Chapter C: S. Sargent (4)

Suf*flate" (?), v. t. [L. sufflatus, p. p. of sufflare to blow up, inflate; sub under + flare to blow.] To blow up; to inflate; to inspire. [R.] T. Ward.

Suf*fla"tion (?), n. [L. sufflatio.] The act of blowing up or inflating. [R.] Coles.

Suf"fo*cate (?), a. [L. suffocatus, p. p. of suffocare to choke; sub under + fauces the throat. Cf. Faucal.] Suffocated; choked. Shak.

Suf"fo*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffocated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffocating.] 1. To choke or kill by stopping respiration; to stifle; to smother.

Let not hemp his windpipe suffocate.

Shak.

2. To destroy; to extinguish; as, to suffocate fire.

Suf"fo*cate, v. i. To become choked, stifled, or smothered. "A swelling discontent is apt to suffocate and strangle without passage." collier.

Suf"fo*ca`ting, a. & n. from Suffocate, v. -- Suf"fo*ca`ting*ly, adv.

Suf`fo*ca"tion (?), n. [L. suffocatio: cf. F. suffocation.] The act of suffocating, or the state of being suffocated; death caused by smothering or choking.

The term suffocation is sometimes employed synonymously with asphyxia. In the strict medico-legal sense it signifies asphyxia induced by obstruction of the respiration otherwise than by direct pressure on the neck (hanging, strangulation) or submersion (drowning). Quain.

Suf"fo*ca*tive (?), a. Tending or able to choke or stifle. "Suffocative catarrhs." Arbuthnot.

Suf*fos"sion (?), n. [L. suffossio, from suffodere, suffossum, to dig under; sub under + fodere to dig.] A digging under; an undermining. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Suf"fra*gan (?), a. [F. suffragant, L. suffragans, p. pr. of suffragari to support with one's vote, to be favorable. See Suffrage.] Assisting; assistant; as, a suffragan bishop.

Suf"fra*gan (?), n. [F. suffragant: cf. LL. suffraganeus. See Suffragan, a.] 1. An assistant.

2. (Eccl.) A bishop considered as an assistant, or as subject, to his metropolitan; an assistant bishop.

Suf"fra*gan*ship, n. The office of a suffragan.

Suf"fra*gant (?), a. & n. Suffragan. [Obs.]

Suf"fra*gate (?), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Suffragated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffragating.] [L. suffragatus, p. p. of suffragari. See Suffragan, a.] To vote or vote with. [Obs.] "Suffragating tribes." Dryden.

Suf"fra*ga`tor (?), n. [L.] One who assists or favors by his vote. [Obs.]

Suf"frage (?), n. [F., fr. L. suffragium; perhaps originally, a broken piece, a potsherd, used in voting, and fr. sub under + the root of frangere to break. See Break.] 1. A vote given in deciding a controverted question, or in the choice of a man for an office or trust; the formal expression of an opinion; assent; vote.

I ask your voices and your suffrages.

Shak.

2. Testimony; attestation; witness; approval.

Lactantius and St. Austin confirm by their suffrage the observation
made by heathen writers.

Atterbury.

Every miracle is the suffrage of Heaven to the truth of a doctrine.

South.

3. (Eccl.) (a) A short petition, as those after the creed in matins and evensong. (b) A prayer in general, as one offered for the faithful departed. Shipley.

I firmly believe that there is a purgatory, and that the souls
therein detained are helped by the suffrages of the faithful.

Creed of Pope Pius IV.

4. Aid; assistance. [A Latinism] [Obs.]

Suf"frage, v. t. To vote for; to elect. [Obs.] Milton.

Suf*frag"i*nous (?), a. [L. suffraginosus diseased in the hock, fr. suffrago the pastern, or hock.] Of or pertaining to the hock of a beast. [Obs.]

Suf"fra*gist (?), n. 1. One who possesses or exercises the political right of suffrage; a voter.

2. One who has certain opinions or desires about the political right of suffrage; as, a woman suffragist.

It is curious that . . . Louisa Castelefort should be obliged after
her marriage immediately to open her doors and turn ultra liberal,
or an universal suffragist.

Miss Edgeworth.

||Suf*fra"go (?), n. [L., the hock, from sub under + frangere to ||break.] (Zoöl.) The heel joint.

Suf"france (?), n. Sufferance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Suf`fru*tes"cent (?), a. [Pref. suf- + frutescent.] (Bot.) Slightly woody at the base.

Suf*fru"ti*cose` (?), a. [Pref. suf- + fruticose.] (Bot.) Woody in the lower part of the stem, but with the yearly branches herbaceous, as sage, thyme, hyssop, and the like.

Suf*fru"ti*cous (?), a. Suffruticose.

Suf*fu"mi*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffumigated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffumigating.] [L. suffumigatus, p. p. of suffumigare to fumigate from below. See Sub-, and Fumigate.] To apply fumes or smoke to the parts of, as to the body in medicine; to fumigate in part.

Suf*fu`mi*ga"tion (?), n. [L. suffumigatio: cf. F. suffumigation.] The operation of suffumigating.

Suf*fu"mige (?), n. [LL. suffumigium.] A medical fume. [Obs.] Harvey.

Suf*fuse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffusing.] [L. suffusus, p. p. of suffundere to overspread; sub under + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] To overspread, as with a fluid or tincture; to fill or cover, as with something fluid; as, eyes suffused with tears; cheeks suffused with blushes.

When purple light shall next suffuse the skies.

Pope.

Suf*fu"sion (?), n. [L. suffusio: cf. F. suffusion.] 1. The act or process of suffusing, or state of being suffused; an overspreading.

To those that have the jaundice, or like suffusion of eyes, objects
appear of that color.

Ray.

2. That with which a thing is suffused.

3. (Zoöl.) A blending of one color into another; the spreading of one color over another, as on the feathers of birds.

Su"fi (?), n. [From the name of a dynasty of Persian kings, Saf, Safav; said to come from name Saf-ud-dn of an ancestor of the family, confused with s&?;f pious.] A title or surname of the king of Persia.

Su"fi, n. [Ar. & Per. s&?;f, wise, pious, devout.] One of a certain order of religious men in Persia. [Written also sofi.]

Su"fism (?), n. A refined mysticism among certain classes of Mohammedans, particularly in Persia, who hold to a kind of pantheism and practice extreme asceticism in their lives. [Written also sofism.]

Sug (?), n. A kind of worm or larva. Walton.

Sug"ar (?), n. [OE. sugre, F. sucre (cf. It. zucchero, Sp. azúcar), fr. Ar. sukkar, assukkar, fr. Skr. çarkar sugar, gravel; cf. Per. shakar. Cf. Saccharine, Sucrose.] 1. A sweet white (or brownish yellow) crystalline substance, of a sandy or granular consistency, obtained by crystallizing the evaporated juice of certain plants, as the sugar cane, sorghum, beet root, sugar maple, etc. It is used for seasoning and preserving many kinds of food and drink. Ordinary sugar is essentially sucrose. See the Note below.

The term sugar includes several commercial grades, as the white or refined, granulated, loaf or lump, and the raw brown or muscovado. In a more general sense, it includes several distinct chemical compounds, as the glucoses, or grape sugars (including glucose proper, dextrose, and levulose), and the sucroses, or true sugars (as cane sugar). All sugars are carbohydrates. See Carbohydrate. The glucoses, or grape sugars, are ketone alcohols of the formula C6H12O6, and they turn the plane of polarization to the right or the left. They are produced from the amyloses and sucroses, as by the action of heat and acids of ferments, and are themselves decomposed by fermentation into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The only sugar (called acrose) as yet produced artificially belongs to this class. The sucroses, or cane sugars, are doubled glucose anhydrides of the formula C12H22O11. They are usually not fermentable as such (cf. Sucrose), and they act on polarized light.

2. By extension, anything resembling sugar in taste or appearance; as, sugar of lead (lead acetate), a poisonous white crystalline substance having a sweet taste.

3. Compliment or flattery used to disguise or render acceptable something obnoxious; honeyed or soothing words. [Colloq.]

Acorn sugar. See Quercite. -- Cane sugar, sugar made from the sugar cane; sucrose, or an isomeric sugar. See Sucrose. -- Diabetes, or Diabetic, sugar (Med. Chem.), a variety of sugar (probably grape sugar or dextrose) excreted in the urine in diabetes mellitus. -- Fruit sugar. See under Fruit, and Fructose. -- Grape sugar, a sirupy or white crystalline sugar (dextrose or glucose) found as a characteristic ingredient of ripe grapes, and also produced from many other sources. See Dextrose, and Glucose. -- Invert sugar. See under Invert. -- Malt sugar, a variety of sugar isomeric with sucrose, found in malt. See Maltose. - - Manna sugar, a substance found in manna, resembling, but distinct from, the sugars. See Mannite. -- Milk sugar, a variety of sugar characteristic of fresh milk, and isomeric with sucrose. See Lactose. -- Muscle sugar, a sweet white crystalline substance isomeric with, and formerly regarded to, the glucoses. It is found in the tissue of muscle, the heart, liver, etc. Called also heart sugar. See Inosite. -- Pine sugar. See Pinite. -- Starch sugar (Com. Chem.), a variety of dextrose made by the action of heat and acids on starch from corn, potatoes, etc.; -- called also potato sugar, corn sugar, and, inaccurately, invert sugar. See Dextrose, and Glucose. -- Sugar barek, one who refines sugar. -- Sugar beet (Bot.), a variety of beet (Beta vulgaris) with very large white roots, extensively grown, esp. in Europe, for the sugar obtained from them. -- Sugar berry (Bot.), the hackberry. - - Sugar bird (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small South American singing birds of the genera Cœreba, Dacnis, and allied genera belonging to the family Cœrebidæ. They are allied to the honey eaters. -- Sugar bush. See Sugar orchard. -- Sugar camp, a place in or near a sugar orchard, where maple sugar is made. -- Sugar candian, sugar candy. [Obs.] -- Sugar candy, sugar clarified and concreted or crystallized; candy made from sugar. -- Sugar cane (Bot.), a tall perennial grass (Saccharum officinarium), with thick short-jointed stems. It has been cultivated for ages as the principal source of sugar. -- Sugar loaf. (a) A loaf or mass of refined sugar, usually in the form of a truncated cone. (b) A hat shaped like a sugar loaf.

Why, do not or know you, grannam, and that sugar loaf?

J. Webster.

-- Sugar maple (Bot.), the rock maple (Acer saccharinum). See Maple. -- Sugar mill, a machine for pressing out the juice of the sugar cane, usually consisting of three or more rollers, between which the cane is passed. -- Sugar mite. (Zoöl.) (a) A small mite (Tyroglyphus sacchari), often found in great numbers in unrefined sugar. (b) The lepisma. -- Sugar of lead. See Sugar, 2, above. -- Sugar of milk. See under Milk. -- Sugar orchard, a collection of maple trees selected and preserved for purpose of obtaining sugar from them; -- called also, sometimes, sugar bush. [U.S.] Bartlett. -- Sugar pine (Bot.), an immense coniferous tree (Pinus Lambertiana) of California and Oregon, furnishing a soft and easily worked timber. The resinous exudation from the stumps, etc., has a sweetish taste, and has been used as a substitute for sugar. -- Sugar squirrel (Zoöl.), an Australian flying phalanger (Belideus sciureus), having a long bushy tail and a large parachute. It resembles a flying squirrel. See Illust. under Phlanger. -- Sugar tongs, small tongs, as of silver, used at table for taking lumps of sugar from a sugar bowl. -- Sugar tree. (Bot.) See Sugar maple, above.

Sug"ar (?), v. i. In making maple sugar, to complete the process of boiling down the sirup till it is thick enough to crystallize; to approach or reach the state of granulation; -- with the preposition off. [Local, U.S.]

Sug"ar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sugared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sugaring.] 1. To impregnate, season, cover, or sprinkle with sugar; to mix sugar with. "When I sugar my liquor." G. Eliot.

2. To cover with soft words; to disguise by flattery; to compliment; to sweeten; as, to sugar reproof.

With devotion's visage And pious action we do sugar o'er The devil
himself.

Shak.

Sug"ared (?), a. Sweetened. "The sugared liquor." Spenser. Also used figuratively; as, sugared kisses.

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Sug"ar-house` (?), n. A building in which sugar is made or refined; a sugar manufactory.

Sug"ar*i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sugary, or sweet.

Sug"ar*ing, n. 1. The act of covering or sweetening with sugar; also, the sugar thus used.

2. The act or process of making sugar.

Sug"ar*less, a. Without sugar; free from sugar.

Sug"ar*plum` (?), n. A kind of candy or sweetneat made up in small balls or disks.

Sug"ar*y (?), a. 1. Resembling or containing sugar; tasting of sugar; sweet. Spenser.

2. Fond of sugar or sweet things; as, a sugary palate.

Su*ges"cent (?), a. [L. sugere to suck.] Of or pertaining to sucking. [R.] Paley.

Sug*gest" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suggested (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suggesting.] [L. suggestus, p. p. of suggerere to put under, furnish, suggest; sub under + gerere to carry, to bring. See Jest.] 1. To introduce indirectly to the thoughts; to cause to be thought of, usually by the agency of other objects.

Some ideas . . . are suggested to the mind by all the ways of
sensation and reflection.

Locke.

2. To propose with difference or modesty; to hint; to intimate; as, to suggest a difficulty.

3. To seduce; to prompt to evil; to tempt. [Obs.]

Knowing that tender youth is soon suggested.

Shak.

4. To inform secretly. [Obs.]

Syn. -- To hint; allude to; refer to; insinuate.

Sug*gest", v. i. To make suggestions; to tempt. [Obs.]

And ever weaker grows through acted crime, Or seeming-genial,
venial fault, Recurring and suggesting still.

Tennyson.

Sug*gest"er (?), n. One who suggests. Beau. & Fl.

Sug*ges"tion (?), n. [F. suggestion, L. suggestio.] 1. The act of suggesting; presentation of an idea.

2. That which is suggested; an intimation; an insinuation; a hint; a different proposal or mention; also, formerly, a secret incitement; temptation.

Why do I yield to that suggestion?

Shak.

3. Charge; complaint; accusation. [Obs.] "A false suggestion." Chaucer.

4. (Law) Information without oath; an entry of a material fact or circumstance on the record for the information of the court, at the death or insolvency of a party.

5. (Physiol. & Metaph.) The act or power of originating or recalling ideas or relations, distinguished as original and relative; -- a term much used by Scottish metaphysicians from Hutcherson to Thomas Brown.

Syn. -- Hint; allusion; intimation; insinuation. -- Suggestion, Hint. A hint is the briefest or most indirect mode of calling one's attention to a subject. A suggestion is a putting of something before the mind for consideration, an indirect or guarded mode of presenting argument or advice. A hint is usually something slight or covert, and may by merely negative in its character. A suggestion is ordinarily intended to furnish us with some practical assistance or direction. "He gave me a hint of my danger, and added some suggestions as to the means of avoiding it."

Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike, Just hint a fault, and
hesitate dislike.

Pope.

Arthur, whom they say is killed to-night On your suggestion.

Shak.

Sug*gest"ive (?), a. Containing a suggestion, hint, or intimation. -- Sug*gest"ive*ly, adv. -- Sug*gest"ive*ness, n.

Sug*gest"ment (?), n. Suggestion. [R.]

They fancy that every thought must needs have an immediate outward
suggestment.

Hare.

Sug*gest"ress (?), n. A woman who suggests. "The suggestress of suicides." De Quincey.

Sug"gil (?), v. t. [L. suggillare, sugillare, suggillatum, sugillatum, literally, to beat black and blue.] To defame. [Obs.] Abp. Parker.

Sug"gil*late (?), v. t. [See Suggil.] To beat livid, or black and blue. Wiseman.

Sug`gil*la"tion (?), n. [L. suggillatio: cf. F. suggillation.] A livid, or black and blue, mark; a blow; a bruise.

Su"i*ci`dal (?), a. Partaking of, or of the nature of, the crime or suicide. -- Su"i*ci`dal*ly, adv.

Su"i*cide (?), n. [L. sui of one's self (akin to suus one's own) + caedere to slay, to kill. Cf. So, adv., Homicide.] 1. The act of taking one's own life voluntary and intentionally; self-murder; specifically (Law), the felonious killing of one's self; the deliberate and intentional destruction of one's own life by a person of years of discretion and of sound mind.

2. One guilty of self-murder; a felo-de- se.

3. Ruin of one's own interests. "Intestine war, which may be justly called political suicide." V. Knox.

Su`i*cid"i*cal (?), a. Suicidal. [Obs.]

Su"i*ci*dism (?), n. The quality or state of being suicidal, or self-murdering. [R.]

Su"i*cism (?), n. [L. suus one's own.] Selfishness; egoism. [R.] Whitlock.

||Su"i gen"e*ris (?). [L.] Of his or its own kind.

Su"il*lage (?), n. [OF. souillage, soillage, fr. souiller, soiller. See Soil to stain, and cf. Sullage.] A drain or collection of filth. [Obs.] [Written also sulliage, and sullage.] Sir H. Wotton.

Su"il*line (?), a. [L. sus hog.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a hog or the Hog family (Suidæ).

Su"ine (?), n. [Cf. Suint.] A mixture of oleomargarine with lard or other fatty ingredients. It is used as a substitute for butter. See Butterine.

Su"ing (?), n. [Cf. F. suer to sweat, L. sudare.] The process of soaking through anything. [Obs.] Bacon.

Su"ing*ly, adv. [See Sue to follow.] In succession; afterwards. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Su"int (s"nt), n. [F.] (Chem.) A peculiar substance obtained from the wool of sheep, consisting largely of potash mixed with fatty and earthy matters. It is used as a source of potash and also for the manufacture of gas.

Su`i*o*goths" (?), prop. n. pl. [L. Suiones (a Teutonic tribe in what is now Sweeden) + E. Goth.] The Scandinavian Goths. See the Note under Goths.

Su"ist, n. [L. suus belinging to himself or to one's self.] One who seeks for things which gratify merely himself; a selfish person; a selfist. [R.] Whitlock.

Suit (st), n. [OE. suite, F. suite, OF. suite, sieute, fr. suivre to follow, OF. sivre; perhaps influenced by L. secta. See Sue to follow, and cf. Sect, Suite.] 1. The act of following or pursuing, as game; pursuit. [Obs.]

2. The act of suing; the process by which one endeavors to gain an end or an object; an attempt to attain a certain result; pursuit; endeavor.

Thenceforth the suit of earthly conquest shone.

Spenser.

3. The act of wooing in love; the solicitation of a woman in marriage; courtship.

Rebate your loves, each rival suit suspend, Till this funereal web
my labors end.

Pope.

4. (Law) The attempt to gain an end by legal process; an action or process for the recovery of a right or claim; legal application to a court for justice; prosecution of right before any tribunal; as, a civil suit; a criminal suit; a suit in chancery.

I arrest thee at the suit of Count Orsino.

Shak.

In England the several suits, or remedial instruments of justice,
are distinguished into three kinds -- actions personal, real, and
mixed.

Blackstone.

5. That which follows as a retinue; a company of attendants or followers; the assembly of persons who attend upon a prince, magistrate, or other person of distinction; -- often written suite, and pronounced swt.

6. Things that follow in a series or succession; the individual objects, collectively considered, which constitute a series, as of rooms, buildings, compositions, etc.; -- often written suite, and pronounced swt.

7. A number of things used together, and generally necessary to be united in order to answer their purpose; a number of things ordinarily classed or used together; a set; as, a suit of curtains; a suit of armor; a suit of clothes. "Two rogues in buckram suits." Shak.

8. (Playing Cards) One of the four sets of cards which constitute a pack; -- each set consisting of thirteen cards bearing a particular emblem, as hearts, spades, clubs, or diamonds.

To deal and shuffle, to divide and sort Her mingled suits and
sequences.

Cowper.

9. Regular order; succession. [Obs.]

Every five and thirty years the same kind and suit of weather comes
again.

Bacon.

Out of suits, having no correspondence. [Obs.] Shak. -- Suit and service (Feudal Law), the duty of feudatories to attend the courts of their lords or superiors in time of peace, and in war to follow them and do military service; -- called also suit service. Blackstone. -- Suit broker, one who made a trade of obtaining the suits of petitioners at court. [Obs.] -- Suit court (O. Eng. Law), the court in which tenants owe attendance to their lord. -- Suit covenant (O. Eng. Law), a covenant to sue at a certain court. -- Suit custom (Law), a service which is owed from time immemorial. -- Suit service. (Feudal Law) See Suit and service, above. -- To bring suit. (Law) (a) To bring secta, followers or witnesses, to prove the plaintiff's demand. [Obs.] (b) In modern usage, to institute an action. -- To follow suit. (Card Playing) See under Follow, v. t.

Suit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suited; p. pr. & vb. n. Suiting.] 1. To fit; to adapt; to make proper or suitable; as, to suit the action to the word. Shak.

2. To be fitted to; to accord with; to become; to befit.

Ill suits his cloth the praise of railing well.

Dryden.

Raise her notes to that sublime degree Which suits song of piety
and thee.

Prior.

3. To dress; to clothe. [Obs.]

So went he suited to his watery tomb.

Shak.

4. To please; to make content; as, he is well suited with his place; to suit one's taste.

Suit, v. i. To agree; to accord; to be fitted; to correspond; -- usually followed by with or to.

The place itself was suiting to his care.

Dryden.

Give me not an office That suits with me so ill.

Addison.

Syn. -- To agree; accord; comport; tally; correspond; match; answer.

Suit`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being suitable; suitableness.

Suit"a*ble (?), a. Capable of suiting; fitting; accordant; proper; becoming; agreeable; adapted; as, ornaments suitable to one's station; language suitable for the subject. -- Suit"a*ble*ness, n. -- Suit"a*bly, adv.

Syn. -- Proper; fitting; becoming; accordant; agreeable; competent; correspondent; compatible; consonant; congruous; consistent.

Suite (?), n. [F. See Suit, n.] 1. A retinue or company of attendants, as of a distinguished personage; as, the suite of an ambassador. See Suit, n., 5.

2. A connected series or succession of objects; a number of things used or clessed together; a set; as, a suite of rooms; a suite of minerals. See Suit, n., 6.

Mr. Barnard took one of the candles that stood upon the king's
table, and lighted his majesty through a suite of rooms till they
came to a private door into the library.

Boswell.

3. (Mus.) One of the old musical forms, before the time of the more compact sonata, consisting of a string or series of pieces all in the same key, mostly in various dance rhythms, with sometimes an elaborate prelude. Some composers of the present day affect the suite form.

Suit"ing (?), n. Among tailors, cloth suitable for making entire suits of clothes.

Suit"or (?), n. 1. One who sues, petitions, or entreats; a petitioner; an applicant.

She hath been a suitor to me for her brother.

Shak.

2. Especially, one who solicits a woman in marriage; a wooer; a lover. Sir P. Sidney.

3. (a) (Law) One who sues or prosecutes a demand in court; a party to a suit, as a plaintiff, petitioner, etc. (b) (O. Eng. Law) One who attends a court as plaintiff, defendant, petitioner, appellant, witness, juror, or the like.

Suit"ress (?), n. A female supplicant. Rowe.

||Su"ji (?), n. [Hind. s&?;f.] Indian wheat, granulated but not ||pulverized; a kind of semolina. [Written also soojee.]

||Su"la (?), n. [NL., fr. Icel. s&?;la the gannet. See Solan goose.] ||(Zoöl.) A genus of sea birds including the booby and the common ||gannet.

{ Sul"cate (?), Sul"ca*ted (?), } a. [L. sulcatus, p. p. of sulcare to furrow, fr. sulcus a furrow.] Scored with deep and regular furrows; furrowed or grooved; as, a sulcated stem.

Sul*ca"tion (?), n. A channel or furrow.

Sul"ci*form (?), a. Having the form of a sulcus; as, sulciform markings.

||Sul"cus (?), n.; pl. Sulci (#). [L., a furrow.] A furrow; a groove; a ||fissure.

Su"le*ah fish` (?). (Zoöl.) A coarse fish of India, used in making a breakfast relish called burtah.

Sulk (?), n. [L. sulcus.] A furrow. [Obs.]

Sulk, v. i. [See Sulkiness.] To be silently sullen; to be morose or obstinate. T. Hook.

Sulk"er (?), n. One who sulks.

Sulk"i*ly (?), adv. In a sulky manner.

Sulk"i*ness, n. [For sulkenness, fr. AS. solcen slothful, remiss, in solcen, besolcen, properly p. p. of sealcan in sealcan to be weak or slothful; of uncertain origin.] The quality or state of being sulky; sullenness; moroseness; as, sulkiness of disposition.

Sulks (?), n. pl. The condition of being sulky; a sulky mood or humor; as, to be in the sulks.

Sulk"y (?), a. [Compar. Sulkier (?); superl. Sulkiest.] [See Sulkiness, and cf. Sulky, n.] Moodly silent; sullen; sour; obstinate; morose; splenetic.

Syn. -- See Sullen.

Sulk"y, n.; pl. Sulkies (#). [From Sulky, a.; -- so called from the owner's desire of riding alone.] A light two-wheeled carriage for a single person.

Sulky is used adjectively in the names of several agricultural machines drawn by horses to denote that the machine is provided with wheels and a seat for the driver; as, sulky plow; sulky harrow; sulky rake, etc.

Sull (?), n. [AS. suluh, sulh, a plow; cf. OHG. suohili a little plow.] A plow. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Sul"lage (?), n. [Cf. Suillage, Sulliage.] 1. Drainage of filth; filth collected from the street or highway; sewage. [Obs.]

The streets were exceedingly large, well paved, having many vaults
and conveyances under them for sullage.

Evelyn.

2. That which sullies or defiles. [Obs.]

It is the privilege of the celestial luminaries to receive no
tincture, sullage, or difilement from the most noisome sinks and
dunghills here below.

South.

3. (Founding) The scoria on the surface of molten metal in the ladle.

4. (Hydraul. Engin.) Silt; mud deposited by water.

Sullage piece (Founding), the sprue of a casting. See Sprue, n., 1 (b).

Sul"len (?), a. [OE. solein, solain, lonely, sullen; through Old French fr. (assumed) LL. solanus solitary, fr. L. solus alone. See Sole, a.] 1. Lonely; solitary; desolate. [Obs.] Wyclif (Job iii. 14).

2. Gloomy; dismal; foreboding. Milton.

Solemn hymns so sullen dirges change.

Shak.

3. Mischievous; malignant; unpropitious.

Such sullen planets at my birth did shine.

Dryden.

4. Gloomily angry and silent; cross; sour; affected with ill humor; morose.

And sullen I forsook the imperfect feast.

Prior.

5. Obstinate; intractable.

Things are as sullen as we are.

Tillotson.

6. Heavy; dull; sluggish. "The larger stream was placid, and even sullen, in its course." Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- Sulky; sour; cross; ill-natured; morose; peevish; fretful; ill-humored; petulant; gloomy; malign; intractable. -- Sullen, Sulky. Both sullen and sulky show themselves in the demeanor. Sullenness seems to be an habitual sulkiness, and sulkiness a temporary sullenness. The former may be an innate disposition; the latter, a disposition occasioned by recent injury. Thus we are in a sullen mood, and in a sulky fit.

No cheerful breeze this sullen region knows; The dreaded east is
all the wind that blows.

Pope.

-- Sul"len*ly, adv. -- Sul"len*ness, n.

Sul"len, n. 1. One who is solitary, or lives alone; a hermit. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

2. pl. Sullen feelings or manners; sulks; moroseness; as, to have the sullens. [Obs.] Shak.

Sul"len, v. t. To make sullen or sluggish. [Obs.]

Sullens the whole body with . . . laziness.

Feltham.

Sul"le*vate (?), v. t. [L. sublevare to raise up. Cf. Sublevation.] To rouse; to excite. [Obs.] Daniel.

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Sul"li*age (?), n. [Cf. Sullage, Suillage, or Sully, v. t.] Foulness; filth. [Obs.]

Though we wipe away with never so much care the dirt thrown at us,
there will be left some sulliage behind.

Gov. of Tongue.

Sul"ly (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sullied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sullying (?).] [OE. sulien, AS. sylian, fr. sol mire; akin to G. suhle mire, sich, sühlen to wallow, Sw. söla to bemire, Dan. söle, Goth. bisaulijan to defile.] To soil; to dirty; to spot; to tarnish; to stain; to darken; -- used literally and figuratively; as, to sully a sword; to sully a person's reputation.

Statues sullied yet with sacrilegious smoke.

Roscommon.

No spots to sully the brightness of this solemnity.

Atterbury.

Sul"ly, v. i. To become soiled or tarnished.

Silvering will sully and canker more than gilding.

Bacon.

Sul"ly, n.; pl. Sullies (&?;). Soil; tarnish; stain.

A noble and triumphant merit breaks through little spots and
sullies in his reputation.

Spectator.

Sulph*ac"id (?), n. [Sulpho- + acid.] (Chem.) An acid in which, to a greater or less extent, sulphur plays a part analogous to that of oxygen in an oxyacid; thus, thiosulphuric and sulpharsenic acids are sulphacids; -- called also sulphoacid. See the Note under Acid, n., 2.

Sulph*am"ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphamic acid.

Sulph*am"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to a sulphamide; derived from, or related to, a sulphamide; specifically, designating an amido acid derivative, NH2.SO2.OH, of sulphuric acid (analogous to sulphonic acid) which is not known in the free state, but is known in its salts.

Sulph*am"ide (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of amido compounds obtained by treating sulphuryl chloride with various amines.

Sulph`a*nil"ic (?), a. [From sulphuric + anilene.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an anilene sulphonic acid which is obtained as a white crystalline substance.

Sulph*an`ti*mo"nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphantimonic acid.

Sulph*an`ti*mon"ic (?), a. [Sulpho- + antimonic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of antimony (called also thioantimonic acid) analogous to sulpharsenic acid.

Sulph*an`ti*mo"ni*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of antimony (called also thioantimonious acid) analogous to sulpharsenious acid.

Sulph*an"ti*mo*nite` (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphantimonious acid.

Sulph*ar"se*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulpharsenic acid.

Sulph`ar*sen"ic (?), a. [Sulpho- + arsenic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid (called also thioarsenic acid) analogous to arsenic acid, and known only in its salts.

Sulph`ar*se"ni*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid (called also thioarsenious acid) analogous to arsenious acid, and known only in its salts.

Sulph*ar"se*nite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulpharsenious acid.

Sul"phate (?), n. [NL. sulphas, sulphatis, fr. L. sulphur, sulfur, brimstone, sulphur: cf. F. sulfate.] (Chem.) A salt of sulphuric acid.

Sul*phat"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, resembling, or containing, a sulphate or sulphates.

Sul"pha*to- (?). (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting a sulphate as an ingredient in certain double salts; as, sulphato-carbonate. [R.]

Sulph*au"rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphauric acid.

Sulph*au"ric (?), a. [Sulpho- + aurum.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of gold (aurum), known only in its salts.

Sul"phide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of sulphur, or one so regarded; -- formerly called sulphuret.

Double sulphide (Chem.), a compound of two sulphides. -- Hydrogen sulphide. (Chem.) See under Hydrogen. -- Metallic sulphide, a binary compound of sulphur with a metal.

Sul"phi*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of a sulphinic acid.

Sulph*in`di*got"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphonic acid obtained, as a blue solution, by dissolving indigo in sulphuric acid; -- formerly called also cerulic sulphuric acid, but properly called indigo-disulphonic acid.

Sul"phine (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of basic compounds which consist essentially of sulphur united with hydrocarbon radicals. In general they are oily or crystalline deliquescent substances having a peculiar odor; as, trimethyl sulphine, (CH3)3S.OH. Cf. Sulphonium.

Sul*phin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of a series of acids regarded as acid ethereal salts of hyposulphurous acid; as, methyl sulphinic acid, CH3.SO.OH, a thick unstable liquid.

Sul"phi*nide (?), n. [Sulpho- + amine + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white or yellowish crystalline substance, C6H4.(SO2.CO).NH, produced artificially by the oxidation of a sulphamic derivative of toluene. It is the sweetest substance known, having over two hundred times the sweetening power of sugar, and is known in commerce under the name of saccharine. It has acid properties and forms salts (which are inaccurately called saccharinates). I. Remsen.

Sul"phi*on (?), n. [Sulpho- + ion.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical, SO4, regarded as forming the acid or negative constituent of sulphuric acid and the sulphates in electrolytic decomposition; -- so called in accordance with the binary theory of salts. [Written also sulphione.]

Sulph*i"on*ide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of sulphion, or one so regarded; thus, sulphuric acid, H&?;SO&?;, is a sulphionide.

Sul"phite (?), n. [Cf. F. sulfite. See Sulphur.] (Chem.) A salt of sulphurous acid.

Sul"pho- (?). (Chem.) A prefix (also used adjectively) designating sulphur as an ingredient in certain compounds. Cf. Thio-.

Sul`pho*ar*sen"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, sulphur and arsenic; -- said of an acid which is the same as arsenic acid with the substitution of sulphur for oxygen.

Sul`pho*car"bon*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphocarbonic acid; a thiocarbonate.

Sul`pho*car*bon"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphacid, H2CSO2 (called also thiocarbonic acid), or an acid, H2CS3, analogous to carbonic acid, obtained as a yellow oily liquid of a pungent odor, and forming salts.

Sul`pho*cy"a*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphocyanic acid; -- also called thiocyanate, and formerly inaccurately sulphocyanide.

Ferric sulphocyanate (Chem.), a dark red crystalline substance usually obtained in a blood-red solution, and recognized as a test for ferric iron.

Sul`pho*cy*an"ic (?), a. [See Sulphur, Cyanic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, derived from, or designating, a sulphacid, HSCN, analogous to cyanic acid, and obtained as a colorless deliquescent crystalline substance, having a bitter saline taste, and not poisonous.

Sul`pho*cy"a*nide (?), n. (Chem.) See Sulphocyanate.

Sul`pho*cy*an"o*gen (?), n. (Chem.) See Persulphocyanogen. [Obs.]

Sul"pho*nal (?), n. (Med.) A substance employed as a hypnotic, produced by the union of mercaptan and acetone.

Sul"pho*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphonic acid.

Sul"phone (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of compounds analogous to the ketones, and consisting of the sulphuryl group united with two hydrocarbon radicals; as, dimethyl sulphone, (CH&?;)&?;.SO&?;.

Sul*phon"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, a sulphone; -- used specifically to designate any one of a series of acids (regarded as acid ethereal salts of sulphurous acid) obtained by the oxidation of the mercaptans, or by treating sulphuric acid with certain aromatic bases (as benzene); as, phenyl sulphonic acid, C6H5.SO2.OH, a stable colorless crystalline substance.

Sulphonic group (Chem.), the hypothetical radical, SO2.OH, the characteristic residue of sulphonic acids.

Sul*pho"ni*um (?), n. [Sulphur + ammonium.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical, SH3, regarded as the type and nucleus of the sulphines.

Sul`pho*phos"phate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphophosphoric acid.

Sul`pho*phos"phite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphophosphorous acid.

Sul`pho*phos*phor"ic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of phosphorus, analogous to phosphoric acid, and known in its salts.

Sul`pho*phos"phor*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical acid of phosphorus, analogous to phosphorous acid, and known in its salts.

Sul"pho*salt` (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of a sulphacid.

Sul`pho*stan"nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphostannic acid.

Sul`pho*stan"nic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphacid of tin (more exactly called metasulphostannic acid), which is obtained as a dark brown amorphous substance, H&?;SnS&?;, forming a well-known series of salts.

Sul`pho*tung"state (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphotungstic acid.

Sul`pho*tung"stic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hypothetical sulphacid of tungsten (called also sulphowolframic acid), analogous to sulphuric acid, and known in its salts.

Sul`pho*vin"ic (?), a. [Sulpho- + vinum wine: cf. F. sulfovinique.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, and formerly designating, ethylsulphuric acid.

Sul"phur (?), n. [L., better sulfur: cf. F. soufre.] 1. (Chem.) A nonmetallic element occurring naturally in large quantities, either combined as in the sulphides (as pyrites) and sulphates (as gypsum), or native in volcanic regions, in vast beds mixed with gypsum and various earthy materials, from which it is melted out. Symbol S. Atomic weight 32. The specific gravity of ordinary octohedral sulphur is 2.05; of prismatic sulphur, 1.96.

It is purified by distillation, and is obtained as a lemon- yellow powder (by sublimation), called flour, or flowers, of sulphur, or in cast sticks called roll sulphur, or brimstone. It burns with a blue flame and a peculiar suffocating odor. It is an ingredient of gunpowder, is used on friction matches, and in medicine (as a laxative and insecticide), but its chief use is in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Sulphur can be obtained in two crystalline modifications, in orthorhombic octahedra, or in monoclinic prisms, the former of which is the more stable at ordinary temperatures. Sulphur is the type, in its chemical relations, of a group of elements, including selenium and tellurium, called collectively the sulphur group, or family. In many respects sulphur resembles oxygen.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of yellow or orange butterflies of the subfamily Pierinæ; as, the clouded sulphur (Eurymus, or Colias, philodice), which is the common yellow butterfly of the Eastern United States.

Amorphous sulphur (Chem.), an elastic variety of sulphur of a resinous appearance, obtained by pouring melted sulphur into water. On standing, it passes back into a brittle crystalline modification. -- Liver of sulphur. (Old Chem.) See Hepar. -- Sulphur acid. (Chem.) See Sulphacid. -- Sulphur alcohol. (Chem.) See Mercaptan. -- Sulphur auratum [L.] (Old Chem.), a golden yellow powder, consisting of antimonic sulphide, Sb2S5, -- formerly a famous nostrum. -- Sulphur base (Chem.), an alkaline sulphide capable of acting as a base in the formation of sulphur salts according to the old dual theory of salts. [Archaic] -- Sulphur dioxide (Chem.), a colorless gas, SO2, of a pungent, suffocating odor, produced by the burning of sulphur. It is employed chiefly in the production of sulphuric acid, and as a reagent in bleaching; -- called also sulphurous anhydride, and formerly sulphurous acid. -- Sulphur ether (Chem.), a sulphide of hydrocarbon radicals, formed like the ordinary ethers, which are oxides, but with sulphur in the place of oxygen. -- Sulphur salt (Chem.), a salt of a sulphacid; a sulphosalt. -- Sulphur showers, showers of yellow pollen, resembling sulphur in appearance, often carried from pine forests by the wind to a great distance. -- Sulphur trioxide (Chem.), a white crystalline solid, SO3, obtained by oxidation of sulphur dioxide. It dissolves in water with a hissing noise and the production of heat, forming sulphuric acid, and is employed as a dehydrating agent. Called also sulphuric anhydride, and formerly sulphuric acid. -- Sulphur whale. (Zoöl.) See Sulphur- bottom. -- Vegetable sulphur (Bot.), lycopodium powder. See under Lycopodium.

Sul"phu*rate (?), a. [L. sulphuratus, sulfuratus.] Sulphureous. [Poetic & R.] Dr. H. More.

Sul"phu*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sulphurated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sulphurating.] (Chem.) To sulphurize. [Archaic]

Sul`phu*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sulfuration, L. sulphuratio, sulfuratio, a vein of sulphur.] The act or process of combining or impregnating with sulphur or its compounds; also, the state of being so combined or impregnated.

Sul"phu*ra`tor (?), n. An apparatus for impregnating with, or exposing to the action of, sulphur; especially, an apparatus for fumigating or bleaching by means of the fumes of burning sulphur.

Sul`phur-bot"tom (?), n. (Zoöl.) A very large whalebone whale of the genus Sibbaldius, having a yellowish belly; especially, S. sulfureus of the North Pacific, and S. borealis of the North Atlantic; -- called also sulphur whale.

Sul`phu*re"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sulphureous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sul*phu"re*ous (?), a. [L. sulphureus, sulfureus.] Consisting of sulphur; having the qualities of sulphur, or brimstone; impregnated with sulphur.

Her snakes united, sulphureous waters drink.

Pope.

-- Sul*phu"re*ous*ly, adv. -- Sul*phu"re*ous*ness, n.

Sul"phu*ret (?), n. (Chem.) A sulphide; as, a sulphuret of potassium. [Obsoles.]

Sul"phu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with sulphur; sulphurized. [Written also sulphuretted.]

Sulphureted hydrogen. (Chem.) See Hydrogen sulphide, under Hydrogen.

Sul*phu"ric (?), a. [Cf. F. sulfurique.] 1. Of or pertaining to sulphur; as, a sulphuric smell.

2. (Chem.) Derived from, or containing, sulphur; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with the sulphurous compounds; as, sulphuric acid.

Sulphuric acid. (a) Sulphur trioxide (see under Sulphur); -- formerly so called on the dualistic theory of salts. [Obs.] (b) A heavy, corrosive, oily liquid, H2SO4, colorless when pure, but usually yellowish or brownish, produced by the combined action of sulphur dioxide, oxygen (from the air), steam, and nitric fumes. It attacks and dissolves many metals and other intractable substances, sets free most acids from their salts, and is used in the manufacture of hydrochloric and nitric acids, of soda, of bleaching powders, etc. It is also powerful dehydrating agent, having a strong affinity for water, and eating and corroding paper, wood, clothing, etc. It is thus used in the manufacture of ether, of imitation parchment, and of nitroglycerin. It is also used in etching iron, in removing iron scale from forgings, in petroleum refining, etc., and in general its manufacture is the most important and fundamental of all the chemical industries. Formerly called vitriolic acid, and now popularly vitriol, and oil of vitriol. -- Fuming sulphuric acid, or Nordhausen sulphuric acid. See Disulphuric acid, under Disulphuric. -- Sulphuric anhydride, sulphur trioxide. See under Sulphur. -- Sulphuric ether, common anæsthetic ether; -- so called because made by the catalytic action of sulphuric acid on alcohol. See Ether, 3 (a).

Sul"phur*ine (?), a. Sulphureous. [R.]

Sul"phur*ing, n. Exposure to the fumes of burning sulphur, as in bleaching; the process of bleaching by exposure to the fumes of sulphur.

Sul"phur*ize (?), v. t. (Chem.) To combine or impregnate with sulphur or any of its compounds; as, to sulphurize caoutchouc in vulcanizing.

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Sul"phur*ous (?), a. [L. sulphurosus, sulfurosus: cf. F. sulfureux.] 1. Of or pertaining to sulphur.

2. (Chem.) (a) Derived from, or containing, sulphur; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with the sulphuric compounds. (b) Having the characteristic odor of sulphur dioxide, or of hydrogen sulphide, or of other sulphur compounds.

Sulphurous acid. (a) Sulphur dioxide. See under Sulphur. [Obs.] (b) An acid, H2SO3, not known in the free state except as a solution of sulphur dioxide in water, but forming a well- known series of salts (the sulphites). -- Sulphurous anhydride (Chem.), sulphur dioxide. See under Sulphur.

Sul"phur*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) The hog's fennel. See under Fennel.

Sul"phur*y (?), a. Resembling, or partaking of the nature of, sulphur; having the qualities of sulphur.

Sul"phur*yl (?), n. [Sulphur + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical SO2; -- called also sulphon.

Sulphuryl chloride, a chloride, pungent, fuming liquid, SO2.Cl2, obtained by the action of phosphorus pentachloride on sulphur trioxide. On treatment with water it decomposes into sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, and is hence called also sulphuric chloranhydride.

Sul*phy"drate (?), n. (Chem.) A compound, analogous to a hydrate, regarded as a salt of sulphydric acid, or as a derivative of hydrogen sulphide in which one half of the hydrogen is replaced by a base (as potassium sulphydrate, KSH), or as a hydrate in which the oxygen has been wholly or partially replaced by sulphur.

Sul*phy"dric (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen sulphide, which is regarded as an acid, especially when in solution.

Sul*pi"cian (?), n. [So called after the parish of St. Sulpice in Paris, of which the founder, Jean Jacques Olier, was pastor in 1643.] (R. C. Ch.) One of an order of priests established in France in 1642 to educate men for the ministry. The order was introduced soon afterwards into Canada, and in 1791 into the United States. [Written also Sulpitian.]

Sul"tan (?), n. [F. sultan (cf. Sp. soldan, It. sultano, soldano), Ar. sultn sultan, dominion. Cf. Soldan.] A ruler, or sovereign, of a Mohammedan state; specifically, the ruler of the Turks; the Padishah, or Grand Seignior; -- officially so called.

Sultan flower. (Bot.) See Sweet sultan, under Sweet.

Sul*ta"na (?), n. [It.] 1. The wife of a sultan; a sultaness.

2. pl. A kind of seedless raisin produced near Smyrna in Asiatic Turkey.

Sultana bird (Zoöl.), the hyacinthine, or purple, gallinule. See Illust. under Gallinule.

Sul"tan*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. sultanat.] The rule or dominion of a sultan; sultanship.

Sul"tan*ess (?), n. A sultana.

Sul*tan"ic (?), a. Pertaining to a sultan.

Sul"tan-red` (?), a. Having a deep red color.

Sul"tan*ry (?), n. The dominions of a sultan. Bacon.

Sul"tan*ship, n. The office or dignity of a sultan.

Sul"tan*y (?), n. Sultanry. [Obs.] Fuller.

Sul"tri*ly (?), adv. In a sultry manner.

Sul"tri*ness, n. The quality or state of being sultry.

Sul"try (-tr), a. [Compar. Sultrier (?); superl. Sultriest.] [From Sweltry.] 1. Very hot, burning, and oppressive; as, Libya's sultry deserts.

Such as, born beneath the burning sky And sultry sun, betwixt the
tropics lie.

Dryden.

2. Very hot and moist, or hot, close, stagnant, and oppressive, as air.

When in the sultry glebe I faint, Or on the thirsty mountain plant.

Addison.

Sum (?), n. [OE. summe, somme, OF. sume, some, F. somme, L. summa, fr. summus highest, a superlative from sub under. See Sub-, and cf. Supreme.] 1. The aggregate of two or more numbers, magnitudes, quantities, or particulars; the amount or whole of any number of individuals or particulars added together; as, the sum of 5 and 7 is 12.

Take ye the sum of all the congregation.

Num. i. 2.

Sum is now commonly applied to an aggregate of numbers, and number to an aggregate of persons or things.

2. A quantity of money or currency; any amount, indefinitely; as, a sum of money; a small sum, or a large sum. "The sum of forty pound." Chaucer.

With a great sum obtained I this freedom.

Acts xxii. 28.

3. The principal points or thoughts when viewed together; the amount; the substance; compendium; as, this is the sum of all the evidence in the case; this is the sum and substance of his objections.

4. Height; completion; utmost degree.

Thus have I told thee all my state, and brought My story to the sum
of earthly bliss.

Milton.

5. (Arith.) A problem to be solved, or an example to be wrought out. Macaulay.

A sum in arithmetic wherein a flaw discovered at a particular point
is ipso facto fatal to the whole.

Gladstone.

A large sheet of paper . . . covered with long sums.

Dickens.

Algebraic sum, as distinguished from arithmetical sum, the aggregate of two or more numbers or quantities taken with regard to their signs, as + or -, according to the rules of addition in algebra; thus, the algebraic sum of - 2, 8, and -1 is 5. -- In sum, in short; in brief. [Obs.] "In sum, the gospel . . . prescribes every virtue to our conduct, and forbids every sin." Rogers.

Sum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Summed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Summing.] [Cf. F. sommer, LL. summare.] 1. To bring together into one whole; to collect into one amount; to cast up, as a column of figures; to ascertain the totality of; -- usually with up.

The mind doth value every moment, and then the hour doth rather sum
up the moments, than divide the day.

Bacon.

2. To bring or collect into a small compass; to comprise in a few words; to condense; -- usually with up.

"Go to the ant, thou sluggard," in few words sums up the moral of
this fable.

L'Estrange.

He sums their virtues in himself alone.

Dryden.

3. (Falconry) To have (the feathers) full grown; to furnish with complete, or full-grown, plumage.

But feathered soon and fledge They summed their pens [wings].

Milton.

Summing up, a compendium or abridgment; a recapitulation; a résumé; a summary.

Syn. -- To cast up; collect; comprise; condense; comprehend; compute.

{ Su"mac, Su"mach } (?), n. [F. sumac, formerly sumach (cf. Sp. zumaque), fr. Ar. summq.] [Written also shumac.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Rhus, shrubs or small trees with usually compound leaves and clusters of small flowers. Some of the species are used in tanning, some in dyeing, and some in medicine. One, the Japanese Rhus vernicifera, yields the celebrated Japan varnish, or lacquer.

2. The powdered leaves, peduncles, and young branches of certain species of the sumac plant, used in tanning and dyeing.

Poison sumac. (Bot.) See under Poison.

Su*ma"tran (?), a. Of or pertaining to Sumatra or its inhabitants. -- n. A native of Sumatra.

Sum"bul (?), n. [Pers.] The musky root of an Asiatic umbelliferous plant, Ferula Sumbul. It is used in medicine as a stimulant. [Written also sumbal.] - - Sum*bul"ic, a.

Sum"less (?), a. Not to be summed up or computed; so great that the amount can not be ascertained; incalculable; inestimable. "Sumless treasure." Pope.

Sum"ma*ri*ly (?), adv. In a summary manner.

Sum"ma*rist (?), n. One who summarized.

Sum"ma*rize (?), v. t. To comprise in, or reduce to, a summary; to present briefly. Chambers.

Sum"ma*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. sommaire. See Sum.] 1. Formed into a sum; summed up; reduced into a narrow compass, or into few words; short; brief; concise; compendious; as, a summary statement of facts.

2. Hence, rapidly performed; quickly executed; as, a summary process; to take summary vengeance.

Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; compendious; succinct.

Sum"ma*ry, n.; pl. Summaries (#). [F. sommaire, or L. summarium. See Summary, a.] A general or comprehensive statement; an abridged account; an abstract, abridgment, or compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller account.

Sum*ma"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sommation. See Sum, v. t.] The act of summing, or forming a sum, or total amount; also, an aggregate.

Of this series no summation is possible to a finite intellect.

De Quincey.

Sum"mer (?), n. [From Sum, v.] One who sums; one who casts up an account.

Sum"mer, n. [F. sommier a rafter, the same word as sommier a beast of burden. See Sumpter.] (Arch.) A large stone or beam placed horizontally on columns, piers, posts, or the like, serving for various uses. Specifically: (a) The lintel of a door or window. (b) The commencement of a cross vault. (c) A central floor timber, as a girder, or a piece reaching from a wall to a girder. Called also summertree.

Sum"mer, n. [OE. sumer, somer, AS. sumor, sumer; akin to OFries. sumur, D. zomer, OS. sumar, G. sommer, OHG. & Icel. sumar, Dan. sommer, Sw. sommar, W. haf, Zend hama, Skr. sam year. &radic;292.] The season of the year in which the sun shines most directly upon any region; the warmest period of the year.

North of the equator summer is popularly taken to include the months of June, July, and August. Astronomically it may be considered, in the northern hemisphere, to begin with the summer solstice, about June 21st, and to end with the autumnal equinox, about September 22d.

Indian summer, in North America, a period of warm weather late in autumn, usually characterized by a clear sky, and by a hazy or smoky appearance of the atmosphere, especially near the horizon. The name is derived probably from the custom of the Indians of using this time in preparation for winter by laying in stores of food. -- Saint Martin's summer. See under Saint. -- Summer bird (Zoöl.), the wryneck. [Prov. Eng.] -- Summer colt, the undulating state of the air near the surface of the ground when heated. [Eng.] -- Summer complaint (Med.), a popular term for any diarrheal disorder occurring in summer, especially when produced by heat and indigestion. -- Summer coot (Zoöl.), the American gallinule. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer cypress (Bot.), an annual plant (Kochia Scoparia) of the Goosefoot family. It has narrow, ciliate, crowded leaves, and is sometimes seen in gardens. -- Summer duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The wood duck. (b) The garganey, or summer teal. See Illust. of Wood duck, under Wood. -- Summer fallow, land uncropped and plowed, etc., during the summer, in order to pulverize the soil and kill the weeds. -- Summer rash (Med.), prickly heat. See under Prickly. -- Summer sheldrake (Zoöl.), the hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer snipe. (Zoöl.) (a) The dunlin. (b) The common European sandpiper. (c) The green sandpiper. -- Summer tanager (Zoöl.), a singing bird (Piranga rubra) native of the Middle and Southern United States. The male is deep red, the female is yellowish olive above and yellow beneath. Called also summer redbird. -- Summer teal (Zoöl.), the blue-winged teal. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer wheat, wheat that is sown in the spring, and matures during the summer following. See Spring wheat. -- Summer yellowbird. (Zoöl.) See Yellowbird.

Sum"mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Summered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Summering.] To pass the summer; to spend the warm season; as, to summer in Switzerland.

The fowls shall summer upon them.

Isa. xviii. 6.

Sum"mer, v. t. To keep or carry through the summer; to feed during the summer; as, to summer stock.

Sum"mer-fal"low (?), v. t. To plow and work in summer, in order to prepare for wheat or other crop; to plow and let lie fallow.

Sum"mer*house` (?), n.; pl. Summerhouses (&?;). A rustic house or apartment in a garden or park, to be used as a pleasure resort in summer. Shak.

Sum"mer*li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being like summer. [R.] Fuller.

{ Sum"mer*sault (?), Sum"mer*set (?), } n. See Somersault, Somerset.

Sum"mer*stir` (?), v. t. To summer- fallow.

Sum"mer*tide` (?), n. Summer time.

Sum"mer*tree` (?), n. [Summer a beam + tree.] (Arch.) A summer. See 2d Summer.

Sum"mer*y (?), a. Of or pertaining to summer; like summer; as, a summery day.

Sum"mist (?), n. One who sums up; one who forms an abridgment or summary. Sir E. Dering.

Sum"mit (?), n. [F. sommet, dim. of OF. som, sum, top, from L. summum, from summus highest. See Sum, n.] 1. The top; the highest point.