Chapter XXII: Napoleon's Place in History (12)

=Prussia=, relations, alliances, etc., with Austria, i. 174, 324;
ii. 86, 155, 264, 389, 413; iii. 22, 225, 234, 330; iv. 41,
57;
captures Longwy, i. 179;
expected enmity of, 187;
effect of military successes of, 194;
partition of Poland, 220, 425;
abandons the coalition, 276, 324;
defeats Austria, 325;
uplifting of, and growth of the national spirit in, 325, 350, 425;
ii. 41, 154, 415, 417; iii. 37, 44, 62, 95, 103, 106, 137,
159, 161, 193, 213, 225, 319, 327, 382, 385, 391-394, 397,
420, 423;
makes peace with France (1795), i. 341, (1796), 349;
neutrality of, 385; ii. 43, 90, 154-157, 311, 414; iii. 44;
treaty with France (1796), i. 450;
attitude toward France (1797-98), ii. 41-44;
favors secularization of ecclesiastical principalities, 41;
supposed mistaken policy of, 43;
recognizes the Cisalpine Republic, 43;
the center of gravity of Europe, 155;
negotiates with France for Hamburg, 154;
refuses to join the second coalition, 154;
France's assistance to, against Austria, 154;
_N._ negotiates with, 156;
supremacy in the German Diet, 193;
joins the "armed neutrality," 194;
territories acquired by (1802), 265;
strengthening of, 266;
Ney's check on, 272;
_N._ dictates her attitude, 1803, 282;
acquiesces in the creation of the empire, 320;
protests against Rumbold's seizure, 331;
negotiates for Hanover, 356-358;
relations with Russia, negotiations and treaties between the two
countries, and attitudes of their rulers, 355, 356, 405, 406,
417, 418; iii. 1, 18, 22, 37, 41, 54, 108, 168, 178, 225, 316,
320, 329, 330, 382, 385, 398, 424; iv. 67;
Hardenberg's aim at consolidation, ii. 358;
refuses alliance with England, 358;
to receive Hanover for assistance to France, 361;
garrisons Hanover, 361;
strength compared with France, 361;
violation of her neutrality, 365;
resents Bernadotte's violation of Ansbach, 376;
renounces her neutrality, 377;
decline of her influence, 377;
negotiates for peace, 381;
to close her ports to England, 390;
_N._ demands offensive and defensive alliance with, 390;
subservience to France, 394;
proposal to give Hamburg, Bremen, and Luebeck to, 400;
alliance with France, 400;
England declares war against, 400;
acquires Hanover, 400, 405;
humiliation of, 400, 406, 443; iii. 22, 37, 44, 56, 62, 65, 161-165;
neutralization of her power, ii. 402;
joins England and Russia, 406;
territorial aggrandizement, 413;
the reigns of the Fredericks, 413, 414;
her army, 413, 414, 418-422, 424, 427, 434, 437; iii. 397, 417;
iv. 171;
education in, ii. 415;
condition in 1806, 415;
feudalism in, 414-417;
influence of Queen Louisa in, 415;
the reform party in, 414-417;
exasperation at _N._ in, 416, 417, 420;
_N._ demands the disarmament of, 418;
ill effects of aristocratic pride in, 418-420;
advised by _N._ to seize Pomerania, 420;
_N.'s_ necessity for quick action with, 420-422;
the war party, 420, 427, 428;
hesitation about mobilization, 421;
declares war, 421;
state of war with England, 421;
weakness of, 422;
plan of the campaign, 423, 424, 427;
alliance with Saxony, 429;
moral effect of Jena upon, 434, 435;
advance of the French through, 435-439;
total defeat of, 436-440;
_N.'s_ treatment of, 436, 441;
plundered of works of art, 439;
sack and rapine in, 439;
unconscionable demands on, 442;
peace negotiations, 442;
abandoned by Saxony, 443;
enlistments from, under the French eagles, iii. 3;
retreat from Pultusk, 4;
_N.'s_ proffered terms to, after Eylau, 18;
proposed rehabilitation of, 18;
_N.'s_ reserve forces in central, 22;
treaty with Russia at Bartenstein, 22;
proposal for a new coalition, 22;
weakness of, 23, 35;
numbers in the field, summer of 1807, 28;
severity of _N.'s_ terms for, 37;
_N._ grants concessions at Tilsit, 42;
armistice with, 42;
retains strongholds in Silesia and Pomerania, 42;
_N.'s_ attempts to secure alliance with, 44;
interest in Poland, 45;
French liberal idea of France's affinity with, 45;
representatives at Tilsit, 49;
acquisitions of territory, 50;
proposed transfer of Saxony to, 50;
responsibility for her belligerency, 50;
new boundaries, 55;
retains Silesia, 55, 56;
reorganization at Tilsit, 56;
the kingdom of Westphalia carved out of, 56;
treaty of Tilsit, 63 (_see also_ =Tilsit=);
feeling toward Frederick William in, 62;
mutilation of, 62;
war indemnity exacted from, 62, 78;
French occupation of, 63, 99, 104, 108, 116, 166, 307;
effect of the peace of Tilsit on, 95;
fails to raise war indemnity, 99;
closes and fortifies her harbors, 102;
abolition of old land tenures in, 102;
responsibility for the war with France, 102;
the patriotic writers of, 103;
reorganization of the educational system, 103;
abolition of the privy council, 103;
municipal autonomy, 103;
freeing the serfs in, 103;
the "yunker" class, 103;
military reforms in, 103, 104, 162;
the League of Virtue, 103, 161;
subserviency to France, 104;
hostility to France, 106;
pleads bankruptcy, 106;
_N._ proposes further humiliation of, 107;
_N._ offers to evacuate, 108, 112, 167;
encouraged to revolt, 159, 161, 163;
civil reforms in, 164;
death of military reforms in, 164;
death of militarism in, 164;
_N.'s_ attitude toward, 178;
endeavors to secure mitigation of _N.'s_ demands, 178;
proposes to reduce her army, 178;
French evacuation of, 178, 182;
effect of battle of Jena on, 190;
military centralization of, 190;
warlike temper in, 195;
the pursuit after Waterloo, 210;
secret armament in, 225;
offer of Warsaw to, 225;
French occupation of the coast, 266;
Mme. de Stael in, 300;
pecuniary demands upon, 307;
treaty with France, Feb. 24, 1812, 320, 330;
_N.'s_ attitude toward, 321;
influence in Germany, 320;
threatened dismemberment of, 320;
renders military aid to France, 320;
furnishes contingent to _N.'s_ army, 324;
_N._ belittles, 327;
coalition with Austria and Russia, 331;
religious aspect of the European situation in, 382;
_N._ hints at territorial cessions to, 392;
in grand coalition against _N._, 393;
forced to a decision, 395;
_N._ demands more troops from, 395;
advised by Metternich to join Russia, 395;
entry of Russian troops into, 393, 398;
aims to recover Prussian Poland, 396-400;
popular detestation of _N._ in, 397;
death of the Queen, 397;
mobilization of the army, 397;
condition at opening of 1813, 397-399;
declares war, 398;
scheme for territorial aggrandizement of, 398;
seeks subsidy from England, 398;
designs on Saxony, 399;
_N._ determines to dismember, 399;
subsidized by England, 399, 417; iv. 76, 164;
strenuous endeavors of, iii. 403;
proposed restoration of, 407;
proposed new capital for, 409;
_N.'s_ new schemes for, 409;
proposed enlargement of, 415;
proposed rectification of the western boundary, 415;
secret treaty of Reichenbach, 416, 417, 422;
guarantees a war loan, 417;
treaty with England, June 14, 1813, 417;
strength of, iv. 5;
_N.'s_ personal spite against, 5, 17;
_N.'s_ attempts to separate Russia from, 17;
heroism in, 19;
losses at Dennewitz, 19;
_N._ offers terms to, 21;
scheme to restore her status of 1805, 22;
concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22;
beginning of her military aggrandizement, 37;
acquires the hegemony of continental Europe, 37;
eagerness for war in, 41;
at the Congress of Frankfort, 41;
proposes to invade France via Liege, 54, 57;
troops on the Rhine, 55;
_N.'s_ implacable foe, 57;
seeks the retention of her acquisitions, 67;
desire for constitutional government in, 68;
eager for an armistice, 70, 71, 75;
treaty of Chaumont, 76;
the triple alliance, 76;
Metternich strives to check ambition of, 88;
party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133;
attitude at Congress of Vienna, 144, 145;
quota of troops, 164;
member of the Vienna coalition, 164;
campaign of Waterloo, 169 et seq.;
reaps harvest of political spoils at Waterloo, 214;
claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214;
losses at Waterloo, 214;
claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of _N._, 225;
influence in Germany, 298.

=Pruth, River=, Russia acquires a boundary on the, iii. 321.

=Przasnysz=, military operations near, iii. 13.

=Public works=, _N.'s_ scheme of, ii. 279.

=Pultusk=, battle of, iii. 1-10.

=Puntowitz=, military operations near, ii. 385, 386.

=Puster Valley=, military operations in the, i. 433.

=Pyramids=, battle of the, ii. 60.

=Pyrenees, the=, French troops in ii. 37, 44, 48; iii. 133, 134;
Louis XIV "abolishes," 70;
a boundary of the Continental System, 280;
plans for the defense of, 421;
Soult driven over, iv. 40;
France's "natural boundary," 41.

Q

=Quasdanowich, Gen.=, _N.'s_ operations against, i. 350;
captures Brescia, 380;
battle of Lonato, 380, 383;
strength in Friuli, 386.

=Quatre Bras=, military operations near, iv. 171, 175, 178;
battle of, 180-188;
_N.'s_ flight through, 211;
Ney at, 214.

=Quedlinburg=, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 263.

=Queiss, River=, military operations on the, iv. 15.

=Quenza, Col.=, elected lieutenant-colonel in National Guard of
Corsica, i. 166;
commanding Corsican volunteers, 170;
conduct at Ajaccio condemned, 172;
his command under Dumouriez, 184.

=Quiberon=, English expedition to, i. 277.

=Quinette, N. M.=, member of the new Directory, iv. 218.

=Quirinal, the=, Pius VII a _faineant_ prince in, iii. 119;
forcible entry into, 242.

R

=Raab=, Archduke John advances toward, iii. 226.

=Radetsky, Count J. J. W.=, military genius, 6;
favors invasion of France, 57;
courage, 59;
advises concentration of the allies at Arcis, 89.

=Radziwill, Princess=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415.

=Ragusa=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
_N._ offers the territory to England, 404, 405;
Marmont created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Marmont=.

"=Ragusade=," the word, iv. 127.

=Rahmaniyeh=, Mameluke retreat toward, ii. 69.

=Raigern=, military operations near, ii. 385, 386.

=Rambouillet=, the imperial court at, iii. 301;
flight of the Empress to, iv. 108-112, 135;
_N._ at, 219.

=Rambouillet decree, the=, March 23, 1810, iii. 274.

=Ramolini=, associated with _N._ in Corsica, i. 117.

=Ramolino, Letizia= (mother of _N._), marriage, i. 30;
character, 30-34.
_See also_ =Buonaparte, Letizia=.

=Rampon, Gen.=, holds Argenteau in check, i. 353, 356;
his stand at Monte Legino, 356, 393.

=Rapinat=, frauds of, ii. 91.

=Rapp, Count Jean=, on _N.'s_ desire for peace, ii. 268;
in battle of Austerlitz, 387;
seizes a would-be assassin of _N._, iii. 240;
recounts the horrors of the Russian campaign, 340;
begs _N._ to desist at Smolensk, 340;
commanding at Dantzic, 402.

=Rastatt=, Congress of, ii. 19, 22, 27, 38, 41, 51, 52, 69, 88, 89, 264;
neutralization of, 22;
the murders at, 89, 300.

=Ratisbon=, Jourdan's defeat near, i. 385;
selected as _N.'s_ headquarters, iii. 202;
military movements near, 203, 204, 205, 209, 216;
battle of, 211;
seized by Archduke Charles, 216;
_N._ wounded at, 240;
given to Dalberg, 266;
Saxon troops offered to Austria at, 399.

=Raynal, Abbe G. T. F.=, _N._ a disciple of, i. 71, 75-78, 81, 114,
115, 127, 137; ii. 46, 139;
his works and opinions, i. 75-78;
the "History of Corsica" addressed to, 92, 124, 127;
founds prize for essay on America, 137.

=Raynouard, F. J. M.=, "The Templars," ii. 350.

=Real, P. F.=, urges action against Bourbon plotters, ii. 304;
police-agent, 306;
share in the trial of d'Enghien, 306-310.

=Reason=, the party of, i. 250.

=Recamier, Mme.=, social life in Paris, i. 290; ii. 411, 412;
instigates Moreau's letter to _N._, 290;
_N.'s_ differences with, 411, 412;
relations with Mme. de Stael, 411;
exiled, 412.

=Recamier, M.=, bankruptcy of, ii. 411.

=Recco, Abbe=, _N.'s_ early tutor, i. 41.

="Redoubtable," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.

=Red Sea=, its importance, ii. 46.

"=Reflections on the State of Nature=," i. 145.

=Reform=, the French nobility and, i. 142.

=Regensburg=, seat of the German Diet, ii. 404.
_See also_ =Ratisbon=.

=Reggio=, new scheme of government for, i. 402;
disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439;
creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
Oudinot created Duke of, iii. 86.
_See also_ =Oudinot=.

=Regnaud, M. L. E.=, ii. 214.

=Regnier, C. A.=, moves the appointment of _N._ as commander of the
Paris garrison, ii. 104;
in Leon, iii. 283;
strength, March, 1812, 324.

=Reich, Baronne de=, imprisonment of, ii. 304.

=Reichenbach=, French generals killed at, iii. 410;
secret treaty of, 416, 418, 422, 423; iv. 68.

=Reille, Gen.=, service in Spain, iii. 283;
at Leers, iv. 171;
in the Waterloo campaign, 171;
seizes Marchiennes, 173;
crosses the Sambre, 173;
at Thuin, 173;
disperses the Prussians at Gosselies, 175, 177;
battle of Quatre Bras, 181, 183, 186;
battle of Waterloo, 199-203.

=Religion=, _N.'s_ attitude toward, i. 146; ii. 205-208, 215-218,
224, 226, 227, 245, 256, 258, 259; iii. 174, 175;
influence on the social life of the world, ii. 47.

=Religious opinion=, freedom of, decreed, i. 110.

=Remusat, Mme. de=, _N.'s_ relations with, i. 77; ii. 9, 55, 118,
197, 198, 255, 421; iii. 19, 27, 80;
confidences with Josephine, ii. 308;
reports _N.'s_ answers to Josephine's charges, iii. 27;
conversations with Talleyrand, 80.

=Rene=, exploit at Lake Garda, i. 414.

=Rennes=, interview between _N._ and Villeneuve at, ii. 375.

=Republican calendar=, ceases to exist, ii. 406.

=Restoration, the=, revulsion of feeling against _N._ at the, ii. 199.

=Reudnitz=, military operations near, iv. 28.

=Revolution, the=, its germ, i. 74;
_N.'s_ views concerning, 78;
first mutterings and opening of, 96-98 et seq.;
excesses of, 108-111;
federation for, 141;
European antagonism to, 142;
in the Rhone Valley, 148-159;
becomes a national movement, 240;
favored in Lombardy and Tuscany, 261;
propagating the ideas of, 276; ii. 38;
failure to give political freedom to France, 293;
effect on the French people, 319;
its humanitarian mission, 348;
the art of, iii. 88;
treatment in French literature, 88;
completion of its program to close the continent to English
commerce, 279;
the work of, 422;
_N._ the standard-bearer of, 424; iv. 152, 261;
its principles and effect, 253-257;
shorn of its horrors, 297.

=Rewbell, J. F.=, member of the Directory, i. 309, 329, 332; ii. 35;
character, i. 329;
dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441;
_N.'s_ relations with, ii. 23;
advocates _N.'s_ resignation, 52;
suspected of peculation, 92;
fails of reelection to the Directory, 91.

=Rey, Gen.=, in the battle of Rivoli, i. 414.

=Reynier, Gen.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53;
battle of the Pyramids, 60;
fails to keep Russia out of Warsaw, iii. 385;
division commander under Eugene, 393;
in campaign of 1813, 402;
beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413;
battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18;
battle of Leipsic, 27, 32, 34;
captured at Leipsic, 34;
exchanged, 61.

=Rheims=, prison massacres in, i. 188;
occupied by _N._, iv. 77;
captured by St. Priest, 80;
_N.'s_ low physical and moral condition at, 82;
captured by the French, 82, 84, 85;
_N._ at, 91, 107;
captured by the allies, 94;
possible advantages of a supposititious retreat by Marmont to, 99.

=Rhine, River, the=, the boundary question and struggles for, i. 276,
327, 334, 446, 450; ii. 22, 38, 41, 51, 193, 264, 356; iii. 416,
422; iv. 31, 41;
royalist plots on, i. 297;
military operations on, 341, 347, 358, 435, 439, 440; ii. 48, 87,
88, 160, 166, 304, 362-364, 404; iv. 36, 40, 54-60, 70, 169;
plundering on, ii. 38; iii. 75;
French supremacy on, ii. 96;
_N.'s_ scheme of petty states on, 265;
French march to the Danube from, 376;
Louis ordered to hold, 424;
a French river, iii. 270;
_N.'s_ excursion on, 421.

=Rhodes=, Turkish naval preparations at, ii. 75;
expedition to Egypt from, 75-79.

=Rhone, River, the=, French acquisitions on, i. 422;
_N.'s_ reception on, iv. 137.

=Rhone, Valley, the=, the Revolution in, i. 148-159;
_N.'s_ influence in, 178;
civil war in, 213;
to be ceded to France, ii. 40.

=Richelieu, Cardinal=, scheme of intervention in Germany, ii. 211;
policy at close of the Thirty Years' War, 264.

=Richepanse, Gen.=, success on the Mettenberg, ii. 168;
in battle of Hohenlinden, 191.

=Richmond, Duchess of=, ball on the eve of Waterloo, iv. 178.

=Richmond, Duke of=, interview between Wellington and, at the ball,
iv. 178.

=Ricord=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219;
in siege of Toulon, 231;
in charge of movements against Genoa, 248.

=Ricord, Mme.=, _N.'s_ attentions to, i. 256.

=Riga=, _N._ threatens to march to, iii. 304;
preparations for the siege of, 333;
Prussian troops at, 338;
military operations near, 353.

=Rights of man=, the, i. 326.

=Rippach=, skirmish at, iii. 404;
death of Bessieres at, 404.

=Riviera=, Austrian garrison for the, ii. 170.

=Rivoli=, the starting-point of _N.'s_ public career, i. 148;
battle of, 380, 388, 410-416; ii. 140, 323;
_N.'s_ estimate of, i. 416, 420;
effect of the campaign on European history, 416;
Massena created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Massena=.

=Road-work=, French popular hatred of, i. 105.

=Roberjot=, member of Congress of Rastatt, ii. 88;
killed at Rastatt, 89.

=Roberjot, Mme.=, accuses Debry of murder, ii. 89.

=Robespierre, Augustin=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219;
in siege of Toulon, 231;
_N.'s_ friendship with, 236, 241, 247, 253, 289;
leadership of, 241;
describes the French campaign in Lombardy, 244;
execution, 251;
influence on _N.'s_ life, iv. 248.

=Robespierre, Charlotte=, _N.'s_ attentions to, i. 256.

=Robespierre, Mme.=, pension for, ii. 293.

=Robespierre, Maximilien=, member of the National Convention, i. 188;
dictator of France, 194;
fall and execution, 247-252, 266;
religious decrees, 250;
_N.'s_ characterization of, 251;
hatred of the Church, 330;
dread of Carnot, 333;
influence on _N.'s_ life, iv. 248.

"=Robespierre, the Little=," i. 238.

=Rochambeau, Gen.=, succeeds Leclerc in San Domingo, ii. 237;
surrenders to an English fleet, 237.

=Rochefort=, naval expedition from, ii. 331, 333;
the fleet ordered to the English Channel from, 359;
Villeneuve's mission to relieve, 359;
the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean, iii. 111;
_N._ journeys to Rochefort, iv. 220;
English cruisers at, 220;
immunity from the White Terror, 223.

=Roederer=, ii. 51, 214;
dreads a new Terror, 94;
joins the Bonapartist ranks, 96;
an opportunist, 98;
on the necessity of renewing the constitution, 106;
the 18th Brumaire, 107;
member of the council of state, 152;
on Fourcroy's educational measures, 227;
advocates the Legion of Honor, 246;
suggests hereditary consulship, 245;
dismissed, 277;
character, 277;
reforms Neapolitan finance, iii. 130;
interviews and conversations with _N._, 197; iv. 248, 249;
sent out of France, 262.

=Roger-Ducos=, member of the Directory, ii. 92;
scheme to make him consul, 102;
proposed resignation of, 102;
resigns from the Directory, 106, 115, 118;
consul of France, 123.

=Rohan, Cardinal=, retirement at Ettenheim, ii. 301.

=Rohan-Rochefort, Princess Charlotte of=, married to Duc d'Enghien,
ii. 301;
the Duc d'Enghien's last message to, 310.

=Rohr=, Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 207.

=Roland, J. N.=, forms a ministry, i. 172;
leader of the Girondists, 189.

=Romagna=, surrendered to France, i. 422;
ceded to Venice at Leoben, 439;
incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21;
Austrian forces in, 170.

=Roman Catholic Church=, _N.'s_ views concerning the, i. 76;
influence in Corsica, 128;
opposition to the French Republic, 276;
the Pope shorn of his temporal power, iii. 242;
influence on France, iv. 253.

=Roman Catholics=, disturbances among, in Corsica, i. 167, 168.

=Roman Church=, _N.'s_ failure to Gallicize, iv. 260.

=Roman Empire, the=, ii. 329;
compared with Napoleonic France, ii. 222, 235.

=Roman Republic, the=, organization and proclamation of, ii. 30, 86;
Neapolitan invasion of, 87;
abandonment of, 205.

=Romanoff, House of=, _N._ proposes matrimonial alliances with, iii. 93.

=Rome=, maritime expedition against, i. 257, 261;
difficulties of an attack on, 262;
murder of French minister (Basseville) in, 261, 375, 422;
_N.'s_ hostility toward the central power at, 264;
temporal power of the Pope, 345;
plunder of, 369; ii. 39;
plan to capture, i. 375;
_N.'s_ plans concerning, 401, 405, 422, 423;
quarrel between France and, 401, 420;
influence of, 404;
proposition to hand her over to Spain, 420;
campaign against Pius VI, 420-423;
dispersal of the papal army, 422;
Victor's military watch on, 431;
_N.'s_ influence in, 448;
_N.'s_ operations against, ii. 9;
Joseph Buonaparte minister at, 28;
Berthier proclaims the Roman Republic in, 39;
calls Provera to reorganize her army, 39;
liberal rising in, 39;
Austria to be restrained from interference in, 42;
Neapolitan invasion of, 68, 72, 87;
recognition of the Pope's temporal power in, 207;
restrictions on residence in, 216;
remains of Pius VI sent to, 216;
Chateaubriand French representative at, 260;
France to evacuate, 262;
Madame Mere and Lucien at, 342;
_N._ demands recognition as Emperor of, 396;
ports of, closed to enemies of France, 396;
French occupation of, iii. 118;
excommunication for the invaders of, 119;
disbandment of the Noble Guard, 119;
Pius VII's idle state in, 119;
severing of the spiritual and temporal powers, 215, 242;
the city incorporated with Italy, 242;
occupied by Gen. Miollis, 242;
the College of Cardinals and ecclesiastical courts transported to
France, 258, 263;
the department of, created, 262, 263, 279;
secularization of the convents, 263;
dispersal of foreign prelates, 264;
Paris a rival to, as capital of the Western empire, 307;
sends deputation to Paris, 380;
restoration of the Pope's domains, 391;
Murat marches on, iv. 56;
Lucien fosters revolution in, 144;
France the heir of, 253;
influence throughout Italy, 256.

=Rome= (ancient), governmental systems of, adopted in France, i. 269,
270; ii. 123;
influence on French art, iii. 88;
the territorial expansion of, 164;
loss of her political liberty, iv. 260;
the history of, 294.

=Rome, the King of=, Schwarzenberg's toast to, iii. 261;
the title, 262;
birth of, 302, 328;
brilliancy of his future, 302;
address of the Paris Chamber of Commerce on the birth of, 303;
his portrait at Borodino, 343;
entrusted to care of the National Guard, iv. 53;
Joseph enjoined to preserve him from Austrian capture, 91;
likened to Astyanax, 91, 108;
chances of his succession, 107;
flight from Paris, 107-110;
an ill omen for, 109;
proposed regency for, 114;
_N._ declares for his succession, 124;
territory granted to, 133;
proposed coronation of, 157;
dismissal of his French attendants, 162;
sends message to his father, 162;
failure of the attempt to crown, 165;
_N.'s_ farewell message to, 233.

=Roncesvalles=, French military movements at, iii. 132.

=Ronco=, military operations at, i. 389-391.

=Rosily, Adm.=, ordered to supersede Villeneuve, ii. 372.

=Rositten=, military operations near, iii. 14.

=Rossbach=, battle of, iv. 267.

=Rosslau=, military operations near, iv. 21, 22.

=Rossomme=, _N._ at, iv. 195, 207, 210;
fighting at, 211.

=Rostino=, meeting of _N._ and Paoli at, i. 132.

=Rousseau, Jean Jacques=, views on Corsica, i. 18, 19;
offered asylum by Paoli, 19;
_N.'s_ study of, and admiration for, 65, 70-78, 114, 145, 264;
ii. 139, 256; iv. 292;
_N.'s_ style compared with that of, i. 136;
on man in a state of nature, 145;
influence of, in France, 266, 267;
theory of natural boundaries, 326;
Chateaubriand a disciple of, ii. 259.

=Roussel, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202.

=Roustan=, reply to Rousseau, i. 76.

=Roverbello=, battle of, iv. 56.

=Roveredo=, battle of, i. 384;
abandoned by Vaubois, 387.

=Rovigo=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
Savary created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Savary=.

=Royal Corsican Regiment=, refuses to fight against its native
island, i. 22.

=Royal family=, imprisoned in the Temple, i. 175.

=Royalism=, hatred of the French for, ii. 194;
its evils abolished from France, 224.

=Royalists=, institute the "White Terror," i. 277, 278;
plots and intrigues of, 277, 298, 328; ii. 3-6, 8, 36, 241,
297-301; iv. 81;
English subsidies for, i. 325;
banished from Sardinia, 353;
the Clichy faction, ii. 3-5, 7, 8;
relations and negotiations between _N._ and, ii. 3-6, 36, 124,
134, 195, 229, 239, 259; iv. 259;
extended influence in 1798, ii. 5;
events of the 18th of Fructidor, 7, 8, 22, 23;
Austria seeks their triumph in Paris, 19;
proscription of, 8, 22, 23;
attitude of the Directory toward, 36;
claims concerning the murders at Rastatt, 89;
Moreau's tendency toward, 94;
sigh for a second Richelieu, 120;
views of the results of the 18th Brumaire, 121;
encouraged to return to France, 130;
dissensions among, 239-241;
publish "L'Ambigu," 270;
the Cadoudal conspiracy, 297 et seq.;
in Alsace, 301;
argument in their favor, 348;
growing strength of, iv. 98;
display their enthusiasm in Paris, 114;
their hour of triumph, 127;
opposition to, by the army, 132;
supported in Provence, 137;
plots against _N.'s_ life, 138, 144;
commemorate the death of Louis XVI, 149;
defend the Tuileries, 158;
stirred up by Jacobin enmity to _N._, 166.

=Royal power=, _N._ on, i. 93.

=Royal Scots Fusileers=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201.

="Royal Sovereign," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 373.

=Royer-Collard, P. P.=, Royalist intrigues of, iv. 106.

=Ruechel, Gen.=, his military command, ii. 425;
at Eisenach, 427;
ordered to concentrate at Weimar, 430;
in battle of Jena, 430, 431.

=Rue de Paix, the=, iii. 74.

=Rue Rivoli, the=, iii. 74.

=Rully, Gen.=, commands expedition to Corsica, i. 125;
killed at St. Florent, 126.

=Rumanizoff, Count=, Russian minister, iii. 100, 113;
discusses partition of Turkey, 116;
at the Erfurt conference, 171;
foresees danger to the Franco-Russian alliance, 244;
adviser to Alexander I, 351;
leads the peace party of Russia, 351.

=Rumbold=, seized by French agents at Hamburg, ii. 330.

=Rumelia=, proposed disposition of, after Tilsit, iii. 55.

=Russbach, River=, military operations on the, iii. 219, 226, 230.

=Russia=, aggrandizement of, i. 22;
_N.'s_ ambition to serve, 216, 319; ii. 15; iv. 256;
share in the partition of, and relations with Poland, i. 220, 425;
iii. 45, 316, 318;
relations and alliances with Austria, i. 325, 425; ii. 44, 61, 72,
145, 154, 209, 312, 355, 360, 363, 381; iii. 169, 178, 311-316,
328, 331, 342, 419; iv. 75, 76;
death of Catherine II, i. 425;
foreign policy (1797), 425;
_N._ intercepts despatches from the Czar to Malta, 424;
weakness of revolutionary sentiment in, ii. 45;
alliances and relations with, schemes of conquest of, and wars
with Turkey, 67, 72, 418; iii. 20, 51, 52, 55, 64, 99, 106-114,
162, 176, 236, 248, 309, 310, 321, 350;
plans military operations in Italy, ii. 72;
the second coalition, 86, 90, 136, 142;
military operations in Holland, 90;
military operations in Switzerland and Italy, 91;
successes on the Trebbia, 92;
defeats Joubert at Novi, 92;
defeated at Zuerich by Massena, 93;
withdraws from the second coalition, 142;
interest in, and activity concerning Malta, 141, 154, 193, 210, 285;
alliances and general friendly relations with France, 154, 203,
209-211, 263, 266, 347, 394, 401; iii. 36, 38, 43-46, 49, 65,
73, 107, 115, 166, 176, 178, 244, 255, 329;
organizes the "armed neutrality," ii. 194, 209, 210;
schemes of Oriental extension and conquest, 194, 209, 262, 330,
347, 348, 401; iii. 50, 55, 64, 108, 167, 236; iv. 41, 67;
intercedes for Naples, ii. 203;
_N.'s_ relations with and attitudes toward, 203, 293, 356, 361;
ii. 440-442; iii. 45, 103, 115, 280, 304, 306, 313-318, 392;
relations with, subsidies from, and wars with England, ii. 209,
210, 263, 357, 401, 406, 421; iii. 49, 55, 64, 99, 100, 102,
105, 117, 265, 266, 287, 288, 316, 321, 351, 398, 417; iv. 41,
76, 164;
assassination of Paul I and accession of Alexander I, ii. 210;
abandons the "armed neutrality," 263;
hostile and general unfriendly relations with France, 293, 312,
330, 347-349; 355, 356, 361; iii. 287, 288, 305, 309-318, 329,
392, 408;
mourns the death of the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311;
stains on reigning houses of, 317;
protests against seizure of Enghien, 331;
occupies Ionian Islands, 330, 353, 357, 405;
demands indemnity for the king of Sardinia, 330, 348, 418;
attitude in 1805, 352;
relations (friendly and hostile) with Prussia, 353, 376-378, 417,
418; iii. 1, 18, 21-23, 55, 225, 316, 320, 331, 382, 385, 397,
424;
her troops in Galicia, ii. 363;
Bernadotte and Davout watch her army, 366;
military position on the Inn, 367;
defeat of Mortier at Duerrenstein, 368;
military position on the Enns, 367;
outgeneraled by _N._, 376;
the battle of Austerlitz, 382 et seq.;
Czartoryski's view of her policy in 1803, 381;
occupies Naples, 395;
excluded from councils of Western Europe, 402;
occupies Bocche di Cattaro, 405;
strengthens Corfu, 405;
pretensions in Germany, 419;
military operations on the Danube, ii. 441;
military operations against, iii. 1;
concentrates troops at Pultusk, 1;
driven from Warsaw, 2;
character of the population, 3;
a new seat of war for _N._, 3;
battle of Pultusk, 4;
retreat to Ostrolenka, 5;
_N.'s_ new experience in campaigning in, 5;
defects in the army, 9;
devotion of the army to the Czar, 9;
the Cossacks, 9;
defeat at Mohrungen, 10;
condition of troops at Eylau, 14;
financial difficulties, 20, 35, 304, 305;
Turko-Persian alliance against, 20;
successes on the lower Danube, 20;
weakness of, 22, 23;
requests Francis's adherence to convention of Bartenstein, 22;
proposal for a new coalition, 22;
bravery of her soldiers, 27;
dissensions in the court, 28;
forces engaged at Friedland, 31, 32;
military sacrifices, 35;
peace party in, 35;
fighting the battles of others, 34, 35;
destitution in the army, 35;
schemes of territorial aggrandizement, 34, 35;
_N._ demands pledges from, 36;
proposed Baltic boundary line, 36;
ambition to be regarded as a European power, 45;
_N._ a foil to her ambition, 45;
representatives at Tilsit, 49;
schemes for the partition or acquisition of the Danubian
principalities, 50, 55, 98, 99, 105, 310, 314;
to mediate between England and France, 55;
acquires Bielostok, 56, 62;
refuses to seize Memel, 62;
dislike of Savary in, 64;
court and social manners and customs, 64;
discontent with the Czar, 64, 109, 117;
intrigues to acquire, and the invasion and acquisition of Finland,
64, 98, 113-116, 236, 248, 268, 281, 310, 316;
attempts to bring Spain into the coalition, 71;
effect of the treaty of Tilsit, 72;
diplomatic intrigues in, 98;
her good offices sought with Denmark, 98;
frontier menaced by France, 99;
Alexander seeks to abolish serfdom in, 99;
commerce of, 99;
effects of the peace of Tilsit on, 99;
_N._ intervenes between Turkey and, 99;
terms of the agreement at Slobozia, 105;
Tolstoi defends, 105;
diplomatic crisis in, 108-110;
sends a fresh mission to _N._, 110;
proposed invasion of Sweden, 113;
court intrigue in, 115;
Caulaincourt conducts negotiations with, 116;
blockade of the fleet by England, 117;
outwitted by _N._, 129;
the Spanish question discussed with, 158;
_N.'s_ proposed naval cooeperation with, 166;
the anti-French party in, 167, 195;
urged to occupy Warsaw, and parts of Prussia and Austria, 177;
_N._ makes technical call for the aid of, 198;
invades Galicia, 236;
acquires part of Galicia, 239;
menaced by the treaty of Schoenbrunn, 244;
news of the Austrian marriage in, 255;
treaty with Sweden, Sept. 17, 1809, 268;
evades the Continental System, 280;
Mme. de Stael in, 299;
rivalry of France, 309;
effects of the Continental System on, 310;
an incident that changed the course of history, 314, 315;
advances an army to the Danube, 314;
prepares for war, 314;
opens negotiations with England and Sweden, 316;
war with France inevitable, 317;
acquires a boundary on the Pruth, 321;
treaty with Sweden, April 12, 1812, 321;
withdraws troops from the Danube, 321;
thoroughness of _N.'s_ preparations for war with, 323-325;
Caulaincourt's knowledge of, 326;
agricultural distress in, 328;
concentration of troops in, 328;
intrigues leading to the war of 1812, 328-333;
ukase of Dec., 1810, 329;
the neutral trade of, 329;
Narbonne's mission from Dresden to, 331;
_N.'s_ scheme to expel her from Europe, 332;
_N.'s_ military knowledge of, 333, 334, 340;
menacing outlook for, 334;
_N.'s_ plan of campaign in, 333, 338;
disposition of her army, 335;
_N._ strikes the first blow at, 335;
military weakness, 336;
military enthusiasm in, 337;
sufferings of both armies in, 337, 357 et seq.;
battle of Smolensk, iii. 339;
"the Ney of," 339, 340;
despotic character of her government, 340;
lack of centralization in, 340, 374;
horrors of the campaign in, 340, 341;
_N._ fails to pass counterfeit money in, 341;
the lessons of Eylau and Austerlitz, 341;
_N.'s_ ignorance of the strength of feeling in, 342;
speculation on the Czar's military policy, 342;
battle of Borodino, 343-345, 346;
the Kremlin, 345, 347;
claims the honor of burning Moscow, 349;
temper of the peasantry, 350;
the Old Russian party for peace, 351;
Alexander's advisers, 351;
founding of the Russian Bible Society, 351;
English military mission to reorganize the army, 351;
causes of the French disasters in, 353;
_N.'s_ retreat from Moscow, 353-356;
partizan warfare in, 359;
adopting the tactics of Egypt in, 359;
the terror of _N.'s_ name in, 360, 363, 365;
her allies, Want and Winter, 360, 373;
massacre of French stragglers in, 362;
_N.'s_ contempt for, 363;
treatment of French prisoners in, 367;
hopes in, of capturing _N._, 367;
_N.'s_ excuse for defeat in, 372;
compared with Spain, 374;
poor generalship in, 374;
diminishing strength of, 382;
invades the grand duchy of Warsaw, 385;
treaty with Spain, July, 1812, 391;
Metternich seeks to embroil Sweden and, 395;
possession of Warsaw, 399;
apathy of, 403;
Nesselrode's appearance in, 409;
secret treaty of Reichenbach, 416, 421;
issues paper money, 417;
treaty with England, 417;
to maintain a standing army, 417;
guarantees a war loan, 417;
inaugurates the coalition of 1813, 424;
strength, iv. 6;
_N._ attempts to separate Prussia from, 17;
concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22;
the campaign of 1813, 39;
at the Congress of Frankfort, 41;
anxiety for peace, 41;
troops on the Rhine, 55;
_N._ endeavors to separate Austria from, 75;
the triple alliance, 76;
treaty of Chaumont, 76;
suspicious of Schwarzenberg's attitude, 89;
barbarity of her troops, 102;
party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133;
Alexander proposes a home for _N._ in, 133;
attitude at Congress of Vienna, 144, 145;
quota of troops, 164;
member of the Vienna coalition, 164;
the campaign of the Hundred Days, 167 et seq.;
claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214;
claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of _N._, 225;
_N.'s_ horror of being sent to, 227;
expansion of, 298.
_See also_ =Alexander I=; =Paul I=; =St. Petersburg=.

=Rustan=, _N.'s_ body-servant, ii. 426; iii. 74; 410; iv. 134;
Queen Louisa's allusion to, at Tilsit, iii. 61.

=Rustchuk, Pasha of=, appointed grand vizir, iii. 162;
attempts to restore Selim III, 162.

S

=Saalburg=, military operations at, ii. 428.

=Saale, River=, military operations on the, ii. 429-433; iv. 19, 23, 25.

=Saar, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58.

=Sachsen, Gen.=, leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 72.

=Sacken, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15;
checks Schwarzenberg, 369;
reinforces Bluecher at Montmirail, iv. 63;
held by Mortier, 74;
battle of Craonne, 78.

=St. Aignan=, French envoy to Saxon duchies, iv. 42;
imprisoned at Gotha, 42;
conducts negotiations with _N._, 42, 43, 45.

=St. Amand=, d'Erlon ordered to move on, iv. 186.

=St. Andre=, mayor of Mainz, anecdote concerning _N._ and, iii. 421.

=St. Bartholomew's Day=, fears of a repetition of the massacre of,
iv. 147.

="St. Bartholomew of privilege," the=, i. 110.

=St. Bernard range=, Austrian watch on the, ii. 170, 171.
_See also_ =Great St. Bernard=; =Little St. Bernard=.

=Saint-Cannat=, _N._ at, iv. 139.

=St. Cloud=, proposed councils at, ii. 101-104, 106, 109 et seq.;
Bernadotte plans to head a force at, 109;
Murat commanding guard at, 109;
the 18th and 19th Brumaire at, 111 et seq.; iv. 258;
_N._ declines a gift of, ii. 244;
promulgation of the decree creating the empire from, 322;
return of _N._ from Tilsit to, iii. 72;
social vices at, 92;
important levee at, Aug. 15, 1808, 169;
_N._ and Maria Louisa at, 258;
the imperial court at, 258;
_N._ returns to, iv. 39, 47.

=Saint-Cyr=, Elisa Buonaparte educated at, i. 55, 176, 182;
the Academy at, 176, 182.

=Saint-Cyr, Carra=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220, 221.

=Saint-Cyr, Gen.=, military successes of, i. 274;
at battle of Biberach, ii. 167;
engagement on the Mettenberg, 168;
fails to come up at Messkirch, 167;
reinforces Moreau at Engen, 167;
enters Naples, 287;
ordered to occupy Naples, 362;
Villeneuve ordered to cooeperate with, 371;
at La Junquera, iii. 183.

=Saint-Cyr, Gouvion=, strength of his corps, March, 1812, iii. 324;
losses of his Bavarian corps in Russia, 337;
Wittgenstein resumes offensive against, 359;
junction with Victor, 360;
checks Wittgenstein, 361;
holds Dresden, iv. 7, 8, 25, 27;
battle of Dresden, 9;
sent to support Vandamme at Kulm, 15;
guarding roads from Bohemia, 18.

=St. Denis=, tumults at, i. 86;
restoration of the cathedral at, iii. 74;
defense of, iv. 109.

=St. Dizier=, military movements near, iv. 58, 60, 95;
_N._ at, 95, 96, 101;
military council at, 103.

=St. Florent=, _N._ prepares plans for its defense, i. 91;
French fleet at, 125;
disorders at, 126, 191;
expedition against Ajaccio from, 203-208;
French power in, 207;
English capture of, 260.

=St. George=, Provera at, i. 414.

=St. Gotthard Pass=, Suvaroff's disasters in, ii. 141;
French passage of, 169, 172-174;
Austrian watch on, 170.

=St. Helena=, _N.'s_ will made at, i. 127;
_N.'s_ reminiscent statements made at, 146, 232, 289, 306; ii. 47,
75, 79, 81, 118, 145, 208, 292; 311; iii. 85, 210, 277; iv. 16,
62, 153, 156, 177, 191;
_N.'s_ death at, ii. 82; iv. 234;
_N.'s_ ambition concerning, ii. 289;
early proposition to deport _N._ to, iv. 145;
chosen as the place of exile, 224-229;
_N.'s_ objections to the rock, 226;
special form of government for, 227, 229;
the voyage to, 227, 287;
landing of _N._ at, 229;
topography, climate, etc., 228, 232;
_N.'s_ life on, 229-235;
violent storm in, 234;
the exile's court at, 288.

=Saint-Hilaire, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 388;
in Eylau campaign, iii. 15.

=St. Ildefonso=, the treaties of, ii. 204.

=St. Jean d'Acre=.
_See_ =Acre=.

"=St. Jerome=," Correggio's, i. 374.

=St. Julien, Count=, blundering negotiations by, ii. 187, 188;
imprisonment of, 188.

=St. Lambert=, Grouchy ordered to, iv. 190;
Buelow at, 193.

=St. Leu=, proposal that Louis withdraw to, iii. 276.

=St. Mark=, actions at, i. 410, 412, 413.

=St. Maximin=, Lucien Buonaparte in, i. 238.

=St. Michael=, seizure of, by Massena, i. 436.

=St. Michel=, battle of, i. 410.

=St. Napoleon=, i. 39.

=St. Peter, island of=, capture, ii. 13.

=St. Peter's, Rome=, _N._ claims coronation in, ii. 396.

=St. Petersburg=, the French envoy dismissed from, ii. 348;
return of the Czar from Tilsit to, iii. 64;
the peace of Europe in, 65;
the French ambassador at, 87;
diplomatic intrigues at, 97;
Alexander fears for, 98;
diplomatic crisis in, 108, 109;
court intrigue in, 115;
terror of the British fleet in, 117;
situation at, 118;
social and diplomatic life in, 166;
Caulaincourt's mission to, 165, 168, 169;
Frederick William III at, 194;
news of the Austrian marriage at, 255;
_N._ threatens to march to, 304;
Lauriston sent to replace Caulaincourt at, 318;
defense of, 336;
demoralization at, 336;
military enthusiasm in, 337;
founding of the Russian Bible Society in, 351;
England's diplomacy in, 417.
_See also_ =Alexander I=; =Paul I=; =Russia=.

=St. Pierre=, arrest of the Prince of Monaco at, iv. 154.

=Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de=, rewards to, for literary work, iii. 297.

=St. Priest, Gen.=, captures Rheims, iv. 80;
killed at Rheims, 82.

=St. Quentin=, the canal of, ii. 349.

=St. Roch=, the melee at the church of, i. 301-303.

=Saint-Ruff, Abbe de=, _N.'s_ social relations with, i. 69, 81;
death of, 149.

=St. Stephen=, attack on, i. 192.

=St. Sulpice=, banquet to _N._ in church of, ii. 100, 101.

=St. Tropez=, _N.'s_ embarkation from, iv. 135, 137, 139;
place of _N.'s_ embarkation changed to Frejus, 139.

=Saladin=, founds the military organization of Mamelukes, ii. 58.

=Salamanca=, Sir John Moore at, iii. 186;
battle of, 290, 377;
defeat of Marmont at, iii. 343.

=Salicetti, Christopher=, represents Corsica in the National
Assembly, i. 116-121;
succeeds Buttafuoco, 133;
influence in Corsica, 185, 197, 204;
plans invasion of Sardinia, 187-189;
arrives in Corsica, 201;
relations with _N._ and influence on his career, 201, 202, 205-209,
219, 225, 228, 252-257;
adheres to France, 202;
defends the Corsican commission, 205;
arrives in Paris, 207;
heads a commission to Corsica, 219;
in siege of Toulon, 232, 233;
influence in France, 233;
plans expedition to Corsica, 233;
ambition, 238;
blamed for insurrection in Corsica, 254;
seeks his own safety, 254;
influence among the Thermidorians, 254, 255;
friendship with Mme. Permon, 285;
concealed by Mme. Permon, 285, 286;
_N.'s_ address to, 285, 286;
levies forced contributions in Genoa, 345;
plans of the Directory concerning, 364;
rapacity, 376;
duplicity, ii. 109, 110;
gives Genoa a consular constitution, 233.

=Salm=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.

=Salo=, the revolutionary movement in, i. 436;
engagement at, 437, 441.

=Salzburg=, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;
ceded to Austria, 391;
Lefebvre at, iii. 211;
embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, 239.

=Sambre, River=, military movements on the, iv. 170, 173-175, 181.

=Sampiero=, i. 14;
resemblance to _N._, 26;
_N.'s_ sketch of, 92.

=Sand, George=, in Madrid during the war, iii. 292.

=San Domingo=, influence of Louverture in, ii. 237;
declares its independence, 237;
unsuccessful attempt to conquer, 237;
failure of _N.'s_ ambition concerning, 289;
plan for French recovery of, 333.

=Sandoz-Rollin=, Prussian minister in Paris, ii. 31.

=San Giuliano=, military operations at, ii. 178, 179.

=San Miniato=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 30.

=Sansculottes, the=, i. 249.

=Sansculottides, the=, i. 249.

=San Sebastian=, captured by the French, iii. 132.

=Santa Lucia=, French plans to strengthen, ii. 333.

=Santander=, besieged by Bessieres, iii. 156.

=Santarem=, Massena withdraws toward, iii. 286;
"Marshal Stockpots" deserters at, 291.

=Santerre, A. J.=, leader of the mob of Aug. 10, 1792, i. 178;
favored by _N._, 178;
_N.'s_ threat against, ii. 108.

="Santissima Trinidad," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.

=Santon, Mount= (Austerlitz), ii. 386, 387.

=Saorgio=, _N._ at taking of, i. 255.

=Saragossa=, siege of, iii. 154-159, 184-186.

=Sardinia=, weakness of, i. 22;
compared with Corsica, 25;
hostilities between France and, 187-193, 196, 206, 214, 243, 247,
261, 262;
goes to defense of Toulon, 221;
operations in Piedmont, in 1794, 341;
revolutionary spirit in, 345;
signs armistice, 350, 354, 356;
Victor Amadeus, king of, 352;
conclusion of peace with France (1796), 363, 364, 400;
_N._ opens negotiations with, ii. 11;
provoked by France into Italian quarrels, 87;
_N.'s_ bad faith with, 144;
Russia demands indemnity for the king of, 330, 417-418;
Prussia bound to secure indemnity for king of, 377.

=Sardinia, island of=, Charles Emmanuel king of, i. 356;
Charles Emmanuel retires to, ii. 39, 141;
Nelson seeks shelter at, 57.

=Sart-a-Walhain=, Grouchy's movements via, iv. 188, 193.

=Sarzana=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27.

=Satschan Lake=, Russian disasters at, ii. 388.

=Saumarez, Sir James=, blockades the Russian fleet, iii. 117.

=Sauvinieres=, military movements near, iv. 185.

=Savary, Gen.=, aide-de-camp to _N._, ii. 306;
share in Duc d'Enghien's trial and execution, 306, 308-310;
mission to Alexander I at Austerlitz, 382, 383;
reports interview of Alexander I with _N._, 389;
unsavory career, 412;
marries Mlle. de Coigny, 412;
in Eylau campaign, iii. 13;
on _N.'s_ mental and personal vigor, 19;
expels the Russians from the Narew and Ostrolenka, 19;
in battle of Heilsberg, 29;
report of the meeting at Tilsit, 41;
accompanies the Czar to St. Petersburg, 64;
French ambassador to Russia, 98, 105;
influence over the Czar, 64;
disliked in Russia, 64;
created Duke of Rovigo, 86;
mission to Madrid, 142, 143;
recognizes Ferdinand as king, 143;
reproached by Ferdinand, 143;
encourages Ferdinand to rely on _N._, 143, 144;
accompanies Ferdinand toward Bayonne, 143, 144;
notifies Ferdinand of his deposition, 145;
hatred of, in Paris, 275;
minister of police, 275, 376;
episode of the Malet conspiracy, 376;
provides for time of danger, 51;
records _N._ correspondence, 97;
alarm for the safety of Paris, 97;
member of the Empress-regent's council, 105;
character, 105;
reproved by _N._, 107;
Talleyrand to, on the flight of the Empress, 109;
surprises Talleyrand and De Pradt together, 109;
accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, 219;
negotiations with Capt. Maitland, 223.

=Save, River=, territory on, ceded to France, iii. 239.

=Savigny, F. K. von=, characterization of the Code, ii. 223.

=Savona=, military operations at, i. 253, 352, 353; ii. 160;
imprisonment of Pius VII at, iii. 243, 306.

=Savoy=, military operations against, in Piedmont, i. 213;
captured by France, 222;
France's ambition to conquer, 276;
France's claims to, 327;
lost to Sardinia, 352;
Kellermann in, 365;
Chabran's forces in, ii. 169;
proposal that France should keep, iv. 41.

=Savoy, House of, the=, French schemes against, i. 187;
importance of France gaining over, 342;
its system of government, 345;
vicissitudes, 352;
Francis I's hostility to, ii. 141;
loses the support of Paul I, 232;
lineage, 317.

=Saxe-Gotha=, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443;
spread of liberal ideas in, 443.

=Saxe-Weimar=, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443;
spread of liberal ideas in, 443.

=Saxony=, withdraws from the coalition, i. 385;
neutrality of, 1796, 385;
seizure of the English minister to, ii. 330;
excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine, 403;
proposal to include her in North German Confederation, 418;
reported French advance on, 420;
proposed independence for, 420;
military movements in, 424-425;
alliance with Prussia, 429;
takes part in the Jena campaign, 443;
spread of liberal ideas in, 443;
abandons Prussia and adopts neutrality, 443;
proposed exchange of territories, iii. 50;
united with the Rhine Confederation, 56;
acquires Kottbus, 62;
independence, 73;
the Archduke Charles proposes to march into, 198;
furnishes troops to France, 202;
troops in Dresden, 203, 324;
defeated at Nossen by the Black Legion, 234;
in vassalage to France, 279;
supports _N._, 322;
the levies in, 387;
peculiar relations toward _N._, 394;
turns to Austria, 394;
threatened war in, 394;
secret agreement with Austria, 399;
Prussian designs on, 399;
the campaign of 1813 in, 401 et seq.; iv. 1;
strategy of the campaign in, iii. 404;
abandons Austria, 407;
declares in favor of France, 407;
proposed allotment of territory to, 409;
Prussia promises to cede part of, to Hanover, 417;
invaded by Austro-Russian troops, iv. 8;
national spirit in, 19;
revulsion of feeling against France, 20, 22;
refuge of the allies in, 24;
defection of troops at Leipsic, 33;
character of the campaigns in, 38.

=Say, J. B.=, member of the tribunate, ii. 151.

=Scandinavia=, effort to bring her into the coalition, iii. 22.

=Schaffhausen=, _N._ plans operations at, ii. 163.

=Scharnhorst, Gen.=, plan of the Prussian campaign, ii. 427-429;
in battle of Eylau, iii. 16;
institutes military reforms in Prussia, 103, 161;
mission to Vienna, 320;
hostility to _N._, 396;
limits to his means, 403;
killed at Luetzen, 406.

=Scheldt, River, the=, reopening of, i. 194;
closing the navigation of, 450;
a French river, iii. 270;
scheme of Hanoverian extension on, 399.

=Scherer, Gen.=, commanding the Army of Italy, i. 344;
ordered to upper Italy, ii. 88;
driven behind the Mincio and Oglio, 88;
defeated at Magnano, 88;
succeeded by Moreau, 88;
incompetency, 88, 91.

=Schill, F. von=, _N.'s_ abuse of, iii. 213;
attempts to rouse the German spirit, 213;
final stand and death at Stralsund, 213, 233;
helps insurrection in Westphalia, 225;
denounced by Frederick William, 233.

=Schimmelpenninck, R. J.=, Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic,
ii. 233;
represents the Batavian Republic at Amiens, 262;
intrigues to make Louis Buonaparte king of Holland, 397.

=Schlapanitz=, military operations near, ii. 385.

=Schleiermacher, F. E. D.=, member of the reform party in Prussia,
ii. 416;
influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103.

=Schleiz=, engagement at, ii. 428.

=Schleswig=, Denmark's loss of, iii. 70.

=Schloditten=, military operations near, iii. 14.

=Schoenbrunn=, _N._ establishes headquarters in palace at (1805),
ii. 369, 378; (1809) iii. 212;
interview between _N._ and Haugwitz at, ii. 399;
treaties of, 417; iii. 241, 244, 252;
_N.'s_ proclamations from, 215;
_N._ leaves for the Lobau, 226;
Prince Liechtenstein at, 239;
accident to _N._ near, 240;
attempt to assassinate _N._ at, 240;
_N._ returns to Paris from, 245;
virtual imprisonment of Maria Louisa at, iv. 143.

=Schrattenthal=, Kutusoff at, ii. 379.

=Schwarzenberg, Prince=, reliance on Peccadeuc, i. 65;
Austrian minister to France, iii. 253;
suggests the marriage of _N._ and Maria Louisa, 253;
toasts the King of Rome, 261;
commands Austrian contingent in Russian campaign of 1812, 324;
in Volhynia, 338;
holds back Tormassoff, 341;
opposed by Tormassoff and Tchitchagoff, 350;
retreats behind the Bug, 358;
expected to cover the crossing of the Beresina, 363;
driven back, 366;
checked by Sacken, 369;
lukewarmness, 382;
retreats across the Vistula, 385;
evacuates Warsaw, 385;
seeks shelter in Cracow, 393;
held back by Metternich, 395;
commanding the Army of the South, iv. 3;
hampered by presence of the allied sovereigns, 3;
military incapacity, cowardice, and reputation, 6, 64, 69, 89, 90-94;
_N._ moves against, 8;
battle of Dresden, 9;
Vandamme's pursuit of, 15;
Murat fails to check, 17;
protects Austria from invasion, 18;
moves on Dresden, 18;
southern movement by, 21;
gets to southward of Leipsic, 22;
Murat ordered to hold, 23;
contemplated attack on, 23;
proposed junction of Bluecher and Bernadotte with, 26;
battle of Wachau, 28;
battle of Leipsic, 27-32;
suggests compromise plan of invasion of France, 57, 58;
at Langres, 58;
crosses the Rhine at Basel, 58;
movement toward Auxerre, 60;
junction with Bluecher, 60;
strength, Feb. 9, 1814, 62;
_N.'s_ contemplated movement against, 62-65;
steady advance of, 65;
crosses Switzerland, 67;
danger of his advancing to Fontainebleau, 72;
sends flag of truce to Berthier, 73;
retreats to Troyes, 73;
quails before _N.'s_ advance, 73;
Macdonald and Oudinot in pursuit of, 73;
checks Oudinot, 73;
strength at Troyes, 74;
withdraws behind the Aube, 74;
justifies his course, 74;
at Bar-sur-Aube, 74;
_N._ prepares to attack, 74;
at Congress of Chatillon, 77;
Bluecher cut off from, 77, 78;
_N._ plans to attack him at Chalons, 77;
regains communications with Bluecher, 80;
moves against Macdonald, 84;
dismayed at the capture of Rheims, 85;
supposed retreat to the Vosges, 86;
engagements at Arcis and Torcy, 87;
sickness, 89, 90;
on the European policy of 1814, 88;
retreats to Troyes, 90;
_N._ misled by his actions, 90;
apprehensions of _N.'s_ strength, 92;
strength, 92;
battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 93;
Bluecher seeks a junction with, 94;
his communications threatened, 95, 96;
junction with Bluecher, 95, 97;
favors movement on Paris, 98;
determines to seek a battle, 98;
proposes to pursue _N._, 100;
at peace council in Paris, 114;
enters Paris with the allies, 114;
seduces Marmont, 119;
sows treason in the French army, 120;
Marmont reveals his plot to, 125;
plan for the campaign of the Hundred Days, 169.

=Schweidnitz=, the allied forces near, iii. 413;
_N.'s_ strategy at, 413.

=Science=, _N._ advises encouragement of, ii. 347.

=Scrivia, River, the=, Ott driven back to, ii. 176;
the country of, 176-178.

=Sebastiani, Gen. F. H. B.=, mission to Persia and the Levant,
ii. 272-274;
obtains thorough knowledge of the East, ii. 440;
strategy and diplomacy at Constantinople, 20;
end of his influence in Turkey, 33;
defeats a Spanish division, 237;
moves up the Aube, iv. 91;
battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 92.

=Secret police=, license vice, iii. 92.

=Segovia=, French success at, iii. 156.

=Segur, Count=, minister to Russia, ii. 324;
appointed master of ceremonies at the Tuileries, 324, 328;
foresees France's discontent, iii. 326;
transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132;
plans the ratification of the Additional Act, 166.

=Seine, River, the=, the quays of, iii. 74;
military movements on the, iv. 65, 69, 71, 73, 85, 90, 104, 112, 116.

=Selim III=, dismisses viceroys of Moldavia and Wallachia, ii. 441;
moves against Russia, 441;
declares war against England, iii. 20;
overthrow of, 33, 51, 106, 162;
held prisoner in the Seraglio, 162;
murdered by Mustapha IV, 162.

=Semaphore=, use of, in warfare, iii. 205.

=Semlino=, disposition of the spoils of Moscow at, iii. 358.

=Semonville, Huguet de=, envoy to Constantinople, i. 197;
dreads a new Terror, ii. 94.

=Senancour, S. P. de=, "Obermann," ii. 351.

=Senarmont, Gen.=, in battle of Friedland, iii. 31.

=Senate, the=, in 1799; ii. 126, 127, 150-153;
orders deportation of suspects, 241;
subservience to _N._, 242-244;
new methods of electing to, 247;
enlargement of its powers, 247;
the tool of the First Consul, 320;
steps toward creating the empire, 319-322;
changes in, under the constitution of 1804, 322;
announces the result of the plebiscite, 341;
substitution of a hereditary house for the elective, iii. 82;
its members ennobled, 87;
confirms the divorce, 247;
decrees the annexation of the Papal States, 262;
decadence of constitutional forms in, 295;
speech of Maria Louisa before the, iv. 106;
ordered to draft a new constitution, 114;
absolves the army from allegiance to _N._, 119;
proclaims Louis XVIII, 129, 132.

=Sens=, military movements near, iv. 62, 68;
proposal to continue the war from a center at, 103;
_N._ at, 105;
the French garrison at, 118.

"=Sentimental Journey to Nuits,"= _N.'s_, i. 146.

=September 22=, celebration of, ii. 195.

=Serfdom=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102;
abolished in Warsaw, iii. 67.

=Serpalten=, military operations near, iii. 14.

=Serurier, Gen.=, general of division, Army of Italy, i. 345;
at siege of Mantua, 415, 418;
storms Gradisca, 433;
delivers Venice to Austria, ii. 24;
action on the 18th Brumaire, 105;
commanding at the Point-du-Jour, 108;
excites the soldiery at St. Cloud, 116;
recreated marshal, iv. 167.

=Serves=, _N._ visits, i. 141.

=Servia=, the rise of, iv. 300.

=Seurre=, disorders in, i. 96.

=Seventh Regiment of the Line=, supports _N._ on his return from
Elba, iv. 156.

=Seven Years' War, the=, i. 17, 22; iv. 261, 296.

=Sextuple Alliance, the=, iv. 295.

=Seychelles=, deportation of suspects to the, ii. 241.

=Sezanne=, _N._ at, iv. 61;
Marmont at, 74;
_N.'s_ plan of movement via, 85.

=Shebreket=, Mameluke attack on the French at, ii. 59;
action at, 61.

=Shipping=, harassing regulations by France, ii. 269.

=Shuvaloff, Count=, Russian commissioner at Poischwitz, iii. 414, 417.

=Sicily=, Ferdinand IV king of, i. 421; iii. 319;
Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, ii. 57;
Nelson returns to, 61;
Joseph made king of, 395, 401;
proposal that the Bourbons retain power in, 401;
_N._ offers England territory as substitute for, 404, 405;
England demands the surrender of, 405;
withdrawal of English troops from, iii. 111;
proposed French seizure of, 111, 112;
English troops sent to Portugal from, 122;
England threatened with loss of trade with, 272;
English expedition to, 284, 294;
French expedition against, 308.

=Siena=, Pius VI withdraws to, ii. 39;
position in the French Empire, iii. 279.

=Sierra Morena=, defeat of Dupont in, iii. 156.