Chapter XXII: Napoleon's Place in History (9)

=Koenigsberg=, Lestocq's retreat to, ii. 435;
Ney's false move toward, iii. 8;
Frederick William shut up in, 9;
Bennigsen's defense of, 14;
Bennigsen retreats to, 18;
Russian retreat toward, 30;
Lestocq driven into, 31;
reinforcements for Bennigsen from, 31;
_N._ leaves Tilsit for, 65;
the League of Virtue in, 103;
popularity of Stein's measures at, 193;
Alexander I at, 194;
Murat enters, 384;
patriotism in the university, 398;
proposed new capital for Prussia, 409.

=Korner, Theodor=, incites Prussian patriotism, iii. 397.

=Korneuburg=, military operations near, iii. 217.

=Korsakoff, Gen.=, defeated by Massena at Zuerich, ii. 93, 142.

=Kosciusko, Tadeusz=, lack of faith in _N._, ii. 444, 445.

=Koesen=, the allies outwitted at, iv. 35.

=Kossuth, Louis=, charges treachery against Maria Louisa, iii. 418.

=Kottbus=, ceded to Saxony, iii. 62.

=Kourakine, Count=, at Tilsit, iii. 49;
Russian ambassador to France, 314;
injured by fire, 314;
leaves Paris for St. Petersburg, 315;
takes _N.'s_ messages to Alexander, 315.

=Krasnoi=, the French retreat through, iii. 363-366;
_N.'s_ coolness at, 365;
compared to Hanau, iv. 35.

=Kray, Gen. Paul=, commanding Austrian troops on the Rhine, ii. 161;
_N.'s_ plans to defeat, 163;
abandons Donaueschingen, 166;
outwitted by Moreau, 166;
defeated by Moreau at Engen, 167;
retreats toward the Danube, 166;
defeated at Messkirch, 167;
superseded by Archkude John, 188.

=Kremlin, the=, iii. 345, 348;
French occupation of, 345, 349;
pillaged, 349;
failure to destroy, 335, 356.

=Krems=, Kutusoff crosses the Danube at, ii. 367.

=Kronach=, the Imperial Guard at, ii. 428.

=Krossen=, proposed allotment of, to Saxony, iii. 409.

=Kulm=, battle of, iv. 14, 15.

=Kunersdorf=, battle of, iv. 267.

=Kuestrin=, capitulation of, ii. 436;
held by the French, iii. 402;
relief of the French garrison in, iv. 2.

=Kutusoff, Gen. M. L. G.=, moves toward Bruenn, ii. 367;
crosses the Danube at Krems, 367;
escapes from Murat, 378;
pursued by the French, 379;
at Schrattenthal, 379;
outwits Murat at Hollabrunn, 379;
joins Austrian and Russian troops' at Bruenn, 379, 380;
battle of Austerlitz, 386-390;
succeeds Barclay de Tolly, iii. 343;
battle of Borodino, 343, 344;
flight from Borodino, 345;
claims the victory, 345, 347;
reinforcements for, 350;
takes position at Tarutino, 350;
menaces the French in Moscow, 350;
refers Lauriston to St. Petersburg, 351;
extends his line toward Kaluga, 351;
feigned movement against, 353-356;
defeated at Malojaroslavetz, 355;
Russian failure to reinforce, 359;
_N._ plans an ambush for, 360;
battle of Wiazma, 359;
his allies Want and Winter, 360, 372;
at Krasnoi, 364;
pursuit of the French army, 366;
mistake as to _N.'s_ movements, 370;
responsibility for further bloodshed, 374;
"the plain gentleman of Pskoff," 375;
bad generalship of, 374, 384;
losses in the campaign, 383;
enters Vilna, 383;
desires peace, 383;
advance through Poland, 395;
_N._ seeks Austrian aid to check, 396;
issues proclamation to German princes, 398;
death, 399.

L

=Labanoff, Prince=, comes to Bennigsen's aid after Friedland, iii. 32;
conducts negotiations with _N._, 37;
at Tilsit, 49.

=Labedoyere, Gen. C. A. H.=, determines to support _N._, iv. 156;
imprisoned and condemned to death, 223.

=Laber, River=, military operations on the, iii. 207, 208.

=Laborde, Alexandre de=, _N.'s_ confidential agent in the treaty of
Schoenbrunn, iii. 252;
suggests the marriage of _N._ and Maria Louisa, 252.

=Labouchere, Henry=, mission from Holland to England, iii. 271.

=La Carolina=, defeat of Dupont at, iii. 156.

=Lacombe-Saint-Michel, J. P.=, secures _N.'s_ appointment to the
Army of the West, i. 263;
member of Committee of Safety, 263.

=La Cour de France=, _N._ at, iv. 105, 116.

=La Cuesta, Gen.=, defeated at Medina de Rio Seco, iii. 156.

=La Favorita=, battle of, i. 415, 416.

=Lafayette, Marquis de=, commands the National Guard, i. 110;
endeavors to calm the National Assembly, 174, 176;
_N._ on, 176;
commanding armies in the North, 179;
pronounces against popular excesses, 179;
flight, and capture by the Austrians, 179;
released from Austrian prison, 456; ii. 148, 247;
possible successor to _N._, 186;
influence on the Consulate, 195;
remonstrates against _N.'s_ life consulship, 247;
supports the chambers, iv. 217;
_N.'s_ forgiveness for, 233.

=La Fere=, the regiment of, i. 66;
the regiment at Douay, 81;
ordered on special service, 86;
_N.'s_ service in, 94, 144;
mutiny in, 112;
transformed into the First Regiment, 149.

=La Ferte-sous-Jouarre=, military movements near, iv. 63;
_N.'s_ rapid march to, 71.

=Laffont=, royalist leader, i. 298;
on the 13th Vendemiaire, 303;
executed, 304.

=Laffray=, dramatic welcome to the returned Emperor at, iv. 156;
_N._ offers himself to the bullets of the Fifth Regiment at, 155.

=La Fleche=, the military school at, i. 48.

=La Force=, imprisonment of Malet in, iii. 376.

=Lagrange, Gen.=, moves against Castanos, iii. 185;
transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132.

=Lagrange, J. L.=, created baron, iii. 297.

=Laharpe, Gen.=, general of division, Army of Italy, i. 345;
attacked by Beaulieu at Voltri, 353, 354;
retreats to Savona, 353;
killed at Fombio, 359;
tutor to Alexander I, iii. 118.

=La Haye=, the farms of, iv. 194;
fighting at, 206.

=La Haye Sainte=, the farm-house of, iv. 194;
fighting at, 201-204, 210.

=Lahorie, Gen. V.=, engaged in Malet's conspiracy, iii. 376.

=Laine, J. H. J.=, radical member of the senate, iv. 114.

=Lajolais, Gen. F.=, plots of, in the Cadoudal conspiracy, ii. 298;
implicates Moreau, 298.

=La Junquera=, Saint-Cyr at, iii. 183.

=Lakanal, Joseph=, provides for mixed schools, ii. 226.

=Lake Constance=, Kray's communications via, to be cut, ii. 164.

=Lallemand, Gen. C. F. A.=, proposes asylum for _N._ on an American
ship, iv. 221;
negotiations with Capt. Maitland, 223.

=Lallemant, M.=, French republican agent in Venice, i. 445; ii. 10.

"=L'Ambigu=," published in London, ii. 270;
_N._ lampooned in, 270.

=Lambrecht=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 106.

=La Mortilla=, _N._ prepares plans for its defense, i. 91.

=La Mure=, _N.'s_ welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 155.

=Land=, tenure at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 16, 102, 105, 109.

=Landes, Department of the=, exempt from legislation concerning
Jews, iii. 77.

=Landgrafenberg=, military operations at, ii. 429.

=Landsberg=, engagement at, iii. 14.

=Landshut=, military movements near, iii. 206-209, 216;
_N._ at, 208;
battle of, 210;
Archduke Charles's military mistake at, 216.

=Langeron, Gen. Andrault=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 388;
captures Rheims, iv. 80;
on the dissensions in Bluecher's army, 80;
on the terror of _N.'s_ name, 84.

=Langres=, military movements near, iv. 58, 68, 95.

=Lanjuinais, Jean D.=, president of House of Deputies, iv. 167.

=Lannes, Gen. Jean=, recommended for promotion, i. 357;
threatens Genoa, 373;
service in Egypt, ii. 53;
wounded at Acre, 76;
battle of Aboukir, 79;
accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81;
action on the 18th Brumaire, 105;
commanding at the Tuileries, 108;
crosses the St. Bernard, 169-171;
attacks Ivrea, 171;
hesitates at Fort Bard, 171;
reaches Aosta, 171;
defeats Ott at Casteggio, 177;
commanding corps at Marengo, 176-180;
battle of Montebello, 196;
restored to favor, 277;
created marshal, 323;
character, 364; iii. 208, 223;
captures Braunau, ii. 367;
pursues the Russians, 378;
in battle of Austerlitz, 386, 388;
at Coburg, 427;
in battle of Jena, 429;
seizes Dessau, 436;
pursues Hohenlohe, 436;
ordered to the Narew, iii. 3;
battle of Pultusk, 4;
strength in Poland, 7;
sickness, 13;
battle of Heilsberg, 29;
battle of Friedland, 30;
created Duke of Montebello, 86;
familiarity with _N._, 93;
moves against Castanos, 185;
movements before Ratisbon, 208;
in battle of Eckmuehl, 209;
at the crossing of the Danube at Lobau, 217;
battle of Essling, 220, 223;
mortally wounded, 223;
_N.'s_ grief at loss of, 223;
reproaches _N._ for his ambition, 223;
_N._ saves him from drowning, 241;
warns _N._ against treachery, 325;
characterization of Talleyrand, iv. 107.

=Lanusse, Gen. F.=, recommended for promotion, i. 357.

=Laon=, battle of, iv. 76-81, 84;
_N._ at, 216.

=Laplace, P. S.=, Minister of the Interior, ii. 131;
succeeded by Lucien Buonaparte, 131;
created baron, iii. 297.

=Lapoype, Gen. J. F.=, feeling against in Marseilles, i. 239;
acquitted by the Convention, 240.

=Larevelliere-Lepeaux, Louis-Marie de=, member of the Directory,
i. 309, 330, 331; ii. 35;
character, i. 310;
dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441;
_N.'s_ relations with, ii. 23;
resigns from the Directory, 92.

=La Rochejaquelein, Gen. L. du V.=, killed, iv. 166.

=La Romana, Gen. P. C.=, revolts in Denmark, iii. 159;
at Valmaseda, 184;
at Santander, 184;
joined by Blake, 185.

=La Rothiere=, battle at, iv. 60, 69.

=Lasalle Gen. A. C.=, captures Stettin, ii. 436;
success near Valladolid, iii. 156;
in battle of Aspern, 220;
killed at Wagram, 230.

=Las Cases, E. A. D.=, _N.'s_ intimacy with, i. 146;
memoirs of _N._, 232;
recounts the story of the "day of the sections," 307;
_N.'s_ conversations with, ii. 292;
_N.'s_ declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 311;
appointed private secretary to _N._, iv. 220;
negotiates with Capt. Maitland for _N.'s_ passage to England, 221, 223;
accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, 227;
assists _N._ on his history, 231;
dismissed, 232.

=Latouche-Treville, Adm. L.=, scheme of naval operations for, ii. 331;
death of, 332.

=Latour-Maubourg, Gen. M.=, commanding cavalry in Russian campaign
of 1812, iii. 324;
battle of Dresden, iv. 8, 9;
battle of Leipsic, 29, 32;
transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132.

=Lauban=, _N._ at, iv. 6.

=Lauderdale, Lord=, British envoy to France, ii. 404, 405;
demands his passports, 420;
reopens negotiations, 421.

=Laudon, Gen. G. E.=, commanding forces in the Tyrol, i. 434;
at Verona, 442.

=Lauriston, Gen. A. J.=, splendid artillery work at Wagram, iii. 229;
replaces Caulaincourt at St. Petersburg, 318;
mission to Kutusoff's camp, 351;
commanding division under Eugene, 393;
in campaign of 1813, 402;
occupies Leipsic, 405;
battle of Luetzen, 405;
battle of Bautzen, 405;
beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413;
confronts Bluecher at the Bober, iv. 6;
detailed to block Bluecher's road to Berlin, 8;
battle of Leipsic, 28, 33;
captured at Leipsic, 34.

=Lausanne=, ovation to _N._ at, ii. 27;
French forces near, 169;
_N._ at, May 10, 1800, 169.

=La Valette, Gen.=, formulates demands on the Genoese senate, ii. 11;
postmaster-general at Paris, letter to _N._, March, 1814, iv. 104.

=Lawyers=, status at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101.

=Lazaref=, Russian grenadier, decorated by _N._ at Tilsit, iii. 63.

=League of Virtue=, the, iii. 103, 397.

=Lebrun, Charles F.=, appointed third consul, ii. 130, 222;
revises the Code, 222;
evades responsibility concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 304;
Treasurer of France, 323;
at _N.'s_ coronation, 343;
created Duke of Piacenza, iii. 86;
Arch-Treasurer, 96;
salary of, 96;
at Krasnoi, 364.

=Lech, River=, military operations on the, ii. 164; iii. 204.

=Leclerc, Victor-Emmanuel=, conducts expedition against San Domingo,
ii. 237;
marries Pauline Buonaparte, 236;
death of, 237.

=Leclerc, Mme.=, accompanies her husband to San Domingo, ii. 236;
marries Prince Borghese, 258.

=Lecourbe, Gen. C. J.=, commanding in the Alps, ii. 164;
captures Memmingen, 167;
captures Stockach, 166;
ordered to Italy, 169.

=Leers=, Gen. Reille at, iv. 170.

=Lefebvre, Gen. F. G.=, commander of the Paris garrison, ii. 104;
joins the Bonapartist ranks, 104;
in battle of Jena, 429, 431;
strength in Poland, iii. 8;
besieges Dantzic, 20, 21;
created Duke of Dantzic, 86;
besieges Saragossa, 156;
success at Tudela, 156;
near Bilbao, 183;
rash movements by, 184;
in movement against Madrid, 186;
commanding Bavarian troops at Muenich, 203;
in campaign of Eckmuehl, 206;
defeats the Austrians at Abensberg, 207;
at Salzburg, 211;
drives Tyroleans from Innsbruck, 213;
relieves Vandamme at Linz, 225;
withdrawn from the Tyrol, 234;
commanding the Old Guard, 324;
a momentary attack of senility, iv. 104;
at council at St. Dizier, 104;
accompanies the Emperor to Paris, 105;
at the abdication scene, 121;
transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132;
recreated marshal, 167.

=Lefebvre-Desnouettes, Col. Charles=, service in Egypt, ii. 53.

=Leghorn=, _N._ plans to meet Joseph at, i. 292;
the English fleet driven from, 373;
levy of enforced contributions from, 375;
England gains entrance into, iii. 67;
expulsion of the English from, 67;
position in the French Empire, 279;
plots against _N._ in, iv. 150.

=Legion of Honor=, establishment of the, ii. 245, 246;
distribution of crosses, 360;
first Russian member of the, iii. 63;
French pride in, 86;
new members of, 297;
abolition of the orphan asylums of the, iv. 148.

=Legislature, the=, ii. 126, 149-153;
constitution of, 241;
new methods of electing to, 247;
_N._ opens, Aug. 16, 1807, iii. 73;
its functions, 83;
distribution of titles among heads of, 87;
_N._ contemplates its abolition, 389;
demands constitutional government, iv. 49;
prorogued, 50;
overthrows _N._, 115.

=Legnago=, French occupation of, i. 372, 379;
military operations near, 409.

=Legrand, Gen. C. J.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386;
in battle of Aspern, iii. 220.

=Leibnitz, G. W. von=, advocates French conquest of Egypt, ii. 46.

=Leipsic=, seized by the Duke of Brunswick, iii. 234;
Eugene establishes headquarters at, 393;
French forces at, 393, 405;
military movements near, 405; iv. 8, 21, 22, 25, 26;
battle of, 27 et seq.;
topography, 28;
_N._ in, 34;
importance of the battle in history, 37;
triumph of revolutionary liberalism at, 38;
_N._ spares the city from fire, 39;
effects of the battle of, 39;
mistaken ideas concerning _N.'s_ attitude after, 66.

=Le Noble's "Spirit of Gerson,"= _N.'s_ study of, i. 150.

=Lenouf, Gen.=, succeeds Jourdan in command, ii. 88;
retreats behind the Rhine, 88.

=Leo III=, crowns Charles the Great, ii. 325.

=Leoben=, the French at, i. 350;
seized by Massena, 436;
_N.'s_ position at, 436;
treaty of, 436-441, 443, 446, 452, 456; ii. 12, 14, 19;
alleged duplicity by _N._ at, i. 437-439;
French march to, ii. 42;
Ney's victory at, 368.

=Leon=, French troops in, iii. 283.

=Leonetti=, denounced by N., i. 206.

=Leopold II=, acknowledges Hungarian rights, iii. 214.

=Lepelletier=, the section of, i. 300.

=Lesmont=, military operations at, iv. 60.

=Lesseps, J. B. B.=, French consul-general at St. Petersburg, iii. 98.

=Lestocq, Gen.=, retreats to Koenigsberg, ii. 436;
joins the Prussian army, iii. 1;
at Neidenburg, 4;
at Angerburg, 8;
opposes Ney's march to Koenigsberg, 8;
relieves the garrison of Graudenz, 10;
in campaign of Eylau, 14, 15;
in battle of Heilsberg, 29-31;
in Friedland campaign, 31, 35;
pursued by Davout, 32.

=Leszcynski, Maria=, _N.'s_ imitation of her marriage to Louis XV,
iii. 256.

=Letourneur, C. L.=, member of the Directory, i. 330, 333;
character, 330;
retires from the Directory, ii. 1.

="Letters from the Cape of Good Hope,"= iv. 231.

="Letters of Buonaparte to Buttafuoco,"= i. 145.

=Leuthen=, battle of, iv. 284.

=Levant, the=, France occupies Venetian possessions in, i. 446;
Genoa's commerce with, ii. 15;
French plots for disturbances in, 17;
France's jealous care for possessions in, 32, 280;
England aspires to control, 143;
Sebastiani's mission to, 272-274;
question of establishing French colonies in, 273;
Portuguese naval operations in, 332;
plans for redistribution of lands on, iii. 51;
the control of, 111;
efficient blockade of, impossible, 280.

=Leveson-Gower, Lord=, English ambassador at St. Petersburg, iii. 100.

=Leyen, Von der=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.

=Liberty=, Paoli on, i. 16;
the recognized colors of, 109.

=Liberty, fraternity, and equality=, i. 109.

"=Liberty of the Seas=," ii. 16.

=Lichtenstein=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.

=Lichtenstein, Prince John of=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386-389;
negotiates for an armistice, 389;
in battle of Aspern, iii. 223;
Austrian peace commissioner, 239-242;
at peace council in Paris, iv. 114.

=Lido, Porto di=, Venetians fire on French vessel in, i. 442.

=Liebertwolkwitz=, military operations near, iv. 27-30.

=Liege=, flight of Lafayette to, i. 179;
military operations near, 194; iv. 54, 85, 171, 185.

=Ligny=, battle of, iv. 180-186;
Gerard at, 190;
Bluecher's disaster at, 193;
a Prussian blunder, 213;
the news of, in Paris, 216.

=Liguria=, ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263.

=Ligurian Alps=, guerrillas in the, i. 373.

=Ligurian Republic=, the formation of, ii. 11, 21;
French control over, 39;
Piedmont added to, 39;
reorganized, 186;
tribute levied on, 186;
English efforts to discredit France in, 264;
incorporated with France, 354.

=Lille=, peace negotiations at, ii. 12, 86, 144;
flight of Louis XVIII to, iv. 158.

=Lindau=, ceded to Bavaria, ii. 391.

=Lindenau=, seized by the Duke of Brunswick, iii. 234;
military operations near, iv. 28, 29, 35.

=Linz=, military movements near, iii. 204-207; 216, 222.

=Lisbon=, recall of the French envoy from, iii. 120;
democracy in, 121;
Junot's march to, 120, 122;
fraternization of the people with Junot's army, 120;
Russian squadron sent to, 167;
French scheme to seize, 265;
Massena's march to, 285;
Massena's precarious situation before, 286, 287;
Wellington's difficult position at, 288;
filled with fugitives, 288.

=Lisle, Rouget de=, composes the "Marseillaise," i. 175.

=Literature=, revival of, ii. 259;
censorship of, iii. 88.

=Lithuania=, Poniatowski's doubts of, iii. 326;
impassivity of its people, 331;
the march from Smolensk toward, 363;
Maret in charge of affairs in, 375.

=Littawa, River=, military operations on the, ii. 383.

="Little Corporal," the=, i. 362; iv. 118, 154.

=Little Gibraltar=, capture of, i. 230.

=Little Goerschen=, fighting at, iii. 405.

="Little Napoleon,"= iii. 52.

=Little St. Bernard Pass=, the crossing of the, ii. 169, 171.

=Liverpool, Lord=, attacks Wellington, iii. 288;
recalls Wellington, iv. 149;
mismanagement of English affairs, 161, 162;
embarrassment of, 224;
views as to the disposition of _N._, 224;
letter to Castlereagh, June 20, 1815, 224.

=Loano=, battle of, i. 344.

=Lobau=, crossing the Danube at, iii. 217, 218, 223, 227.

=Lobau, Gen.=, guarding roads from Bohemia, iv. 18;
holds Dresden, 25, 28;
in the Waterloo campaign, 170-173;
at Charleroi, 180;
ordered to Marbais, 186;
battle of Waterloo, 202, 205, 206;

=Lobau, River=, military movements on the, iii. 218, 223, 227.

=Lobenstein=, Bernadotte at, ii. 428.

=Lodi=, battle of, 359-362; ii. 140;
_N.'s_ narrow escape at, i. 393;
withdrawal of the Austrians from Milan to, ii. 173.

=Logrono=, French success at, iii. 156;
Ney at, 183.

=Loire, River=, the Empress flees across the, iv. 105;
military movements on the, 128.

=Loison, Gen. L. H.=, at Piacenza, ii. 177.

=Lombardy=, French troops in, i. 128;
military operations against, 213, 243, 346, 352, 354;
favors the French Revolution, 261;
the military gate to, 342;
_N.'s_ successes in, 350;
expected partition of, 352;
richness of the country, 356, 357; ii. 179;
_N.'s_ influence in, i. 401;
revolutionary movement in, 428;
France's interest in, 451;
incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21;
held by Austria, 145;
_N._ aims to secure, 172;
the iron crown of, 353;
_N.'s_ royal progress through, iii. 109.

=Lonato=, battle of, i. 380-383, 393;
_N.'s_ narrow escape at, 382, 393.

=London=, Talleyrand diplomatic agent in, ii. 33;
Talleyrand expelled from, 33;
publication of "L'Ambigu" in, 270;
Irish radical paper, in, subsidized by _N._, 271;
reception of the Duke of Brunswick in, iii. 234.

=Longwood=, _N.'s_ residence at, i. 40; iv. 229-235, 288.

=Longwy=, garrison of, capitulates to Prussia, i. 179;
abandoned by the enemy, 186.

=Loretto=, capture of, i. 421, 423;
the image of the Lady of, 423.

=L'Orient=, the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean from, iii. 111.

=Lorraine=, proposal to continue the war in, iv. 101, 104, 116.

=Lothair=, _N._ contrasted with, iii. 264.

=Louis=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 106.

=Louis=, king of Etruria, attendant in _N.'s_ antechamber, ii. 205;
death of, 233; iii. 67.

=Louis=, king of Etruria (son of the preceding), proposed kingdom
in Portugal for, iii. 120.

=Louis=, prince of Prussia, ii. 415;
killed at Saalfeld, 428.

="Louis Capet,"= i. 194.

=Louis Philippe.= _See_ =Chartres, Duc de=.

=Louis XIV=, disgraces Vauban, i. 332;
schemes of world-conquest, ii. 46;
"abolishes" the Pyrenees, iii. 70;
_N._ not the successor of, 304;
influence of his villainies, iv. 299.

=Louis XV=, refuses protectorate to Corsica, i. 16;
death of, 43;
_N.'s_ imitation of his marriage to Maria Leszcynski, iii. 256;
_N._ not the successor of, 304.

=Louis XVI=, accession of, i. 43;
character, 101, 102, 108, 109;
contest with the Parliament of Paris, 106;
alienation of, from the people, 106-108;
attempted reforms by, 105-109;
abandoned by the nobles, 109;
curtailment of his hunting-grounds, 109;
takes up residence in Paris, 109;
title under the new constitution, 119;
honors Paoli, 124;
betrayal of, 151;
accepts the Constitution, 153;
flight and recapture, 154;
clamor for his trial, 156;
refuses to sanction secularization of estates of the Church and
nobility, 172;
negotiates with foreign powers, 172, 194, 269;
celebrates the fall of the Bastille, 174;
takes refuge in the National Assembly, 175;
the National Assembly dismisses his body-guard, 174;
Marseilles demands dethronement of, 174;
imprisoned in the Temple, 175;
_N.'s_ views concerning, 177;
condemnation and execution, 195;
causes of his downfall, 268;
the regicides of, 309;
celebrations of his death, ii. 195; iv. 149.

=Louis XVII=, i. 268.

=Louis XVIII=, recognized by the powers, i. 297;
relationship to Victor Amadeus, 355;
retires to Blankenburg, ii. 5;
purchases Pichegru's adhesion, 5;
_N.'s_ negotiations with, 9, 239;
banished, 209;
hopes for restoration of, 240;
residence in Warsaw, 240, 297, 301;
the Cadoudal conspiracy, 297;
promises constitutional government, 298;
manifesto of, 302;
Alexander I's opinion of, iii. 52;
at Mittau, 52;
offered a kingdom in the United States, 272;
proclaimed king at Bordeaux, iv. 87;
acclaimed in Paris, 113;
proclaimed king by the senate, 129, 132;
imperial generals transfer their allegiance to, 132;
character, 132, 146;
his feeble tenure, 133;
scandals circulated at the court of, 142;
treaty with the powers, May 30, 1814, 144;
power to create peers, 146;
blunders of, 146-149;
appoints Soult minister of war, 147;
_N._ prophesies the betrayal of, 151;
indifference to treaty obligations, 152;
sends troops against _N._, 158;
makes concessions, 158;
flees to Lille, 158;
flees to Ghent, 161;
_N.'s_ forgiveness for, 233.

=Louisa, Queen= (of Prussia), brings about the treaty of Potsdam,
ii. 376;
character and influence, 415, 427;
_N.'s_ abuse of, 438;
at Memel, iii. 37, 107;
at Tilsit, 44;
scandal concerning the Czar, 57;
interviews with _N._ concerning Magdeburg, 57-63;
the incident of the rose, 61;
sarcastic speech to Talleyrand, 62;
compared with Queen Mary of England, 62;
death of, 63, 330, 397;
in need of comforts, iii. 107.

=Louisa, Queen= (of Spain), relations with Godoy, ii. 204, 289, 332;
iii. 71, 124, 126, 144, 150;
friendship for _N._, ii. 332;
admits England to Leghorn, iii. 68;
supposed poisoning of her daughter-in-law, 124;
examines Ferdinand's papers, 126;
her son reveals her shame, 126;
suspected of intrigue in Spain, 128;
panic-stricken at the French invasion, 133;
advocates the scheme of monarchy in America, 134;
repents her abdication, 137, 138;
_N.'s_ attitude toward, 140;
virtual prisoner in the Escorial, 142;
summoned to Bayonne, 145.

=Louisiana=, ceded to France, ii. 204, 272;
collapse of French rule in, 238;
expedition to, 272;
Spain's exasperation over loss of, 289;
_N.'s_ dream of empire in, 289;
sold by France to the United States, 289, 332; iv. 300.

=Louvain=, Gneisenau opens fresh communications via, iv. 185;
possible retreat of the Prussians via, 194.

=Louverture, Toussaint=, defense of San Domingo, ii. 237;
organizes a consular government, 237;
capture and death of, 237.

=Louvre, the=, _N.'s_ second marriage in, iii. 259-261.

=Love=, _N._ on, i. 77.

=Low Countries=. _See_ =Austrian Netherlands=; =Batavian Republic=;
=Belgium=; =Dutch Flanders=; =Holland=; =Netherlands=.

=Lowe, Sir Hudson=, allegations about _N.'s_ physical ailments, iv. 168;
character, 230;
his custody of _N._, 230-233;
_N.'s_ disputes with, 288.

=Luebeck=, proposal to give it to Prussia, ii. 400;
surrender of, 437;
sack of, 440;
Bernadotte's force in, iii. 202;
extension of the French Empire, to, 278.

=Luc=, _N._ at, iv. 139.

=Lucca=, given to Pauline (Buonaparte) Borghese, ii. 354, 356;
given to Elisa, 395;
creation of hereditary duchy of, 396.

=Lucca and Piombino=, Prince of. _See_ =Bacciocchi, F. P.=

=Lucca and Piombino=, Princess of. _See_ =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=.

=Luckau=, defeat of Oudinot at, iv. 8.

=Ludmannsdorf=, Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 206.

=Luneville=, negotiations between Cobenzl and Joseph Bonaparte at,
ii. 189, 192;
the Peace of, 192, 193, 203, 204, 263, 266, 302, 358, 402.

=Lusha, River=, military movements on the, iii. 355.

=Lusignan, Gen.=, military operations on the Piave, i. 430-433.

=Luetzen=, battle of, iii. 404-408; iv. 4, 21.

=Luetzow, Baron L. A. W.=, raises the "black troop," iii. 397.

=Luxembourg, the=, Barras's social life in, i. 290;
Gohier and Moulins withdraw to, ii. 108;
Moreau commanding guard at, 108;
the First Consul installed at, 124;
residence of the Bonapartes at, 195.

=Lyceums, the=, ii. 227; iii. 90.

=Lyons=, _N.'s_ memoir to the Academy at, i. 78;
the "Two-cent Revolt" in, 79;
_N._ at, 79, 183; ii. 83; iv. 137, 156, 165;
honors to Paoli in, i. 124;
massacres and anarchy in, 188, 207, 213;
Girondist success at, 214;
siege of, 222;
fall of, 229;
recapture of, 249;
reorganization of the Cisalpine Republic at, ii. 231;
Fesch becomes archbishop of, 258;
repulse of Bubna from before, iv. 67;
Augereau driven back to, 81;
assaulted by the allies, 94;
evacuated by Augereau, 94;
Francis I, at, 97;
constitutional assembly summoned to, 156;
reception of Artois and Macdonald at, 156;
national assembly at, 166.

=Lyons Academy, the=, _N.'s_ essay before, i. 137-140;
_N.'s_ competition for prize of, 164.

M

=Macdonald, Gen. E. J. J. A.=, commanding Army of the North, i. 347;
a product of Carnot's system, 332;
ordered to command in Naples, ii. 87;
succeeds Championnet, 92;
defeated on the Trebbia, 92;
action on the 18th Brumaire, 105;
commanding guard at Versailles, 108;
commanding in the Grisons, 190;
crosses the Splugen, 192;
created Duke of Tarante, iii. 86;
commanding in Italy, 211;
pursues Archduke John into Hungary, 213;
at Villach, 217;
battle of Wagram, 229;
strength, March, 1812, 324;
in Russian campaign, 338;
reaches Tilsit, 384;
campaign of 1813, 402;
battle of Luetzen, 404;
battle of Bautzen, 409;
beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413;
confronts Bluecher at the Bober, iv. 7, 15;
detailed to block Bluecher's road into Saxony, 8;
fails in his movement against Berlin, 13-19;
battle of Katzbach, 14, 15;
reinforcements for, 18;
attacked by Bluecher at Fischbach, 18;
ordered to check Bluecher's advance, 20;
battle of Leipsic, 29-32, 34;
at crossing of the Elster, 34;
defends the Rhine at Cologne, 54;
Bluecher attempts to cut off, 62;
fails to check Bluecher's retreat, 64;
ordered toward Montmirail, 63;
ordered to join Victor at Montereau, 64;
his failure at Chateau-Thierry, 72;
before Bray, 72;
moral exhaustion of, 72;
opposed to Schwarzenberg, 76, 84;
driven beyond Troyes, 76;
demoralized at Provins, 81;
moves toward Vitry, 93;
at Perthes, 103;
Bourbon intrigues with, 113;
advises endeavor to recover Paris, 117;
strength after the surrender of Paris, 118;
at Fontainebleau, 119;
approves plan of attack on Paris, 120;
at the abdication scene, 121;
on commission to present abdication to the Czar, 125, 126;
rebuke to Marmont, 127;
transfers his allegiance, 129;
reception in Lyons, 157.

=Macedonia=, _N.'s_ eye on, i. 424.

=Macerata=, annexed to Italy, iii. 69, 118.

=Machiavelli, his "History of Florence,"= _N.'s_ study of, i. 150;
on friendships, ii. 256;
theses concerning the Church of Rome, iii. 262.

=Mack, Gen. K.=, leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 72;
mobilizes the Austrian army, 358;
quartermaster-general with Archduke Ferdinand in Germany, 363;
_N.'s_ opinion of, 363;
essays to cross the Danube at Guenzburg, 366;
misled concerning _N.'s_ movements, 366;
interview with _N._, 367;
result of his capitulation, 367.

="Madame Mere,"= i. 34. _See also_ =Buonaparte, Letizia=.

=Madeleine Islands=, _N._ writes of their strategic importance, i. 91.

=Madison, James=, policy of nonintervention, iii. 102;
declares war against England, 321.

=Madrid=, effect of Marengo at, ii. 204;
Lucien Buonaparte minister at, 257;
the land-owning class in, iii. 123;
culmination of intrigues at, 126;
the queen regent of Etruria sent to, 129;
irritation against France in, 132;
Murat advances on, 134;
rioting in, 135;
entry of Ferdinand VII into, 139;
Murat enters, 139-142;
proposed visit of _N._ to, 141-143;
_N._ disapproves the seizure of, 141;
Charles IV a virtual prisoner at, 142;
placed under administration of a junta, 143;
announcement of the Bourbons' deposition in, 146;
revolt against Murat's tyranny in, 146;
Joseph assumes the government at, 149, 154;
Murat commanding at, 155;
the French possession of, in danger, 156;
the French evacuate, 158;
Sir John Moore's supposed movement on, 186;
the French army before the gates of, 187;
capitulation of, 187;
_N._ makes officers prisoners of war, 187;
French troops leave, 188;
chilly reception of _N._ in, 189;
French evacuation of, 191;
Wellington moves against, 290;
Victor Hugo at school in, 292;
George Sand in, 292.

=Magallon, Charles=, French consul at Cairo, ii. 47;
advocates seizure of Egypt, 47.

=Magdalena=, bombardment of, i. 192;
capture of, 237.

=Magdalena Islands=, expedition against the, i. 192.

=Magdeburg=, Hohenlohe's retreat to, ii. 434;
siege of, 436;
Frederick William's hard struggle to retain, iii. 56;
Queen Louisa's efforts to save, 57-63;
passes to Jerome with Westphalia, 57, 266;
parallel between Calais and, 62;
French occupation of, 202, 266, 328, 333, 393; iv. 2, 23.

=Maginajo=, Paoli's landing at, i. 125.

=Magnano=, battle of, ii. 88.

=Mahmud II=, proclaimed sultan, iii. 163;
makes treaty with Russia, 321.

="Mahomet"= (Voltaire's), _N.'s_ notes on, iv. 232.

=Maillebois=, _N.'s_ study of, iv. 266.

=Main, River=, Augereau's force on the, ii. 190.

=Main, Army of the=. _See_ =Army of the Main=.

=Mainau=, ceded to Baden, ii. 391.

=Maintenon, Mme. de=, patron of the St. Cyr Academy, i. 176.

=Mainz=, evacuation of, i. 222;
ceded to France, ii. 21, 28, 38;
Marmont ordered to, 362;
_N._ leaves Paris for, 422;
occupied by Mortier, 424, 443;
sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380;
_N._ at, 401, 420, 421; iv. 39;
meeting of _N._ and Maria Louisa at, iii. 421;
French retreat to, iv. 36;
disease in, 36;
_N.'s_ humanity at, 39;
defense of the Rhine at, 54;
Prussian forces at, 58;
_N._ concedes to the allies at Chatillon, 87.

=Mainz, Bishop of=, _N.'s_ sarcasm to agent of, ii. 28.

=Mainz, the Elector of=, ii. 402.
_See also_ =Dalberg, Archbishop=.

=Maison, Gen.=, available forces of, iv. 118;
transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132.

=Maistre, Joseph de=, on social order, iii. 89.

=Maitland, Sir P.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 208, 209.

=Maitland, Capt. F. L.=, takes _N._ on board the Bellerophon iv. 220;
relations with _N._, 220-223.

="Malbrook s'en va t'en guerre,"= iv. 34.

=Malet, C. F. de=, conspiracy to overthrow the empire, iii. 361, 376;
his career and execution, 376.

=Malmaison=, _N._ at, ii. 206, 256, 306; iii. 196; iv. 218;
social vices at, iii. 92;
Josephine withdraws to, 247;
_N._ visits Josephine at, 257.

=Malmesbury, Earl of=, mission to Paris (1796), i. 449;
views concerning France, 449;
resumes peace negotiations at Lille, ii. 12.

=Malojaroslavetz=, battle of, iii. 355, 360.

=Malta=, _N._ plans seizure of, i. 424; ii. 16, 18, 33;
rival claimants of, 18;
French intrigues in, 56;
the citadel of the Mediterranean, 57;
_N.'s_ expedition against, 56, 57;
capture of, 56, 57;
the Knights of St. John, 56, 59;
blockade of, 67;
besieged by England, 141;
Paul I seeks control of, 141, 154, 193;
French capture of, 154;
captured by England, 193;
proposed cession of, to Russia, 193;
England withdraws from, 211, 262;
Russia waives claim to, 210;
restored to the Knights of St. John, 262;
proposed cession by England, 267;
France pushes England for declaration concerning, 273;
England's occupation of, 280, 284, 289, 351, 352, 356;
England refuses to admit the Neapolitan garrison, 285;
_N._ suggests Austrian or Russian occupation, 285;
England insists on ten years' occupancy of, 285;
_N.'s_ ambition concerning, 289;
proposal that England keep, 401;
importance of, iii. 111.

=Mamelukes=, scandals concerning, ii, 17, 58;
usurpation of Egypt by, 47;
foundation of the military organization of, 58;
attack the French at Shebreket, 59;
in the battle of the Pyramids, 60;
enlisted in French army, 66;
the last of the, 77.

=Manche, Letourneaux de la=, member of the Directory, i. 309.

=Manhood suffrage=, i. 188.

=Manin=, last doge of Venice, death of, ii. 24.

=Mann, Admiral=, driven from the Mediterranean, i. 421.

=Mannheim=, _N.'s_ line of retreat via, ii. 424;
proposed conference at, iv. 45, 68.

="Man of destiny," the=, i. 321.

="Man on horseback," the=, i. 301, 304.

=Mansilla=, Soult ordered to, iii. 188.

=Mantua=, capture of, i. 350;
military operations around, 359-361, 370-373, 378;
siege of, 372 et seq.;
garrison, 378;
importance, 379;
the siege raised, 380;
re-blockaded by the French, 383;
Wurmser relieves, 384;
Austria's efforts to relieve, 386, 406-418 et seq.;
_N.'s_ critical position before, 389;
Wurmser's ineffectual sally from, 392;
bids defiance to France, 401;
Wurmser's defense and surrender of, 415-418;
disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439;
capture of, 451;
incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21;
lost to France, 92;
interview between _N._ and Lucien at, iii. 129;
trial and execution of Hofer at, 241.

=Manufactures=, condition of, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102;
encouragement of, ii. 220; iii. 25, 307.

="Manuscrit de l'Ile d'Elbe," the=, i. 177.

="Manuscrit de Ste. Helene,"= repudiated by _N._, iv. 232.

=Marat, J. P.=, head of the committee of surveillance, i. 188;
crimes and assassination of, 234.

=Marbais=, military movements near, iv. 186.

=Marbeuf, Marquis de=, tradition concerning his paternity of _N._, i. 31;
influences _N.'s_ education, 43, 45, 52;
marriage of, 64;
death, 80, 115.

=Marbeuf, Mgr. Y. A. de=, bishop of Autun, social influence of, i. 69;
disgrace of, 93;
literary patron of _N._, 92.

=Marbot, Gen.=, denies the story of Lannes's death-bed, iii. 224;
relates anecdote of the cantiniere of Busaco, 291;
memoirs of, iv. 192, 193;
on Grouchy's blunders, 192, 193.

=Marburg=, junction of Austrian troops at, ii. 367.

=Marceau, Gen. F. S.=, in battle of Fleurus, i. 273;
statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.

=March, River=, military operations on the, iii. 230.

=Marchfeld, the=, fighting in, iii. 218;
military operations on, 224;
Prince Eugene left to guard, 235;
Bernadotte's failure on, 280.

=Marchiennes=, military operations near, iv. 173, 177.

=Marciana=, _N._ at, iv. 142.

=Marcognet, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201.

=Marengo=, _N.'s_ over-confidence at, ii. 177;
topography of country near, 178, 179;
battle of, 176-186; iii. 196, 299;
_N.'s_ triumphant return from, ii. 186;
_N.'s_ desire for peace after, 189;
effect of the battle at Madrid, 204;
Moreau's troops employed at, 295;
celebration on the field of, 355;
statements concerning _N.'s_ movements after, iii. 196;
_N.'s_ narrow escape at, 382;
a nobility dating from, iv. 44;
its place in French history, 261.

=Maret, H. B.=, secretary to _N._, ii. 215; iii. 19;
recovery of, 27;
influence of, 27;
increased activity of, 27;
created Duke of Bassano, 86;
report from Laborde to, 252;
member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 254;
succeeds Champagny in the Foreign Office, 318;
warlike zeal of, 326;
letter from _N._, Sept. 10, 1812, 347;
letter from _N._, Nov. 29, 1812, 372;
in charge of affairs in Lithuania, 375;
meeting with Metternich, 416;
on the Austrian marriage, 416;
letter from _N._, Aug. 23, 1813, iv. 7;
Minister of Foreign Affairs, 42, 46;
succeeded by Caulaincourt, 42, 46;
transferred to the Department of State, 46;
French dislike of, 46;
influence over _N._ at Dresden, 69;
on the Congress of Chatillon, 69, 70;
records anecdote of Caulaincourt after La Rothiere, 69, 70;
persuades _N._ to resume negotiations, 74;
wrings concessions from _N._, 87;
letter to Caulaincourt, March 17, 1814, 87;
at council at St. Dizier, 104;
at the abdication scene, 121;
member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159.

=Maria, Queen of Portugal=, mental alienation of, iii. 119;
embarks for Brazil, 121.

=Maria, Amelia=, princess of Saxony, mentioned for marriage with _N._,
iii. 179.

=Maria Amelia=, queen of Saxony, reproaches Metternich for deserting
_N._, iv. 43.

=Maria Antoinetta Theresa=, wife of Ferdinand VII, death of, iii. 124.

=Maria Carolina=, queen of Naples, alleged intrigues of, ii. 357;
approaching downfall, 337;
breaks her compact with _N._, 395.

=Maria Louisa=, of Austria, at Compiegne, iii. 148;
proposed marriage with _N._, 180, 252, 253;
preparations for her marriage, 253-257;
marriage in Vienna, 254-257;
progress from Vienna to Paris, 257;
meeting with _N._ at Compiegne, 258;
civil marriage, 258;
induction into her imperial court, 259-261;
personality and character, 260, 327, 330, 381;
visit to Holland, 269;
statue by Canova, 300;
birth of the King of Rome, 302;
abandonment of _N._, 302; iv. 135, 143, 162;
_N.'s_ affection for, iii. 302, 323, 327, 381; iv. 233;
accompanies _N._ to Dresden, iii. 330;
married to Neipperg, 330;
returns from Dresden to Paris, 331;
at Prague, 331;
lack of affection for, in France, 377;
plan of regency for, 381, 421; iv. 114, 124;
visits Pius VII, iii. 390;
Metternich on her marriage, 416;
political ends subserved through, 416;
her marriage "a piece of stupidity," 418;
charged with treachery, 418;
meets _N._ at Mainz, 421;
dramatic appearances before the people, iv. 51, 52;
entrusted to the care of the National Guard, 53;
Francis I to, on the situation, 67;
prepares for extremities, 81;
Joseph enjoined to preserve her from Austrian capture, 91;
letter from _N._, March 23, 1814, 96, 100;
character as Empress-regent, 105;
her council, 106;
rebuked by _N._, 105;
flight from Paris, 106-112;
establishes a regency at Blois, 115;
flight of, 117;
_N._ seeks her intervention with her father, 128;
declines to accompany _N._ to Elba, 135;
_N.'s_ anxiety for, 135-138;
takes refuge with her father, 135, 143;
at Rambouillet, 135;
_N._ breaks off relations with, 143;
succumbs to Neipperg's wiles, 143;
proposed coronation of, 157;
relations with Neipperg, 162;
disclaims connection with her husband, 162;
failure of the attempt to crown, 165;
besought for _N.'s_ release, 231;
_N.'s_ sentiments toward, 233.

=Marie Louise=, queen of Etruria, Lucien refuses to marry, ii. 257;
abdicates and goes to Madrid, iii. 129;
interview with _N._, 129;
supports Charles IV, 137;
ordered to Bayonne, 147.

=Maria Theresa=, character, iii. 37.

=Marie Antoinette=, tradition concerning, i. 44.

"=Marie Louises=," in the defense of Paris, iv, 99.

=Mariotte=, Talleyrand's agent in Leghorn, iv. 150;
plots to seize _N._, 150.

=Maritime Alps=, war in the, i. 196, 342, 345.

=Markgrafneusiedl=, military operations near, iii. 227-229.

=Markkleeberg=, fighting near, iv. 29.

=Markoff, Count=, Russian ambassador at Paris, ii. 263, 330;
at the Tuileries, March 13, 1803, 282, 283.

=Marlborough, Duke of=, military genius, i. 348;
_N._ compared with, 348.

=Marmont, Gen. A. F. L.=, _N._ visits, i. 146;
records _N.'s_ mercy, 233;
admiration for _N._, 237, 245;
accompanies _N._ to Paris, May 2, 1795, 263;
at Milan, 366;
records utterances of _N._ at Milan, 366;
service in Egypt, ii. 53;
_N._ tells him of intention to return from Egypt, 79;
reports declaration of Sir Sidney Smith, 79;
accompanies _N._ on his return from Alexandria, 81;
commanding at the military school, 108;
passes Fort Bard, 171;
in battle of Marengo, 120;
ordered from the Texel to Mainz, 362;
at Neuburg, 365;
character, 364; iv. 127;
letter from _N._ to, Nov. 15, 1805, ii. 378;
created Duke of Ragusa, iii. 86;
called to Vienna from Illyria, 225;
pursues Archduke Charles, 231, 235;
repulsed at Znaim, 235;
replaces Massena, 289;
withdraws for concentration, 290;
move against Burgois, 290;
advances on Wellington, 290;
battle of Salamanca, 290, 343, 377;
campaign of 1813, 402;
the Saxon campaign, 404;
battle of Bautzen, 409, 410;
treachery, iv. 5;
recollections of _N._, 5;
confronts Bluecher at the Bober, 7;
criticizes _N.'s_ plans, 7;
battle of Dresden, 8, 9;
sent to support of Vandamme at Kulm, 15;
_N._ confesses failure to, 21;
characterization of the march to Leipsic, 26;
battle of Leipsic, 27-30, 33;
on _N.'s_ conduct after Leipsic, 31;
assigned to defense of the Rhine, 54;
at Montierender, 60;
falls into panic, 62;
moves from Sezanne against Bluecher, 62;
annihilates Olsusieff's corps, 63;
demoralization of, 64;
pursues Bluecher, 64;
driven by Bluecher to Fromentieres, 64;
junction of _N._ and, near Etoges, 65;
battle of Champaubert, 66;
ordered to hold Bluecher, 71;
at Sezanne, 74;
checks Bluecher at the Ourcq, 76;
loses Soissons, 77;
junction with _N._, 77;
battle of Laon, 79;
routed by York, 79;
at Eppes, 79;
disaster at Athies, 80, 82;
abandons Berry-au-Bac, 81;
rallies his troops at Fismes, 81;
captures Rheims, 81;
reproached by _N._, 82;
at Berry-au-Bac, 85;
defends the Paris line against Bluecher, 86;
letter from _N._, March 20, 1814, 91;
ordered to Chalons, 91-94;
joins Mortier at Fismes, 93;
plan of operations against Bluecher, 94;
disobedience and incapacity of, 81, 93, 95, 99;
retreats to Fismes, 100;
junction with Mortier, 100;
supposed advantages of a retreat to Rheims, 100;
driven back to Charenton, 99;
driven back on Paris, 101, 105, 109, 110;
strength, 102;
empowered to treat for surrender, 111;
defense of Paris, 112, 113;
vanity, 113, 120;
concludes terms of surrender, 113;
approached by Bourbon intriguers, 113;
homage of Paris to, 113, 120;
denounced by _N._, 115;
receives the Emperor's congratulations, 116;
reveals the worst to the Emperor, 117;
ordered to take position under the walls of Paris, 116;
strength after the surrender of Paris, 118;
the treason of, 120;
terms of his secession, 120;
letter to Alexander, April 3, 1814, 119;
repeats the role of Monk, 120, 125;
sends treasonable documents to Berthier, 119;
seduces five of his generals, 125;
reveals his plot to Schwarzenberg, 125;
at Essonnes, 124;
attempts to explain away his action, 124;
demands to join the embassy to the Czar, 125;
"brought up in _N.'s_ tent," 124;
aids in delivering up Souham's troops, 126, 127;
fails to face Alexander, 126;
demoralization among his troops, 126;
seeks audience with the Czar, 126, 127;
his subsequent career of treason, and death, 127;
despised by the imperial generals, 127;
coining of the word "ragusade," 127;
Macdonald's rebuke to, 127;
nicknamed Judas, 127, 147;
stricken from the list of marshals, 127;
_N._ on his desertion, 128;
_N.'s_ charge against, 130;
puts the Paris garrison under arms, 149;
applies for post of minister of war, 148;
attainted, 157;
_N.'s_ forgiveness for, 233.

=Marne, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58, 61, 63, 76, 97, 99.

=Marriage=, under the Code, ii. 222, 224.

=Marseillais=, the, in the riots of August 10, 1792, i. 178, 179.

="Marseillaise," the=, sung in Paris, i. 175;
permitted by imperial order, iv. 51;
played at Fontainebleau, 118.

=Marseilles=, _N._ at, i. 81, 115, 141, 184, 263, 307, 322;
sends deputation to Paris, 174;
demands abolition of monarchy, 174;
equipment of Sardinian expedition from, 191;
anarchy and massacres in, 207, 212, 214, 220, 234;
the Buonapartes in, 212, 263, 309;
defeat of the Jacobins in, 213;
movement of Marseillais on Paris, 214;
captured by Carteaux, 220;
refugees from, at Toulon, 221;
the "Bastille" of, 239;
_N.'s_ views of the fortifications, 239;
feeling against _N._ in, 239;
circulation of counterfeit money in, 246;
news of the Terror in, 252;
reopening of commerce with Genoa, 257;
forced military loans in, 344;
Massena commanding at, iv. 154;
_N._ sends emissaries to, 154.

="Marsh," the=, position in the National Convention, i. 188.

="Marshal Forward,"= iv. 98. _See also_ =Bluecher=.

=Marshall, John=, Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34.

=Martial law=, reforms of, i. 142.

=Martinique=, birthplace of Josephine Beauharnais, i. 313;
French squadron at, ii. 333;
French plans to strengthen, 333.

=Mary, Queen= (of England), likened to Queen Louisa, iii. 62.

="Masked Prophet," the=, i. 86, 93.

=Massa-e-Carrara=, incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21;
given to Elisa (Buonaparte), 395.

=Massena, Gen. Andre=, general in Army of Italy, i. 241, 345;
seizes Ventimiglia, 243;
plan of campaign in the Apennines, 243;
on the courage of his troops, 244;
defeats Austrians at Millesimo, 353;
at Lodi, 361;
defeated at Bassano, 388;
battle of Citadella, 388;
defeated by Alvinczy at Caldiero, 388;
military operations on the Piave, 388, 432;
attacked at St. Michel, 410;
in the Rivoli campaign, 413, 414, 416; ii. 323;
operations in the Italian Alps, i. 433;
captures Chiusa Veneta, 433;
seizes St. Michael and Leoben, 436;
operations on the river Mur, 436;
ordered to Switzerland, ii, 87;
military genius, 87; 440, iii. 283;
defeated at Zuerich, ii. 93;
defeats Korsakoff at Zuerich, 93; 142, 323;
fitted for role of General Monk, 94;
victories in Italy, 96;
supreme commander of the Army of Italy, 140, 160, 186, 362;
puts Suvaroff to flight, 142;
defeats Archduke Charles at Zuerich, 141;
makes a forced levy in Switzerland, 153;
brings Switzerland into French hands, 164;
defense and surrender of Genoa, 165, 170, 172, 323;
plans for the relief of, 170, 172;
superseded by Brune, 190;
republicanism of, 190;
created marshal, 323;
leaves Italy for Austria, 380;
ordered to Naples, 395;
avarice of, 440;
venality of, iii. 81;
created Duke of Rivoli, 86;
yearly income and enormous fortune, 87, 224, 296;
to concentrate at Ulm, 203;
to concentrate on the Lech, 204;
movements on the Isar, 205, 208;
in campaign of Eckmuehl, 206;
ordered from Augsburg to Ingolstadt, 206-208;
at Moosburg, 207;
in the Enns valley, 216;
crosses the Danube, 217;
in battle of Aspern, 219;
character, 224;
battle of Wagram, 227, 228;
commanding in Spain, 283;
disasters in the Peninsula, 284;
insubordination in his army, 285;
battle of Busaco, 284;
in Coimbra, 285;
march toward Lisbon, 285;
enters Portugal, 284;
Soult's jealousy of, 286;
Soult fails to relieve, 286;
withdraws toward Santarem, 286;
awaits reinforcements, 287;
failure in Spain, 287;
precarious situation before Lisbon, 288;
joined by Soult, 289;
defeated at Fuentes de Onoro, 289;
reinforcements ordered from Castile to, 289;
disgraced by _N._, 289;
succeeded by Marmont, 289;
holds his position, 289;
insubordination among his officers, 289;
punishes desertion, 291;
commanding at Marseilles, iv. 154;
neutrality of, 157;
recreated marshal, 167.

=Masseria, Joseph=, associated with _N._ in Corsica, i. 117;
success of his agitation, 119.

=Massias, Baron N.=, French minister at Karlsruhe, ii. 305.

=Matra, M. E.=, a rival of Paoli, i. 16.

=Maubeuge=, battle of, i. 332.

=Maubreuil, Comte de=, arranges for the assassination of the Emperor,
iv. 119, 138.

=Mautern=, Hiller crosses the Danube at, iii. 212.

=Maximilian, Archduke=, evacuates Vienna, iii. 212.

=Maximilian, Joseph=, king of Bavaria, gives his daughter to Eugene
de Beauharnais, ii. 399;
at the Erfurt conference, iii. 171;
his reforms in the Tyrol, 201;
threatens to join the coalition, iv. 16;
joins the allies, 22;
grant of autonomy to, 22;
defection of, 56.

=Meaux=, prison massacres in, i. 188;
Bluecher moves on, iv. 77;
_N.'s_ plan of movement via, 85;
evacuation of, 99.

=Mecklenburg=, territory restored to the reigning house, iii. 49.

=Mecklenburg-Schwerin=, proposal to include in North German
Confederation, ii. 418.

=Mecklenburg-Schwerin=, Duke of, refuses to furnish levies, iii. 394.

=Mecklenburg-Strelitz=, proposal to include in North German
Confederation, ii. 418.

=Mecklenburgs=, the, assert their independence, iv. 40.

=Medical School=, lecture system of the, i. 281.

=Medina de Rio Seco=, French success at, iii. 156.

=Mediterranean, the=, English naval operations in, and power on,
i. 207, 221, 257; ii. 15, 16, 56, 83; iii. 111;
naval operations in the, i. 421, 424;
departure of the English fleet from, 424;
_N._ a child of, ii. 15;
France's ambition for conquest of, 16;
the citadel of the, 18, 56;
_N.'s_ schemes on, 18, 157; iii. 111, 112;
elaboration of plans for operations in, ii. 33;
importance, 46;
_N._ calls for ships in, 68;
Adm. Bruix sent to conquer, 79;
European jealousy regarding control of, 136;
English cessions in, 211, 262;
Villeneuve's orders for operation in, 372;
attempt to unite French fleets in, iii. 111;
_N.'s_ mastery of, 264;
English trade with, 280;
Roman dominion of, 302.

=Meerveldt, Gen.=, Austrian plenipotentiary at Leoben, i. 437;
Austrian plenipotentiary in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 19;
defeated at Leoben, 368;
battle of Leipsic, iv. 28, 30;
at Austerlitz, 30;
sent to ask an armistice, 30;
captured at Leipsic, 30.

=Megnadier, Gen.=, seduced by Marmont, iv. 125.

=Mehemet Ali=, accession to power, ii. 77.

=Meike=, on commission to notify _N._ of his sentence, iv. 226.

=Meissen=, French forces at, iii. 393.

=Melas, Gen.=, commanding Austrian army in Italy, ii. 160;
drives Suchet across the Var, 165;
forces Massena back into Genoa, 165;
military tactics, 165;
cuts off communication with Massena, 169;
position on the Var, 169;
hurries to Turin, 169, 174;
_N.'s_ plans for the defeat of, 169, 172;
reinforcements for, 170;
rallies his army at Alessandria, 174, 177;
capture of one of his couriers, 175;
military characteristics, 178;
crosses the Bormida, 178;
in battle of Marengo, 178-185;
retires to Alessandria, 180;
superseded by Bellegarde, 188.

=Melnik=, Austro-Russian troops near, iv. 3.

=Melun=, the garrison at, iv. 118.

=Melzi, Comte F.=, nominated for president of the Cisalpine
Republic, ii. 231;
letter from _N._ to, March 6, 1804, 299.

=Memel=, Queen Louisa at, iii. 37;
proposal that Russia seize, 62;
Tolstoi visits Frederick William and Louisa at, 108.

=Memmingen=, captured by Lecourbe, ii. 168;
seized by Soult, 366.

=Meneval, Claude F. de=, statement of _N._ to, concerning the Duc
d'Enghien, ii. 312;
reveals Maria Louisa's defection to _N._, iv. 143;
dismissed from the service of the King of Rome, 162.

=Menou, Gen. J. F. de=, commanding the Army of the Interior, i. 298;
ordered to disarm the insurgents, 299;
pusillanimity of, 301, 307;
service in Egypt, ii. 53;
professes Islamism, 65;
succeeds Kleber, 181;
surrenders in Egypt, 181;
disasters in Egypt, 211.

=Mentone=, _N._ in, i. 238.

=Mercier, L. S.=, _N.'s_ study of his "Philosophic Visions," ii. 54.

=Merlin, P. A.=, member of the Directory, ii. 8, 35, 52;
interferes to prevent _N.'s_ resignation as commander of Egyptian
expedition, 52;
resigns from the Directory, 92;
seduced by Marmont, iv. 125.

=Merseburg=, Bernadotte at, iv. 27.

=Mery=, Bluecher at, iv. 73;
captured by Oudinot, 73.

=Messkirch=, battle of, ii. 167.

=Mettenberg=, engagement on the, ii. 168.

=Metternich, Prince von=, character, ii. 131; iii. 417-420;
on _N.'s_ designs of 1804-5, ii. 338;
on the treaty of Tilsit, iii. 72;
allusions to _N.'s_ tenure of power, 104;
letter to Stadion, July 26, 1807, 104;
_N.'s_ conversations and confidences with, 110, 278, 311, 333,
389, 418;
at St. Cloud levee, Aug. 15, 1808, 169;
deceived by the clique of Talleyrand and Fouche, 193;
goes to Vienna, 193;
plenipotentiary at Altenburg, 237;
suggests a union between _N._ and Maria Louisa, 252;
succeeds Stadion as foreign minister, 253;
reports France's financial condition, 305;
stirs up strife between France and Russia, 313;
reports the Russian army on the Danube, 314;
character of his negotiations with France, 317;
on the Russian war of 1812, 328;
interview with _N._ at Dresden, 389;
holds back Schwarzenberg, 395;
negotiations with England, 395;
prepares to desert _N._, 395;
seeks to embroil Russia and Sweden, 395;
negotiations with Hardenberg, 395;
negotiations with _N._, 395;
foresees the aims of the new coalition, 400;
triumph in the Saxon affair, 399;
_N._ fears the intrigues of, 409;
arranges a basis of mediation with Nesselrode, 415;
meeting with Maret, 416;
on the Franco-Austrian marriage, 416;
secret meeting with Alexander, 415;
double-dealing of, 418;
interview with _N._, 418-420;
demands suspension of the Franco-Austrian treaty of 1811, 419;
charged by _N._ with venality, 419;
poses as armed mediator, 420;
interview with _N._, June 27, 1813, 418-420;
letter to Francis, June 29, 1813, 419;
advocates a continental peace, 420;
encourages rivalries of petty potentates, 423;
at Congress of Prague, 422;
his policy exposed, 423;
diplomacy during the Frankfort parley, iv. 41-44;
reproached for deserting _N._, 43;
letter to Caulaincourt, Nov. 9, 1813, 42;
letter from Caulaincourt, Dec. 2, 1813, 46;
suggests compromise plan of invasion of France, 57;
his memoirs, 66, 67;
position in European diplomacy, 66-69;
influence over Castlereagh, 67;
desires to restore the Bourbons, 68;
his policy concerning France, 88;
strives to check Prussian ambition, 88;
on the European policy of 1814, 88;
relations with the allies, 97;
letter from _N._, March 28, 1814, 104;
besought to encompass _N.'s_ exile, 138;
urges Maria Louisa to break relations with her husband, 143;
negotiates secret treaty between Austria, England, and France,
144, 145;
Fouche attempts intrigue with, 165.

=Metternich, Countess=, share in the Austrian marriage negotiations,
iii. 253.

=Metz=, imprisonment of the Prince of Hesse-Cassel in, ii. 443;
sends men to relief of Paris, iv. 102.

=Meuse, River=, a French river, iii. 270;
military movements on the, iv. 166.

=Mexico=, scheme of a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 142.

=Middle Guard=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 208.

=Milan=, under foreign yoke, i. 345;
_N.'s_ entry into and subsequent visits to, 351, 362, 367, 400;
ii. 175, 186; iii. 109; 129, 132;
defense of, by Beaulieu, i. 352-362;
flight of the Archduke from, 359;
coercion applied to, 361;
provisional government for, 367;
plundered of works of art, 368;
levy of enforced contributions from, 375;
_N.'s_ influence in, 427;
_N.'s_ residence at Montebello, 447, 452, 455, 456;
Gen. Clarke at, 451;
celebration of July 14, in (1797), ii. 4;
troops moved to Picardy from, 24;
Moreau ordered to cut Kray's communication with, 164;
plan of march to, abandoned, 169;
festival at, 173;
French entry into (June 2, 1800), 173;
_N.'s_ care for the cathedral, 173;
Austrian evacuation of, 173;
Count of St. Julien sent to, 187;
coronation of _N._ at, 353, 354;
Prince Eugene Beauharnais viceroy at, 358;
sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380.

=Milan decree, the=, iii. 101, 109, 119, 321.

=Milanese, the=, provisional government for, i. 367;
scheme to organize republic in, 373;
disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439;
question of restoring to Austria, 452.

=Milhaud, Gen. J. B.=, transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132;
in Waterloo campaign, 173.

=Military courts=, reconstitution of, i. 142.

=Military discipline=, reforms in, i. 142-145.

=Military schools in France=, i. 48; iii. 91;
_N.'s_ criticisms of, i. 61.

=Military strategy=, _N.'s_ skill in, ii. 153;
the art of, 182.

=Milleli=, _N.'s_ summer house and grotto, i. 135, 210.

=Millesimo=, military operations at, i. 352, 354, 355;
battle of, iv. 65.

=Mincio, River, the=, military operations on, i. 361, 371, 379, 381;
ii. 88, 188;
boundary of Austrian holdings in Italy, ii. 181.

=Minsk=, _N.'s_ scheme to seize, iii. 333;
the French retreat through, 363, 370.

=Miollis, Gen. S. A. F.=, occupies the city of Rome, iii. 242.

=Miot de Melito=, i. 367;
conversations with _N._, ii. 162;
on the demonstration against England, 337;
"Memoirs" of, quoted, iii. 131.