Chapter XXII: Napoleon's Place in History (4)

=Alexander I=, succeeds Paul I, ii. 210;
waives claim to Malta, 210;
liberates English ships, 210;
his bloody title to the throne, ii. 210, 317; iii. 36, 37; iv. 114;
abandons the neutrality policy, ii. 263;
personal relations between _N._ and, 263; iii. 34, 37, 40, 43,
52-53, 64, 73, 97, 105, 107, 116, 118, 248, 255, 310, 408, 411;
pacification of, ii. 265;
ruptures diplomatic relations with France, 311;
animus toward France, 330;
greed for Oriental empire, 330, 331, 347, 348, 357, 406, 418;
iii. 33, 176, 236, 245; iv. 67;
attitude on the death of Enghien, ii. 330, 348;
demands indemnity for King of Sardinia, 330;
_N.'s_ words of warning to, 347;
demands indemnity for Piedmont, 348;
undertakes peace negotiations, 356;
his scheme of redistribution of Europe, 355;
England's negotiations with, 355;
character and personality, 356; iii. 41-43, 117, 171, 310, 351,
420; iv. 6, 68, 132;
recalls his peace envoy, ii. 357;
brings Prussia into the coalition, 376, 377;
at Berlin, 376, 377;
relations with Frederick William III, 377; iii. 57, 107, 195;
prefers one of Paul I's assassins, ii. 380;
at Olmuetz, 380;
_N._ opens negotiations with, 380;
forces the battle of Austerlitz, 382;
after the battle, 389;
deserts Francis I, 390;
interview with _N._, 391;
retreats to Poland, 391;
evacuates Naples, 405;
conscienceless concerning territories of others, 405;
breaks off negotiations with _N._, 418;
rejects the Oubril treaty, 421;
uncertain attitude, 420;
_N.'s_ insinuations concerning Queen Louisa and, iii. 57;
_N.'s_ doubts about his movements, 1;
activity after Jena, 1;
offers rewards for French prisoners, 9;
devotion of the army to, 9, 10;
interest in Constantinople, 28;
meeting with _N._ at Tilsit, 34 et seq., 49, 53;
_N.'s_ proposals to, 36;
reminded of Paul I's death, 36;
invited to make a separate peace, 36;
accepts _N.'s_ terms, 37;
promises to aid France against England, 41;
deserts Prussia, 42;
proposed visit to Paris, 51;
proposes a treaty with Turkey, 51;
on European politics, 51;
opinion of Louis XVIII, 52;
claims concessions from _N._, 55;
saves Silesia to Prussia, 56;
acquires Bielostok, 56;
refuses to seize Prussian territory, 62;
parting from _N._ at Tilsit, 63;
Savary's influence over, 64;
hostility of Russian society to, 64, 109, 118, 336;
enmity to England, 70;
_N._ proposes matrimonial unions to, 93, 179, 181, 247, 248;
coquets with English agents, 97;
effect of the treaty of Tilsit on, 99;
apprehensions at England's actions, 99;
seeks to abolish serfdom, 99;
difficulties of his position, 99;
demands reparation for Denmark, 100;
declares war on England, 102;
repudiates the agreement of Slobozia, 105;
keeps faith with _N._, 105;
holds _N._ to his promises, 106;
ambition to acquire the Danubian principalities, 105, 116, 117,
176, 248;
appoints Tolstoi to negotiate with _N._, 107;
declines _N.'s_ offers, 108;
essays to effect the liberation of Prussia, 108, 168;
continues his demands on _N._, 110;
_N._ seeks further interviews with, 113, 116;
court intrigue around, 115;
receives presents from _N._, 116;
seeks to acquire Finland, 115, 168, 176;
breaks off negotiations for interview with _N._, 116;
"stalemated," 117;
humiliation of, 117, 310;
Joseph seeks his consent to acceptance of the Spanish crown, 131;
uncertainty concerning _N.'s_ plans, 165;
approves _N.'s_ course at Bayonne, 166;
friendship with Caulaincourt, 165, 168, 248;
proposed second meeting with _N._, 166, 168, 169;
informed of the capitulation of Baylen, 166;
influence on Emperor Francis, 167;
rewon by _N.'s_ promises, 166;
remonstrates with Austria, 166, 168;
determines to exact the fruits of Tilsit, 168;
intellectual pretensions, 171;
meeting with _N._ at Erfurt, 172 et seq.;
dramatic incident at performance of "Oedipe," 172;
apparent success of his demands at Erfurt, 177;
hot words with _N._ at Erfurt, 177;
approves of _N.'s_ contemplated divorce, 181;
relies on _N._ to gratify his ambitions, 194;
at Koenigsberg, 193, 194;
modifies his tone to Vienna, 194;
neutrality of, 225;
gives no support to Francis, 236;
orders invasion of Galicia, 236;
his observance of Franco-Russian treaties, 238, 244;
advises peace, 239;
_N._ explains the treaty of Schoenbrunn to, 245;
hesitates to betroth his sister to _N._, 247, 248;
fears the loss of Moldavia and Wallachia, 248;
chagrined at the Austrian war and its results, 249;
anxiety for a French alliance, 248;
attitude concerning _N.'s_ second marriage, 255, 316;
offers Norway to Sweden, 281, 314, 321;
discriminates against France in customs duties, 288;
action on _N.'s_ occupation of the North Sea coast, 287;
reserves his family rights over Oldenburg, 288;
refuses to accept Erfurt, 288;
liberal tendencies, 309;
friendship with Czartoryski, 309, 311, 383;
ambition for equality with _N._, iii. 310;
essays the role of European mediator, 309;
disgusted with the old dynasties, 309;
outwitted by _N._ in the Polish negotiations, 310 et seq.;
impending rupture with _N._, 310 et seq.;
rupture with _N._ over the Polish question, 311 et seq.;
refuses to restore the integrity of Poland, 312;
proposes to accept the crown of Warsaw, 311;
virtual declaration of war against France, 311;
hopes of the Poles in, 313;
_N._ offers the use of the "Moniteur" to, 315;
_N._ threatens action against, 314;
prepares for war, 315;
proves an untrustworthy ally, 316;
determines on defensive warfare, 316;
position as to the Continental System, 316, 328;
_N._ warns him of his military preparations, 318;
hints an offer of the French crown to Bernadotte, 321;
makes qualified alliance with Prussia, 320;
effect of his policy on Prussia, 320;
makes terms with Turkey, 321;
personal connection with the war of 1812, 328;
concessions by, 328;
ultimatum to France, 328, 329;
proposes counter-terms to _N._, 329;
demands better terms for Sweden, 330;
invited to Dresden, 331;
demands the evacuation of Prussia, 330;
ukase of December, 1810, 329;
his German advisers blamed, 336;
allays trouble at St. Petersburg, 326;
financial difficulties, 336;
military policy, 341;
replaces Barclay de Tolly by Kutusoff, 343;
his advisers, 351-352;
silent steadfastness, 351-352;
religious spirit, 351;
conduct after the capture of Moscow, 352;
determines to continue the war, 351;
friendship with Galitzin, 351;
treatment of French prisoners, 367;
makes terms with Prussia, 382;
goes to Vilna, 383;
project to become king of Poland, 384;
seeks alliances with Prussia and Austria, 384;
abandons the Polish idea, 384;
ambition to pose as liberator of Europe, 383;
relations with Stein, 385, 396;
in correspondence with York, 384;
negotiates treaty with Spain, July, 1812, 391;
Metternich seeks to embroil him with Bernadotte, 394;
advances against Eugene, 395;
favors annexation of Saxony by Prussia, 399;
importance of keeping him hostile to France, 415;
_N.'s_ attempt to negotiate with, 415;
secret meeting with Metternich, 415;
fatalism of, 420;
Francis seeks alliance with, 420;
jealousy of Austria, 424;
mediocrity in military affairs, iv. 6;
in military council at Trachenberg, 6;
battle of Leipsic, 28-34;
anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40;
distrust of his allies, 40;
Jacobinism of, 40;
dissatisfied with Frankfort terms, 40;
desires revenge for Moscow, 40;
checks Bernadotte's ambitions, 55;
encourages Bernadotte's ambition, 55, 57;
holds the balances in the coalition, 57;
ambition for European supremacy, 58;
predicts speedy entry into Paris, 61;
military blunder, 63;
designs to acquire Galicia, 67;
poses as a liberal, 68;
designs regarding Poland, 67;
desires to conquer France, 67;
forbids the restoration of Vaud to Bern, 68;
suspends the Congress of Chatillon, 70;
consents to re-opening the Congress, 72;
activity of, 88, 89;
prepares for the entry into Paris, 90;
terror-stricken at Arcis, 92;
attitude toward Austria, 98;
holds a military council, 98;
intrigues with Vitrolles, 98;
eagerness to annihilate _N._, 98;
violates armistice before Paris, 110;
orders an assault, 110;
fears _N.'s_ arrival at Paris, 110;
Talleyrand sends a "blank check" to, 113;
leads the allies into Paris, 113;
schemes for French government, 114;
the representative of legitimacy, 114;
presides at the council for peace, 114;
deceived by the Parisians' reception, 113;
approves the Bourbon restoration, 114;
Caulaincourt seeks audience of, 116;
Marmont's offer to, 119;
hears Talleyrand's remonstrance against the regency, 125;
presentation of _N.'s_ abdication to, 124, 125;
hatred for absolutism, 126;
hears of the defection of _N.'s_ army, 126;
revulsion of feeling in favor of the Empire, 126;
refuses to accept the abdication, 129;
generous impulses, 132;
proposes a home for _N._ in Russia, 133;
alleged indelicacy of his visit to the Empress at Rambouillet, 135;
boast as to his servants, 138;
protests to Talleyrand against violations of treaty obligations, 153;
determines to retain ascendancy in the coalition, 169;
converted to the legitimacy idea, 224;
besought for _N.'s_ release, 231;
correspondence with:
Galitzin, Prince, iii. 311;
George III, iii. 181;
Marmont, iv. 119;
Napoleon, iii. 111, 113, 165, 315, 350.

=Alexander the Great=, _N._ likened to, i. 423; iii. 319; iv. 292;
_N.'s_ admiration for, ii. 15, 47, 147, 157;
his work for civilization, 157; iv. 251, 292;
his ideal, iii. 319;
the cause of his undoing, iv. 261.

=Alexandria=, _N.'s_ views concerning, ii. 47;
Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, 57;
_N.'s_ arrival at, 57;
capture of, 58;
the march to Cairo from, 59;
Adm. Brueys ordered to, 61;
_N._ at, 66;
arrival of the Rhodes expedition at, 77;
English fleet at, 79;
_N._ sails from, 81;
England's occupation of, 280.

=Alfieri, Vittorio=, sings of Italian freedom, ii. 232; iv. 39.

=Alien Act=, England's position with regard to, ii. 271.

=Alkmaar=, capitulation of the Duke of York at, ii. 93;
capitulation of, 141.

=Alle, River=, military operations on the, iii. 29, 30.

=Allemand=, retreat of the French through, iv. 99.

=Allenburg=, Bennigsen collects his troops at, iii. 31.

=Allix, J. A. F.=, at Auxerre, iv. 102;
battle of Waterloo, 201.

"=All the Talents=," the ministry of, iii. 46.

=Almeida=, siege and capture of, iii. 284;
retaken by the English, 289.

=Alpon, River=, military operations on the, i. 389, 391.

=Alps, the=, military operations in, i. 213, 412, 426, 433;
ii. 160-173, 186, 187;
the keys of, i. 342, 355;
French supremacy in, ii. 96;
Suvaroff's disasters in, 141;
Hannibal's passage of, 169;
road across the Simplon, 233;
France's "natural boundary," iv. 41.

=Alsace=, Austria driven out of, i. 273;
royalists in, ii. 301;
Duc d'Enghien's conspiracy in, 301, 305;
regulations for Jews in, iii. 77;
proposed cession of, to Austria, iv. 67.

=Alten, K. A. von=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.

=Altenburg=, peace negotiations at, iii. 237.

=Altenkirchen=, battle of, i. 385.

=Alvinczy, Gen. Joseph=, _N.'s_ operations against, i. 350;
commanding Austrian forces for relief of Mantua, 386-392;
defeats Massena at Bassano and Caldiero, 389;
operations against Verona, 389-392;
retreats from Caldiero, 390;
operations on the Adige, 406-414;
the Rivoli campaign, 406 et seq.;
defeat at Rivoli, 414;
flees to the Tyrol, 414.

=America=, disquiet of the English colonies in, i. 22;
precedent for France's aid to English colonies in, 23;
English measures against colonies in, 24;
Raynal's question concerning the discovery of, 137;
Marquis de Beauharnais in, 314;
collapse of French schemes of colonization in, ii. 237;
France looks to her possessions in, 280;
scheme for a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 141.

=American Embargo Act of 1807=, iii. 101-102, 274-275.

=Americas, Emperor of the Two=, iii. 120.

=Amiens=, the treaty of, ii. 211, 230-236, 243, 262-264, 266-274,
280, 284, 332, 351, 400; iii. 47; iv. 264.

=Amsterdam=, asked for loan of ten millions, ii. 154;
smuggled commerce of, iii. 265, 267;
Louis permitted to return to, 271;
removal of the capital to, 277;
march of French troops to, 276;
sends deputation to Paris, 380.

=Amurrio=, Gen. Victor at, iii. 183.

=Anarchists=, in France, ii. 134;
assassination schemes among, 239.

=Anarchy=, the seed of "a pure democracy," i. 397.

=Ancients, Council of the=, represent public sentiment, ii. 2;
members of, proscribed, 8;
Sieyes president of, 35;
join the Bonapartist ranks, 100;
give banquet to _N._ in St. Sulpice, 100;
share in Bonapartist plots, 101;
plots of the 18th Brumaire, 102 et seq.;
endeavor to postpone _N.'s_ dictatorship, 112;
pass vote of confidence in _N._, 114;
adopts the Consulate, 123.

=Ancona=, capture of, i. 422;
importance of, 423;
_N._ at, 423;
_N._ proposes to seize, 447;
rise of, 447;
fall of, ii. 142;
Austrian occupation of, 182;
seized by French troops, 396;
annexed to Italy, iii. 69, 118.

=Andalusia=, Dupont advances toward, iii. 156;
withdrawal of troops from, 188;
Soult ordered to, 286.

=Andernach=, alteration of boundary at, ii. 21.

=Andreossy, Gen. A. F.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53;
accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81;
action on the 18th Brumaire, 105;
ambassador to London, 277;
despatch from _N._ to, 284;
reports Austrian activity, iii. 21;
influence in Vienna, 23.

=Angely, Regnault de St. Jean d'=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 94;
member of the council of state, 152;
prophesies the undoing of France, iii. 325.

=Angerburg=, Lestocq at, iii. 8.

=Anghiari=, Provera crosses the Adige at, i. 410, 414.

=Anglas, Boissy d'=, quells riot at the National Convention, i. 283.

=Anglo-Saxon= spirit of civilization, iv. 254.

=Angouleme, Duchess of=, affronts Madame Ney, iv. 148.

=Angouleme, Duke of=, proclaims Louis XVIII, at Bordeaux, iv. 87.

=Anne, Grand Duchess=, mentioned for marriage with _N._, iii. 179, 181;
_N._ seeks her hand in marriage, 248, 250.

=Ansbach=, Bernadotte's movements in, ii. 365, 376;
ceded to Bavaria, 390;
Augereau commanding in, 416;
French violation of territory, iii. 59;
military movements near, iv. 35.

=Anselme, Gen.=, i. 191.

=Antibes=, recruits for _N.'s_ army from, iv. 155.

=Antilles=, scheme for population of the, ii. 236.

=Antommarchi, Dr. F.=, assists _N._ on his history, iv. 232;
_N.'s_ physician, 232.

=Antonelli, Cardinal=, diplomatic duel with Portails, ii. 346.

=Antraigues, Comte d'=, exposes Pichegru's treachery, ii. 5, 6;
furnishes pen portrait of _N._, 28, 29.

=Antwerp=, commercial key to central Europe, iv. 42;
_N._ "loses his crown for," 42;
refused to France by the allies, 67;
_N._ refuses to give up, 74;
_N._ concedes, to the allies, 87.

=Aosta=, arrival of Lannes at, ii. 171.

=Apennines=, military operations in the, i. 243, 352, 374; ii. 93.

=Apolda=, military movements near, ii. 432.

=Apollonius of Tyana=, _N._ compares Jesus Christ with, ii. 206.

=Aqua tofana=, plot to poison _N._ with, i. 418.

=Arabia=, _N.'s_ attention turned toward, i. 78, 95.

=Aragon=, French occupation of, iii. 155;
military government of, 279;
captured by Suchet, 289;
French possession of, 377.

=Aranjuez=, the revolution at, iii. 135-144;
Charles IV's court at, 135, 136, 138.

=Arc de Triomphe=, erection of the, iii. 74.

=Arch-Chancellor of State=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.

=Arch-Chancellor of the Empire=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.

"=Archive Russe=," cited, i. 216.

=Arch-Treasurer=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.

=Arcis-sur-Aube=, Bluecher advances on, iv. 58;
_N._ moves to, 85-88;
battle of, 86, 92, 93;
proposed concentration of the allies at, 89;
retreat of the French from, 93;
_N.'s_ retreat from, 95;
French capture of, 96.

=Arcole=, _N._ at, i. 393;
the lessons of, 394;
battle of, 389, 390, 399; ii. 140.

=Ardennes Mountains=, proposed boundaries for Germany, iii. 320;
military operations in the, iv. 170.

=Ardon=, loss of, iv. 79.

=Aremberg, Duke of=, marries Mlle. Tascher de la Pagerie, iii. 132.

=Arena, Joseph=, success of, in Isola Rossa, i. 119;
member of the National Assembly, 133;
banished to Italy, 162;
influence of, 233;
charged with conspiracy, ii. 235;
execution of, 241.

=Arenberg=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.

=Argenson, Comte d'=, suggests the Suez Canal, ii. 46.

=Argenteau, Gen.=, defeated at Dego and Montenotte, i. 353.

=Aristocrats=, guillotining the, i. 251;
under the regime of the First Consul, ii. 258.

=Arles=, the canal of, ii. 349.

=Armed neutrality=, the, ii. 209-212;
Russia abandons the, 263.

=Army= (French), its relation to the throne, i. 67;
demoralization and discontent in, and desertions from, 67-69, 96,
112, 142, 173; iii. 4, 5, 224, 290, 291, 323, 326, 342, 360,
365, 372, 383, 402-404, 411, 412; iv. 4, 7, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22,
36, 62, 63, 69, 73, 83, 99, 101, 118, 122, 146, 147;
changes in the, i. 141-143;
compulsory service, 142, 143, 213;
reorganization of the, 149, 158, 159, 164;
regulations, 287;
political sentiments in, and influence of, 305, 347, 348, 426;
ii. 4, 5, 102, 103, 235; iv. 118, 126;
_N.'s_ relations with, care for, and reliance on, i. 362, 365,
366; ii. 29, 140, 153, 196, 248, 318, 361, 408; iii. 50, 325,
379, 380, 386, 387; iv. 50, 59, 123, 131, 137; 219, 248, 249,
255, 259, 260;
its prestige weakened by 18th Fructidor, ii. 22;
its mainsprings of action, 37;
importance of _N.'s_ securing its adhesion, 102;
_N.'s_ manifestos to, 159, 160;
contempt for the Concordat, 217;
quartered in foreign countries, 141;
disappearance of discontent in the, 318;
creation of marshals of France, 321;
conciliating the, 323;
its leaders, 364;
effect of Trafalgar on, 376;
effect of Austerlitz on, 394;
the army chest, 409, 410; iii. 295;
change in the personnel of the, 3;
venality of contractors, 4, 5;
improving the commissary, 7;
strengthening the, 22;
censorship of correspondence from the, 25;
founding of military factories, 25;
morale after Eylau, 45;
_N.'s_ exhibitions of, to the Czar, 50;
pension system, 87;
military schools, 91;
its lust for sack and booty, 155, 224;
over-confidence in, 231;
the cantiniere of Busaco, 291;
discipline in Spain, 292;
"Marshal Stockpot's" deserters, 291;
expense of maintenance, 295, 305;
its equipment for the Russian campaign of 1812, 333;
_N.'s_ address to, before the Russian campaign, 334;
sufferings in Russia, 337, 357 et seq.;
vitality, 374;
wrath at _N.'s_ desertion, 375;
scheme for supporting, 388;
quality of the new (1813), 401;
juvenile soldiers in, iv. 4, 5, 21;
corruption in the, 5;
lack of pay for, 5;
effect of long campaigning on the generals, 7;
dwindling numbers of, 20;
dearth of military supplies, 50;
ambition among the minor generals, 118;
revival of Bonapartist feeling among the, 148;
returns to _N.'s_ standard, 158;
reorganization of, 165;
its morale at Waterloo, 198;
_N.'s_ farewell address to the, 219. _See also_ =Conscription=.

=Army of Catalonia=, service on the Rhine, iv. 55.

=Army of Egypt=, advances on Syria, ii. 68, 69;
abandoned by _N._ in Egypt, 80;
Adm. Bruix sent to relieve the, 79;
its desolate plight, 80, 81.

=Army of England, the=, creation of, ii. 24;
_N._ general of, 24, 35;
on the watch at Boulogne, 48;
the right wing of, 51;
strength, 290, 291;
ordered to march to the eastward, 362.

=Army of Helvetia=, incorporated into the Army of the Rhine, ii. 140.

=Army of Holland=, freed for active service, ii. 146.

=Army of Italy=, equipment of the, i. 196;
campaign in the Alps, 213;
_N.'s_ service with and command of, 216, 224, 237, 255, 318-22, 342;
question of its sustenance, 239;
strength and organization, 240, 241;
_N.'s_ plans for the, 245;
Corsicans in the, 252;
_N.'s_ monograph on, 288;
promised booty, 339, 340, 344;
the question of its employment, 342, 343;
joined to that of the Pyrenees, 343;
destitution of, 344;
strength (1796), 346;
pillage in the, 351;
reinforced from Vendee, 387;
popularity of, 419;
growing arrogance of the, ii. 4;
reinforced by the Army of the Alps, 9;
speculations as to further employment, 32;
restrained from pillage, 42;
Moreau's service with, 72;
division of, and disaster, 87;
frauds in, 91;
commanded by Massena, 140, 186;
scheme for raising money for, 154;
_N.'s_ manifesto to, 159, 160;
its line of operations, 160;
service on the Rhine, iv. 55.

=Army of Silesia=, contemplated movement against, iv. 24;
contemplated movement of, 25.

=Army of the Alps=, Napoleon's plans for the, i. 245;
combined with Army of Italy, ii. 9.

=Army of the Danube=, under command of Jourdan, ii. 72.

=Army of the East= (Allies), iv. 3.

=Army of the Elbe=, formation of, iii. 393.

=Army of the Interior=, the, i. 298;
_N._ made second in command, 305;
_N._ reorganizes, 308;
1796, 345;
commanded by Augereau, ii. 7.

=Army of the Main=, formation of the, iii. 393.

=Army of the Netherlands=, service on the Rhine, iv. 55.

=Army of the North=, conquers the Austrian Netherlands, i. 273;
in 1796, 347;
operations on the Rhine, 434;
Barras's schemes in regard to, ii. 6.

=Army of the North= (Allies), in Brandenburg, iv. 3;
contemplated movement against the, 24.

=Army of the Pyrenees=, transferred to Maritime Alps, i. 342;
joined to that of Italy, 344;
service on the Rhine, iv. 55.

=Army of the Reserve=, ordered to Italy, ii. 163, 164;
expected to attack Melas, 170;
crosses the Alps, 169-173.

=Army of the Rhine, the= (French), _N._ seeks to join, i. 216;
_N._ fails of admission, 224;
commanded by Citizen Beauharnais, 314;
the question of its employment, 342;
fails to support _N._ in Italy, 435;
destitution of, ii. 6;
Augereau commander of, 7;
disbanded, 35;
Moreau commanding, 140;
_N.'s_ manifesto to, 159;
contempt for the Concordat in, 235;
the San Domingo expedition selected from, 236;
_N.'s_ method of quelling opposition in, 235-237;
weakened to ensure success in Italy, 296.

=Army of the Rhine= (Archduke Charles's), i. 425.

=Army of the Sambre and Meuse=, wins battle of Fleurus, i. 273;
campaigning in the Alps, 425;
brought to Paris, ii. 7.

=Army of the South= (Allies), iv. 3;
pursues Murat, 26;
Augereau attempts to hinder, 94;
Francis joins, at Lyons, 97.

=Army of the Tyrol= (Austrian), retreats to head waters of the Enns,
iii. 216;
Archduke John ordered to join, 216.

=Army of the Var=, i. 191.

=Army of the West, the=, _N._ ordered to join, i. 263;
_N._ refuses to serve in, 279, 296;
under Hoche, 346;
reinforces the Army of Italy, 387;
freed for active service, ii. 146.

"=Army Organization=," _N.'s_ essay on, iv. 232.

=Arnault, A. V.=, reports _N.'s_ speech to Barras, ii. 107;
"Memoirs" of, iii. 298;
records interview between Mme. de Stael and _N._, 298.

=Arndt, E. M.=, member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416;
his war-cry of "Freedom and Austria," iii. 195;
inspires to German unity, 397.

=Arrighi=, Gen. J. T., wounded at Acre, ii. 76.

=Art=, _N.'s_ plunder of works of, i. 368, 423, 446;
revival of, ii. 259;
_N._ advises encouragement of, 347.

"=Art and History of War=," _N.'s_ essay on, ii. 340.

=Artillery=, _N.'s_ study and use of, i. 48; ii. 178;
condition in 1796, 329;
its use at Wagram, iii. 229;
use of, at Leipsic, iv. 28, 33.

=Artisan class=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102.

=Artois, Count of=, leads emigrant royalists against France, i. 298;
returns to England, 304;
schemes for the restoration of, ii. 239;
complicity in the Cadoudal conspiracy, 298;
refrains from entering France, 301;
doubtful courage of, 301-303;
suspected of plotting in Paris, 303;
_N._ determines to seize, 302;
his plots in Paris, 311;
supposed capture of, iv. 104;
enters Paris, 132;
reception in Lyons, 156.

=Asia=, France's interest in, ii. 16;
_N.'s_ schemes of conquest in, 61;
Russia's ambition in, 154, 193;
England's vulnerability in, iii. 112;
proposed invasion of, 113;
_N.'s_ scheme to drive Russia into, 332;
the partition of, iv. 298.

=Asia Minor=, proposed military operations in, iii. 114.

=Aspern=, the advantage of position at, ii. 179;
battle of, iii. 218-225, 231, 232;
monument in churchyard of, 223;
losses at, 224;
military operations near, 226;
captured by the Austrians, 228.

=Assembly of Notables=, i. 105.

=Assyria=, the history of, iv. 293.

=Asti=, topography of country near, ii. 178.

=Astorga=, British troops at, iii. 186, 188;
_N._ at, 188, 196;
Ney at, 188.

=Astrakhan=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.

=Asturias=, rebellion in, iii. 154;
flight of Blake into, 185.

=Asturias, Prince of=, leads revolt against Godoy, iii. 70;
conspiracy of his father against his succession, 71, 127;
arrest of, 72, 126;
proposed French matrimonial alliance for, 71, 125, 133, 144;
character, popularity, and following, 124;
seeks _N.'s_ aid, 125, 126;
mentions his mother's shame, 126;
commissions the Duke del Infantado, 126;
trial and release, 127;
pardoned by his father, 127;
Charles IV, abdicates in favor of, 136.
_See also_ =Ferdinand VII=.

=Astyanax=, the King of Rome likened to, iv. 91, 108.

=Atheists=, in the National Convention, i. 250.

=Athies=, capture and recapture of, iv. 80, 81.

=Atlantic=, _N.'s_ mastery of ports on the, iii. 264.

=Attila=, _N._ likened to, i. 443.

=Aube, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58, 60, 74, 85, 86,
91, 93, 96.

=Aubry, Francois=, royalist intrigues by, i. 278;
_N.'s_ vindictiveness toward, 287, 289.

=Auerstaedt=, battle of, ii. 430-434;
Prussia's humiliation at, iii. 57;
Davout created Duke of, 86. _See also_ =Davout=.

=Augereau, Gen. P. C. F.=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;
general of division, Army of Italy, 345;
defeats Austrians at Millesimo, 353, 354;
at Lonato, 381;
battle of Bassano, 388;
at Verona, 388;
battle of Arcole, 380-391;
battle of Lonato, 393;
driven into Porto Legnago, 409;
the Rivoli campaign, 410, 414;
commanding Army of the Interior, ii. 7;
takes command in Paris, 7;
events of the 18th of Fructidor, 8;
commanding Army of the Rhine, 9;
opposes _N._, 35;
blunders in south-western Germany, 37;
commanding in the Pyrenees, 37, 44;
Jacobin candidate for supreme command, 94;
fails to attend banquet at St. Sulpice, 101;
offers services to _N._, 109;
position on the Main, 190;
dangerous position after Hohenlinden, 191;
at Concordat celebration at Notre Dame, 215;
victory at Castiglione, 323;
created marshal, 323;
plan of naval expedition for, 333;
commanding in Germany, 364;
exasperates the people of Ansbach, 416;
near Coburg, 428;
battle of Jena, 429-431;
at Golynim, iii. 4;
strength in Poland, 7;
in the Eylau campaign, 13, 14-17;
wounded at Eylau, 17;
created Duke of Castiglione, 86;
income, 87;
service in Spain, 283;
in campaign of 1813, 402;
battle of Leipsic, iv. 32;
confronting Bubna at Geneva, 56;
sent to Eugene's assistance, 56;
waning loyalty of, 56, 59;
repulses Bubna from Lyons, 67;
moral exhaustion of, 72;
letter from _N._, 72;
driven back to Lyons, 81;
strength, 94;
incapacity, 94;
evacuates Lyons, 94;
_N.'s_ kindness toward, 94;
contrasted with Suchet, 94;
strength, March, 1814, 102;
available forces, 118;
transfers allegiance to Louis XVIII, 133, 138;
meeting with _N._ near Valence, 138;
alleges patriotism as cause of his desertion, 138;
attainted, 157;
_N.'s_ forgiveness for, 233.

=Augsburg=, military movements near, iii. 203, 205.

=Augusta of Bavaria=, marries Eugene de Beauharnais, ii. 399.

=Aujezd=, military operations at, ii. 388.

=Aulic Council=, i. 426, 430; ii. 160, 367.

=Austerlitz=, battle of, ii. 379 et seq., 423;
the lessons of, 391, 392; iii. 341;
"the sun of," ii. 392; iii. 343;
reception of the news in England, ii. 393;
meeting of the sovereigns after, iii. 38;
fruits of the battle, 109;
Talleyrand's policy after, 125;
_N.'s_ terms after, 164;
Alexander's pliableness after, 351;
the battle compared with that at Leipsic, iv. 37;
interview between Francis and _N._ at, 30.

=Austerlitz, Bridge of=, in Paris, iii. 74.

=Austin, John=, on the Napoleonic Code, ii. 223.

=Austria=, hampered by alliances, i. 22;
campaign against France, 65;
France declares war against, 172, 187;
relations (alliances and negotiations for mutual support) with
Prussia, 174; ii. 389, 414; iii. 225, 235, 320, 331;
captures Lafayette, i. 179;
effect of military successes, 194;
military operations against, in Piedmont, 213;
partition of Poland, 220, 425;
Massena's campaign against, 243;
opening of hostilities against, 243;
enters Genoese territory, 245;
cessation of operations against, 261;
defeated at Weissenburg and Fleurus, 273;
driven out of Alsace, 273;
relations with England (alliances and negotiations with, and
subsidies from), 277, 434; ii. 156, 160, 187, 188, 351, 358,
369; iii. 104, 165, 194, 195, 198, 225, 422; iv. 76, 145, 164;
armistice between France and, i. 278;
French schemes against, 293;
defeated by Prussia, 325;
hostility to France, 325;
relations (alliances and negotiations for mutual support) with
Russia, 325, 425; ii. 45, 61, 72, 312, 355, 357, 360, 363;
iii. 178, 311, 328, 331, 385, 419;
question of military operations against, i. 342;
operations in Piedmont in 1794, 341;
plans for overthrow of, 346;
forces of, separated from Sardinians, 350;
_N._ dictates terms to, at Leoben, 350;
military operations in Lombardy, 352-362;
defeated at Montenotte, 353;
army separated from Piedmontese, 354;
crushed at Lodi, 360, 361;
violates Venetian neutrality, 361, 371;
treaty with Venice, 371;
outgeneraled by _N._ at Mantua, 372;
the system of cabinet campaigning in vogue in, 378;
interest in possession of Mantua, 379;
losses in campaign before Mantua, 383;
temporary cessation of hostilities between France and, 392;
France's interest in the humiliation of, 398;
military enthusiasm in, 406;
fourth attempt to retrieve position in Italy, 406;
Spain allied with France against, 421;
precarious condition of foreign relations, 424;
magnificence of her opposition to France, 426;
covets Venetian territory, 428;
reoccupies Triest and Fiume, 435;
England blamed for trouble between France and, 435;
treaty of Leoben, 436-441;
seeks to retain Modena, 270;
secures possession of Venetia, 437-442; ii. 38;
proposes to recognize the French republic, i. 439;
defeated by Hoche on the Rhine, 439, 440;
rupture of the coalition with England, 441;
_N._ offers Venice to, 446;
influence of _N._ in, 448;
desires restoration of the Milanese, 451;
schemes of European reorganization, 451; iii. 22, 41, 50, 109, 195;
Gen. Clarke's mission to, i. 451;
releases Lafayette, 457;
_N._ has free hand in negotiations with, ii. 7;
final negotiations with, 10;
activity of, 9;
treaty of Campo Formio, 19-21;
Carnot's desire for peace with, 19;
Venice seeks to continue war with, 24;
Congress of Rastatt, 27, 89, 191, 264;
humiliation of, 37, 265, 440; iii. 104, 211, 213, 251, 254-256;
attitude of Frederick the Great toward, ii. 41;
acquisition of Swiss territory, 40;
to be restrained from interference in Rome, 42;
declines reciprocity with France, 42;
favors secularization of ecclesiastical principalities, 41;
disturbed feeling in, 42, 43;
Bernadotte's embassy to, 42, 43, 51;
France's demands on, concerning the Bourbons, 43;
strained relations between France and, 43;
alliance with Turkey, 72;
violates the Helvetian Republic, 72;
relations (strained or hostile) with Prussia, 86, 264, 361;
iii. 21, 44; iv. 41, 57, 58;
scheme to dismember Bavaria, ii. 88;
military operations on the Adige, 91;
military operations on the Rhine, 91, 93;
joins the second coalition, 90, 136, 142, 143;
defeats Massena at Zuerich, and Joubert at Novi, 93;
incurs the ill-will of Paul I, 142, 193, 209;
holdings in Italy, 145;
duplicity with Russia, 145;
Russia incensed at, 154;
France's services to Prussia against, 154;
military situation at beginning of 1800, 160;
Moreau ordered to move against, 164;
system of tactics pursued by, 165;
defeated at Engen, 166;
successes in Italy, 170;
quality of her troops, 178;
battle of Marengo, 178-185;
negotiates for peace, 182, 187;
agrees to evacuate northern Italy, 182;
armistice between France and, 182, 188;
interest to abandon England, 187;
_N._ proposes general armistice to, 187;
seeks concessions in Italy, 189;
raises new troops, 188;
_N._ determines to prosecute the war with, 189;
position behind the Inn, 190;
signs peace of Luneville, 192;
her line in Italy, as fixed at Luneville, 193;
armistice of Steyer, 192;
battle of Hohenlinden, 192;
signs separate peace, 192;
loss of power, 194;
the spiritual principalities in, 193;
Russia's jealousy of, 194;
aspirations concerning Bavaria, 194;
ecclesiastical influence in, 264;
share in redistributions of 1802, 265, 266;
Ney's check on, 272;
proposed occupation of Malta by, 285;
_N.'s_ preparations for striking, 291;
truckles to France, 311;
withdraws troops from Swabia, 311;
acquiesces in creation of French empire, 320;
represented at _N.'s_ court at Aachen, 329;
_N.'s_ designs against, 334, 336, 347;
recuperating, 347;
pretext for war between France and, 352;
Francis's title and powers curtailed, 352;
the sanitary cordon, 355;
popular dislike of Russia in, 355;
Alexander's scheme for compensating, 355;
apprehensions of losing Venice, 357;
falls into _N.'s_ trap, 358;
army reforms, 358;
mobilizes troops, 358;
her ambitions, 358;
her disarmament demanded, 361;
_N._ threatens to march to Vienna, 361;
abused in Paris newspapers, 361;
declaration of war against, 362;
declares war against France, Sept. 3, 1805, 363;
strength, 363;
her line of defense, 365;
popular opinion of _N._ in, 366;
capitulation of Ulm, 367;
junction of troops at Marburg, 367;
outgeneraled by _N._, 377;
drives the Elector of Bavaria from Munich, 377;
battle of Austerlitz, 381 et seq.;
ill feeling between Russia and, 381;
threatened with loss of Venetia and the Tyrol, 389;
accepts _N.'s_ terms for an armistice, 389;
_N.'s_ scheme to crush, 390;
suspected bribery of Talleyrand by, 390;
pays war indemnity to France, 390;
cessions by, 390;
acquires Salzburg and Berchtesgaden, 391;
surrenders Venice to France, 390;
losses at Austerlitz, 392;
stripped of leadership, 394;
neutralization of her power, 402;
Francis I declares himself hereditary emperor, 404;
protector of Ragusa, 405;
demoralization of the army, 419;
rehabilitation of, 440;
neutrality between Russia and Turkey, 441;
anxiety concerning Polish lands, 444;
offer of Silesia to, 445; iii. 22;
resolves on neutrality, ii. 445;
Turko-Persian alliance against, iii. 20;
_N._ proposes alliance with, 21, 22;
hostile preparations, 21;
proposal for a new coalition, 21;
proposes to act as mediator, 22;
shrewd attitude of, 23;
throws troops on frontier of Galicia, 23;
omitted from the Continental Olympus, 41;
_N.'s_ object to humiliate, 44;
interest in Poland, 45;
partition of, 49, 55;
her position after Tilsit, 56;
proposed commercial war against England, 55;
offended dignity of, 65;
treaty of Fontainebleau, Oct. 10, 1807, 104;
outward subserviency to France, 104;
_N.'s_ attitude toward, 104;
military reorganization of, 103, 164, 166, 198, 199;
proposed neutralization of, 113;
the situation in, 117;
awakening of the national spirit in, 137;
encouraged to revolt, 159, 163-165, 178;
effect of the Bayonne negotiations on, 163 et seq.;
hereditary rivalry with France, 164;
belligerent tone in, 165, 178, 193, 195;
necessity for her repression, 167;
_N._ and Alexander remonstrate with, 167-169;
_N._ proposes alliance with, 169;
to be held in check by Russia, 169;
compact between Russia and France against, 169;
Russia urged to occupy part of, 177;
transformation of, 192 et seq.;
the German movement in, 193;
opportunity to lead a revolt against _N._, 195;
failure of negotiations with France, 198;
change of plan of campaign, 198, 204;
Napoleonic ideas in, 200;
Archduke Charles's proclamations, 200;
intoxicated with success, 201;
the fifth war with, 202 et seq.;
her aggressions, 213;
extinguishment of her hopes in Italy, 215;
claims the battle of Aspern, 223;
losses at Wagram, 230;
plague in her army, 237;
to reduce her army, 238;
cession of territory, 239;
_N.'s_ terms of peace, 239;
_N._ contemplates alliance with, 238, 245, 249;
reduced to a second-class power, 239, 251, 254, 255;
desire to assassinate _N._ in, 240;
recognizes _N.'s_ acquisitions in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, 239;
joins the Continental System, 239;
_N._ chooses a matrimonial alliance with the House of, 246;
necessity of placating, 254;
good feeling toward France, 254;
democratic tendencies in, 256;
distribution of the lands taken from, 266;
brought into the Napoleonic system, 268;
bankruptcy of, 304;
alliance with France, 310, 311;
interest in stirring up strife between France and Russia, 313;
pro-Russian party in, 313, 314;
_N.'s_ reply to Francis's request for assistance, 314;
Alexander seeks the favor of, 316;
foments hostile feeling between Russia and France, 316;
seeks territorial aggrandizement at expense of Turkey, 316;
contemplates neutrality, 320;
overawed by _N.'s_ preparations, 320;
contributes troops to the French army, 320;
stipulates for territorial enlargement, 320;
furnishes troops for Russian campaign of 1812, 320;
agricultural distress in, 328;
acquires Galicia, 331;
attitude of her troops toward Russia, 342;
_N._ suspicious of, 382;
narrow escape at Essling, 383;
Alexander seeks alliance with, 384;
value of her alliance to France, 390;
Roman Catholic influence in, 390;
proposed surrender of Illyria to, 392, 407, 415;
hostility to _N._ in, 394, 395;
Saxony turns toward, 394, 399;
Metternich's diplomatic schemes for, 395;
refuses to enter coalition against France, 396;
_N._ offers to subsidize, 395;
_N._ seeks aid from, to check Kutusoff, 395;
proposes to act as mediator, 395, 407-411, 415, 416, 419, 420;
wooed for the coalition, 398;
secret agreement with Saxony, 399;
rejects _N.'s_ offer of Silesia, 400;
hostile neutrality of, 403;
_N.'s_ attitude toward, 403;
pivotal in European politics, 403, 409, 411;
growing strength, 403, 419-423;
abandoned by Saxony, 407;
proposed surrender of Dalmatia to, 407;
proposed rectification of her western frontier, 407;
outwits _N._, 412, 424; iv. i, 13;
gathers troops in Bohemia, iii. 413-414;
the allies' reliance on, 415;
fear of _N._, 415;
Nesselrode demands her adherence to the coalition, 415;
aggrandizement by royal marriages, 416;
to be pledged never to side with France, 415;
proposed enlargement of, 416;
secret treaty of Reichenbach, 415, 418, 422;
throws off the mask of mediator, 419;
duplicity of, 419;
regeneration of, 419;
seeks to regain ascendancy in Germany and Italy, 423;
_N.'s_ agents in, 422;
_N._ attempts to bribe, 423, 424;
declares war, 423;
Hamburg and Triest offered to, 424;
takes the lead among the allies, iv. 6;
strength, 6;
_N._ seeks alliance with, 13, 17;
saved by Schwarzenberg from invasion, 18;
_N._ offers terms to, 21;
scheme to restore status of 1805, 22;
concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22;
seeks to regain predominance in Italy, 30;
rise of her Prussian rival, 37;
desires peace, 41;
demands Italian territory, 41;
at the Congress at Frankfort, 41;
troops on the Rhine, 54-56;
forms alliance with Murat, 56;
the Czar's designs to check, 67;
violates Swiss neutrality, 68;
suspicious slowness of her movements, 68;
eager for an armistice, 70, 71, 75;
_N._ endeavors to separate Russia from, 75;
treaty of Chaumont, 76;
the triple alliance, 76;
attitude toward _N._, 89;
_N.'s_ dread of capture of the Empress by, 91;
party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133;
weight of her yoke in Italy, 143;
negotiates secret treaty with England and France, 145;
invited to take part in the coronation of the King of Rome, 157;
member of the Vienna Coalition, 164;
quota of troops, 164;
refuses help to France, 165;
the campaign of the Hundred Days, 170 et seq.;
claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214;
claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of _N._, 215;
loss of Italian territory, 300.

=Austria-Hungary=, the rise of, iv, 299, 300.

=Austrian Netherlands, the=, defeat of the French in, i. 172;
the revolutionary spirit in, 187;
Dumouriez's successes in, 194;
French conquest, of, 273;
surrendered to France, ii. 21.
_See also_ =Belgium=.

=Autun=, _N._ at, i. 30, 46, 48-50; iv. 157;
the Buonapartes at, i. 46;
Talleyrand bishop of, ii. 33.

=Auxerre=, military movements near, iv. 60;
Imperial forces at, 102;
Ney rejoins _N._ at, 157.

=Auxonne=, _N._ at, i. 94, 96, 111, 112, 141, 144-147, 223;
disturbances in, 111, 112, 152;
_N._ seeks to be retained at, 149.

=Avignon=, the Girondists at, i. 214;
_N._ arrives before, 214;
Jacobin siege of, 214;
_N.'s_ life at, 214, 215;
annexed to France, 422;
the Pope asks compensation for the loss of, ii. 216;
lost to the Pope at the peace of Tolentino, 326;
residence of Pius VII at, 391;
Augereau's neglected guns at, iv. 94;
plots to assassinate _N._ at, 138.

=Azanza, M. J. de=, King Joseph's Spanish minister at Paris, iii. 282;

=Azara, Chevalier J. N. de=, represents Spain at Amiens, ii. 262;
at the Tuileries, March 13, 1803, 283.

=Azores=, proposition to deport the Emperor to, iv. 145.

B

=Babylon=, the history of, iv. 293.

=Bacciocchi, Mme.=, literary coterie, ii. 258;
acquires the duchy of Lucca, 354.
_See also_ =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=.

=Bacciocchi, Pasquale=, marries Elisa Buonaparte, i. 322.

=Bachelu= in battle of Waterloo, iv. 199, 204.

=Bacon, Francis=, _N.'s_ study of, ii. 53.

=Badajoz=, Soult's capture of, iii. 286;
English siege and storming of, 289-291, 319.

=Baden=, violation of her neutrality, i. 179; ii. 331, 363;
makes peace with France (1796), i. 385, 450;
relations with Russia, ii. 266;
strengthening of, 266;
residence of the Duc d'Enghien in, 301;
French expedition to, 304;
news of the Duc d'Enghien's arrest in, 305;
friendly relations with France, 377;
acquires territory after Austerlitz, 391;
subservience to France, 394, 402;
created a separate kingdom, 398;
member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 403;
supplies contingent for _N.'s_ army, ii. 404; iii. 322;
allotment of Austrian lands to, 266;
turns from _N._ to the allies, iv. 40;
position in Germany, 298.

=Bagration, Gen. Peter=, holds Murat at Hollabrunn, ii. 379;
in battle of Austerlitz, 387;
in campaign of Eylau, iii. 14;
called in by Barclay de Tolly, 335;
movements on the Dnieper and Pripet, 336;
contemplated junction with Barclay, 336;
establishes communication with Drissa, 336;
driven east by Davout, 338;
junction with Barclay at Smolensk, 336, 338;
plan of junction with Barclay at Vitebsk, 338;
battle of Smolensk, 339.

=Bailly, Jean Sylvain=, mayor of Paris, i. 109.

=Balcombe, Mr.=, entertains _N._ at St. Helena, iv. 229.

=Balearic Isles=, _N._ offers them to England, ii. 404, 405.

=Balkan Peninsula=, Russia's ambitions in, iii. 310;
rescue of the people of, iv. 300.

=Baltic Sea, the=, England's operations in and on, ii. 209, 210;
iii. 24, 35, 36, 98, 117;
gateway of, 69;
Spanish military movements on, 149;
_N.'s_ mastery of ports on, 266;
efficient blockade of, impossible, 280.

=Baltimore=, Jerome Bonaparte's residence in, ii. 257.

=Bamberg=, Austrian troops at, ii. 365;
_N.'s_ military route through, 422;
concentration of troops in, iii. 203.

=Bank of England=, suspends specie payments, i. 456;
scarcity of money in, iii. 304.

=Bank of France=, organization of, ii. 135, 219;
the Recamiers and the, 411, 412;
compelled to lower its rate, iii. 74;
plethora of silver in, 304.

=Barbary=, plots of the pirates to seize _N._, iv. 150.

=Barbe-Marbois, F.=, proscribed, ii. 8;
minister of finance, 214;
state treasurer, 220;
minister of the treasury, 410.

=Barbets=, guerrilla bands of, i. 373.

=Barcelona=, French troops at, iii. 132;
Duhesme besieged in, 183;
besieged by Vives, 184.

=Barclay de Tolly, M. A.=, proposed movement against, iii. 335;
calls in Bagration, 335;
retreats to Drissa, 336;
junction with Bagration at Smolensk, 336-338;
plans to meet Bagration at Vitebsk, 338;
battle of Smolensk, 338-340;
takes stand behind the Uscha, 340;
retreats toward Moscow, 339;
charged with German bias, 342;
succeeded by Kutusoff, 343;
retained as military adviser, 343;
restored to chief command, 399, 410;
battle of Bautzen, 411;
with the Army of the South, iv. 3;
battle of Leipsic, 28;
advises pursuit of _N._, 98.

=Barere, Bertrand=, exiled, ii. 356.

="Bargain of Famine,"= the, i. 96, 101.

=Barham, Adm.=, naval administration of, ii. 370.

=Baring, Major=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201, 204.

=Barnabe=, declares Brumaire illegal, ii. 235.

=Barras, Jean-Paul-Francois-Nicolas=, relations with _N._ and
influence on his career, i. 225, 236, 289, 293, 296, 299, 319,
329; ii. 22, 31, 35; iv. 220, 285, 288;
in siege of Toulon, i. 231;
opposes Robespierre, 251;
influence among the Thermidorians, 254;
leader of military committee of the Convention, 272;
a Dantonist, 289;
in social life, 290, 329;
commander-in-chief of Convention forces, 299;
claims the honors of the 13th Vendemiaire, 301, 303;
resigns his command, 305;
member of the Directory, 309, 332;
character, 309, 329; ii. 35, 91;
intimacy with Josephine Beauharnais, i. 315;
connection with _N.'s_ marriage, 317;
bribed by Venetian ambassador, 440;
dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441;
learns of Pichegru's treachery, ii. 6;
plan to bring troops to Paris, 6;
clamors for peace, 19;
derides Carnot's suggestions, 19;
responsibility for the 18th Fructidor, 22;
responsibility for the 13th Vendemiaire, 22;
approves the treaty of Campo Formio, 24;
charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43;
intrigue with _N._, Talleyrand, and Sieyes for a new constitution, 49;
suggests that _N._ assume a dictatorship, 49;
warns _N._ to leave France for Egypt, 52;
resignation and fall of, 101, 107, 115, 119;
_N.'s_ charges against, before the Ancients, 113.

=Barry, Mme. du=, relations with Talleyrand, ii. 33.

=Bar-sur-Aube=, military movements near, iv. 60, 74, 90, 96, 104;
narrow escape of Francis at, 95;
_N.'s_ march through, 104.

=Bar-sur-Ornain=, Oudinot at, iv. 103.

=Bartenstein=, French occupation of, iii. 12;
military movements near, 15;
treaty of, iii. 22, 23, 36.

=Barthelemy, F.=, member of the Directory, ii. 1;
imprisonment of, 8.

=Basel=, treaty of, i. 276; ii. 204; iii. 124;
alteration of boundary at, ii. 21;
republican propaganda in, 40;
invasion of France via, iv. 57, 58;
headquarters of the allies at, 66;
Schwarzenberg's communications with, threatened, 95;
tomb of Erasmus in, 247.

=Bassano=, defeat of Wurmser at, i. 384;
Alvinczy defeats Massena at, 386, 387;
battle of, 386, 387;
creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
Maret created Duke of, iii. 87.
_See also_ =Maret=.

=Basseville, N. J. H.=, killed in Rome, i. 261, 375, 422.

=Bastia=, made a seat of government, i. 25;
_N._ at, 90;
radical influences in, 116;
patriot success in, 120;
tradition concerning _N.'s_ connection with events at, 120;
share in annexation of Corsica to France 122;
Paoli's return to, 125;
revolutionary movements in, 131;
declared the capital of Corsica, 134;
disorders in, 162;
_N._ sails from, May 2, 1792, 171;
_N._ flees to, 202;
under domination of Salicetti, 204;
French power in, 207;
imprisonment of Corsicans in, 252;
English capture of, 260;
Nelson at, ii. 62.

=Bastille, the=, destruction of, i. 108, 109, 158;
celebrations of the storming of, 174; ii. 195.

=Batavian Republic, the=, formation of, i. 276;
an appanage of France, 325;
naval defeat at Camperdown, ii. 38;
dependence on France, 38;
levy of troops and war material on, 38;
Anglo-Russian force forced to evacuate, 93;
loyalty to _N._, 146;
a new constitution for, 233;
regains colonies, 233, 262;
English efforts to discredit France in, 264.
_See also_ =Holland=; =Netherlands=.

="Battle of Dorking,"= ii. 290.

=Battle of Five Days=, iii. 210.

="Battle of the Nations,"= iv. 37.

=Bautzen=, battle of, iii. 410, 411; iv. 4;
fatal results of the French victory at, iii. 411;
_N._ moves toward, iv. 17;
the Young Guard ordered to, 17;
_N._ nicknamed from, 20;
boy soldiers at, 21;
the armistice after, 42.

="Bautzen Messenger-Boy,"= the, iv. 20.

=Bavaria=, treaty with France (1796), i. 450;
Austria's gaze on, 325; ii. 194, 358, 363;
Austria's scheme to dismember, 88;
Suvaroff driven from Italy to, 142;
Moreau ordered to drive the Austrians into, 164;
the campaign in, 190 et seq.;
negotiations with France, 211;
acquires Passau, 266;
relations with Russia, 266;
Alexander I's scheme of giving to Austria, 356;
_N._ threatens to enlarge, 361, 390;
Austrian troops in, 365;
the Elector driven from Munich by Austria, 377;
friendly relations with, subservience and military support to
France, 377, 394, 402, 404, 422; iii. 3, 195, 203, 279, 322,
387;
acquires Ansbach, ii. 390;
created a separate kingdom, 389, 391, 398;
acquires territory after Austerlitz, 390;
member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 403;
joins in the war against Prussia, 422;
defeated at Innsbruck, iii. 201;
_N.'s_ success in, 225;
Maria Louisa's progress through, 256;
allotment of Austrian lands to, 266;
losses of her soldiers in Russia, 337;
Roman Catholic influence in, 390;
hesitates to furnish new levies, 394;
Augereau commanding troops of, 402;
national spirit in, iv. 19;
revulsion of feeling against France, 19, 22, 26, 40, 56;
part in the campaign at Leipsic, 35;
position in Germany, 298, 299;
battle of Hanau, 35;
the campaign of Waterloo 69, et seq.

=Bayanne, Cardinal=, at Paris, iii. 68;
his demands on behalf of the Pope, 118.

=Baylen=, capitulation of, Dupont at, iii. 157, 159, 166.

=Bayonne=, formation of new French army at, iii. 120, 126, 132;
_N._ goes to, 142;
Ferdinand VII at, 144;
trial of Ferdinand at, 145;
end of negotiations at, 147;
convocation of Spanish notables at, 149;
ultimate failure of _N.'s_ work at, 151;
_N._ at, Nov. 3, 1808, 184;
effect of negotiations at, 185;
the decree of 1808, 274;
Soult shut up in, iv. 40.

=Bayreuth=, _N._ at, ii. 422;
Ney at, 428;
Davout's force in, iii. 202.

="Beaucaire, the Supper of,"= i. 216, 219.

=Beauderet=, military movements near, iv. 185.

=Beauharnais, Marquis Alexandre de=, marriage to Josephine de la
Pagerie, i. 313;
service in America, 314;
separated from his wife, 314;
commander of the Army of the Rhine, 314;
partial reconciliation with Josephine, 314;
elected to States-General, 314;
president of National Assembly, 314;
denunciation, imprisonment, and execution, 314.

=Beauharnais, Eugene de=, birth of, i. 313;
early life, 315;
interposes to reconcile Josephine and _N._, ii. 85;
viceroy at Milan, 258;
ordered to organize troops on the Adige, 362;
marries Augusta of Bavaria, 399;
expels the English from Leghorn, iii. 67;
letter from _N._ to, 68;
presents ultimatum to Pius VII, 68;
formally adopted by _N._, 130;
viceroy of Italy, 130;
defeated by Archduke John, 201;
letter from _N._ to, 208;
commanding in Italy, 211;
character, 211;
at Villach, 217;
at Bruck, 225;
drives Archduke John into Hungary, 226;
battle of Wagram, 228;
guards the Marchfeld, 235;
executes Hofer's sentence, 241;
offers amnesty to the Tyroleans, 241;
informs Josephine of the impending divorce, 246;
share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253;
acquires principality of Frankfort, 266;
viceroy of Italy, 279;
a grand duchy created for, 322;
strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324;
contemplated movement by, 336;
battle of Borodino, 344;
defeats Kutusoff at Malojaroslavetz, 355;
battle of Wiazma, 360;
the hero of the retreat from Moscow, 362, 363;
at Krasnoi, 364;
junction with Ney, 364;
succeeds Murat in command, 385, 393;
reorganizes the army, 393;
withdraws to Berlin, 393;
retires behind the Elbe, 393;
establishes headquarters at Leipsic, 393;
_N.'s_ instructions to, 393;
to guard Holland, 393;
Alexander advances against, 395;
strength in the Saxon campaign of 1813, 402;
junction with _N._, 404;
ordered to raise a new army in Italy, 407, 414;
driven over the Adige by Hiller, iv. 39;
checkmated in Italy, 56;
battle of Roverbello, 56;
concludes armistice, 56.

=Beauharnais, Francois de=, French minister at Madrid, connection
with Ferdinand's conspiracy, iii. 127;
conducts intrigues for the Portuguese throne, 129;
opens the eyes of Godoy, 132;
advises Ferdinand to go to Bayonne, 142.

=Beauharnais, Hortense=, birth of, i. 313;
early life, 315;
interposes to reconcile Josephine and _N._, ii. 85;
marries Louis Bonaparte, 257; iii. 269.
_See also_ =Buonaparte, Hortense=.

=Beauharnais, Josephine=, social life in Paris, i. 290;
_N.'s_ infatuation for, and marriage, 312-323; ii. 341;
birth and early life, i. 313-315;
characteristics, 313-320;
imprisonment, 315;
returns to Martinique, 313;
returns to France, 314;
intimacy with Barras, 315.
_See also_ =Bonaparte, Josephine=.

=Beauharnais family=, proposed alliance between Ferdinand VII and,
iii, 125-128;
share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253.

=Beaulieu, J. P.=, commanding Austrian army in Lombardy, i. 352-361;
attacks Laharpe at Voltri, 352, 353;
falls back on Acqui, 354;
_N.'s_ operations against, 355-366;
military genius, 358;
defense of Milan, 358-361;
outflanked at Piacenza, 359;
retreats to the Mincio, 361;
seizes Peschiera, 361, 372;
thwarts _N.'s_ plan, 361;
violates Venetian neutrality, 372;
his army scattered, 378.

=Beaumont=, military operations near, iv. 170.

=Becker, Gen.=, accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, iv. 219;
urges _N.'s_ value as a general, 219.

=Beet-root sugar=, production encouraged, iii, 79;
_N.'s_ interest in, 304.

=Belce, Canon=, vice-president of the Directory of Corsica, i. 133.

=Belgium=, proposals to establish a republic in, i. 194;
plunder of works of art from, 369;
_N.'s_ policy concerning, 429;
ceded to France by treaty of Leoben, 438;
England's efforts to release, 450;
France's interest in, 450;
England's concessions as to, ii. 12;
incorporated with France, 153;
the Code Napoleon in, 223;
public works in, 349;
visit of _N._ and Maria Louisa to, iii. 269;
mediocrity of soldiers of, iv. 20;
the allies refuse to give the country to France, 67;
_N._ entreated to abandon, 70;
_N._ refuses to give up, 74;
campaign of Waterloo, 169 et seq.;
provisions for defense of, 172;
weakness of her troops, 195, 201.
_See also_ =Austrian Netherlands=.

=Belle Alliance=, French van at, iv. 190;
_N._ at, 193, 194, 196;
topography, 195;
the French position at, 196;
fighting at, 210.

=Bellegarde, Gen. H. de=, supersedes Melas, ii. 188;
on the Mincio, 188.

="Bellerophon," the=, Napoleon embarks on, iv. 220, 221, 222, 287;
sails for Torbay, 221;
goes to Plymouth Sound, 222;
in Torbay, 227.

=Bellesca=, organizes rebellion in favor of Don John, iii. 122.

=Belleville=, defense of, iv. 109, 110.

=Belliard, Gen. A. D.=, carries the news of surrender of Paris to
the Emperor, iv. 105, 115;
advises a return to Lorraine, 116;
transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132.

=Bellingham, John=, assassinates Mr. Perceval, iii. 378.

=Bellinzona=, Austrian force at, ii. 170;
Moncey arrives at, 172.

=Bellowitz=, military operations near, ii. 386.

=Belluno=, Lusignan driven beyond, i. 432;
creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 395;
Victor created Duke of, iii. 86.
_See also_ =Victor=.

=Belt, the=, difficulties of Bernadotte's crossing the, iii. 117.

=Belbedere, Gen.=, forces near Burgos, iii. 184.

=Benevento=, Talleyrand created Prince of, ii. 396 (_see also_
=Talleyrand=);
destruction of magazines at, iii. 188.

=Bennigsen, Gen. L. A. T.=, assassin of Paul I, ii. 380;
commanding Russian forces at Breslau, 380;
battle of Pultusk, iii. 4, 8;
general-in-chief of the Russian army, 8, 9;
position at Szuczyn, 8;
turns back Ney from Koenigsberg, 8;
attempts to reach Dantzic, 9;
attempts to destroy Ney, 10;
defeated at Mohrungen, 10;
military genius, 9, 27;
campaign of Eylau, 13 et seq.;
captures French courier at Eylau, 14;
retreats to Koenigsberg, 18;
hampered for men and funds, 20;
moves against Ney on the Passarge, 28;
retires behind the Alle, 29;
strength, summer of 1807, 28;
battle of Heilsberg, 29;
injurious delays by, 30;
battle of Friedland, 31;
abandons Heilsberg, 32;
confesses defeat, 32;
retreats across the Niemen, 31;
reinforcements for, 32;
proposes an armistice, 34, 36;
commanding in Poland, iv. 3;
reaches Teplitz, 22;
in battle of Leipsic, 32.

=Berchtesgaden=, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;
ceded to Austria, 391;
embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, iii. 239.

=Beresina=, battle of, compared with that of Friedland, iv. 37.

=Beresina, River=, the crossing of the, iii. 363, 366, 374.

=Berg, Grand Duchy of=, quota of men, ii. 404;
French seizure of lands near, 420;
vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, iii. 54;
the Grand Duchess quarrels with Queen Hortense, 179;
scheme to incorporate it with France, 266;
Louis Napoleon created Grand Duke, 279;
the French regency of, 421;
French influence in, 423.

=Bergamo=, the revolutionary movement in, i. 428, 436, 437.

=Bergen=, battle of, ii. 93.

=Bergeres=, Bluecher retreats to, iv. 65.

=Berlier, M.=, assists in preparation of the Code, ii. 222.