of a feather. See Illust. of Feather. (c) The pole, or tongue, of a vehicle; also, a thill. (d) The part of a candlestick which supports its branches.

Thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold . . . his shaft, and his
branches, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, shall be of the
same.

Ex. xxv. 31.

(e) The handle or helve of certain tools, instruments, etc., as a hammer, a whip, etc. (f) A pole, especially a Maypole. [Obs.] Stow. (g) (Arch.) The body of a column; the cylindrical pillar between the capital and base (see Illust. of Column). Also, the part of a chimney above the roof. Also, the spire of a steeple. [Obs. or R.] Gwilt. (h) A column, an obelisk, or other spire-shaped or columnar monument.

Bid time and nature gently spare The shaft we raise to thee.

Emerson.

(i) (Weaving) A rod at the end of a heddle. (j) (Mach.) A solid or hollow cylinder or bar, having one or more journals on which it rests and revolves, and intended to carry one or more wheels or other revolving parts and to transmit power or motion; as, the shaft of a steam engine. See Illust. of Countershaft.

4. (Zoöl.) A humming bird (Thaumastura cora) having two of the tail feathers next to the middle ones very long in the male; -- called also cora humming bird.

5. [Cf. G. schacht.] (Mining) A well-like excavation in the earth, perpendicular or nearly so, made for reaching and raising ore, for raising water, etc.

6. A long passage for the admission or outlet of air; an air shaft.

7. The chamber of a blast furnace.

Line shaft (Mach.), a main shaft of considerable length, in a shop or factory, usually bearing a number of pulleys by which machines are driven, commonly by means of countershafts; -- called also line, or main line. - - Shaft alley (Naut.), a passage extending from the engine room to the stern, and containing the propeller shaft. -- Shaft furnace (Metal.), a furnace, in the form of a chimney, which is charged at the top and tapped at the bottom.

Shaft"ed, a. 1. Furnished with a shaft, or with shafts; as, a shafted arch.

2. (Her.) Having a shaft; -- applied to a spear when the head and the shaft are of different tinctures.

Shaft"ing, n. (Mach.) Shafts, collectivelly; a system of connected shafts for communicating motion.

{ Shaft"man (?), Shaft"ment (?), } n. [AS. sceaftmund.] A measure of about six inches. [Obs.]

<! p. 1322 !>

Shag (?), n. [AS. sceacga a bush of hair; akin to Icel. skegg the beard, Sw. skägg, Dan. skj&?;g. Cf. Schock of hair.] 1. Coarse hair or nap; rough, woolly hair.

True Witney broadcloth, with its shag unshorn.

Gay.

2. A kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap.

3. (Com.) A kind of prepared tobacco cut fine.

4. (Zoöl.) Any species of cormorant.

Shag, a. Hairy; shaggy. Shak.

Shag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shagging.] To make hairy or shaggy; hence, to make rough.

Shag the green zone that bounds the boreal skies.

J. Barlow.

Shag"bark` (?), n. (Bot.) A rough-barked species of hickory (Carya alba), its nut. Called also shellbark. See Hickory. (b) The West Indian Pithecolobium micradenium, a legiminous tree with a red coiled-up pod.

Shage"bush` (?), n. A sackbut. [Obs.]

Shag"ged (?), a. Shaggy; rough. Milton. -- Shag"ged*ness, n. Dr. H. More.

Shag"gi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shaggy; roughness; shaggedness.

Shag"gy (?), a. [Compar. Shaggier (?); superl. Shaggiest.] [From Shag, n.] Rough with long hair or wool.

About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin.

Dryden.

2. Rough; rugged; jaggy. Milton.

[A rill] that winds unseen beneath the shaggy fell.

Keble.

Shag"-haired` (?), a. Having shaggy hair. Shak.

Shag"-rag` (?), n. The unkempt and ragged part of the community. [Colloq. or Slang.] R. Browning.

Sha*green" (?), v. t. To chagrin. [Obs.]

Sha*green", n. [F. chagrin, It. zigrino, fr. Turk. saghri the back of a horse or other beast of burden, shagreen. Cf. Chagrin.] 1. A kind of untanned leather prepared in Russia and the East, from the skins of horses, asses, and camels, and grained so as to be covered with small round granulations. This characteristic surface is produced by pressing small seeds into the grain or hair side when moist, and afterward, when dry, scraping off the roughness left between them, and then, by soaking, causing the portions of the skin which had been compressed or indented by the seeds to swell up into relief. It is used for covering small cases and boxes.

2. The skin of various small sharks and other fishes when having small, rough, bony scales. The dogfishes of the genus Scyllium furnish a large part of that used in the arts.

{ Sha*green" (?), Sha*greened" (?) } a. 1. Made or covered with the leather called shagreen. "A shagreen case of lancets." T. Hook.

2. (Zoöl.) Covered with rough scales or points like those on shagreen.

Shah (shä), n. [Per. shh a king, sovereign, prince. Cf. Checkmate, Chess, Pasha.] The title of the supreme ruler in certain Eastern countries, especially Persia. [Written also schah.]

Shah Nameh. [Per., Book of Kings.] A celebrated historical poem written by Firdousi, being the most ancient in the modern Persian language. Brande & C.

||Sha*hin" (?), n. [Ar. shhn.] (Zoöl.) A large and swift Asiatic falcon ||(Falco pregrinator) highly valued in falconry.

Shaik (?), n. See Sheik.

Shail (?), v. i. [Cf. AS. sceolh squinting, Icel. skjgr wry, oblique, Dan. skele to squint.] To walk sidewise. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

Shake (?), obs. p. p. of Shake. Chaucer.

Shake, v. t. [imp. Shook (?); p. p. Shaken (?), (Shook, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaking.] [OE. shaken, schaken, AS. scacan, sceacan; akin to Icel. & Sw. skaka, OS. skakan, to depart, to flee. &radic;161. Cf. Shock, v.] 1. To cause to move with quick or violent vibrations; to move rapidly one way and the other; to make to tremble or shiver; to agitate.

As a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a
mighty wind.

Rev. vi. 13.

Ascend my chariot; guide the rapid wheels That shake heaven's
basis.

Milton.

2. Fig.: To move from firmness; to weaken the stability of; to cause to waver; to impair the resolution of.

When his doctrines grew too strong to be shook by his enemies, they
persecuted his reputation.

Atterbury.

Thy equal fear that my firm faith and love Can by his fraud be
shaken or seduced.

Milton.

3. (Mus.) To give a tremulous tone to; to trill; as, to shake a note in music.

4. To move or remove by agitating; to throw off by a jolting or vibrating motion; to rid one's self of; -- generally with an adverb, as off, out, etc.; as, to shake fruit down from a tree.

Shake off the golden slumber of repose.

Shak.

'Tis our fast intent To shake all cares and business from our age.

Shak.

I could scarcely shake him out of my company.

Bunyan.

To shake a cask (Naut.), to knock a cask to pieces and pack the staves. -- To shake hands, to perform the customary act of civility by clasping and moving hands, as an expression of greeting, farewell, good will, agreement, etc. -- To shake out a reef (Naut.), to untile the reef points and spread more canvas. -- To shake the bells. See under Bell. -- To shake the sails (Naut.), to luff up in the wind, causing the sails to shiver. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Shake, v. i. To be agitated with a waving or vibratory motion; to tremble; to shiver; to quake; to totter.

Under his burning wheels The steadfast empyrean shook throughout,
All but the throne itself of God.

Milton.

What danger? Who 's that that shakes behind there?

Beau. & Fl.

Shaking piece, a name given by butchers to the piece of beef cut from the under side of the neck. See Illust. of Beef.

Shake (?), n. 1. The act or result of shaking; a vacillating or wavering motion; a rapid motion one way and other; a trembling, quaking, or shivering; agitation.

The great soldier's honor was composed Of thicker stuff, which
could endure a shake.

Herbert.

Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many
kind shakes of the hand.

Addison.

2. A fissure or crack in timber, caused by its being dried too suddenly. Gwilt.

3. A fissure in rock or earth.

4. (Mus.) A rapid alternation of a principal tone with another represented on the next degree of the staff above or below it; a trill.

5. (Naut.) One of the staves of a hogshead or barrel taken apart. Totten.

6. A shook of staves and headings. Knight.

7. (Zoöl.) The redshank; -- so called from the nodding of its head while on the ground. [Prov. Eng.]

No great shakes, of no great importance. [Slang] Byron. -- The shakes, the fever and ague. [Colloq. U.S.]

Shake"down` (?), n. A temporary substitute for a bed, as one made on the floor or on chairs; -- perhaps originally from the shaking down of straw for this purpose. Sir W. Scott.

Shake"fork` (?), n. A fork for shaking hay; a pitchfork. [Obs.]

Shak"en (?), a. 1. Caused to shake; agitated; as, a shaken bough.

2. Cracked or checked; split. See Shake, n., 2.

Nor is the wood shaken or twisted.

Barroe.

3. Impaired, as by a shock.

Shak"er (?), n. 1. A person or thing that shakes, or by means of which something is shaken.

2. One of a religious sect who do not marry, popularly so called from the movements of the members in dancing, which forms a part of their worship.

The sect originated in England in 1747, and came to the United States in 1774, under the leadership of Mother Ann Lee. The Shakers are sometimes nicknamed Shaking Quakers, but they differ from the Quakers in doctrine and practice. They style themselves the "United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing." The sect is now confined in the United States.

3. (Zoöl.) A variety of pigeon. P. J. Selby.

Shak"er*ess, n. A female Shaker.

Shak"er*ism (?), n. Doctrines of the Shakers.

Shake*spear"e*an (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or in the style of, Shakespeare or his works. [Written also Shakespearian, Shakspearean, Shakspearian, Shaksperean, Shaksperian.etc.]

Shak"i*ness (?), n. Quality of being shaky.

Shak"ings (?), n. pl. (Naut.) Deck sweepings, refuse of cordage, canvas, etc. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Shak"o (?), n. [Hung. csákó: cf. F. shako, schako.] A kind of military cap or headdress.

Shak"y (?), a. [Compar. Shakier (?); superl. Shakiest.] 1. Shaking or trembling; as, a shaky spot in a marsh; a shaky hand. Thackeray.

2. Full of shakes or cracks; cracked; as, shaky timber. Gwilt.

3. Easily shaken; tottering; unsound; as, a shaky constitution; shaky business credit. [Colloq.]

Shale (?), n. [AS. scealy, scalu. See Scalme, and cf. Shell.] 1. A shell or husk; a cod or pod. "The green shales of a bean." Chapman.

2. [G. shale.] (Geol.) A fine- grained sedimentary rock of a thin, laminated, and often friable, structure.

Bituminous shale. See under Bituminous.

Shale, v. t. To take off the shell or coat of; to shell.

Life, in its upper grades, was bursting its shell, or was shaling
off its husk.

I. Taylor.

Shall (?), v. i. & auxiliary. [imp. Should (?).] [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen, pres. zal, imp. zoude, zou, OHG. solan, scolan, pres. scal, sol. imp. scolta, solta, G. sollen, pres. soll, imp. sollte, Icel. skulu, pres. skal, imp. skyldi, SW. skola, pres. skall, imp. skulle, Dan. skulle, pres. skal, imp. skulde, Goth. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skulda, and to AS. scyld guilt, G. schuld guilt, fault, debt, and perhaps to L. scelus crime.] [Shall is defective, having no infinitive, imperative, or participle.] 1. To owe; to be under obligation for. [Obs.] "By the faith I shall to God" Court of Love.

2. To be obliged; must. [Obs.] "Me athinketh [I am sorry] that I shall rehearse it her." Chaucer.

3. As an auxiliary, shall indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived from the person speaking; as, you shall go; he shall go; that is, I order or promise your going. It thus ordinarily expresses, in the second and third persons, a command, a threat, or a promise. If the auxillary be emphasized, the command is made more imperative, the promise or that more positive and sure. It is also employed in the language of prophecy; as, "the day shall come when . . . , " since a promise or threat and an authoritative prophecy nearly coincide in significance. In shall with the first person, the necessity of the action is sometimes implied as residing elsewhere than in the speaker; as, I shall suffer; we shall see; and there is always a less distinct and positive assertion of his volition than is indicated by will. "I shall go" implies nearly a simple futurity; more exactly, a foretelling or an expectation of my going, in which, naturally enough, a certain degree of plan or intention may be included; emphasize the shall, and the event is described as certain to occur, and the expression approximates in meaning to our emphatic "I will go." In a question, the relation of speaker and source of obligation is of course transferred to the person addressed; as, "Shall you go?" (answer, "I shall go"); "Shall he go?" i. e., "Do you require or promise his going?" (answer, "He shall go".) The same relation is transferred to either second or third person in such phrases as "You say, or think, you shall go;" "He says, or thinks, he shall go." After a conditional conjunction (as if, whether) shall is used in all persons to express futurity simply; as, if I, you, or he shall say they are right. Should is everywhere used in the same connection and the same senses as shall, as its imperfect. It also expresses duty or moral obligation; as, he should do it whether he will or not. In the early English, and hence in our English Bible, shall is the auxiliary mainly used, in all the persons, to express simple futurity. (Cf. Will, v. t.) Shall may be used elliptically; thus, with an adverb or other word expressive of motion go may be omitted. "He to England shall along with you." Shak.

Shall and will are often confounded by inaccurate speakers and writers. Say: I shall be glad to see you. Shall I do this? Shall I help you? (not Will I do this?) See Will.

Shal"li (?), n. See Challis.

Shal"lon (?), n. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub (Gaultheria Shallon) of Northwest America; also, its fruit. See Salal-berry.

Shal*loon" (?), n. [F. chalon, from Châlons, in France, where it was first made.] A thin, loosely woven, twilled worsted stuff.

In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad.

Swift.

Shal"lop (?), n. [F. chaloupe, probably from D. sloep. Cf. Sloop.] (Naut.) A boat.

[She] thrust the shallop from the floating strand.

Spenser.

The term shallop is applied to boats of all sizes, from a light canoe up to a large boat with masts and sails.