Chapter XXII: Napoleon's Place in History (11)

=Ney, Marshal Michel=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;
in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191;
occupies Switzerland, 234, 272;
service in the Army of England, 291;
execution of, 300;
joins _N._ at Waterloo, 300;
created marshal, 323;
plan for his invasion of Ireland, 335;
character, 364; iii. 93;
holds the bridge at Guenzenburg, ii. 366;
victory at Leoben, 368;
clears the enemy from the Tyrol, 380;
at Bayreuth, 428;
in battle of Jena, 430-432;
invests Magdeburg, 436;
at Neidenburg, iii. 4;
strength in Poland, 7;
threatens Koenigsberg, 9;
reprimanded by _N._, 8;
retreats from Heilsberg, 10;
pursued by Bennigsen, 10;
escapes to Gilgenburg, 10;
in Eylau campaign, 15;
battle of Heilsberg, 29;
movements on the Passarge, 28;
battle of Friedland, 30;
created Duke of Elchingen, 86;
yearly income, 87, 296;
_N.'s_ opinion of, 93;
quarrel with Tolstoi, 108;
at Logrono, 183;
moves against Castanos, 185;
lack of vigor of movement, 185;
movement against Madrid, 186;
stationed at Astorga, 188;
in Leon, 283;
strength, March, 1812, 324;
advances on Duenaburg, 336;
battle of Smolensk, 339;
reckless pursuit after Smolensk, 339;
battle of Borodino, 343;
"the bravest of the brave," 359;
hero of the retreat from Moscow, 359, 363;
letter to Berthier, Nov. 5, 1812, 361;
junction with Eugene, 364;
"A marshal of the Empire has never surrendered," 364;
perilous retreat from Smolensk, 364;
his most brilliant deed of arms, 364;
crosses the Dnieper, 364;
at the crossing of the Beresina, 366, 370;
reaches Vilna, 373;
in campaign of 1813, 403;
battle of Luetzen, 404;
battle of Bautzen, 411;
beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413;
confronts Bluecher at the Bober, iv. 7;
battle of Dresden, 9;
supersedes Oudinot, 17;
battle of Dennewitz, 18, 19;
driven into Torgau, 19;
letter to _N._, Sept. 7, 1813, 20;
battle of Leipsic, 32;
on the allies' march on Paris, 40;
moves from Sezanne against Bluecher, 62;
commanding the Young Guard, 72;
battle of Craonne, 78;
battle of Laon, 79;
moves up the Aube, 91;
battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 92;
courage, 104;
at council at St. Dizier, 104;
strength after the surrender of Paris, 118;
at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau, 117;
treasonable utterance at Fontainebleau, 119;
demands the Emperor's abdication, 120;
voices the disaffection of the army, 122;
on commission to present abdication to the Czar, 123, 124;
transfers his allegiance, 129;
returns to Paris, 131;
resents royalist affronts to his wife, 148;
rejoins Napoleon at Auxerre, 157;
recreated marshal, 167;
in the Waterloo campaign, 172;
dispute concerning his orders, 176;
ordered to Quatre Bras, 176, 180, 185;
moves to Gosselies, 176;
interview with _N._, 179;
battle of Quatre Bras, 180-188;
at Frasnes, 184, 189;
_N._ determines to join, 186;
_N.'s_ despatch to, June 17, 1815, 186;
_N.'s_ indignation at, 187;
moves to cooeperate with _N._, 189;
battle of Waterloo, 196, 200-210;
insubordinate spirit, 205;
commanding the Guard, 208;
at Quatre Bras, 213;
contrasted with Desaix, 213;
at Eylau, 213;
imprisoned and condemned to death, 223.

=Nice=, _N._ at, i. 209, 240, 244, 248, 253, 307, 339;
inadequate works at, 214;
the Buonapartes at, 244;
news of the Terror in, 252;
France's ambition to gain, 276, 327;
lost to Sardinia, 352;
proposal that France should keep, iv. 41.

=Niemen, River, the=, military movements on, iii. 31, 336, 341, 373, 384;
meeting of the sovereigns on, iii. 39 et seq.;
Prussian territory on, 63;
French advance from the Vistula to, 337;
French advance to the Dwina from, 337.

=Nile, River, the=, the campaign on, ii. 59 et seq.;
Mamelukes drowned in, 60;
battle of, 61-66, 81, 370.

=Nimes=, alarm among the Protestants of, iv. 147.

=Niort=, enthusiasm for the fallen Emperor at, iv. 218.

=Nivelles=, military operations near, iv. 171, 178;
topography of, 195, 196.

=Nivose=, the Plot of, ii. 239-241.

=Nobilles, Comte de=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107.

=Nobility of France, the=, loss of its feudal power, i. 100;
privileges, and assumptions of privileges of, 105, 109;
yielding of privileges by, 109;
flight of, 109, 142 (_see also_ =Emigrants=).

=Noble Guard=, institution of a, iv. 148;
abolition of the, 137.

=Nogara=, military operation near, i. 410.

=Nogent=, Victor ordered to, iv. 62;
_N._ at, 62, 74;
abandoned by Victor, 64;
Souham's forces at, 102;
abdication proposed to the Emperor at, 120.

=Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809=, iii. 274.

=Non-intervention Act, the=, iii. 102.

=Nordhalben=, Davout at, ii. 428.

=Nordhausen=, military movements near, ii. 434.

=Noerdlingen=, the French position at, ii. 365;
capture of Werneck's division at, 367.

=Normandy=, unrest in, i. 222;
Marmont's troops to withdraw into, iv. 120.

=North=, proposed League of the, ii. 418.

=North Cape=, a boundary of the Continental System, iii. 280.

=North German Confederation=, proposed organization of, ii. 418-421, 422.
_See also_ =Confederation of the Rhine=.

=North Sea=, proposed French expedition to, ii. 334;
part of the coast incorporated into the French Empire, iii. 278,
287, 294.

="Northumberland,"= the, conveys _N._ to St. Helena, iv. 227.

=Norway=, lost to Denmark, iii. 70;
subordination to Denmark, 280;
in vassalage to France, 280;
offered by Alexander to Sweden, 281, 314, 320, 324;
Bernadotte's ambition to acquire, 281, 399;
in possession of Denmark, iii. 282;
Russian troops for the conquest of, 350;
struggle with Sweden, iv. 164.

=Nossen=, defeat of the Saxons by the Black Legion at, iii. 234.

=Notables of France=, ii. 126;
abolition of the list of, 247.

=Notre Dame Cathedral=, service in honor of the Concordat at, ii. 215;
_N.'s_ coronation in, 341-345.

=Novi=, battle of, ii. 83, 92, 96;
military operations near, ii. 178.

=Nuits=, _N._ visits, i. 146;
society in, 146.

=Nyon=, Carnot's concealment at, ii. 27.

O

"=Oberon=," iii. 175.

=Ocana=, battle of, iii. 287, 288.

=Ochs, Peter=, republican propagandist in Switzerland, ii. 40.

=Oder, River, the=, proposed surrender to _N._ of forts on, iii. 178;
threatened expulsion of the French from, 416;
military movements on, iv. 3;
French garrisons on, 35.

"=Oedipe=," performed at Erfurt, iii. 172.

=Offenburg=, reputed emigrant conspirators in, ii. 302;
Caulaincourt's expedition to, 304.

=Officialdom=, popular hatred of, i. 105.

=Offingen=, the French position at, ii. 365.

=Oglio, River, the=, Beaulieu retreats behind, i. 361;
Austria's boundary in Venetia, 438;
Scherer driven behind, ii. 88.

=O'Hara, Gen.=, captured before Toulon, i. 229.

=Old Castile=, French occupation of, iii. 155.

=Oldenburg=, proposal to include in North German Confederation, ii. 418;
scheme to incorporate with France, iii. 266;
Alexander I reserves his family rights over, 288;
Alexander offers to exchange, for Erfurt, 288;
incorporated in the French Empire, 310, 328;
proposal that France evacuate, 407;
restored to its former ruler, iv. 40.

=Oldenburg, Duke of=, marries Grand Duchess Catherine, iii. 181, 278;
dethroned, 278, 307;
proposed allotment of territory to, 409.

=Old Guard, the=, battle of Leipsic, iv. 27, 33;
moves against Bluecher from Sezanne, 61;
_N._ reviews them at Fontainebleau, 117;
_N._ takes leave of, 135;
reduction of the pay of, 148;
in battle of Waterloo, 205, 208.
_See also_ =Imperial Guard=.

=Ollioules=, capture and recapture of, i. 225.

=Olmuetz=, military operations near, ii. 379, 382.

=Olsusieff, Gen.=, annihilated by Marmont at Champaubert, iv. 63.

=O'Meara, Edward=, publisher of an Elban MS., i. 177;
_N.'s_ declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311;
_N.'s_ conversations with, 441;
physician to _N._, iv. 232;
assists _N._ on his history, 232;
dismissed by Lowe, 232.

=Oneglia=, Massena's advance through, i. 243;
French troops in the valley of, 244;
_N.'s_ service at, 245, 255.

=Oporto=, seizure of the French governor of, iii. 122;
bishop of, applies to England for help, 122;
occupied by Soult, 286.

=Oppin=, Bernadotte at, iv. 28.

=Orange, House of=, indemnity to, for loss of power, ii. 262.

=Orange, the Prince of=, recalled to Holland, iv. 40;
in Waterloo campaign, 172, 176;
at the Duchess of Richmond's ball, 178;
battle of Quatre Bras, 180.

=Orcha=, military movements near, iii. 364.

=Ordener, Gen.=, leads expedition to Ettenheim, and arrests the Duc
d'Enghien, ii. 304.

=Ore Mountains=, contemplated operations in the, iv. 8;
retreat of the allies toward, 12.

=Orezza=, _N._ at, i. 126, 160;
meeting of the constituent assembly at, 131-134.

=Orgon=, attempt to assassinate _N._ at, iv. 138.

=Oriani, Comte B.=, _N.'s_ statement to, i. 369.

="Orient," the=, sunk in Aboukir Bay, ii. 63.

=Oriental question, the=, ii. 262.

=Orleans=, prison massacres in, i. 188;
French garrison at, iv. 118.

=Orloff, Count=, conducts negotiations for surrender of Paris, iv. 112.

=Ormea=, Massena's advance through, i. 243.

=Orscha=, French garrison in, iii. 341.

=Ortenau=, ceded to Baden, ii. 391.

=Osnabrueck=, position in the French Empire, iii. 279.

=Ossian=, _N.'s_ acquaintance with and study of, ii. 53; iv. 134, 231.

=Ostermann-Tolstoi, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15;
character, 107;
conducts negotiations with _N._, 107, 112, 113;
reception at Paris, 108;
quarrel with Ney, 108;
_N.'s_ opinion of, 113;
at St. Cloud levee, Aug. 15, 1808, 169.

=Osterode=, _N.'s_ headquarters at, iii. 18, 25.

=Ostrach=, battle of, ii. 88.

=Ostrolenka=, Russian retreat to, iii. 5;
Russians driven out of, 19.

=Othman=, the royal line of, iii. 163.

=Otranto=, embargo on, ii. 287;
creation of hereditary duchy of, 396;
Fouche created Duke of, iii. 86.
_See also_ =Fouche=.

=Ott, Gen.=, besieges Genoa, ii. 165, 170, 173, 175;
defeated by Lannes at Casteggio, 176;
reaches Alessandria, 177;
in battle of Marengo, 180.

=Otto, Comte L. G.=, ambassador to England, ii. 273;
letter from _N._, Oct. 23, 1802, 272, 290;
recalled from London, 277.

=Otto the Great=, _N._ likened to, ii. 340.

=Ottoman Empire=, proposed partition of, ii. 47. _See also_
=Egypt=; =Turkey=.

=Oubril=, his treaty rejected by Alexander I, ii. 418, 421;
Russian envoy to Paris, 401, 405, 418.

=Oudinot, Gen. C. N.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386;
created Duke of Reggio, iii. 86;
_N.'s_ opinion of, 93;
character, 93;
commanding in Hanau, 203;
ordered to Augsburg, 204;
ordered to Abensberg, 208;
battle of Wagram, 228;
ordered to coerce Holland, 266;
strength, March, 1812, 324;
at the crossing of the Beresina, 367-370;
in campaign of 1813, 402;
threatens Berlin, 413;
_N.'s_ instructions to, iv. 5;
defeated at Luckau, 8;
fails in his movement against Berlin, 12-16;
battle of Grossbeeren, 14;
retreats to Wittenberg, 14;
superseded by Ney, 17;
battle of Dennewitz, 18, 19;
at Dresden, 20;
battle of Leipsic, 29, 31;
checks pursuits at Lindenau, 35;
opposes Schwarzenberg, 61;
driven back to Nangis, 65;
before Provins, 72;
captures Mery, 73;
ordered to hold Bluecher, 73;
checked by Schwarzenberg, 75;
driven beyond Troyes, 76;
retreats from Arcis, 94;
at Bar-sur-Ornain, 103;
strength after the surrender of Paris, 118;
at the abdication scene, 120;
transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132;
recreated marshal, 167.

=Ourcq, River=, military operations on the, iv. 76.

=Ouvrard, G. J.=, sent by Fouche on mission to England, iii. 272.

P

=Pachra, River=, French crossing of the, iii. 355.

=Pacific Ocean=, influence of the United States on the, ii. 288.

=Paderborn=, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 265.

=Padua=, military operations near, i. 410;
creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.

=Pagerie, Marie-Josephe-Rose Tascher de la=. _See_ =Beauharnais,
Josephine=.

=Pagerie, Mlle. Tascher de la=, sought in marriage by Ferdinand VII,
iii. 125;
marries the Duke of Aremberg, 132.

=Pagerie, Tascher de la=, father of Josephine Beauharnais, i. 313;
death of, 314.

=Paine, Thomas=, on financial condition of England, ii. 32.

=Pajol, Gen.=, seizes Montereau, iv. 73;
in the Waterloo campaign, 173;
engagement at Charleroi, 174;
battle of Ligny, 183.

=Palace of the Government, the=, ii. 147.

=Palafox, Gen. Jose de=, military ability, iii. 156;
at Saragossa, 184, 185.

=Palais Royal=, headquarters of the tribunate, ii. 151;
a refuge for the disreputable, 151.

=Palestine=, the key of, ii. 73;
importance of _N.'s_ conquering, 73.

=Palm, J. P.=, bookseller of Nuremberg, execution of, ii. 417.

=Palma=, _N._ advances to, i. 443.

=Pamplona=, _N._ seeks information concerning, iii. 128;
seized by Darmagnac, 132.

=Pan, Mallet du=, criticizes Mme. de Stael, iii. 298.

=Panatheri=, secretary of Directory of Corsica, i. 133.

=Pantheon Club=, closing of the, i. 310.

=Paoli, Pascal=, his share in the history of Corsica, i. 15 et seq.;
relations with the Jews and with the Vatican, 16;
compared with Washington, 18;
his character and renown, 17, 18;
offers asylum to Rousseau, 19;
hoodwinked by Choiseul, 20, 21;
defeat and escape, 23;
appeals to the Powers, 23;
aspirations for Corsica, 26, 28, 116;
_N.'s_ address to, 40;
his conciliation sought by France, 42;
_N._ a supporter and admirer of, 53, 93, 137, 199, 210;
the "History of Corsica," dedicated to, 93;
_N.'s_ correspondence with, 96-98;
his return to Corsica, 117-125, 127, 131;
activity of his agents, 118;
directs Corsican agitation, 120;
amnesty granted to, 120, 124;
quits England, 124;
honored by Louis XVI and the National Assembly, 124;
misrepresented in Paris, 125;
popularity in Corsica, 126, 198;
meeting with _N._ at Rostino, 132;
virtual dictator of Corsica, 133;
agitation in his behalf in Corsica, 162, 170;
interferes in riots in Ajaccio, 169;
difficulties of his situation, 169;
displeasure at _N._, 170;
despair of, 185;
commander-in-chief in Corsica, 185;
_N._ seeks reconciliation with, 186;
lieutenant-general in the French army, 187;
opposes Sardinian invasion scheme, 189, 192, 196;
_N.'s_ insubordination to, 190;
suspected of intrigue with England, 190, 201;
position on declaration of war against England, 196;
denounced by Lucien Buonaparte, 197;
summoned to appear before the National Convention, 197, 204;
_N._ antagonizes, 199-203, 205, 210, 242;
denounced by the National Convention, 201;
summons _N._ to Corte, 203;
offers to leave Corsica, 204;
seeks English protection for Corsica, 205-208;
views of condition of France, 206;
declared an outlaw, 207;
fails to fortify Ajaccio, 257;
seeks aid from England, 257;
recalled to England, 261.

=Paolists, the=, i. 116.

=Papacy, the=, French feeling against the, i. 375;
the Directory desires its overthrow, 419, 422;
_N.'s_ alliance with, 422;
_N._ proposes negotiations with the, ii. 11;
relations of _N._ and France with, 205, 206, 216.
_See also_ =Church=; =Pius VII=; =Rome=.

=Papal States, the=, French proposition to revolutionize, i. 373;
French seizures and ransom in, 374;
_N._ protects clergy in, 422;
under French influence, 439;
scheme to conquer, ii. 18;
held by Austria, 145, 160;
evacuated by Ferdinand IV, 203;
_N._ demands expulsion of Russians, English, and Sardinians from, 396;
_N.'s_ influence over, recognized at Tilsit, iii. 55;
_N._ demands banishment of hostile agents from, and closing of
ports to England, 67;
French invasion of, 118;
demands for the inviolability of, 118;
annexed to France, 262.

=Papelotte=, the farms of, iv. 195;
fighting at, 201, 206.

=Paradomania=, iii. 50.

"=Parallel between Caesar, Cromwell, and Bonaparte=," ii. 230.

=Parbasdorf=, military operations near, iii. 226, 229.

=Paris=, the military school at, i. 48, 59, 60;
_N.'s_ sojourn in (1787), 86;
the Parliament banished from, 106;
base elements of population flock to, 108;
encounter in the Place Vendome, 108;
burning of the barriers, 108;
destruction of the Bastille, 108, 109;
Louis XVI takes up residence in, 109;
famine, 151;
return of the court to, 151;
municipal reform, 153;
_N._ returns to (May 28, 1792), 173;
_N.'s_ impoverished condition in, 173;
great outburst of sedition, 174;
Marseilles sends a deputation to, 174;
the barricades on August 10, 1792, 177;
_N._ and Elisa in, 182;
_N.'s_ residences in (Holland Patriots' Hotel), 183;
(Fosses Montmartre), 264;
(Michodiere Street), 295;
(Chantereine Street), ii. 28;
(Victory Street), 84;
massacres of royalist prisoners, i. 183;
overturn of municipal government, 187;
committee of surveillance, 188, 189;
prison massacres in (Sept. 2-6, 1792), 188;
representation in the National Convention, 188;
condemnation and execution of Louis XVI, 195;
establishment of the revolutionary tribunal, 207;
_N._ at (1793), 223;
scenes of the Terror, 251;
_N.'s_ sojourn in (1795), 264, 280 et seq.; 289, 295;
influence in political movements, 266;
bread riots, 273;
Jacobin plots, 273;
critical condition of affairs, 273, 277, 280;
social life (1795, 1796), 280-285, 290, 291, 316;
hatred of the National Convention in, 282;
military preparations, 283, 298, 299;
royalist plots against, 298;
critical condition of affairs, 298-301;
rebellion against the Convention, 299 et seq.;
the 13th Vendemiaire, 301-305;
restoration of order, 305;
_N._ cows the low elements in, 308;
rejoicings in, over Piedmontese successes, 363;
glorification of _N._ in (1796), 365;
receptacle for plundered works of art, 369;
"the capital of European liberties," 369;
spring elections of 1797, ii. 2;
critical condition of affairs, 3;
royalist intrigues, the Clichy faction, 3, 5, 7;
necessity for a powerful general in, 5, 7;
Barras schemes to bring troops to, 6;
the 18th of Fructidor, 8;
_N.'s_ remittances to, 13;
feeling in, over the treaty of Campo Formio, 22;
return of _N._ to (1797), 26-31;
the "Street of Victory," 28;
plot and counterplot in, 36;
distrust of _N._ in (1798), 49;
popular ideas in, concerning the Egyptian campaign, 68;
_N.'s_ triumphant progress from Frejus to, 83;
hatred of the Terror, 94, 95;
_N.'s_ reception in (from Egypt), 95-102;
banquet to _N._ in St. Sulpice, 100, 101;
_N._ appointed commander of the troops, 102 et seq.;
the 18th Brumaire, 103 et seq.; iv. 258;
Fouche closes the barriers, ii. 109;
apportionment of the guards in, 109;
_N._ reopens the barriers, 109;
the 19th Brumaire, 111 et seq.;
weeding out old republican politicians from, 125;
warlike feeling in (1800), 145;
welcomes _N._ from Marengo, 185;
_N.'s_ relations with polite society in, 199;
service in honor of the Concordat, 216;
schemes of the Duc d'Enghien's supporters in, 240;
explosion of infernal machine in Rue St. Nicaise, 240;
Mme. de Stael exiled from, 259;
restoration of street names, 258;
improved social conditions, 259;
the press of, attacks England, 271;
center of the government, 279;
feeling in, concerning _N.'s_ court at Aachen, 339;
coronation of _N._, 339, 340, 342-345;
prospects of coming war in, 312;
fickleness of society in, 312;
abuse of Austria and Russia by press, 361;
_N._ returns to (Jan. 27, 1806), 406;
affection for N. in, 407;
_N._ proposes to introduce bull-fights, 409;
_N._ leaves for Mainz, 422;
relics of Frederick the Great sent to, 437;
official reports from Eylau in, iii. 17;
the situation in (1807), 24 et seq.;
the head and body of France, 24;
sensitiveness of the Bourse, 24;
Mme. de Stael returns to, and again expelled from, 26;
the situation in, after Friedland, 36;
proposal that Alexander visit, 50;
question of the cardinal at, 69;
return of _N._ from Tilsit to, 72;
public works, 74, 380;
Jewish Sanhedrim in, iii. 76;
social vices in, 92;
Tolstoi's reception at, 108;
the soul of France, 151, 160; iv. 92, 99;
the divorce scandal in, iii. 180;
_N._ returns from Spain to (Jan. 6, 1809), 188;
_N._ returns from Vienna to, 241, 245;
_N.'s_ second marriage, 258-261;
the College of Cardinals transplanted from Rome to, 258, 264;
rejoicings in, over birth of the king of Rome, 302, 303;
a rival to Rome as capital of the Western empire, 307;
remembrance of the Terror, 323;
monarchical sentiment in, 323;
importance of _N.'s_ presence in, 372;
the Malet conspiracy in, 375; 376;
treachery in, 412;
the allies, advance on, iv. 40, 41, 61, 65, 71, 90, 96-103, 110,
113, 219;
gloom and panic in, 51, 81, 98, 104, 108, 109, 117, 166;
_N.'s_ public appearances in, 51, 52;
the national-guard, 53;
defense of, 59, 73, 85, 96, 97, 99, 105-112;
Joseph acting regent in, 61;
Bluecher's advance toward, 76;
sends reinforcements to _N._, 80, 86;
_N.'s_ resolution to abandon, 91;
_N.'s_ march toward, 104, 105, 157;
surrender of, 105, 113;
the Empress's flight from, 106-112, 117;
intrigue in, 107;
royalist influences in, 108;
in communication with Marmont, 109;
summoned to surrender, 109;
armistice before, 109;
looking for _N._ in, 112;
fighting before, 111;
not to be sacked, 112, 113;
entrance of the allies, 113, 117, 118, 221;
council of the allies and French diplomats, 114;
royalist enthusiasm in, 113-117;
assents to the overthrow of _N._, 115;
the white cockade in, 115, 147;
plans for the recovery of, 117;
reception of Louis XVIII in, 133;
riots in, at burial of an actress, 146;
secret longings for _N.'s_ return in, 147;
the garrison put under arms, 149;
disappearance of the government, 158;
raising the imperialist standard in, 158;
placard on the Vendome column, 158;
excitement in, 158;
arrival of _N._ in, 159;
treaty of, 165;
the news of Waterloo and Ligny in, 215, 216;
_N._ returns from Waterloo to, 217;
formation of a new Directory, 218;
appointment of a committee of public safety, 218;
_N._ offers to defend, 220;
possibility of reassembling an army in, 222.

=Paris, Forest of=, formation of the Prussians behind, iv. 202.

=Paris, Marquis de=, leads the Parisian mob, i. 151.

=Paris sections=, the day of the, i. 302-312.

=Parker, Sir Hyde=, at battle of Copenhagen, ii. 209.

=Parliament of Paris=, reconstitution of the, i. 106;
contest with Louis XVI, 106;
banished from the capital, 106.

=Parma=, intrigue in the court of, i. 345;
plundered of works of art, 369;
_N.'s_ leniency to, 421;
_N.'s_ influence in, 448;
_N.'s_ violation of neutrality of, ii. 144;
secured to France, 204;
adopts the French Code, 354;
creation of hereditary duchy of, 395;
Cambaceres created Duke of, iii. 86 (_see also_ =Cambaceres=);
ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, 263;
position in the French Empire, 279;
granted to Maria Louisa, iv. 133.

=Parma, Duke of=, submission of, i. 359;
plan to give the Papal States to, ii. 18;
_N.'s_ promises to, 332.

=Parthe, River=, military movements on the, iv. 27.

=Parthenopean Republic, the=, proclaimed, ii. 87;
abandonment of, 203-205;
fate of its admiral Caraccioli, 300.

=Parthians=, Roman campaigns against the, iii. 325.

=Pasquier=, Baron de, attitude toward _N._, ii. 95;
prefect of police, iii. 376;
episode of the Malet conspiracy, 377;
imperial prefect, iv. 106.

=Passarge, River=, military operations on the, iii. 19, 22, 26, 28.

=Passariano=, _N.'s_ headquarters at, ii. 20, 23, 24.

=Passau=, apportioned to Bavaria, ii. 266, 391;
_N.'s_ line of retreat to, 392.

=Passeyr=, the estates of, conferred upon Hofer's family, iii. 242.

=Patterson=, Elizabeth, married to Jerome Buonaparte, ii. 257.

=Paul I=, succeeds Catherine II, i. 425;
institutes the second coalition, ii. 86;
incensed at George III, 141;
demands Thugut's dismissal, 142;
incensed at Austria, 142, 154;
withdraws from the coalition, 142;
seeks control of Malta, 141, 154, 193;
friendship with _N._ and France, 142, 154, 193, 263;
plan for invasion of India and partition of Asia, 154;
receives the sword of Valetta from _N._, 154;
aims to destroy Austria's power, 194;
accuses England and Austria of treachery, 194;
concludes alliance with _N._, 209;
assassinated, 210, 330, 380; iii. 37;
effect of his death on France, ii. 210;
antipathy to Great Britain, 263;
supports the House of Savoy, 332.
_See also_ =Russia=.

"=Paul and Virginia=," iii. 297.

=Paunsdorf=, military operations near, iv. 32.

=Pavia=, the sack of, i. 361;
military operations near, ii. 175.

=Pawnbrokerage in France=, iii. 77.

=Peasant proprietors=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102, 104.

=Peccadeuc, Picot de=, _N.'s_ enemy, i. 65.

=Pelet, Gen.=, charges Berthier with treachery, iii. 206;
on the battle of Aspern, 219;
denies the story of Lannes's death-bed, 224;
in battle of Waterloo, iv. 207.

=Pelham, Thomas=, employs Mehee de la Touche, ii. 297.

=Peltier, J. G.=, publishes "L'Ambigu," ii. 270;
prosecuted for libeling _N._, 271.

=Penal Code, the=, iii. 295.

=Peninsula, Peninsular War=. _See_ =Portugal=; =Spain=.

=Pensions=, reforms in French, i. 142.

=Pension system=, iii. 87.

=Pepin the Short=, coronation of, ii. 325.

=Peraldi=, associated with _N._ in Corsica, i. 117;
becomes an enemy of _N._, 165, 170;
seeks election in National Guard of Corsica, 166;
ordered to prepare fleet at Toulon, 187;
seeks to arrest _N._, 202.

=Perceval, Spencer=, assassination of, iii. 378;
mismanagement of English affairs, iv. 161, 162.

=Peretti=, his name reprobated in Corsica, i. 121;
vote of censure on, 133;
seeks election in National Guard of Corsica, 165.

=Permon, Mme.=, _N.'s_ friendship with, i. 62, 178, 284-286;
friendship with Salicetti, 284-286;
correspondence with _N._, 285;
declines _N.'s_ matrimonial offer, 312;
notable saying of, ii. 130.

=Perpignan=, reinforcements for Augereau from, iv. 94.

=Perponcher, Gen. G. H.=, in battle of Quatre Bras, iv, 180.

=Perregaux, Comte de=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 112.

=Persia=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209;
Sebastiani's mission to, 272-274;
treaty with France, iii. 20, 21;
_N._ arranges treaty between Turkey and, 20, 21;
incited to invade India, 21;
proposed rupture with England, 21;
_N._ studies the history of, 166;
_N.'s_ intercourse with, 314;
Themistocles's refuge in, iv. 227.

=Perthes=, Macdonald at, iv. 103.

=Peru=, scheme of a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 142.

=Peschiera=, seized by Beaulieu, i. 361, 371;
French occupation of, 372, 379;
the revolutionary movement in, 428;
disarmament of, 442.

"=Peter the Great=," by Carrion-Nisas, ii. 350.

=Peterswald=, military movements near, iv. 10, 15.

=Petit, Gen.=, at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau, iv. 118;
_N.'s_ farewell to, 136.

=Petit Trianon=, _N._ secures the library from, iv. 219, 227.

=Peyrusse=, corruption of, iv. 5;
keeper of _N.'s_ purse at Elba, 152.

=Pfaffenhofen=, military movements near, iii. 206.

=Phelippeaux, A. de=, _N.'s_ enemy, i. 65;
superintends the defense of Acre, ii. 71, 73;
parley with _N._ at Acre, 79.

=Phenicia=, the history of, iv. 293.

=Philip, Don=, of Spain, ii. 205.

=Philip le Bel=, schemes of world-conquest, ii. 46.

=Philippe "Egalite,"= despicable actions of, i. 151;
scheme for his son, 331.

=Philippeville=, _N._ at, iv. 211, 216.

="Philosophical and Political History of the Two Indies,"= _N.'s_
study of, ii. 47.

="Philosophic Visions" (Mercier)=, _N.'s_ study of, ii. 53.

=Phrases=:
_Alfieri:_
"Italia virtuosa, magnanima, libera, et una," ii. 232.
_Anonymous or unassigned_ (see also _Popular_, infra):
[A lady] "fond of men when they are polite," iii. 179.
"A mystery in the soul of state," iii. 389.
"Democracy an excellent workhorse, but a poor charger; a good
hack, but an untrustworthy racer," iv. 265.
"Everything has been restored except the two million Frenchmen
who died for liberty," ii. 216.
"Freedom of the seas and the invasion of England," ii. 360.
[Bonaparte] "his consular majesty," ii. 293.
_A Paris actor:_
"J'ai fait des rois madame, et n'ai pas voulu l'etre," ii. 205.
"Legislative eunuchs," ii. 151.
[Louis XVIII] "learned nothing and forgot nothing," iv. 132.
[The army chest] "a French Providence, which made the laurel a
fertile tree, the fruits of which had nourished the brave
whom its branches covered," iii. 296.
_Arndt:_
"Freedom and Austria," iii. 195.
_Berthier:_
"By general's reckoning, not that of the office," ii. 169.
_Cambronne:_
"The guard dies but never surrenders," iv. 210.
_Charles IV:_
A king "who had nothing further to live for than his Louise and
his Emmanuel," iii. 166.
_Coignet:_
"Providence and courage never abandon the good soldier," iii. 326.
_Congress of Vienna:_
[Napoleon] "the enemy and disturber of the world's peace," iv. 162.
_Czartoryski:_
"Paradomania," iii. 50.
_Dalberg:_
"The monkey [Talleyrand] would not risk burning the tip of his
paw even if all the chestnuts were for himself," iv. 108.
_Princess Dolgoruki:_
[The First Consul's residence] "is not exactly a court, but it
is no longer a camp," ii. 196.
_Gentz:_
"The war for the emancipation of states bids fair to become one
for the emancipation of the people," iv. 40.
_Goethe:_
"A great man can be recognized only by his peers," iii. 173.
_Kutusoff:_
"The plain gentleman of Pskoff," iii. 383.
_Machiavelli:_
"Friends must be treated as if one day they might be enemies,"
ii. 256.
_Marmont:_
"The tube of a funnel," iv. 26.
_Napoleon:_
"About to produce a great novelty," iv. 153.
"A great man--one who can command the situations he creates," iv. 21.
"A kind of vermin which I have in my clothes," ii. 242.
"A lion's advice," iii. 352.
"A man like me troubles himself little about a million men,"
iii. 418.
"A thing must needs be done before the announcement of your plan,"
iii. 66.
"Bullets have been flying about our legs these twenty years,"
iii. 364.
"Credit is but a dispensation from paying cash," iii. 389.
"Emperor of the Continent," iii. 308.
"Enemy's lands make enemy's goods," ii. 441.
[England a] "nation of traders," ii. 292.
"Everything to-morrow," iii. 411.
"Fortune is a woman; the more she does for me, the more I shall
exact from her," i. 366.
"Forty centuries look down upon you from ... the Pyramids," ii. 60.
"Gathered to strike; separated to live," ii. 367. _See also_ p. 378.
"Generals who save troops for the next day are always beaten,"
iii. 347.
"God hath given it [the crown of Italy] to me; let him beware
who touches it," ii. 353.
"Great battles are won with artillery," iii. 403.
"I am conquered less by fortune than by the egotism and
ingratitude of my companions in arms," iv. 129.
"I am determined to be the last [the bottomless chasm] shall
swallow up," iv. 79.
"I am driven onward to a goal which I know not," iii. 325.
"I am the god of the day," ii. 117.
"I cannot be everywhere," ii. 376. (_Cf._ "The enemy's strength,"
infra.)
"Ideologist," iv. 292.
"I feel the infinite in me," iv. 262.
"If there be one soldier among you who wishes to kill his
Emperor, he can. I come to offer myself to your assaults,"
iv. 155.
"I have destroyed the enemy merely by marches," ii. 366.
"I have never found the limit of my capacity for work," iii. 210.
"I have often slept two in a bed, but never three," iii. 41.
"I leave my army to come and share the national perils," ii. 97.
"I may find in Spain the Pillar of Hercules, but not the limits
of my power," iii. 158.
"In our day no one has conceived anything great; it falls to me
to give the example," i. 366.
"In war the moral element and public opinion are half the battle,"
iii. 393.
"In war you see your own troubles; those of the enemy you cannot
see. You must show confidence," iii. 208.
"I pray God to have you in his holy keeping," ii. 407.
"I shall conduct this war [Saxon campaign] as General Bonaparte,"
iii. 403.
"It is ... courageous to survive unmerited bad fortune," iv. 134.
"It rains hard, but that does not stop the march of the grand
army," iv. 22. (_Cf._ "While others," etc., infra.)
"I walk with the goddess of fortune, accompanied by the god of
war," ii. 113.
"Liberty and equality ... put beyond caprice of chance and
uncertainty of the future," ii. 247.
"Masters of the channel for six hours, we are masters of the
world," ii. 332.
"My generals are a parcel of post inspectors," iii. 158.
"Metaphysicians ... fit only to be drowned," ii. 242.
"My enemies make appointments at my tomb," iii. 246.
"My master has no bowels, and that master is the nature of
things," iii. 110.
[Napoleon determined to] "conquer the sea by land," iii. 3.
[Napoleon] "shows himself terrible at the first moment," ii. 439.
[Napoleon] "the minister of the power of God, and his image on
earth," ii. 408.
[Napoleon's] "library," iii. 388.
[Ney] "the bravest of the brave," iii. 359.
"Perfidious and tyrannical Great Britain," iii. 150.
[Singing the tune of Tilsit] "according to the written score,"
iii. 65.
"Spurred and booted ruler," ii. 145.
"Tete ... armee," iv. 235.
"The art of war is to gain time when your strength is inferior,"
ii. 165.
[The Concordat] "the vaccine of religion," ii. 216.
"The Ebro is nothing but a line," iii. 158.
"The enemy's strength seems great [to the division commanders]
wherever I am not," iv. 7. (_Cf._ "I cannot," etc., supra.)
"The finances are falling into disorder, and ... need war," iii. 308.
"The game of chess is becoming confused," iv. 21.
"The genius of France and Providence will be on our side," iv. 75.
"The growlers," iv. 118, 123, 132.
"The new Pillars of Hercules," iii. 308.
"The pear is not yet ripe," ii. 52. (For the ripening of the
pear, _see_ ii. 99, 229.)
"The Revolution is planted on the principles from which it
proceeded. It is ended," ii. 137.
"The Spanish ulcer," iii. 265.
"The sun of Austerlitz," ii. 392.
"The system of hither and thither," iv. 18, 19, 25.
"The worse the troops the greater the need of artillery," iii. 403.
"This is the moment when characters of a superior sort assert
themselves," ii. 65.
"This movement makes or mars me," iv. 97.
"Three years more, and I am lord of the universe," iii. 308.
"To have the right of using nations, you must begin by serving
them well," iv. 296.
"To honor and serve the Emperor is to honor and serve God," ii. 408.
"To strike a salutary terror into others," ii. 311.
"Victor of Austerlitz," ii. 392.
"Vous etes un homme," iii. 173.
"War is like government, a matter of tact," i. 364.
[War with Russia] "a scene in an opera," iii. 318.
"We'll pass these few winter days as best we may; then we'll try
to spend the spring in another fashion," iv. 151
"We must pull on the boots and the resolution of 93," iv. 72.
"Wherever ... water to float a ship, there ... a British
standard," iv. 227.
"Which has been the happiest age of humanity?" iii. 175.
"While others were taking counsel the French army was marching,"
ii. 434. (_Cf._ "It rains hard," supra.)
"Why am I not my grandson?" iv. 287.
"You manage men with toys," ii. 246.
_Nelson:_
"England expects every man to do his duty," ii. 373.
"In case signals cannot be seen or clearly understood, no
captain can do wrong if he places his ship alongside that of
an enemy," ii. 373.
"Westminster Abbey or victory," ii. 63.
_Ney:_
"A marshal of the Empire has never surrendered," iii. 364.
_Mme. Permon:_
"The pike is eating the other two fish," ii. 130.
_Pitt_ (concerning):
The "Austerlitz look," ii. 393.
_Pius VII:_
[Bonaparte the Pope's] "son in Christ Jesus," ii. 339.
_Popular_:
"Armed men spring up at the stamp of his foot," iii. 386.
"Ban," and "arriere ban" (feudal terms), iv. 55.
"Bautzen Messenger-boy," the, iv. 20.
[Bluecher] "Marshal Forward," iv. 98.
"Emperor of the Gauls," ii. 319.
"Enemy's ships make enemy's goods," ii. 441.
"Equality," ii. 221.
"Fighting with the legs instead of with the bayonets," ii. 429.
"France the most beautiful land next to the kingdom of heaven,"
iii. 7.
"French fury," iv. 171. (_Cf._ "Furia francesca," ii. 391.)
"Frenchmen, awake; the Emperor is waking," iv. 147.
"He has been and will be," iv. 158.
"His sacred Majesty," ii. 407.
"Liberty of the seas," ii. 236, 263.
"Marie Louises," the, iv. 51.
"Mother Moscow," "the holy city," iii. 347.
"Napoladron," iii. 292.
"Napoleon, by the grace of God Emperor," ii. 407.
[Napoleon] "perhaps an angel, perhaps a devil,--certainly not a
man," iii. 415.
"Napoleon the Great," ii. 407.
"Neutral flag, neutral goods," ii. 263.
"Neutral ships make neutral goods; free ships, free goods," ii. 212.
"Paternal anarchy," iv. 147, 149.
"Ragusade," iv. 127.
"Robbing the cradle and the grave," iii. 386.
"Sauve qui peut," iv, 210.
"The Emperor's last victory," iv. 50.
"The fountain of honor," ii. 246.
"The liberator of Poland," ii. 444.
"The little corporal," i. 362; iv. 118, 154.
"The man of God, the anointed of the Lord," ii. 407.
"The Napoleon of Potsdam and Schoenbrunn," iv. 117.
"The return of the hero," ii. 97.
_Regnaud de St. Jean d'Angely:_
"The unhappy man [Napoleon] will undo himself, undo us all, undo
everything," iii. 325.
_Revolution, Motto of the:_
France, "one and indivisible," ii. 344.
_St. Andre:_
"The fate of the world depends on a kick or two," iii. 422.
_Savigny:_
[The Code Napoleon] "a political malady," ii. 223.
_Sieyes:_
"Une poire pour la soif," ii. 130.
_Soult:_
"An inspiration is nothing but a calculation made with rapidity,"
iv. 248.
_Talleyrand:_
"Italy the flank of France; Spain its natural continuation; and
Holland its alluvium," iii. 282.
"Napoleon's civilization that of Roman history," iii. 179.
"Pleasure will not move at the drum-tap," iii. 94.
"Society will pardon much to a man of the world, but cheating at
cards never," iii. 151.
"There is no empire not founded on the marvelous, and here the
marvelous is the truth," iv. 250.
_Vandamme:_
"That devil of a man," iii. 93.
_Villeneuve:_
"Any captain not under fire is not at his post, and a signal to
recall him would be a disgrace," ii. 273.
_Wellington:_
"I must fight him here [Waterloo]," iv. 178.
"Old Bluecher has had a ---- good licking," iv. 184.
"Up, Guards! make ready!" iv. 209.
_Zacharias, Pope:_
"He is king who has the power," ii. 325.

=Piacenza=, military operations near, i. 358, 359; ii. 175;
Loison at, 177;
adopts the French Code, 354;
creation of hereditary duchy of, 396;
Lebrun created Duke of, iii. 86.
_See also_ =Lebrun=.

=Piacenza, Duke of=, submission of, i. 359.

=Piave River=, military operations on the, i. 387, 388, 430, 432.

=Picardy=, movement of troops to, ii. 24.

=Pichegru, Gen. Charles=, _N.'s_ early acquaintance with, i. 216;
called to command Paris troops, 272;
conquers the Austrian Netherlands, 273, 275;
suspected of intrigue, 278;
royalist schemes of, 298; ii. 161, 298;
a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;
conquest of Holland, ii. 6;
plans a coup d'etat, 5;
exposure of his treachery in 1795, 5, 6;
proscribed, 8;
implicated with Moreau, 72, 164, 299;
escapes from Guiana, 161;
heads royalist rising in Provence, 161;
fall and death, 298, 299;
leads royalist plot, 298;
Savary suspected of complicity in death of, 412;
funeral mass celebrated for, iv. 146.

=Picton, Sir T.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 173;
battle of Waterloo, 201;
killed, 201.

=Piedmont=, military operations in, i. 213, 256, 347, 352 et seq.;
troops of, enter Savoy, 222;
French movement against, 246;
_N._ advises against advancing into, 247;
Austro-Sardinian operations in (1794), 341;
revolutionary spirit in, 345;
conquest of, 352-362, 373;
army separated from Austrians, 354;
successes in, 363;
French propositions to organize republic in, 363, 373;
loses island of St. Peter, ii. 13;
incorporated with the Ligurian Republic, 38;
Moreau's last stand in, 83;
held by Suvaroff, 141;
held by Austria, 145, 160;
tribute levied on, 186;
incorporated with France, 232, 267, 272, 281;
Jourdan's pacification of, 323;
Alexander I demands indemnity for, 348;
ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263;
parallel between the Waterloo campaign and that in, iv. 170.

=Piedmontese=, in French service, ii. 14.

=Piktupoenen=, Frederick William and Hardenberg at, iii. 42;
Frederick William's stay at, 60.

"=Pillars of Hercules, the new=," iii 308.

=Pillau=, Napoleon demands, as a pledge, iii. 36.
French military stores in, 333.

=Pinckney, C. C.=, Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34.

=Piombino=, given to Elisa (Buonaparte) Bacciocchi, ii. 354, 356.
_See also_ =Lucca and Piombino=.

=Pirch, Gen.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172, 205.

=Pire, Gen.=, ordered to Quatre Bras, iv. 176.

=Pirna=, Vandamme at, iv. 8-11;
Mortier at, 12, 18;
sickness of _N._ at, 12, 131;
_N._ abandons, 17;
_N._ moves on, 18.

=Pisa=, Carlo Buonaparte at, i. 29.

=Pitt, William, Jr.=, prime minister of England, i. 195;
takes active measures against France, 221;
difficulties of his administration, 448, 449;
anxiety for peace after Leoben, ii. 12;
declines to negotiate with _N._, 143;
delusion concerning _N._ and France, 143;
denounces _N._ as the destroyer of Europe, 144;
advocates restoration of the Bourbons, 144;
policy toward France, 208, 329-331, 360, 405; iii. 399;
British confidence in, ii. 208;
falls from power on the Catholic Emancipation question, 208;
calls for defense of the kingdom, 292;
raises volunteers, 292;
returns to power, 329;
his policy of European coalitions, 329-331;
becomes prime minister, 337;
on France's designs against England, 337;
success of his efforts, 356;
reception of the news of Austerlitz, 393;
death, 393;
Fox compelled to adopt his program, 405;
England returns to his policy, iii. 399.

=Pius VI=, signs treaty of Tolentino, i. 350;
ransoms Bologna, 374;
prepares to recover lost territory, 398;
quarrel with France, 401;
_N.'s_ problem concerning, 405;
hostilities by, 409;
campaign against, 419-423;
his army dispersed, 421;
expresses gratitude to _N._, 423;
_N.'s_ conquest of, ii. 9;
ill health, ii, persecution of, 39;
withdraws to Siena, 39;
stripped of his possessions, 39;
death, burial, and memorial services, 39, 131, 206, 216.

=Pius VII=, election of, ii. 206;
resumes temporal power, 207;
removes the ban from Talleyrand, 216;
relations with _N._, 216, 339 et seq.;
iii. 68, 118, 391;
the matter of _N.'s_ coronation, ii. 325, 339-346 et seq.;
refuses to receive Mme. Talleyrand, 326;
his demands for the Church, 326;
at Fontainebleau, 340;
his humiliation and return to Rome, 344-347;
refuses a divorce to Jerome Buonaparte, 396;
neutrality in the Austerlitz campaign, ii. 396;
desires unity of the German Church, 402;
refuses to recognize Joseph's sovereignty, iii. 68;
_N.'s_ ultimatum to, 68;
refuses to join the French federation against England, 118;
his demands on _N._, 118;
concessions to _N.'s_ demands, 118;
prisoner at Grenoble, 119, 242;
disbandment of the Noble Guard, 118;
a _faineant_ prince in the Quirinal, 119;
issues bull, June 10, 1809, 119;
wearing effect of _N.'s_ quarrel with, 119;
indemnity for, 215;
deposed from the temporal power, 215, 242, 249;
retains his ecclesiastical position, 242;
excommunicates _N._ and his adherents, 242;
imprisoned at Savona, 243, 306;
removed from Rome to Fontainebleau, 243;
refuses to renounce the secular power, 242;
in Florence, 242;
does not recognize _N.'s_ divorce, 259;
provision of residence and revenue for, 263;
the second quarrel of investitures, 263;
relations with the Gallican Church, 263, 264;
inflexibility of, 263;
De Maistre on the supineness of, 264;
contrasted with Innocent II, 264;
partial submission of, 305;
refuses to institute _N.'s_ nominees as bishops, 306;
prisoner at Fontainebleau, 377, 390;
hostility of the French ecclesiastics to, 391;
the Concordat of Fontainebleau, 391;
interviews with _N._ at Fontainebleau, 391;
restoration of Roman domains to, 391;
residence at Avignon, 391;
retracts his assent, 391;
release of, iv. 52;
humiliation of, 256.

=Pizzighettone=, French occupation of, i. 372.

=Placentia=, ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263;
granted to Maria Louisa, iv. 133.

=Plagwitz=, fighting near, iv. 30.

="Plain," the=, position in the National Convention, i. 188.

=Plancenoit=, fighting at, iv. 205.

=Plancy=, military movements near, iv. 89.

=Plato=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 95.

=Platoff, Count M. I.=, harasses the French retreat from Moscow,
iii. 359, 364.

=Plauen=, fighting near, iv. 10;
Austrians driven into, 10.

=Plebiscites=, of Dec. 15, 1799, ii. 129, 136;
of May, 1802, 245-247;
of 1804, 324.

=Pleisse, River=, military operations on the, iv. 27, 28.

=Plombieres=, Josephine's coterie at, ii. 85.

=Plutarch=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78; ii. 47.

=Plymouth Sound=, the "Bellerophon" in, iv. 222.

=Po, River=, the country of the, i. 356; ii. 175-178;
military operations on the, i. 358, 359, 381, 441; ii. 172-174,
175, 176, 185.

=Point-du-Jour=, Serurier's guard at the, ii. 108.

=Poischwitz=, armistice of, iii. 414-418, 420; iv. 66, 197, 288.

=Poland=, partition of, i. 220, 420, 425; ii. 354, 414, 444; iii. 22, 50;
Austria's gaze on, i. 325;
French schemes for the reconstruction of, ii. 42-44;
Alexander I's designs concerning, 356; iii. 45, 309, 316, 384; iv. 67;
Alexander retreats to, ii. 391;
extension of the French empire in, 396;
sack of, 440;
_N.'s_ opportunity to save, 445;
pro-Napoleon enthusiasm in, 445; iii. 17, 331;
dissensions in, ii. 445;
_N.'s_ policy concerning, iii. 1, 8, 18, 45, 56, 214, 244, 314,
331; iv. 30;
French occupation of, iii. 4, 7;
enlistments from, under the French eagles, 3, 202, 324;
_N._ organizes government for, 8;
_N._ "the liberator of," 10;
horrors of the winter campaign in, 18;
a new field of warfare for _N._, 18;
new levies ordered in, 20;
morale of the French army in, 45;
proposed transfer to the King of Saxony, 50;
proposed new kingdom of, 56;
Prussian provinces ceded to Warsaw, 62;
possible restoration of, 65, 108, 244, 312-315, 322; iv. 298;
war indemnity exacted from, iii. 78;
French nobility endowed with lands in, 87;
strengthening the French forces in, 117;
dangers of withdrawing Russian troops from, 117;
Davout recalled from, 165;
reliance on _N._, 196, 316;
invaded by Archduke Ferdinand, 201;
concentration of troops at Warsaw, 203;
Archduke Ferdinand's vicissitudes in, 212;
enlargement of, 248;
second partition of, 309;
schemes of Alexander and Czartoryski in regard to, 309, 316;
rupture between Alexander and _N._ over, 310 et seq.;
Alexander refuses to restore the integrity of, 311;
the patriots of, in Warsaw, 313;
movement of Russian troops toward, 317;
factor in the Russian war of, 1812, 328;
_N.'s_ mistake in not restoring, 331;
Abbe de Pradt's mission from Dresden to, 331;
the Diet of Warsaw begs for the reconstruction of, 331;
possible schemes of French annexation of, 331;
Czartoryski's ambitions in, 383;
Kutusoff's advance through, 395;
Prussia seeks to recover part of, 395-400;
Bennigsen in, iv. 3;
_N._ offers to renounce, 30;
the extinction of, 298.

=Poles=, seek alliance with France, i. 420;
in French service, 437; ii. 14;
military service in Italy, 42;
_N.'s_ policy of winning, iii. 214;
loyalty to _N._, 315; iv. 35;
_N.'s_ waning prestige among, iii. 335.

=Polish Church=, _N.'s_ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68.

=Politics, the art of=, i. 72;
_N.'s_ passion for, and study of, 94, 114, 126, 150, 199.

=Polygamy=, forbidden by the French Sanhedrim, iii. 76;
_N._ upholds, iv. 231.

=Polytechnic School=, founding of the, i. 281; ii. 225-227;
calling out of students of, iv. 109.

=Pomerania=, Prussia recommended to seize, ii. 420;
Gustavus IV commanding in, iii. 36;
Prussia retains her strongholds in, 42;
_N._ promises to restore to Sweden, 268;
Bernadotte's kindly treatment of, 280;
Davout occupies Swedish, 321;
offered to Bernadotte, 399.

=Pomerania, Duke of=, seeks representation at Congress of Rastatt,
ii. 27.

=Pompei=, member of the directory of Corsica, i. 133.

=Poniatowski, Prince J. A.=, relies on _N.'s_ good will, ii. 445;
Archduke Ferdinand's pursuit of, iii. 211;
reoccupies Warsaw, 212;
strength of his corps, March, 1812, 323;
doubts Lithuania's rising, 326;
battle of Borodino, 344;
battle of Wiazma, 359;
claims to the Polish throne, 383;
fails to keep Russia out of Warsaw, 385;
commanding in Galicia, 402;
at Fischbach, iv. 18;
battle of Leipsic, 29, 32, 34;
drowned in the Elster, 34.

=Ponsonby, Sir W.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202.

=Pont d'Austerlitz=, iii. 74.

=Pont des Arts=, iii. 74.

=Pont d'Jena=, iii. 74.

=Pontebba Pass=, battles in, i. 433.

=Ponte Corvo=, Bernadotte created Prince of, ii. 396; iii. 86.
_See also_ =Bernadotte=.

=Pontecoulant, Doulcet de=, uses influence on _N.'s_ behalf, i. 292;
retired from the central committee, 295;
_N.'s_ relations with, ii. 3.

=Ponte-Nuovo=, battle of, i. 23;
_N._ visits the battle-ground at, 132.

=Pont Royal=, the melee at the, i. 303.

=Popular government=, the rise of, i. 109.

=Popular representation without eyes, ears, or power=, ii. 126.

=Porcil=, military operations near, i, 391.

=Portalis, J. E. M.=, councilor of state, ii. 214;
on committee to draft the Code, 222;
minister of public worship, 346.

=Portland, Duke of=, prime minister of England, iii. 46, 69.

=Port Mahon=, i. 22.

=Porto Ferrajo=, seized by England, i. 398;
arrival of the exile at, iv. 141;
_N.'s_ residence at, 143;
danger of _N.'s_ remaining in, 152.

=Porto Legnago=, Augereau driven into, i. 409.

=Port Royal=, education of Josephine de la Pagerie at, i. 313.

=Portsmouth=, Nelson sails for, ii. 359.

=Portugal=, growth of liberal ideas in, i. 276;
war with Spain, ii. 18;
joins the second coalition, 90;
France offers peace to, 154;
alliances with England, 154, 332;
_N.'s_ problems in, 203 et seq.;
forced contribution levied on, 205; iii. 119;
abandons English alliance, ii. 205;
compelled to close her harbors to English ships, 205; iii. 67;
France guarantees integrity of, ii. 211;
neutrality of, 289, 332; iii. 67, 120;
Spanish invasion of, ii. 332;
proposed commercial war against England, iii. 55;
_N._ calls for alliance with, 66;
seizure of her fleet by England, 67;
Junot's army on the borders of, 67;
proposed acquisition by Spain, 67, 121;
movement of English troops into, 111, 121;
the situation in, 118;
French invasion of, 120 et seq.; 151;
obeys the Berlin and Milan decrees, 119;
closing of the harbors, 119;
rupture of diplomatic relations between France and, 119;
dynastic troubles in, 119;
democracy in, 119, 120;
proposed partition of, 120;
commerce with England, 120;
Spain cooeperates with France against, 121;
seizure of fortresses by France, 121;
flight of Don John from, 121;
escape of the fleet from the Tagus, 121;
revulsion of feeling against Junot in, 122;
fraternization of the people with Junot's army, 122;
appointment of a council of regency, 122;
Junot's military administration in, 122;
applies to England for help, 122;
insurrections against French rule, 122;
_N._ offers the crown to Lucien, 129;
intrigues for the throne of, 129;
Junot appointed governor of, 132;
to be given to a Bonaparte prince, 133;
France proposes an exchange for, 133;
the crown offered to Murat, 147;
destruction of her commerce, 151;
Junot's occupation of, 156;
French evacuation of, 157;
Lord Wellesley enters, 157;
intensity of the rebellion in, 185;
sympathy with Spain, 186;
supposed English scheme to abandon, 187;
Wellesley expels the French from, 236;
England's loss of trade with, 272;
reinforcements for the English army in, 284;
English failures in, 283;
held by Wellington, 283;
Massena invades, 284;
Junot aspires to the crown of, 287;
Soult aspires to the crown of, 287, 296;
Soult's invasion of (1809), 286;
Wellington retreats to, 289, 290;
_N._ proposes to restore, to the House of Braganza, 319;
member of the Vienna coalition, iv. 164;
_N.'s_ dread of capture in, 220.

=Posen=, _N._ in, ii. 444; iii. 331;
expected scene of operations, 1;
French occupation of, 12;
incorporated into the grand duchy of Warsaw, 56;
Eugene assumes command at, 385;
Murat abandons the army at, 393.

=Potemkin, Prince=, _N._ seeks service with, i. 216.

=Potsdam=, treaty of, ii. 377, 390;
_N._ at, 437.

=Pougy=, military operations near, iv. 89.

=Pozzo di Borgo, Count C. A.=, the Corsican victory of, i. 22;
associated with _N._ in Corsica, 117;
member of the Directory of Corsica, 133;
delegate to the National Assembly, 133;
_N.'s_ lifelong foe, 165; iii. 314; iv. 98;
attorney-general of Corsica, i. 185;
suspected of intrigue with England, 190;
denounced by _N._, 206;
ordered to trial, 403;
Russian envoy at Vienna, ii. 445; iii. 178, 314;
on the humiliation of Prussia, 63;
influence at St. Petersburg, 165;
at peace council in Paris, iv. 114.

=Pradt, Abbe de=, mission from Dresden to Poland, iii. 331.

=Prague=, Maria Louisa at, iii. 331;
_N._ acknowledges his mistake in not making peace at, iv. 135.

=Prague, Congress of=, iii. 417-420; 423; iv. 30, 41, 68.

=Prairial=, the 30th of, ii. 92.

=Pratzen=, fighting on the heights of, ii. 383-387.

=Preameneu, Bigot de=, on committee to draft the Code, ii. 222.

=Prefects=, the system of, ii. 127.

=Pregel, River=, military movements on the, iii. 30.

=Prenzlau=, Hohenlohe's retreat to, ii. 434;
Hohenlohe driven from, 436.

=Presburg=, treaty of, ii. 391, 405; iii. 55, 109, 195, 200;
military operations near, 226, 230;
Archduke John at, 227, 230.

=Press, the=, freedom of, decreed, i. 110;
demand for freedom of in Corsica, 116;
condition in France, 281;
members of, proscribed, ii. 8;
abolition of liberty of, 8, 145;
_N._ and the liberty of, 23;
muzzling of, 36, 254, 271;
suppression of Jacobin papers, 97;
_N.'s_ use of, 186; iii. 25;
servility to _N._, ii. 232-235;
censorship of, 234, 235, 296, 350, 362, 397, 417; iii. 25, 88, 160,
297, 300; iv. 146;
in modern France, ii. 254;
_N.'s_ reason for repression of, 254;
liberty of, in England, 271;
_N._ attempts to muzzle the English, 356;
supervision of the, iv. 51;
abolition of censorship promised, 159.

=Press-gang=, employment of, in France, ii. 332.

=Pretender, the=. _See_ =Louis XVIII=.

=Preussisch-Eylau=. _See_ =Eylau=.

=Preval, Gen.=, refuses service on d'Enghien courtmartial, ii, 307.

=Primary Assembly, the=, i. 305.

=Primogeniture=, _N._ on, i. 137;
abolished, ii. 223; iii. 84;
its advantages and decay, 84.

=Primolano=, capture of Wurmser's advance-guard at, i. 384.

="Prince of the Peace," the=. _See_ =Godoy=.

=Pripet, River=, Bagration's stand on the, iii. 335.

=Privilege=, the overthrow of, i. 158.

=Privy council=, creation of a, ii. 247.

=Probstheida=, military movements near, iv. 32.

=Property rights=, _N.'s_ share in codifying the law concerning, ii. 223.

=Prossnitz=, junction of Russian and Austrian troops at, ii. 379.

=Protestants=, demand of civil rights, for the, i. 106.

=Provence=, a tempestuous time in, i. 212;
royalist rising in, ii. 161;
royalist sentiment in, iv. 137;
_N.'s_ reception in, 138, 144;
longing in, for the Emperor's return, 152;
the White Terror in, 222.

=Provera, Gen.=, in Rivoli campaign, i. 406-414;
called to reorganize the Roman army, ii. 39.

=Provins=, military movements near, iv. 62, 72, 81, 85.

=Prowtowski, Gen.=, accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, iv. 228.

=Prud'hon, Pierre=, painter, ii. 351.