Chapter XXII: Napoleon's Place in History (13)

=Sieyes, Abbe=, pamphlet of the Third Estate, i. 107, 330;
character, 330, 331; ii. 92;
declines service in the Directory, i. 330, 331;
relations with _N._, 330, 331; ii. 35, 49, 94, 100-102;
president of the Ancients, 35;
venality, 35;
mission to Berlin, 41;
checkmates Prussia, 43;
charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43;
theories of government, constitution-building, etc., 49, 96,
100-102, 117, 118, 125, 126, 149, 322;
member of the Directory, 83, 92;
relations with Joubert, 92;
schemes for a dictatorship, 94, 95;
suspected of plotting with the House of Brunswick, 95;
brought into the Bonapartist ranks, 96-98;
surrenders his leadership, 100;
proposed resignation of, 101;
scheme to make him consul, 102;
difficulty of holding him in the traces, 102, 103;
resigns from the Directory, 106, 115;
at St. Cloud, 19th Brumaire, 111;
consul of France, 123;
proceedings for election of First Consul, 129;
accepts the estate of Crosne, 130;
chief of the Senate, 129, 130;
keeper of the Directory's secret funds, 129;
negotiations and intrigues in Prussia, 155, 156;
relations with the Directory, 155;
monarchical schemes for France, 155, 156.

=Siguenza=, Castanos collects his troops at, iii. 185.

=Silesia=, wrested from Austria by Prussia, i. 325;
Austria seeks compensation for, 325;
Austria's ambition concerning, ii. 358;
offer of part of, to Austria, ii. 445;
military operations in, iii. 20; iv. 17;
_N._ offers it to Austria, iii. 22;
_N.'s_ reserve forces in, 22;
Prussia retains her strongholds in, 42;
position in Europe, 55;
remains Prussian, 55, 56;
_N._ offers to offset the Danubian principalities against, 106-108,
112;
French occupation, 116;
Alexander demands relinquishment of designs on, 116;
Davout ordered to, 165;
Austria stipulates for acquisition of, 320;
to be connected with Old Prussia, 398;
Austria rejects _N.'s_ offer of, 400;
the Army of the East in, iv. 3;
contemplated operations in, 7;
military operations in, 17;
strength of her forces under Bluecher, 62;
army of, moves on Paris, 98.

=Silk culture=, introduced into Corsica, i. 80.

=Simplon=, creation of the department of the, iii. 278.

=Simplon Pass=, to pass under French control, ii. 40;
the crossing of the, 169, 172;
military road through, 233, 349; iii 74.

=Sisteron=, _N.'s_ welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 154.

=Slave-trade=, revival of the, ii. 236, 237, 245, 269, 270;
England protests against, 270.

=Slobozia=, armistice concluded at, iii. 105;
treaty of, 163.

=Smith, Adam=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.

=Smith, Sir Sidney=, captures French transports, ii. 71;
at the siege of Acre, 71, 73;
occupies Jaffa, 75;
watching _N._ at Alexandria, 79;
allows _N._ to slip through his fingers, 82;
puts into Cyprus, 82;
concludes treaty at El Arish, 181;
commanding British fleet at Lisbon, iii. 121;
urges Don John to embark for Brazil, 121.

=Smohain=, the farms of, iv. 195;
fighting at, 206.

=Smolensk=, _N.'s_ plan to seize, iii. 333;
military movements near, 333, 336-340, 350, 355, 356, 362;
enthusiasm among the Russians at, iii. 338;
strategical position, 338;
battle of, 338-341;
_N.'s_ military blunder at, 340-343;
the shrine at, 339, 343;
compared with Acre, 340;
French garrison in, 342, 358;
concentration of French troops at, iii. 347;
guerrilla warfare around, 350;
arrival of the French army at, in its retreat, 362;
massacre of French stragglers in, 362;
shameful scenes in, 362;
abandonment of wounded at, 363;
the march to Lithuania from, 363;
reorganization of the army at, 363;
destruction of the fortifications of, 363;
Ney's perilous retreat from, 364.

=Smorgoni=, _N.'s_ desertion of his army at, iii. 373, 375.

=Social contract=, _N.'s_ views concerning the, i. 77, 267.

=Social customs, privileges=, etc., i. 100-103;
_N.'s_ study of, 137, 138, 145, 150.

=Soedermannland, Duke of=, attempts the siege of Hameln, ii. 416.

=Soignes=, fears of Wellington's withdrawal behind, iv. 190;
Wellington's position in front of, 192, 195.

=Soissons=, Maria Louisa's progress through, iii. 257;
Mortier at, iv. 74, 86;
Bluecher recruits his forces at, 76;
surrenders to the allies, 77, 83;
French retreat to, 80;
_N._ at, 80;
the French army leaves, 81.

=Sokolnitz=, fighting at, ii. 385-388.

=Solano, Gen.=, makes ineffectual movement against the French, iii. 149.

=Solothurn=, the plundering of, ii. 40.

=Solre=, Gen. d'Erlon at, iv. 170.

=Sombreffe=, military movements near, iv. 171, 175-180.

=Somerset, Gen. F. J. H.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202.

=Sommepuis=, military movements near, iv. 91.

=Sommesous=, military movements near, iv. 91.

=Somosierra=, crossing the pass of, iii. 186.

=Sophia Dorothea=, wife of Jerome, iii. 322.

=Sortlack, Forest of=, military movements in the, iii. 30.

=Souham, Gen.=, in battle of Leipsic, iv. 32;
at Nogent, 102;
left in command at Essonnes, 124;
seduced by Marmont, 125;
summoned to Fontainebleau, 126;
delivers his army prisoners to the Austrians, 126, 127.

=Soult, Marshal=, commanding force at Tarentum, ii. 204;
service in the Army of England, 291;
created marshal, 323;
character, 364; iii. 286;
seizes Memmingen, ii. 366;
reaches Hollabrunn, 379;
battle of Austerlitz, 384-388;
at Muenchberg, 428;
battle of Jena, 429-432;
invests Magdeburg, 436;
battle of Pultusk, iii. 4;
strength in Poland, 7;
campaign of Eylau, 15;
at Osterode, 18;
battle of Heilsberg, 28;
pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 31;
created Duke of Dalmatia, 86;
yearly income, 87, 296;
movement against Blake, 185;
lack of vigor of movement, 185;
ordered to Mansilla, 188;
entrusted with the pursuit of Moore, 189;
battle of Corunna, 188;
crosses the Esla, 188;
defeated by Wellesley in Portugal, 236;
causes Wellesley to withdraw, 237;
service in Spain, 284;
ordered to Andalusia, 286;
ordered to join Massena in Portugal, 286;
jealousy of Massena, 286;
before Cadiz, 286;
fails to relieve Massena, 286;
defeated in attack on Sir John Moore, 286;
captures Badajoz, 287;
invasion of Portugal (1809), 287;
occupies Oporto, 287;
expelled from Portugal, 287;
failure in Spain, 287;
battle of Talavera, 287;
made commander-in-chief, 287;
bickerings with Joseph, 287;
battle of Ocana, 287, 288;
aims to win the crown of Portugal, 287, 296;
retreats toward the south coast, 289;
returns to Cadiz, 289;
defeated at Albuera, 289;
marches to relief of Badajoz, 289;
joins Massena, 289;
marches to Joseph's aid, 290;
abandons Cadiz, 290;
despatched on Pyrenean campaign, 421;
shut up in Bayonne, iv. 40;
thrown back on Toulouse, 81;
strength, March, 1814, 102;
available forces of, 118;
defeat at Toulouse, 148;
appointed minister of war, 148;
revival of imperial sentiment in his army, 157;
opposed to Murat, 157;
recreated marshal, 167;
chief of staff in the Waterloo campaign, 171, 190;
blunder before Charleroi, 173, 174;
cognizant of Bluecher's movement to Wavre, 191;
orders to Grouchy, 194, 214;
battle of Waterloo, 204;
on inspiration, 248.

=Sound, the=, threats to close it to English commerce, iii. 69.

=South America=, Spanish concessions to France in, ii. 205;
England's commerce with, iii. 55;
England threatens to make Spanish colonies independent, 71.

=Spain=, affinity with Corsica, i. 9;
Bourbon influence in, 22;
expected enmity of, i. 187;
goes to defense of Toulon, 221;
blockades Mediterranean ports, 239;
_N.'s_ relations with, and attitude toward, 247; ii. 18, 203,
et seq., 289, 332, 405; iii. 54, 71, 127, 131, 139, 149, 151,
157, 178, 190, 280 et seq., 293, 307, 319; iv. 30, 52;
growth of liberal ideas in, i. 276;
withdraws from the coalition (1795), 324;
relations and alliances with France, 341, 421; ii. 203-206,
288-290, 332, 349, 358, 359, 371; iii. 78, 120, 132, 190;
_N._ proposes to hand Rome over to, i. 420;
drives Admiral Mann from the Mediterranean, 421;
destruction of fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 456;
diplomatic offset of Naples against, ii. 18;
war with Portugal, 18;
preparations for action in, 37;
schemes of revolutionary propaganda for, 44;
naval inaction, 67;
low intrigues in, 204;
effect of Marengo in, 204;
Godoy prime minister, 204;
proposed incorporation of Portugal with, 211;
recovers colonies under the peace of Amiens, 262;
exchanges Louisiana for Etruria, 272;
England attacks her commerce, 289;
exasperated over sale of Louisiana, 289;
treaties with France, 289, 332;
loses Trinidad and Louisiana, 332;
war with England, Dec., 1804, 332;
her maritime forces controlled by France, 332;
humiliates Portugal, 332;
naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 374;
_N._ offers part of her territory to England, 405;
called on for troops by France, iii. 22;
proposal that she acquire Portugal, 67;
attempt to bring her into the coalition, 71;
incapacity of the Bourbons in, 70;
_N._ encourages dissensions in, 71;
decay and humiliation, 71, 123, 126, 134, 150;
revolt against Godoy, 70;
embargo on English commerce, 72;
the fleet ordered to Toulon, 71;
necessity for the "regulation" of her affairs, 111;
the situation in, 118;
secret compact with France for partition of Portugal, 120;
new title for the king, 120;
plans for invasion of, 120;
scheme to acquire Portugal, 120;
depletion of the army, 123;
depopulation, 124;
corruption, 124;
social life, 124;
degradation of the Church in, 124;
primogeniture and land tenure, 124;
factions of the crown prince and of the prime minister, 125;
_N._ tempted by her colonies, 127, 133;
arrest of the crown prince, 126;
fortifying the French frontier, 126;
announcement of the crown prince's conspiracy, 127;
the "secret hand" in, 128;
expected regeneration by France, 127;
Dupont ordered to invade, 128;
benefits accruing to England from troubles in, 131;
_N._ on the intestinal troubles in, 131;
the crown given to Joseph, 131, 150, 169, 280, 318;
French invasion and occupation of, 132-135, 149, 151;
deposition of Godoy from office, 134;
Murat assumes command in, 135;
popular outbreaks, 135, 140;
abdication of Charles IV, 136;
patriotic and national spirit in, 137-141, 151-156, 284, 288, 290;
iv. 290;
enthusiasm for Ferdinand VII, iii. 138;
political intrigues in, 139-141;
Murat Protector of, 140;
attitude of the people toward Murat, 141;
deposition of the Bourbons, 145;
Murat appointed dictator, 146;
_N._ assumes the royal and hereditary rights of the throne of, 148;
Louis refuses the crown of, 148;
military movements in western Spain and on the Baltic, 149;
character of the people, 149-152, 153, 154, 190, 288;
convocation of notables at Bayonne, 149;
adoption of a new constitution, 150, 152;
destruction of her commerce, 152;
lack of centralization in, 151, 152, 374;
guerrilla warfare, iii. 152-155, 190, 291;
influence of the clergy in the rebellion, 154;
French disasters in, 154, 290, 291;
fate of French soldiers in, 155;
French movement against southern, 156;
French pillage in, 158;
national uprising against France, 158, 192;
difficulties of the French campaign in, 157;
offer of the throne to Archduke Charles, 166;
_N._ returns to, 182;
caliber of the French army in, 183;
_N.'s_ strength in, Nov. 3, 1808, 183, 184;
regular and irregular forces, 184;
_N._ assumes command in, 184;
lack of military genius in, 185;
Sir John Moore enters, 186;
sympathy between Portugal and, 186;
abolition of the Inquisition and of the feudal system, 189;
_N._ institutes reforms in, 189;
formation of a liberal constitution for, 191;
_N._ threatens to assume the crown, 191;
question of annihilating its nationality, 191;
statements as to _N.'s_ leaving, 196;
reinforcements for, 202;
Wellesley prepares for invasion of, 236;
need of prompt action in, 238;
the war in, 249;
the crown offered to Louis and rejected, 270;
England's loss of trade with, 272;
Fouche's offer to restore the Bourbons to, 271;
seizures of American ships in, 275;
annexation of part of, to France, 278;
open warfare in, 282;
seizure of northern provinces of, 282;
"the natural continuation of France," 282;
policy of total annexation, 282;
French rapine in, 282;
policy of military administration for, 282;
quality and strength of the French armies in, 283;
Massena in command in, 283;
Wellington's provisions for French victories in, 284;
blunders by the insurrectionary leaders, 288;
Wellington enters, 289;
French occupation, close of 1812, 290;
Soult abandons the south of, 290;
discipline of the French army in, 291;
England's expeditions to, 293;
confiscation in, 296;
troops withdrawn from Germany for service in, 307;
_N.'s_ offer of peace in, refused by England, 318;
England to be driven from, 328;
compared with Russia, 374;
French disasters in, 377;
exhaustion of, 382;
recall of commanders from, 386;
treaty with Russia, July, 1812, 391;
in grand coalition against _N._, 392;
_N._ offers peace to England in, 392;
Wellington's reverses in, 392;
proposal to restore Bourbon rule, 416;
_N._ abandons, 420;
Wellington's successes in, 423;
French defeats in, iv. 14;
_N._ offers to restore the independence of, 30;
rises in support of Wellington, 40;
proposed independence of, 41;
prolongation of the war in, 51;
restoration of the king to, 52;
relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, 52;
adoption of a new constitution, 52;
member of the Vienna coalition, 164;
_N.'s_ dread of capture in, 221.

=Spandau=, capitulation of, ii. 436;
proposed siege of, iv. 2.

=Spartel, Cape=, Nelson's fleet off, ii. 372.

=Specialist=, the work of the, iv. 251.

=Speculation=, mania for, in France, i. 288, 289; ii. 219.

=Spirding, Lake=, military movements near, iii. 10.

=Splueglen Pass=, proposed movement of the reserve army via, ii. 169;
crossed by Macdonald, 192.

=Spree, River=, military movements on the, iii. 407, 409; iv. 14.

=Stadion, Count=, Austrian diplomatic agent, ii. 381;
Austrian minister of state, iii. 21, 104, 194, 199;
letter from Metternich, July 26, 1807, 104;
urges prompt action, 199;
resigns, 253;
mission to the allies' camp, 408.

=Stael, Mme. de=, relations with, enmity toward, and criticisms of
_N._, ii. 22, 119, 139, 197, 199, 259; iii. 94, 297-301;
procures revocation of Talleyrand's exile, ii. 34;
_N.'s_ study of her writings, 53;
"Influence of the Passions," 53;
on liberty in France, 119;
her salon, 199;
her character, 259; iii. 297-301;
banishments of, ii. 411;
relations with Mme. Recamier, ii. 411, 412;
returns to Paris, iii. 26;
ordered back to Geneva, 26;
at Coppet, 298;
difficulties with the Directory, 298;
criticizes Josephine Beauharnais, 298;
difficulties with the Committee of Public Safety, 298;
poverty, 299;
her book on Germany, 300.

=Stage=, censorship of the, ii. 349.

=Standing armies=, i. 67.

=Staps=, attempts to assassinate _N._, iii. 240.

=Starhemberg, Count=, Austrian ambassador to London, iii, 104;
leaves London, 104.

=Starsiedel=, fighting at, iii, 406.

=State=, _N.'s_ conceptions of the, i. 78.

=State system=, the, iv. 298.

=States of the Church=, Pius VII strives to augment the, ii. 346.

=Steffens, Prof.=, summons German students into the ranks, iii. 398.

=Stein, Baron H. F. C.=, Prussian statesman, ii. 415; iii. 103;
frees the serfs, 103;
introduces military reforms in Prussia, 162;
resigns his ministry, 162;
_N._ demands his dismissal, 162, 178;
seeks refuge in Vienna, 178;
exile from Prussia, 193;
effect of his reforms, 320;
adviser to Alexander I, 351;
reorganizes Prussian provinces, 385;
formulates the treaty of Kalish, 385;
relations with Alexander, 385, 396;
hostility to _N._, 397; iv. 57, 67;
joins Frederick William at Breslau, iii. 396;
on the unification of Germany, 397;
character, 397;
leading part in Prussia's awakening, 398;
prepares to govern the conquered territories, iv. 34.

=Sterling, Adm.=, naval operations of, ii. 359.

=Stettin=, capitulation of, ii. 436;
Davout's force in, 202;
proposed French movement on, 393;
held by the French, 402;
relief of the French in, iv. 2.

=Stewart, Sir Charles=, English minister at Berlin, iii. 417;
influences the armistice of Poischwitz, 417.

=Steyer=, armistice signed at, ii. 192.

=Stockach=, battle of, ii. 88;
captured by Lecourbe, 166.

=Stockholm=, installation of Bernadotte at, iii. 281.

"=Stockpot, Marshal=," iii. 291.

=Stoetteritz=, fighting at, iv. 33.

=Strabo=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.

=Stradella=, Desaix commanding corps at, ii. 177;
fortified camp at, 175;
military operations near, 185.

=Stralsund=, threatened by Mortier iii., 19;
Schill's final stand at, 213, 234;
capture of, 234.

=Strasburg=, Moreau's army at, i. 347;
Moreau and Desaix cross the Rhine near, 440;
retirement of Cardinal Rohan from, ii. 301;
imprisonment of Duc d'Enghien at, 304, 305;
French expeditions to, 304; iii. 203;
Caulaincourt's mission to, 107;
Maria Louisa's progress through, 257;
Schwarzenberg's communications with, threatened, iv. 95, 96;
sends troops to relief of Paris, 102.

=Strebersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 217, 218.

=Street of Peace, the=, iii. 74.

=Street of Rivoli, the=, iii. 74.

=Strehla=, fighting near, iv. 9.

=Striefen=, fighting near, iv. 9.

=Striegau=, Bluecher at, iv. 3, 6.

=Stuart=, British envoy to Vienna, ii. 302.

"=Study in Politics, A=," projected by _N._, i. 289.

=Studjenka=, the passage of the Beresina at, iii. 368-371.

=Stura, River, the=, Massena's advance through valley of, i. 243;
Austrian force on, ii. 170.

=Stuttgart=, Bourrienne in diplomacy at, i. 174;
machinations of Mehee de la Touche in, ii. 297, 298;
expulsion of the English envoy at, 330.

=Styria=, junction of Austrian troops in. ii. 367;
Prince Eugene in, iii. 225;
Archduke John banished to, 230.

=Suchet, Marshal Louis-Gabriel=, retreat before Melas, ii. 165;
expected to attack Melas, 170;
military operations on the Var, 174;
pursues the Russians, 378;
battle of Austerlitz, 387;
service in Spain, iii. 283;
annihilates Blake's Spanish army, 289;
captures Aragon and Valencia, 289;
captures Tarragona, 377;
contrasted with Augereau, iv. 94;
strength, March, 1814, 102;
available forces of, 118.

=Sucy=, _N.'s_ letters to, i. 165;
prophesies as to _N.'s_ future, ii. 28.

=Suez, Isthmus of=, importance of, ii. 46.

=Suez Canal=, suggested by D'Argenson, ii. 46.

=Suicide=, _N.'s_ views concerning, and his attempts to commit,
i. 80, 81; ii. 75; iv. 130, 131, 217, 232, 287.

=Sunday=, resumption of its observance, ii. 258.

="Supper of Beaucaire," the=, i. 212-221, 286.

=Survilliers, Comte de=. _See_ =Buonaparte, Joseph=.

=Suvaroff, Gen. A. V.=, defeats Macdonald on the Trebbia, ii. 92;
holds Piedmont, 141;
driven by Massena to Bavaria, 142;
disasters in the Alps, 141.

=Swabia=, treaty with France (1796), i. 450;
demonstrations of emigrants in, ii. 307;
withdrawal of Austrian troops from, 311;
French occupation of, 405.

=Sweden=, excluded from Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27;
joins the "armed neutrality," 194;
_N.'s_ hatred for the royal house of, 416;
Joachim I's aspirations to the crown of, 416;
Prussia recommended to go to war with, 420;
member of the coalition, iii. 20;
held back by Mortier, 19;
internal dissensions, 35;
neutrality of, 46;
failure of commercial negotiations with England, 49;
proposed commercial war against England, 55;
virtual dependence on France, 66;
English regulations concerning American trade with, 100, 101;
supposed assistance from England to, 113;
_N._ hints at rectification of her boundaries, 113;
proposed Russian invasion of, 113;
makes obstinate resistance in Finland, 117;
failure of the demonstration against, 159;
Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, 165;
_N._ promises to restore Pomerania to, 268;
promises to exclude British commerce, 267;
treaty with Russia, Sept. 17, 1809, 268;
cedes Finland to Russia, 268, 281;
Frederick VI hopes to acquire, 280;
_N.'s_ ambitions concerning, 280;
accession of Charles XIII, 280;
selection of Bernadotte as heir to the throne, 280;
abdication of Gustavus IV, 280;
Mme. de Stael in, 299;
Alexander offers Norway to, 314, 321, 350;
Russia opens negotiations with, 316;
demands and acquires a liberal constitution, 317;
eagerness to escape from French protection, 318;
_N._ offers Finland to, 321;
bids for her alliance by France and Russia, 320, 321;
Davout occupies Pomerania, 321;
treaty with Russia, April 12, 1812, 321;
Alexander demands better terms for, 329;
in grand coalition against _N._ (1813), 392;
Metternich seeks to embroil Russia and, 395;
subsidized by England, 399;
ambition to secure Norway, 399;
_N._ attempts to win over, 399;
evacuates Hamburg, 407;
commercial agreement with England, 424;
inaugurates the coalition of 1813, 424;
Bernadotte seeks to annex Norway to, iv. 55;
struggle with Norway, 164;
member of the Vienna coalition, 164.

=Swiss Guard=, at the Tuileries, i. 299.

=Switzerland=, republican schemes and revolutionary movements in,
i. 329; ii. 27, 40;
_N.'s_ schemes and influence in, i. 448; ii. 12, 144, 233, 234;
French plundering of, 40;
organization of the Helvetian Republic, 86;
Massena ordered to command in, 87;
Russian military operations in, 91-93;
Berthier commanding in, 140;
Massena's successes in, 140;
Massena makes a forced levy in, 153;
falls into French hands, 164, 234, 281;
Kray's retreat via, cut off, 166;
jealousy of Piedmont, 233;
factions in, 234;
adoption of the name, 234;
neutrality of, 234;
the Act of Mediation, 234;
furnishes contingents to _N.'s_ armies, 234; iii. 3, 20, 323;
occupied by Ney, ii. 272;
lends aid to France in 1803, 289;
independence of, 354;
_N.'s_ claim to, 354;
Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377;
Mme. de Stael banished to, 411;
relations of France with, iii. 54, 73;
Valais separated from, 278;
violation of her neutrality by the allies, iv. 56, 57, 66, 67;
fails to support the Emperor, 57, 59;
reported rising in, 88;
Jerome and Joseph take refuge in, 135.

=Syria=, Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition off the coast of, ii. 57;
_N.'s_ schemes of conquest in, 61, 62;
Turkish movements in, 68-70;
the French advance into, 68, 69.

=Szuczyn=, Russian retreat to, iii, 8.

T

=Tabor, Mount=, battle near, ii. 72.

=Tabor Bridge=, Murat crosses the, ii. 368.

=Tacticus=, _N.'s_ references to, ii. 235.

=Tactics and strategy=, the lessons of Austerlitz, ii. 391, 392.

=Tafalla=, Moncey at, iii. 183.

=Tagliamento, River=, military operations on the, i. 430-432.

=Tagus, River, the=, British fleet in, iii. 121;
French attempt to capture the fleet in, 121;
Dupont holds, 156;
the lines of Torres Vedras, 285;
military operations on, 285.

=Taine, H. A.=, on the Napoleonic regime, iv. 294.

=Talavera=, battle of, iii. 236, 284, 287.

=Talleyrand, Prince=, minister of foreign affairs, ii. 17, 34, 35,
130, 153, 323;
relations with and views on _N._, ii. 17, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33-35,
96, 97; iii. 81, 94-96, 133, 151, 168, 175, 179, 301; iv. 165,
233;
attempts to force _N.'s_ hand, ii. 23;
relations with Mme. du Barry, 33;
expelled from England, 33;
Mirabeau's opinion of, 33;
relations with the Directory, 34;
career, 33-35;
system of national education, 33, 225-227;
charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43;
member of the Institute, 47;
advocates seizure of Egypt, 47, 48;
intrigue with _N._, Barras, and Sieyes for a new constitution, 49;
ascribes the Egyptian expedition to _N._, 51;
proposed mission to Constantinople, 66;
dreads a new Terror, 94;
critical moment in his house, before the 18th Brumaire, 103;
influence on Barras, 107;
Bourbon sympathies of, 122;
_N._ proposes a constitution to, 126;
offers peace to Portugal, 154;
monarchical views of, 158;
discusses possibility of _N.'s_ death, 186;
negotiations with Count St. Julien, 188;
negotiations with Cobenzl, 189;
demands bribes from American envoys, 212;
the Pope's ban removed from, 216;
carves up German principalities, 265;
demands to know England's intentions concerning Malta, 273;
Lord Whitworth's utterances to, 284;
his explanation of the scene of March 13, 1803, 284;
urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304;
notifies Baden of the seizure of Duc d'Enghien, 308;
charged with suppressing despatches, 306;
Josephine's dread of, 308;
blamed by _N._ for the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 311; iii. 198;
murder of the Duc d'Enghien sits lightly on, ii. 312;
Grand Chamberlain, 324;
attitude of Pius VII toward, 326;
excommunication taken off from, 326;
replies to Russia's demands, 330;
diplomatic replies to Pius VII, 346;
at Vienna, 382;
created Prince of Benevento, 396; iii. 94, 279;
negotiations with Lord Yarmouth, ii. 400, 401;
bribed by German princes, 403;
on the proposed North German Confederation, 420;
at Tilsit, iii. 49, 53;
warns _N._ against Queen Louisa's fascinations, 60;
author of treaty of Tilsit, 60;
Queen Louisa's sarcasm to, 61;
showy character of his diplomacy, 65;
responsibility for the treaty of Tilsit, 72;
advocates support of the Emperor, 80;
conversations with Mme. de Remusat, 80;
on the discords in the imperial court, 94;
resigns from the ministry, 94, 96;
salary, 96;
his influence on the wane, 96;
Vice-Grand Elector, 96; iv. 106;
policy after Austerlitz, iii. 125;
favors Ferdinand VII, 125;
resumes active diplomacy, 133;
negotiations with Izquierdo, 133;
at Bayonne, 145;
estimate of Ferdinand VII, 145;
constituted custodian of Ferdinand VII, 148, 169;
stinging rebuke addressed to _N._ by, 151;
prepares to return to public life, 169;
acts in the interests of Austria, 171, 178;
at the Erfurt conference, 171, 178-181;
ordered to ventilate the divorce question, 181;
his treachery read by _N._, 197;
blamed by _N._ for the Spanish failure, 197;
member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 254;
on the natural extensions of France, 282;
meeting of _N._ and Mme. de Stael at house of, 298;
pecuniary losses, 301;
on the aims of the coalition of 1813, 400;
spreads alarming reports, iv. 51;
on the Spanish situation, 51, 52;
royalist intrigues of, 51, 106, 107, 113;
member of the Empress-regent's council, 106;
Murat's and Lannes's characterizations of, 107;
desires a violent death for the Emperor, 107;
opposes the departure of the Empress from Paris, 107;
_N.'s_ knowledge of his duplicity, 107, 108;
on the Empress's flight from Paris, 108;
Dalberg's characterization of, 107, 108;
simulated flight from Paris, 112;
interview with Prince Orloff, 112;
sends a "blank check" to Alexander, 113;
at peace council in Paris, 114;
gives adherence to Louis XVIII, 113;
negotiates with Nesselrode, 113;
member of the executive commission, 114;
learns of Marmont's defection, 125;
remonstrates with Alexander against the regency, 125;
suspected complicity in plots to assassinate _N._, 138;
negotiates secret treaty between France, England, and Austria, 145;
influence at the Congress of Vienna, 144, 145;
double intrigues of, 148, 149, 153;
ignores Russian and English protests, 153;
attainted, 157;
_N._ appeals to, 165;
at Carlsbad, 224;
returns to Paris, 224;
reception by Louis XVIII, 224;
resumes active functions, 224;
on the secret of empire, 250;
his value in European politics, 251;
correspondence with--French, ambassador at London, ii. 284;
Grenville, Lord, 143;
Napoleon, 34, 49, 361; iii. 18, 117;
Nesselrode, Count, iv. 106;
_character:_ ambition, iii. 96; iv. 106;
brilliancy, ii. 33; iii. 65;
capacity for intrigue, ii. 49, 130; iv. 51, 106, 108, 112, 148, 153;
diplomatic and political ability, ii. 33, 131, 346; iii. 65, 95, 133;
duplicity, ii. 33-35, 130-132; iv. 107;
gaming passion, ii. 33;
greed 131;
learning, 33;
licentiousness, 33, 131;
self-interest, iii. 193, 197, 253, 381;
treachery, 193, 197; iv. 106;
unscrupulousness, ii. 33, 35, 212; iv. 107, 138;
venality, ii. 34, 131, 265, 390, 391, 403; iii. 81, 94, 125; iv. 251;
versatility, ii. 33.

=Talleyrand, Mme.=, Pius VII refuses to receive, ii. 326.

=Tallien, J. L.=, opposes Robespierre, i. 251;
social life in Paris, 290;
influence for _N._, 296;
favors appointment of _N._ as Convention general, 299;
marriage, 315.

=Tallien, Mme.=, "the goddess of Thermidor," i. 290;
_N.'s_ social intercourse with, 291;
matrimonial experiences, 315.

=Talma, F. J.=, i. 319;
accompanies _N._ to Erfurt, iii. 174;
_N.'s_ intimacy with, iv. 250.

=Tanaro=, _N._ at taking of, i. 255.

=Tanaro, River=, the country of the, ii. 178.

=Taranto=, embargo on, ii. 287;
creation of hereditary duchy of, 396;
Macdonald created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Macdonald=.

=Tarentum=, Soult's force at, ii. 204.

=Tarragona=, captured by Suchet, iii. 377.

=Tarutino=, Kutusoff takes position at, iii. 350.

=Tarvis=, capture of, i. 433.

=Tatars=, characteristics of the, iii. 9.

=Tatary=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95.

=Tauenzien, Gen.=, battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18;
during the Waterloo campaign, 172.

=Tauroggen=, Convention of, iii. 385, 395.

=Taxation=, Necker's problems of, i. 98;
exemption of privileged classes from, 98, 100, 105;
conditions of, at outbreak of the Revolution, 101-106;
the stamp tax, 106;
the land-tax, 105, 106;
outbreak against, at Auxonne, 111;
demand for equality of, in Corsica, 116, 117;
reform of the system of, ii. 134, 220.

=Tchitchagoff, Adm.=, joins Tormassoff, iii. 350;
pursuit of the French army by, 358, 366, 383;
hopes of capturing _N._, 367;
description of _N._, 367;
captures Borrissoff, 367, 368;
driven out of Borrissoff, 368;
at the crossing of the Beresina, 370;
blamed by Kutusoff and Wittgenstein, 374, 375;
bad generalship of, 375, 383.

=Tchernicheff, Gen.=, commanding Army of the North, iv. 2.

=Telnitz=, fighting at, ii. 385, 386.

="Templars, The,"= by Raynouard, ii. 350.

=Temple, the=, the royal family imprisoned in the, i. 175.

=Tenda Pass=, captured by the French, i. 243, 256;
_N.'s_ entertainment for Mme. Turreau at, 256.

=Teplitz=, Louis's flight to, iii. 276;
Bennigsen reaches, iv. 22.

=Terror, the=, i. 250-252, 266, 272, 314, 333; iv. 262;
fears of a revival of, ii. 92.

=Terrorists, the=, growing influence of, ii. 93;
assassination schemes among, 239.

=Testamentary rights=, under the Code, ii. 224.

=Tettenborn, Gen.=, relieves Hamburg, iii. 402.

=Texel, the=, Marmont ordered to Mainz from, ii. 362.

=Thann=, battle of, iii. 210.

=Tharandt=, Klenau's march to Dresden from, iv. 10.

=Themistocles=, his refuge with the Persians, iv. 227;
_N._ draws parallel between his case and that of, 227.

=Thermidorians, the=, i. 252;
prominent members of, 254;
adopt Roman systems, 269, 270, 271;
establish the Directory, 271;
anger the people of Paris, 273.

=Thielemann, Gen.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172;
at Wavre, 194.

=Third Coalition, the=, ii. 354 et seq.;
Prussia induced to join, 376, 377;
rout of the allies at Austerlitz, 388;
destruction of its strength and morale, 388.

=Third Estate, the=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101;
constitution of, 108;
assumes to represent the nation, 108;
forces a junction with the two upper Estates, 108;
Sieyes's pamphlet on the, 107;
_N.'s_ care for, iv. 258, 261.

=Third Republic=, the constitution of the, i. 267.

=Thirty Years' War=, Richelieu's policy at close of the, ii. 264.

=Thome=, alleges attempt to stab _N._, ii. 116.

=Thonberg=, _N._ at, iv. 32.

=Thorn=, siege of, iii. 2;
French occupation of, 12;
military movements near, 13;
_N._ in, 331;
French military stores in, 333.

=Thought=, influence on the social life of the world, ii. 46.

=Thouvenot, Gen.=, service in Spain, iii. 283.

=Three Emperors, Fight of the=, ii. 391.

=Thugut, Count=, greed for territorial aggrandizement, i. 325;
determines on Italian conquest, 425, 426;
opens negotiations at Leoben, 436;
warns Gen. Clarke to keep away from Vienna, 452; ii. 42;
not deceived by treaty of Campo Formio, 22;
Paul I demands his dismissal, 142;
repudiates St. Julien's negotiations, 188;
overthrow of, 189.

=Thuin=, military operations at, iv. 173.

=Thumery, Marquis of=, suspected of plotting against _N._, ii. 303.

=Thuringia=, military movements in, ii. 427.

=Tiber, River=, military operations on the, i. 421.

=Ticino, River=, military operations on the, i. 358; ii. 173.

=Tierney, G.=, on England's attitude toward France, ii. 144.

=Tilly, Count=, _N.'s_ letter to, Aug. 7, 1794, i. 253.

=Tilsit=, Bennigsen crosses the Niemen at, iii. 31;
meeting of the Emperors at, 34-65, 93;
treaty of, 34, 35, 54, 60, 63-66, 69, 72, 95, 97, 99, 104-110,
116-120, 132, 166-172, 177, 245, 248, 255, 265, 294, 304, 309,
313, 314, 328;
neutralization of, 42;
reasons leading to the peace of, 44 et seq.;
Queen Louisa at, 44, 57-62;
French representatives at, 49;
fraternizing of Russia and France at, 49-53;
decoration of the Russian grenadier at, 63;
_N.'s_ position at, 179;
Macdonald reaches, 384.

="Times," the= (London), on the allies' capture of Paris, iv. 108.

=Tissot, Dr.=, _N.'s_ letter to, i. 84.

=Tobacco=, establishment of state monopoly in, iii. 304.

=Toledo=, Dupont's forces near, iii. 156.

=Tolentino=, treaty of, i. 350, 421; ii. 326.

=Toll, Gen.=, meets Alexander I after Austerlitz, ii. 388;
proposes concentration of the allied forces, iv. 89;
advises movement on Paris, 98.

=Tolosa=, French forces at, iii. 183.

=Tolstoi, Gen.=, _See_ =Ostermann-Tolstoi=.

=Torbay=, the "Bellerophon" at, iv. 221, 226.

=Torcy=, battle at, iv. 86;
military operations at, 90.

=Torgau=, Saxon troops withdrawn from, iii. 407;
French occupation of, iv. 2;
Ney driven into, 19;
battle of, 267.

=Tormassoff, Gen.=, confronted by Schwarzenberg, iii. 342;
joined by Tchitchagoff, 351.

=Torres Vedras=, the lines of, iii. 285.

=Tortona=, surrendered to France, i. 355;
_N._ at, 453;
scheme to relieve Massena via, ii. 169;
the key of Genoa, 172;
topography of the country, 177, 178;
the Consular Guard at, 178.

=Tortugas, the=, death of Leclerc in, ii. 237.

=Touche, Mehee de la=, contrives Moreau's ruin, ii. 296-298;
English plots with, 330.

=Toulon=, the recovery of, for the Convention, i. 148;
military and naval preparations at, 187, 220, 221, 261; ii. 40,
47, 57, 332;
return of the Sardinian expedition to, i. 198;
anarchy in, 207, 213;
the Buonapartes in, 212;
the Buonapartes driven from, 216;
siege of, 220, 233, 289;
Marseilles refugees at, 221;
Lord Hood's seizure at, 221;
the "treason" of, 221-223;
_N._ at, 223, 240, 255, 257, 289, 307;
_N.'s_ plans for capture of, 230;
_N._ seeks mercy for rebels at, 233;
the National Convention's vengeance on, 233, 234;
massacres in, 234;
British occupation of, 239;
recapture of, 249;
news of the Terror in, 251;
English fleet driven from, 260;
the Corsican expedition leaves, 262;
_N._ at siege of, 289;
forced military loans in, 345;
departure of Egyptian expedition from, ii. 52-56;
Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, 57;
_N._ sails from Alexandria for, 82;
failure of Villeneuve's expedition from, 333;
_N._ orders the Spanish fleet to, iii. 71.

=Toulouse=, Soult thrown back on, iv. 81;
defeat of Soult at, 147.

=Tournon, the Chamberlain de=, mission to Spain, iii. 128.

=Tours=, the French garrison at, iv. 118.

=Trachenberg=, military council at, iv. 6.

=Trade=, condition at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101.

=Trafalgar=, _N.'s_ reception of the news of, ii. 334;
battle of, 373-376; iii. 47;
effect in France, ii. 394;
_N.'s_ reply to, ii. 441;
the lesson of, 264.

=Trannes=, military movements near, iv. 60, 89.

=Transpadane Republic, the=, i. 367, 400, 402, 428;
question of a constitution for the, ii. 10.

=Trasimenus=, creation of the department of, iii. 262, 263.

=Traun, River=, military movements on the, iii. 211.

=Treaties=, the value of, iv. 263.
For specific treaties see the names of parties signatory
(countries or rulers) and of the places at which signed.

=Trebbia, River=, French disasters on the, ii. 83, 92.

=Treilhard, M.=, member of the Directory, ii. 92.

=Trent=, military operations near, i. 384, 409, 414;
abandoned by Vaubois, 387;
Brune advances to, ii. 192;
apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, 266;
ceded to Bavaria, 391.

=Treuenbrietzen=, Prussian pursuit of Oudinot to, iv. 14.

=Treviso=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
Mortier created Duke of, iii. 86 (_see also_ =Mortier=);
the Buonaparte family princes of, iv. 44.

=Trianon=, _N._ retires to, after the divorce, iii, 257;
the imperial court at, 301.

=Trianon Decree, the=, iii. 279.

=Tribunate, the=, ii. 126, 150-153;
constitution of, 241;
opposition to _N._ in, 242, 243;
secret sessions of, 247;
new method of electing to, 247;
form of addressing the First Consul in, 293;
Carnot remonstrates in, against adulation of _N._, 295;
independence of, 320;
initiates the imperial movement, 321;
condition under the imperial constitution of 1804, 322;
destruction of, iii. 82;
compared with the English Parliament, 83;
its functions, 83.

=Tricolor=, Louis XVI, adopts the, i. 109;
_N.'s_ scheme to unfurl, in Corsica, 122;
insult to, in Naples, 192.

=Triest=, _N._ threatens to seize, i. 404;
seized by _N._, 434;
reoccupied by Austria, 435;
rise of, 447;
importations of English goods at, iii. 165;
ceded to France, 239;
England's loss of trade with, 272;
basis of possible Oriental operations, 331;
French occupation of, 423;
_N._ offers the city to Austria, 424.

=Trinidad=, retained by England, ii. 211, 262;
ceded to England, 332.

=Triple Alliance, the=, iv. 21, 76, 295.

=Triumphal Arch, Paris=, erection of the, iii. 74.

=Tronchet=, on committee to draft the Code, ii. 222.

=Troyes=, recall of the Parliament to Paris from, i. 106;
battle of, iv. 60;
military movements near, 60, 68, 72-76, 86, 88-91, 95, 104, 105.

=Truchsess-Waldburg, Count=, Prussian commissioner at Fontainebleau,
iv. 134;
_N.'s_ attitude toward, 134;
allegations concerning _N.'s_ physical ailments, 139, 168.

=Tudela=, French success at, iii. 156;
scheme of operations at, 158;
Spanish forces near, 184, 185.

=Tuileries, the=, the mob at, i. 176;
the carnage at, 178;
Robespierre orders the destruction of, 251;
storming of, Aug. 10, 1702, 273;
defense of, 299-303;
_N._ at, on the 18th Brumaire, ii. 105, 106;
Lannes's guard at, 108;
decoration of, 147;
rechristened "the palace of the government," 147;
_N._ takes possession of, 148;
residence of the Buonapartes at, 195, 196;
social functions at, 255, 256, 279, 327-328, 406;
consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280;
_N.'s_ interview with Lord Whitworth at, Feb. 17, 1803, 280-282;
scene between Whitworth and _N._, March 13, 1803, 281, 282;
the imperial court at, 324, 326-328;
refurnishing the, iii, 25;
social vices at, 92;
_N._ at, 110;
the divorce scandal in, 180;
the divorce decree pronounced in, 247;
imperial family life at, 323, 381;
depository of the Emperor's funds, 366, 389; iv. 50, 141;
the officers of the National Guard summoned to, 53;
flight of the Empress from, 109;
changes in the court at, 148;
_N._ reenters, 158;
struggle between royalists and imperialists at, 158;
loneliness of, 159.

=Turas=, military operations near, ii. 385.

=Turenne, Marshal=, military genius, i. 348;
_N._ compared with, 348, 349;
_N.'s_ analysis of the wars of, iv. 232, 266.

=Turin=, military operations around, i. 353, 354;
_N.'s_ influence in, 448;
Gen. Clarke's mission to, 452;
_N._ in, ii. 27;
revolutionary movements in, 39;
Bonapartist agency in, 89;
Charles Emmanuel IV invited to return to, 141;
Melas hastens to, 170, 174;
topography of country near, 178;
sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380.

=Turkey=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95;
seeks to organize its armies, 292;
France seeks alliance with, 293;
_N.'s_ plans for service in, 292, 296-298;
Austria's gaze on, 325;
_N.'s_ eye on, 424;
France's influence on, 424;
disaffection in, ii. 17;
schemes for the dismemberment of, 16, 18, 33, 42, 44, 382, 405;
iii. 37, 51, 55, 99, 105-114, 165, 169, 176, 245, 311, 313, 316;
France's justification of Egyptian schemes to, ii. 47;
_N._ seeks alliance with, 48;
refuses alliance with France, 67;
negotiations and alliances with Russia, 67, 72; iii. 51, 56, 99,
105, 322; 350;
alliance with Russia and Austria, 56;
military activity, 1799, 74;
joins the second coalition, ii. 90, 93;
checked by Franco-Russian treaty of peace (1800), 154;
defeat of, at Heliopolis, 181;
Egypt restored to, 211;
treaty between France and (1801), 211;
integrity of her boundaries, 262;
suzerainty over Ionia and Egypt, 262;
_N._ on her policy, 347;
source of discord between France and Russia, 417;
Oubril undertakes to guarantee her integrity, 417;
_N._ resolves to assert supremacy over, ii. 441;
military operations on the Dniester, 441;
_N.'s_ scheme of protectorate over, 441;
hostilities with Russia, iii. 1, 163, 236, 248, 310;
declares war against England, 20;
_N._ arranges a treaty between Persia and, 20, 21;
Austria espouses the cause of, 22;
overthrow of Selim III, 33, 51, 106, 163;
revolt of the Janizaries, 33;
alliance with France, 33;
end of Sebastiani's influence in, 33;
Russian acquisitions in, 64;
French influence in, 99;
_N._ intervenes between Russia and, 100;
terms of the agreement at Slobozia, 105;
Russia's ambition to acquire territory of, 108;
usurpation of Mustapha, iv, 162;
threatened anarchy in, 163;
reform in, 163;
threatened loss of French prestige in, 163;
accession of Mahmud II, 163;
Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, 166;
_N._ fears her alliance with Russia or England, 177;
England's trade under the flag of, 280;
Russian designs against, 309;
Austria seeks territorial aggrandizement at expense of, 316;
pivotal in European politics, 318;
_N._ endeavors to form alliance with, 322;
in grand coalition against _N._ (1813), 392;
European support of, iv. 295;
_N.'s_ influence on modern, 300.

=Turreau, Gen.=, at Mont Cenis Pass, ii. 170;
crosses Mont Cenis, 172.

=Turreau, Mme.=, _N.'s_ ghastly entertainment for, i. 256.

=Tuscany=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27-29;
favors the French Revolution, 262;
peace between France and, 262;
withdraws from the coalition (1795), 324;
military operations against, 357-421;
French proposition to revolutionize, 373;
treaty with France, Jan. 11, 1797, 410;
plunder of, ii. 16;
involved in Italian quarrels, 87;
France acquires temporary possession of, 87;
_N.'s_ bad faith with, 144;
Austrian occupation of, 160, 170, 182;
reinforcements for Melas from, 170;
creation of kingdom of, 205;
British ships driven from harbors of, 287;
the situation in, iii. 118;
ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, 264;
Elisa created Grand Duchess of, 279.
_See also_ =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=.

=Tuscany, the Grand Duke of=, i. 345;
flees to Vienna, ii, 87;
loses his territory, 193;
territories acquired by, 266.

=Tutschkoff, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15.

=Twelfth Light Dragoons=, at the battle of Waterloo, iv. 211.

=Two-Cent Revolt, the=, i. 79.

=Two Sicilies, the=, i. 421.

=Tyrol, the=, the road to Vienna through, i. 342;
military operations in, 371-373, 383-387, 392, 414, 431, 433-436;
ii. 367, 380; iii. 201, 212, 213, 234;
_N.'s_ unsuccessful attempt to conciliate its people, i. 385;
loyalty to Austria, 409;
the insurrection in, 436;
Kray's retreat to, cut off, ii. 166;
Iller commanding in the, 188;
Soult cuts off the Austrian retreat to, 366;
Ney sweeps the Austrians from, 380;
_N._ threatens to seize, 389;
ceded by Austria to Bavaria, 391;
insurrection ripe in, iii. 195;
Archduke John to excite revolt in, 199;
rising against Bavarian rule, 201;
repression of priestly tyranny in, 201;
revolution against bondage in, 201;
characteristics of its people, 201;
Maximilian's reforms in, 201;
guerrilla warfare in, 210, 234;
abandoned by Archduke John, 211;
its people abused by _N._, 213;
French evacuation of, 225;
rising in, 234;
French invasion of, 241;
effects of the armistice of Znaim, 241;
reduced to submission, 241;
amnesty offered by Prince Eugene, 241;
opened to the allies, iv. 56.

U

=Ucciani=, _N.'s_ escape to, i. 203.

=Udine=, congress at, ii. 20.

=Ulm=, Austrian retreat to, ii. 168;
Austrian troops in sight of, 363;
the French at, 363-365;
the capitulation at, 366, 367;
concentration of troops in, iii. 203.

="Undaunted," the=, _N._ sails for Elba on, iv. 140.

=United Irishmen=, misunderstanding between the Directory and the,
ii. 67.

=United States, the=, constitutional government in, i. 152;
the French idea of the system of government in, 269;
Talleyrand's residence in, ii. 33;
Talleyrand's views on, 33, 34;
mission concerning protection of commerce, 34;
treaty of commerce with England, 1794, 212;
arrogance of the Directory toward, 211, 212;
imbroglio with France, 212;
suspension of diplomatic relations with France, 212;
commercial convention with France, 212;
neutrality declaration, 1793, 212;
Jerome Buonaparte's residence in, 257;
events leading to the war of 1812, 288, 289; iii. 274;
purchases Louisiana, ii. 289, 332; iv. 300;
_N.'s_ relations with, and influence on, ii. 289; iii. 101, 275;
iv. 300;
Carnot's comparison of France with, ii. 321;
Moreau's banishment to, 299;
commercial rivalry with England, iii. 46;
British claim of right of search, 47, 48;
effect of British "orders in council" upon, 47;
ocean commerce, 48;
authorizes reprisals, 48;
French attacks on commerce of, seizures of vessels, etc., 49, 273,
274, 296, 321, 322;
rising naval power, 49;
liberty of testamentary disposition in, 85;
English provisions concerning the carrying trade of, 100-102;
permitted to trade direct with Sweden, 100, 101;
_N._ attempts to force them into the French system, 101, 102;
decline of trade with England, 102;
Jefferson's administration, 101, 102;
agricultural policy of the Democrats, 101, 102;
the embargo, 102, 274, 275;
the war of 1812, 102, 322;
policy of the Federalists, 102;
the Non-intervention Act, 102;
indispensability of cotton in Europe, 266;
"neutralized" commerce of, 267;
proposal that Louis XVIII acquire a kingdom in, 271;
alleged seizure of French vessels by, 274;
the Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809, 274;
prohibition of commercial intercourse with England and France, 274;
seizure of ships by England, 275;
Lucien attempts to escape to, 277;
chafing under restrictions of commerce, 318;
crippled commerce of, 321;
declares war against England, 378;
naval successes of, 378;
Moreau summoned from, 407; iv. 2;
_N._ plans escape to, 219, 220;
Hamilton's treasury system, 259;
the independence of, 261;
the war for independence, 297;
wars with England, 300, 301;
popular interest in _N._ in, 300, 301;
expansion of constitutional law, 301;
growth of, 301;
_N.'s_ influence in, 301;
the slavery question in, 301.
_See also_ =America=.

=University of Berlin=, iii. 103.

=University of France=, ii. 228; iii. 89.

=Ural Mountains=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.

=Urbino=, annexed to Italy, iii. 68, 118.

=Uscha, River=, military operations on the, iii. 340.

=Ussher, Capt.=, conveys _N._ to Elba in the "Undaunted," iv. 140, 141.

=Usury=, the curse and its cure in France, ii. 219; iii. 76, 77.

=Utizy=, military movements near, iii. 344.

V

=Valais=, declared an independent commonwealth, ii. 233;
Chateaubriand French representative in, 260;
scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266;
separated from Switzerland, 278;
independence of, 278;
annexed to the French empire, 278.

=Valeggio=, _N.'s_ narrow escape at, i. 393.

=Valencay=, the Spanish captives at, iii. 148, 168, 261.

=Valence=, _N._ joins his regiment at, i. 67;
_N.'s_ life at, and visits to, i. 66-82, 125, 134, 141, 145, 149,
150, 154-158, 184, 223;
the garrison at, and people of, 143;
obsequies of Mirabeau at, 153, 154;
friends of the Constitution in, 155;
reception of _N._ and Elisa at, 184;
occupied by Carteaux, 215;
death of Pius VI at, ii. 39;
burial of Pius VI at, 216;
meeting of _N._ and Augereau near, iv. 138.

=Valencia=, massacre of the French at, iii. 154;
Moncey advances on, 156;
French defeat before, 159;
captured by Suchet, 289;
temporary French government at, 377.

=Valenciennes=, evacuation of, i. 222.

=Valenza=, military operations near, i. 358.

=Valetta=, French plot to seize, ii. 18;
the sword of, given to Paul I, 154.

=Valjouan=, Victor drives the Austrians from, iv. 71.

=Valladolid=, captured by the French, iii. 132;
French success near, 156;
French communications at, 157;
_N._ at, Jan. 6, 1809, 189.

=Valmaseda=, Blake driven back to, iii. 184.

=Valmy=, defeat of the allies at, i. 194.

=Valtellina, the=, quarrel between the Grisons and, ii. 11;
incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 40.

=Vandamme, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386-388;
dread of _N._, iii. 93;
in battle of Eckmuehl, 209;
at Linz, 216, 225;
relieved by Lefebvre, 225;
strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324;
commanding division in Eugene's army, 393;
junction of Danish troops with, 407;
captures Hamburg, 407;
goes to Davout's assistance, 413;
in battle of Dresden, iv. 8-10;
at Pirna, 8-10;
pursues the allies, 10;
battle of Kulm, 15;
captured at Kulm, 15;
character, 15;
in the Waterloo campaign, 169-173;
advances toward Fleurus, 180;
battle of Ligny, 181.

=Vandeleur, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210.

=Vanne, River=, iv. 105.

=Var, River=, military operations on the, ii. 160, 165, 170, 171, 174.

=Vatican=, relations of Paoli with the, i. 16.

=Vauban=, disgrace of, i. 332;
eulogized by Carnot, 333.

=Vaubois, Gen.=, service in the Alps, i. 347;
defeated by Davidowich, 387, 388, 392;
service in Egypt, ii. 53.

=Vauchamps=, battle of, iv. 64.

=Vaud=, revolutionary outbreak in, ii. 27, 40;
French intervention in, 40;
Alexander forbids the restoration of, iv. 68.

=Vaux=, submission of Carlo Buonaparte to, i. 31.

=Venaissin, the=, annexed to France, i. 422.

=Vendee, la=, civil war, massacres, and royalist plots in, i. 207,
213, 222, 234, 249, 276, 305, 325, 449; ii. 91, 143, 146, 240,
241; iv. 102, 166, 218;
reinforcements for the Army of Italy from, i. 387;
_N._ conciliates, ii. 146;
revulsion of feeling against the Bourbons in, iv. 146;
_N._ seeks to rouse imperial feeling in, 220.

=Vendemiaire=, the 13th of, 301-305; ii. 22.

=Vendetta, the=, i. 10-15.

=Vendome, Column of=, erection of the, iii. 74;
placard on the, iv. 158.

=Venetia=, neutrality violated by Beaulieu, i. 361;
jealousy between Venice and other towns of, 427;
coveted by Austria, 428;
the revolutionary movement in, 436;
the mainland ceded to Austria, 438;
the oligarchy of, 444;
French military operations in, ii. 13;
France's acquisitions in, 21;
incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 21;
plunder of, 38;
surrender to Austria, 38;
_N._ threatens to seize, 389;
incorporated with Italy, 395, 405;
admitted to the Concordat, iii. 118.
_See also_ =Venice=.

=Venetian Alps=, road to Vienna through the, i. 342.

=Venetian Republic=, political status in 1796, i. 345.

=Venice=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95;
Austria's ambitions in, 325, 424; ii. 357, 363;
military operations against (1796), i. 357;
Beaulieu violates neutrality of, 371-373;
treaty with Austria, 371;
decadence and downfall of, 371, 451;
at _N.'s_ mercy, 373;
resents violations of territory, 401;
_N.'s_ violation of neutrality of, 427;
the humiliation of, 427-429;
the Golden Book of, 428, 429, 436;
pillage in, 427, 445; ii. 16;
Kilmaine's military watch on, i. 431;
revolution in, 435, 445-447;
concludes negotiations with _N._, 436-438;
acquires Bologna, Ferrara, and the Romagna, 438;
_N._ forbidden to interfere with, 441;
loss of independence, 441-446;
fires on French ship, 443;
_N._ "an Attila to," 443;
_N._ declares war against, 443;
the oligarchy of, 444;
attempts to bribe _N._, 445;
treaty between France and (1797), 446;
the new republic of, 446;
loses independence, 446, 447;
French occupation of, 445-447;
letter from _N._ to the provisional government, 447;
_N.'s_ characterization of the Venetians, 447;
_N._ offers the republic to Austria, 446;
_N._ reproached for the overthrow of, ii. 5;
Lallemant's propaganda in, 10, 11;
Junot's demands on the senate, 11;
dismemberment of, 16;
the Directory's ambition for the conquest of, 16;
ceded to Austria, 21;
the last doge of, 24;
destruction of the "Bucentaur" at, 24;
destruction of naval stores at, 24;
seeks to continue war with Austria, 24;
dragged into war by _N._, 144;
election of Pius VII at, 206;
_N._ threatens to seize, 361;
surrendered to France, 391;
Pius VII refuses to extend the Concordat to, iii. 68;
ceded to France, 109;
appropriations for the harbor, 109;
_N._ at, Nov., 1808, 128;
interview between Joseph and _N._ at, 129-132;
basis of possible Oriental operations, 332.
_See also_ =Venetia=; =Venetian Republic=.

=Ventimiglia=, seized by Massena, i. 243.

=Vercelli=, Melas proposes to attack _N._ via, ii. 174.

=Verdier=, success at Logrono, iii. 156;
occupies Aragon, 155.

=Verdun=, abandoned by the enemy, i. 186;
imperial troops at, iv. 102.

=Verhuel=, Dutch commissioner to Paris, ii. 397.

=Verona=, _N._ at, i. 399;
French occupation of, 372;
military operations near, 379, 380, 388-392, 410-414;
insurrection in, 436, 442, 443;
disarmament of, 442.

=Veronese Vespers, the=, i. 436, 442.

=Versailles=, meetings of the Estates at, i. 96, 107;
luxury in, 151;
the Parisian mob at, 151;
prison massacres in, 188;
Macdonald's guard at, ii. 108;
_N._ retires to, after his divorce, iii. 257;
Souham delivers his army prisoners at, iv. 126, 127.

=Vicenza=, military operations before, i. 387;
creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.

=Victor, Gen. C. P.=, attacks Provera at La Favorita, i. 415;
watches Rome, 431;
reinforces Lannes at Casteggio, ii. 176;
commanding corps at Marengo, 176-182;
service in the Army of England, 291;
battle of Heilsberg, iii. 29;
battle of Friedland, 30-32;
created Duke of Belluno, 86;
yearly income, 87;
character, 93;
_N.'s_ opinion of, 93;
at Amurrio, 183;
defeated by Wellesley at Talavera, 236;
strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324;
ordered to advance east from the Niemen, 347;
in retreat from Moscow, 359 et seq.;
effects junction with Saint-Cyr, 361;
checks Wittgenstein, 361;
abandons Vitebsk, 361;
driven back, 366;
at the crossing of the Beresina, 366-372;
ordered to hold back Wittgenstein, 369;
defeated by Wittgenstein at Borrissoff, 369;
division commander under Eugene, 393;
in campaign of 1813, 402;
relieves Glogau, 413;
battle of Dresden, iv. 8-10;
guarding roads from Bohemia, 18;
battle of Leipsic, 28, 31, 32;
assigned to defense of the Rhine, 54;
ordered to Nogent, 62;
junction with Macdonald at Montereau, 64;
abandons Nogent, 64;
driven back to Nangis, 65;
drives the Austrians from Valjouan, 71;
fails to capture Montereau, 71-73;
moral exhaustion of, 71-73;
degraded, but restored to favor, 72;
commanding portion of the Young Guard, 72;
battle of Craonne, 78.

=Victor Amadeus=, king of Sardinia, i. 244, 352;
guards Lombardy, 342;
checkmated by _N._, 355;
death of, 336;
relationship to Louis XVIII, 355, 356.

="Victory," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 373, 374.

=Vienna=, plans for French advance on, i. 385;
Austria opposes _N.'s_ advance to, 426;
combined movements on, 430 et seq.;
the peace party in, 437;
rejoicing in, at treaty of Leoben, 439;
Gen. Clarke's mission to, 451;
rejoicings in, over treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 22;
Gen. Clarke forbidden to enter, 42;
dread of revolutionary sentiment in, 42;
attack on the French embassy (1798), 43;
flight of Ferdinand III to, 87;
_N.'s_ plans to subdue, 163;
_N._ sends peace commissioner to, 186;
court intrigues at, 189;
Moreau advances toward, 192;
Stuart British envoy to, 302;
_N._ threatens, 361, 378;
French treachery at, 369;
the French enter, 367-369, 378;
Talleyrand at, 382;
Pozzo di Borgo's mission at, ii. 445;
Andreossy's mission at, 443;
French influence in, iii. 22;
decree of, May 17, 1809, 118;
belligerent tone at, 165, 178, 193, 195;
effect of _N.'s_ and Alexander's remonstrances at, 167, 168;
Metternich goes to, 193;
defensive measures for, 203;
_N.'s_ march on, after Eckmuehl, 212;
capitulation of, 212;
_N.'s_ characterization of its inhabitants, 213;
Charles's plan to free, 216;
proposed French retreat toward, 222;
_N.'s_ army around, 226;
consternation at rumored Franco-Russian marriage, 251;
French soldiers nursed in, 254;
marriage of Maria Louisa at, 254-257;
pro-Russian party in, 313, 314;
characterization of _N._ in, 415;
England's diplomacy in, 417;
Francis fears a French invasion of, iv. 3;
Congress of, 144, 145, 162, 164;
news of _N.'s_ escape in, 162.

=Vienna Coalition, the=, iv. 164, 251.

=Vigo=, Villeneuve at, ii. 359.

=Villach=, _N._ enters Germany at, i, 434;
Eugene and Macdonald at, iii. 217.

=Villanova=, military operations at, i. 389.

=Villefranche=, expedition against Corsica from, i. 189.

=Villeneuve=, _N._ at, iv. 105.

=Villeneuve, Adm.=, in the battle of the Nile, ii. 63;
commanding at Toulon, 332;
proposed naval expedition for, 333;
escapes from Toulon, and returns, 333;
ordered to the West Indies, 334;
character, 333, 358, 371-375;
returns to European waters, 358;
his combined fleet at Ferrol and Corunna, 359;
at Vigo, 359;
disheartened, 359;
dissatisfied with his fleet, 359, 371, 372;
encounter with Calder, 359, 371;
ordered to relieve Rochefort and Brest, 359;
retreats to Cadiz, 359, 370, 371;
fails to appear in the Channel, 362;
chased by Nelson to the West Indies and back, 370;
retreat to Ferrol, 371;
orders for Mediterranean cruise, 372;
remonstrates against his orders, 372;
_N._ prepares to supersede, 372;
tries to evade disgrace, 372;
battle of Trafalgar, 373-375;
interview with _N._, 375;
his suicide, 375.