Chapter XXII: Napoleon's Place in History (7)

=England=, France's emulation of, i. 22;
hampered by parliamentary opposition and American disquiet, 22;
the American uprising against, 23, 24;
Paoli's relations with, asylum in, and aid from, 23, 124, 169,
196-198, 205-207, 260;
gives aid to, establishes protectorate over, and takes possession
of Corsica, 23, 119, 190, 205-207, 256-262;
transformation of parties in, 24;
_N.'s_ study of history of, 78, 95, 114, 156;
sympathy with France in, 142;
French admirers of the constitution of, 143;
constitutional government in, 152;
closes the Scheldt, 194;
republican ideas in, 195;
effect of execution of Louis XVI in, 195;
hostility between France and, 195, 324; ii. 32, 35, 144, 208,
269, 273-285, 400, 401, 441; iii. 64, 110, 378;
_N.'s_ ideas of serving, i. 207, 216, 317; ii. 15; iv. 255;
subsidizes European powers, i. 221; ii. 146, 187, 208, 263, 351,
358, 360, 375, 401, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, 399, 417, 422-425;
iv. 30, 31, 55, 67, 76, 164;
naval establishment, expenses, and activity, i. 221, 421;
ii. 209, 290; iii. 236, 237;
captures Ollioules, i. 225;
in the defense and occupation of Toulon, 230, 239;
naval operations and power on the Mediterranean (other than
specifically mentioned items), 239, 257; ii. 15-19, 56, 262;
iii. 111, 112;
influence in Genoa, i. 243;
prints counterfeit French money in Genoa, 246;
fails to help the allies in Piedmont, 257;
_N.'s_ attitude toward, Sept., 1794, 257;
naval supremacy, 257; ii. 15-17, 48, 63, 209, 290, 371, 375;
iii. 47-49, 109-112, 267-268; iv. 41;
alliances with Austria, i. 276; ii. 156, 160, 188;
sends fleet to northern coast of France, i. 298;
subsidizes French royalists, 325;
the fleet driven from Leghorn, 373;
seizes Porto Ferrajo, 398;
insurrection in Corsica against rule of, 402;
blamed by _N._ for embroiling France and Austria, 435;
rupture of the coalition with Austria, 441;
military condition in 1796, 449;
desire for peace with France, and negotiations leading thereto,
449, 456; ii. 12, 86; iii. 271, 415;
interest in the Netherlands and Belgium, i. 450;
prestige, magnificence of empire, influence, independence, etc.,
of, 456; ii. 45, 55, 73, 209, 264, 297, 394, 401; iii. 45-49,
110-112, 189, 318, 420; iv. 38, 140;
defeats Spain at Cape St. Vincent, i. 456;
price of consols, March, 1797, 456;
effect of the treaty of Leoben in, ii. 12;
conquest of Dutch colonies, 12, 38;
_N.'s_ personal hostility to, 14, 16, 188, 280-285, 330, 441-444;
iii. 49, 65, 66, 88, 109-114, 308-309, 329, 352, 408; iv. 75;
speculations in Paris as to operations against, ii. 32;
financial condition, 32, 208;
Talleyrand expelled from, 33;
defeats Holland at Camperdown, 38;
acquires the Cape of Good Hope, 38;
protects Sardinia, 39;
_N.'s_ schemes of invasion of, 48, 290-294, 328, 330-338, 358-362;
_N.'s_ views on political history of, 50;
her Indian possessions, and French and Russian schemes to strike
her through them, 52, 194, 209, 263, 273; iii. 110, 112-114;
naval operations at Acre, ii. 71, 73;
fleet at Alexandria, 79;
joins the second coalition, 90, 136, 143;
military operations in Holland, 91, 92; iii. 236, 272, 284, 294;
completion of the work of the Revolution in, ii. 139;
relations, negotiations, and alliances with Russia, 141, 210,
356, 357, 401, 406, 420; iii. 41, 49, 55, 71, 98-100, 102, 105,
117, 315, 321, 351, 392, 417;
reception of Russian soldiers in, after Alkmaar, ii. 141;
siege, capture, and occupation of Malta, and negotiations
concerning its cession and tenure, 141, 193, 210, 262, 267,
273, 280, 284, 289, 351, 352, 356, 401;
attitude toward the Bourbons, 143;
declines to negotiate with _N._, 143;
prepares to invade France, 143;
denounced by _N._ as author of the war of 1799, 143;
debate in Parliament on _N.'s_ accession as First Consul, 143;
hatred of revolutionary excesses, 143;
alliance with Portugal, 154;
opposes spread of revolutionary ideas, 157;
blockades Genoa, 165;
formation of the "armed neutrality" against, 194;
accused by Paul I of treachery, 193;
the Continental System and the embargo, _N.'s_ commercial warfare
against, 203, 205, 269, 287, 288, 347, 375, 389, 399, 441;
iii. 45-49, 55, 64-65, 67, 71, 99, 102, 109, 165, 239, 265,
268, 280, 284, 293-294, 303, 304, 307, 328, 420 (_see also_
=Berlin Decree=; =Continental System=; =Milan Decree=);
Portugal forced to withdraw from alliance with, ii, 205;
reply to the "armed neutrality," 209;
_N.'s_ demands for colonial cessions, 210;
concludes peace with France, Oct. 1, 1801, 211;
retains Ceylon and Trinidad, 211;
treaty of Amiens, 210, 263, 266, 270, 273 et seq.; iv. 264;
treaty of commerce with the United States, 1794, ii. 212;
recognizes neutrality of United States, 212;
attempts to put down San Domingo insurrection, 237;
surrender of Rochambeau to, 237;
schemes for restoration of Charles X in, 240;
to evacuate Egypt, 262;
Paul I's antipathy to, 263;
efforts to discredit France in Europe, 264 et seq.;
disapproves _N.'s_ reconstruction of Europe, 266;
appoints Lord Whitworth ambassador to Paris, 267;
refuses to admit French consuls, 270;
protests against the slave-trade, 269;
commerce of, 269, 276; iii. 46, 49, 120, 265-268, 280, 288, 294,
309, 316, 424; iv. 41;
position with regard to the Alien Act, ii. 171;
freedom of the press in, 270;
complaints against, of harboring emigrants and Bourbons, 271;
attacks of the French press on, 271, 294;
_N._ attempts to muzzle the press in, 270, 356;
_N.'s_ answer to remonstrances from, 272;
occupation of Alexandria, 280;
suspects France's war preparations, 280, 282;
_N.'s_ treatment of her representative, 280;
the royal message of March 8, 1803, 282;
the militia called out, March 10, 1803, 282;
diplomatic rupture with France, 285;
publication of Lord Whitworth's despatches in, 284;
declares war against France, May 18, 1803, 285;
declares embargo on French ships, 287;
commencement of hostilities, 287;
attacks Spanish commerce, 289;
panic in, 290;
plans for defense, 291, 329;
puts Caraccioli to death, 300;
interest in Jacobin insurrection, 300;
active diplomacy in, 301;
the Duc d'Enghien seeks to enter the service of, 302;
_N.'s_ attempt to fix the death of Duc d'Enghien on, 311;
Pitt's return to power, 329;
nature of the war with, 329;
expulsion of her envoys from Stuttgart and Munich, 330;
naval aid from Portugal, 332;
war with Spain, Dec., 1804, 332;
acquires Trinidad, 332;
blockades Brest, 333;
Addington succeeded by Pitt, 337;
justice of the war with, 352;
European alliances, 351;
bad faith of, 351;
_N._ insists on no asylum for the Bourbons in, 356;
fails to secure Prussia's alliance, 358;
_N.'s_ policy toward, 360;
author of the Third Coalition, 360;
Mack's ideas of her invading France, 365;
naval shortcomings, 370;
battle of Trafalgar, 373-376;
reception of the news of Austerlitz in, 393;
lethargy after Trafalgar, 399;
declares war against Prussia, 400;
Fox assumes power, 400;
_N._ considers peace with, 400;
Lord Yarmouth's negotiations, 404;
_N._ offers European territory to, 404, 405;
end of negotiations with, 405;
alliance with Prussia and Russia, 406;
demands the surrender of Sicily, 405;
proposal to give Hanover to, 418, 420;
state of war with Prussia, 422;
her vulnerable point, iii. 441;
"enemy's ships make enemy's goods," 441;
the soul of continental coalitions, 441;
right of search and impressment, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100;
Orders in Council, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100, 101, 265, 267, 272, 321, 378;
Turkey declares war against, iii. 20;
sends fleet to Constantinople, 20;
refuses subsidy to Russia, 20;
Afghanistan incited against, 21;
Persia stirred up against, 21;
proposal for a new coalition, 22;
naval operations in the Baltic, 24, 35, 36, 97, 98, 117;
withholds subsidies, 35;
troops in Pomerania, 36;
Alexander promises to oppose, 41;
opposed to Prussia's neutrality, 44;
necessity for _N.'s_ humbling, 44-49;
France declares war against (1793), 47;
"All the Talents" ministry, 46;
Duke of Portland's ministry, 46;
commercial rivalry with the United States, 46;
the "rule of 1736," 46;
understanding with the United States, 47;
declares blockade from Brest to the Elbe, 42;
war with France (1803), 47;
decline of manufactures, 47;
failure of commercial negotiations with Sweden and Russia, 48;
French demands on, 55;
Russia to mediate between France and, 55;
seizes the Portuguese fleet, 67;
gains entrance to and is expelled from Leghorn, 67;
offers to seize Denmark's fleet, 69;
Denmark ordered to declare war against, 69;
threatens to make Spanish South American colonies independent, 71;
bombards Copenhagen, 70;
enmity of Alexander I to, 70;
Parliament compared with the French tribunate, 83;
decadence of primogeniture in, 84;
seeks to conciliate Denmark, 98;
Egyptian expedition, 100;
expedition to Buenos Ayres, 100;
Russia declares war against, 100, 102, 105;
retaliates on Russia by Orders in Council, 100;
announces blockade of European ports, 100, 101;
decline of trade with the United States, 101;
the war of 1812, 102, 322;
Austria's secret sympathy with, 104;
_N._ urges her restoration of the Danish fleet, 104;
_N.'s_ desire for peace with, 104, 112, 159, 271, 392; iv. 46;
contempt for the blockade, iii. 109;
withdraws troops from Sicily, 111;
sends troops to Portugal, 111, 120, 122, 157, 283, 284;
supposed assistance to Sweden, 114;
proposed menace to, 113;
blockades the Russian fleet, 117;
promised cooeperation of the Papal States against, 118;
Portugal enforces the Berlin and Milan decrees against, 119;
fate of her allies, 121;
supports the House of Braganza, 121;
outbreak of the Peninsular war, 123;
benefits accruing from the troubles in Spain, 131;
scheme to capture Cadiz, 133, 155;
negotiations with Austria, 163;
proposed humiliation of, 170;
plans of _N._ and Alexander at Erfurt concerning, 177;
_N._ fears an alliance between Turkey and, 177;
exasperated at the capitulation of Cintra, 186;
supposed plan to abandon Portugal, 187;
tardiness at Corunna, 192;
offers to subsidize Austria, 194;
Austria appeals for assistance to, 225;
escape of the Duke of Brunswick to, 234;
expedition to Flushing, 236-237;
necessity of bringing her to terms, 249;
_N.'s_ allegations against, 260;
the lesson of Trafalgar, 264;
paper blockade by, 268;
the neutralization system, 267;
licenses violations of the Orders in Council, 267;
Louis opens negotiations with, 271;
rejects Fouche's agent, 271;
loss of trade with Portugal, Spain, and Triest, 272;
threatened with loss of trade with Hanseatic towns and Holland, 272;
United States prohibition of commercial intercourse with, 274;
the Walcheren expedition, 272, 284, 294;
_N._ proposes that she withdraw the Orders in Council of 1807, 272;
proposal that she send joint expedition with France to establish
Louis XVIII in America, 271;
seizure of American ships by, 273;
Fouche's English-Dutch conspiracy, 273;
destruction of her wares on the French borders, 279;
Denmark's hostility to, 280;
divided councils in, 284;
expedition to Sicily, 284, 294;
finds support in Spanish popular feeling, 283;
strength of forces in the Peninsula, 284;
attitude toward affairs in the Peninsula, 288;
depreciation of the currency, 294;
expedition to Spain, 294;
Mme. de Stael in, 299;
_N._ hopes to meet her on the sea, 304;
threatened with bankruptcy, 304;
exchange of prisoners with, 307;
her colonial interests, 309;
Russia opens her ports to, 316;
refuses _N.'s_ offer of peace in Spain, 319;
armistice with Russia, 321;
threatens to bombard Constantinople, 321;
under Castlereagh's leadership, 328;
to be driven from Spain, 328;
arouses Sweden against France, 350;
negotiates peace between Turkey and Russia, 350;
distracted condition of politics in, 377;
naval defeats, 378, 379;
United States declares war against, 378;
assassination of Mr. Perceval, 378;
negotiates treaty between Russia and Spain, July, 1812, 392-393;
in grand European coalition against _N._, 392;
Metternich's negotiations with, 395;
returns to Pitt's policy, 399;
abandons Hanoverian schemes, 399;
proposal to bleed her colonies, 408;
proposed isolation of, 408;
the allies' reliance on, 422;
guarantees a war loan, 417;
treaty with Prussia, June 14, 1813, 417;
treaty with Russia, June 15, 1813, 417;
issues paper money, 417;
to be kept out of the continental peace, 419;
Metternich proposes that she continue the war, 419, 420;
commercial agreement with Sweden, 424;
influence in Holland, iv. 30, 41;
determination to crush France, 31;
at the Congress of Frankfort, 41;
proposal that she hand back French colonies, 41;
"maritime rights," 41, 45;
prolongation of the war in Spain, 51, 52;
desire to establish equilibrium in Europe, 67;
signs treaty of Chaumont, 76;
effect of the triple alliance on, 76;
troops occupy Bordeaux, 87;
party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133;
distinction in, between the two Napoleons, 133;
_N._ contemplates taking refuge in, 135;
_N.'s_ eulogy of her civilization and chivalry, 140;
negotiates secret treaty with Austria and France, 145;
regency in, 161;
lack of suitable leaders in, 161;
her dynastic alliances, 161, 162;
effects of _N.'s_ restoration on, 162;
member of the Vienna Coalition, 164;
campaign of Waterloo, 170-173;
losses at Waterloo, 214;
claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214;
watches the harbor of Rochefort, 220;
_N._ throws himself on the generosity of, 221;
reasons for _N.'s_ surrender to, 222-223, 227;
asylum for political refugees, 223;
intolerance of death penalty for political offenses, 225;
resolves to banish _N._, 225-229;
_N._ desires to acquire citizenship in, 226;
sympathy for _N._ in, 227, 230;
passes special acts for government of St. Helena, 228;
_N.'s_ last wishes for, 233;
the Seven Years' War, 261, 297;
character of the wars with France, 265;
_N.'s_ struggles with, 297;
wars with the United States, 300.

=English Channel, the=, marching French troops to, ii. 24;
naval operations in, 52;
obstacles to _N.'s_ crossing, 291;
_N.'s_ hope to hold, 332;
French plans for seizing, 334;
Villeneuve ordered to, 359;
Villeneuve's attempt to enter, 371.

=Enns, River=, military operations on the, ii. 367; iii. 216.

=Entail=, restoration of the right of, iii. 82;
abolition of the law of, 84.

=Enzersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 219, 220, 227.

=Enzersfeld=, military movements near, iii. 217.

=Epernay=, captured by the allies, iv. 94.

="Epochs of My Life,"= i. 82.

=Eppes=, Marmont at, iv. 79.

=Equality=, _N.'s_ affectation of love for, ii. 30;
one of the meanings of the word, 221.

=Equality of citizenship=, decreed, i, 110.

=Erasmus=, tomb of, iv. 247.

=Erding=, battle of, iii. 211.

=Erfurt=, military movements near, ii. 425;
the Duke of Brunswick at, 427;
fall of, 436;
meeting of _N._ and Alexander at, iii. 170 et seq.;
treaty of, 177, 236, 244, 248, 315;
_N.'s_ maladroitness at, 177, 178;
_N.'s_ vacillation at, 180, 181;
the conference at, 193, 194;
Alexander redeems his promise made at, 236;
offered to Alexander and refused by him, 288;
the throne of, offered to the Duke of Oldenburg, 307;
Alexander offers to exchange Oldenburg for, 328;
French troops ordered to, 328;
French forces at, 393;
_N._ goes to, 401;
plan of winter quarters at, iv. 23;
Saxon and Bavarian troops at, 35;
Murat deserts at, 56.

=Erlon, Gen. d.=, in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 170, 176, 186;
battle of Quatre Bras, 181-187;
_N.'s_ expression of indignation at Ney to, 187;
battle of Waterloo, 200, 202, 206.

=Erskine, Lord=, on England's attitude with regard to France, ii. 144.

=Escoiquiz, Canon=, tutor to Ferdinand VII, iii. 124;
letter to _N._, Oct. 12, 1808, 124, 127;
defends Ferdinand's position, 143;
notified by _N._ of Ferdinand's deposition, 145;
infamy of, 150.

=Escorial=, Godoy's intrigues at the, iii. 127;
Charles IV a virtual prisoner in, 142.

=Escudier, J. F.=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219.

=Esdraelon=, battle on the plains of, ii. 72.

=Esla, River=, military movements on the, iii. 188.

=Espagne, Gen. J. L. B.=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220.

=Espinosa=, defeat of Blake at, iii. 185.

=Essarts, Ledru des=, evacuates Meaux, iv. 99;
seduced by Marmont, 125.

="Essay on Revolutions"= (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259.

=Essen, Gen. H. H.=, in campaign of Eylau, iii. 13.

=Essenbach=, military operations near, iii. 206.

=Essling=, battle of, iii. 219-222, 225-228, 232;
_N._ exposes himself at, 240-241;
effect of rising of the river at, 383.

=Essling, Prince of=. _See_ =Massena=.

=Essonne, River=, military operations on the, iv. 116.

=Essonnes=, _N._ at, iv. 105;
Marmont at, 124;
Marmont's defection at, 128.

=Establishment of St. Louis=, the female academy at St. Cyr,
i. 182. _See also_ =St. Cyr=.

=Estates, the=, meetings at Versailles, i. 96, 107.

=Estates, the three=, i. 44;
in the seventeenth century, 107.

=Estates-General=, meetings of the, i. 86, 106, 107;
fusion of the three bodies, 108;
troops ordered to control the, 108.

=Esterhazy, Prince=, at the marriage of Maria Louisa, iii. 256.

=Etoges=, battle of, iv. 65;
military movements near, 64, 94.

=Etruria=, creation of the kingdom of, ii. 205;
death of King Louis, 233; iii. 67;
exchanged for Louisiana, ii. 272;
under French protection, 357;
_N._ calls for alliance with, iii. 66;
neutrality of, 66;
scheme to incorporate in Italy, 120;
proposal that Lucien take the crown of, 129;
abdication of the Queen Regent, 128;
incorporated into the kingdom of Italy, 129;
the crown offered to Ferdinand VII, 145;
_N.'s_ disposition of, 164.

=Ettenheim=, residence of the Duc d'Enghien at, ii. 302;
reputed emigrant conspiracy at, 303;
Ordener's expedition to, 304;
arrest of the Duc d'Enghien at, 305;
Caulaincourt's mission to, iii. 107.

=Eulen Mountains=, military movements near, iv. 413.

=Euphrates=, proposed military operations on the, iii. 113.

=Europe=, movement of civilization in, i. 2;
the revolutionary epoch and spread of revolutionary ideas in,
2, 100 et seq.; ii. 44, 86, 156;
absolutism, its decay and abolition, i. 67; iii. 278; iv. 162,
254, 292;
aroused feelings, concerted movements, and coalitions against
France, i. 142, 325, 441; ii. 51, 67, 86, 90, 136, 142, 145,
194, 209, 330, 348; iii. 72, 106, 377, 382, 394, 396, 400, 417;
iv. 145, 146, 161-163;
_N._ on the sovereigns of, i. 156;
the Directory and, 324-338;
neutrality of northern, 341;
conditions of civilization and warfare in (1796), 349;
the destinies of, dependent on fate of Italy, 351, 385;
_N._ a citizen of, 404;
schemes of reconstruction of the map of, 425; ii. 265, 355, 402;
iii. 51, 55, 56, 72, 73, 199, 399, 422; iv. 3, 6, 144, 145;
schemes of pacification of, i. 447; ii. 203, 213, 356; iii. 307,
382, 408, 414, 415, 419-421; iv. 75;
France's foreign policy, in, ii. 2;
schemes of Napoleonic and French empire over, 10, 29, 214, 272,
336, 354; iii. 108, 114, 408;
_N._ on the freedom of, ii. 31; iii. 82;
_N.'s_ relations to, and influence on, ii. 37, 137, 213, 272;
iii. 179; iv. 133, 298;
upheavals in the politics of, ii. 40-45, 255;
compared by _N._ with the Orient, 46;
general armament of (1798), 68;
_N.'s_ visions of military domination in, 73;
situation of affairs at close of 1799, 86;
jealousy in, concerning the Mediterranean, 136;
_N._ the destroyer of, 144;
influence of England in, and her subsidies to the powers of, 145,
187, 209, 263, 351, 359, 360, 374, 400, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398,
417-425; iv. 30, 31, 55, 68, 76, 164;
situation of affairs at beginning of 1800, ii. 152 et seq.;
efforts of the Directory to extend the French system in, 155;
Prussia's place in, 155; iii. 18;
military situation in (1800), ii. 160;
the "armed neutrality," 194;
reduction of Austria as a power in, 194;
the old dynasties and the dynastic idea in, 194, 269, 317;
iii. 65, 153, 162, 199, 200, 416; iv. 44;
anxiety in, as to permanency of peace of Amiens, ii. 261;
destruction of the balance of power, 266;
_N.'s_ warning to, March 13, 1803, 284;
_N.'s_ views on continental conquest, 290;
_N.'s_ notification to, in the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 316;
the embargo, blockades, and other commercial warfare in, 334, 347,
376, 441, 442; iii. 48, 49, 55, 98-102, 109, 140, 279, 280, 307,
328 (_see also_ =Berlin Decree=; =Continental System=; =Milan
Decree=);
outbreak of war in 1805, ii. 348;
_N._ arrayed against, 351;
the price of the hegemony of, 392;
Fox upholds existing sovereignties in, 404;
necessity of colonial produce to, 441;
Russia's ambition to be included in, iii. 45;
general warfare in, 47;
English monopoly of commerce, 46;
law of colonial trade, 46;
Alexander I on politics of, 52;
St. Petersburg holds the peace of, 65;
_N.'s_ hopes of a coalition in, against England, 65;
general Sanhedrim of, 76;
influence of the peace of Tilsit on, 95;
a moment of universal anarchy for, 104;
the situation in, 117, 118;
power of the word "legitimacy" in, 148;
growth of the national idea in, 154, 162, 200, 268; iv. 292
(_see also_ =Germany=; =Prussia=);
the right of force in, iii. 164;
the French idea of their great cause in, 214;
views on _N.'s_ second marriage, 256;
publicity of _N.'s_ domestic concerns throughout, 277;
system of private confiscations, 296;
rejoicings over the birth of the king of Rome, 301, 302;
the condition of, set forth in _N.'s_ reply to the Paris Chamber
of Commerce, 303-305;
_N.'s_ coast system of protection 307;
apprehensions of war in, 315, 318;
tendency toward rupture of the peace of, 317;
the Russian march of French troops over, 330;
_N.'s_ scheme for two powers in, 329;
responsibility of Kutusoff for bloodshed in, 374;
Austria a pivotal state in, 403, 409, 411;
_N._ desires to avoid the reprobation of, 414;
a neutral zone for, 414;
peace congress of, 415;
nervousness among the allies, iv. 5;
Prussia acquires the hegemony of continental, 37;
distrust among the allies, 40, 41;
the commercial key to central, 42;
struggle for manhood suffrage in, 43;
exactions of the allies in central, 54, 55;
the armed forces of, Jan. 1, 1814, 55;
jealousies among the powers, 57, 58;
England's desire to establish equilibrium in, 68;
military outrages in, 102;
mobilization of troops, 165;
notified that the Empire means peace, 165;
possible consequences of _N.'s_ success at Waterloo, 213;
the doctrine of legitimacy, 224;
France the teacher of, 253;
abolition of feudalism and ecclesiasticism, 254;
progress of reform in, 263;
a bellicose age in, 264;
influence of Charles the Great on, 292;
the armies of modern, 295;
the alliances of, 295;
the national politics of, 298.

=Eutritzsch=, military operations near, iv. 29.

=Exageres=, the, i. 234.

=Executive Council=, establishment of the, i. 188;
military preparations by, 194.

=Exelmans, Gen. R. J. I.=, corresponds with the Emperor, iv. 148;
in Waterloo campaign, 173.

=Extravagance=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 105.

=Eylau=, the campaign of, iii. 12 et seq.; iv. 173;
the causes of _N.'s_ weakness at, iii. 26;
the grand army after, 45;
the lessons of, 341.

F

=Family relations=, under the Code, ii. 223.

=Fanaticism=, iv. 263.

=Fauvelet=, _N.'s_ school friend, i. 178.

=Faypoult, G. C.=, French political agent in Genoa, ii. 10.

=Feltre=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
Clarke created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Clarke=.

=Feraud=, murder of, 284.

=Ferdinand, Archduke=, commanding Austrian army in Germany, ii. 363;
escapes into Bohemia, 366;
at Ulm, 366;
commanding in Bohemia, 380;
invades Poland and captures Warsaw, iii. 199, 201;
vicissitudes in Poland, 212;
evacuates Warsaw, 212;
on the way to Charles's assistance, 225.

=Ferdinand of Parma=, ii. 205.

=Ferdinand I=, King of Naples, ii. 357; iii. 319. _See also_
=Ferdinand IV=.

=Ferdinand III=, flees to Vienna, ii. 87.

=Ferdinand IV=, position in 1797, i. 421;
evacuates the Papal States, ii. 204;
compelled to restore plunder, 204.

=Ferdinand VII= (_see also_ =Asturias, Prince of=), letters to _N._,
iii. 137, 143, 149;
seeks _N.'s_ favor, 137, 150;
enters Madrid, 138;
doubtful recognition of his throne, 140;
hinted order that he go to Bayonne, 142;
at Vitoria, 143;
revulsion of Spanish feeling against, 143;
goes to Bayonne, 143, 144, 145;
_N.'s_ attitude toward, 142-151;
orders for his arrest, 144;
deposed, 144-148;
character, 146, 149, 150;
offers to surrender his crown, 146;
the crown of Etruria offered to, 145;
trial at Bayonne, 146;
popularity in Spain, 146, 154;
pension and grant to, 147;
in virtual custody of Talleyrand, 148;
cowed into submission, 147, 151;
asks _N.'s_ adoption and permission to appear at court, 261;
release of, iv. 52;
relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, 52.

=Fere-Champenoise=, the Emperor at, iv. 87;
military movements near, 91;
retreat of the French through, 99.

=Fermo=, consolidated with the kingdom of Italy, iii. 118.

=Ferrara=, the Pope prepares to recover, i. 398;
new scheme of government for, 402;
surrendered to France, 422;
ceded to Venice at Leoben, 438;
incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21.

=Ferrol=, reported junction of French and Spanish fleets at, ii. 359;
blockade of, 359;
Villeneuve's retreat to, 371;
supposed English schemes at, iii. 187, 188.

=Fersen, Count=, essays to represent Sweden at Congress of Rastatt,
ii. 27.

=Fesch, Joseph=, i. 32;
childhood with _N._, 40;
appointed to seminary at Aix, 44;
_N.'s_ correspondence with, 55, 79, 141;
enters the priesthood, 64;
returns to Corsica, 112;
literary collaborator with _N._, 124, 147;
member of the constituent assembly at Orezza, 131;
custodian of _N.'s_ papers, 139;
supplanted as head of family by _N._, 161;
radical leader at Ajaccio, 184;
leaves Corsica for Toulon, 207;
in commissary department at Toulon, 208;
storekeeper in commissary department, 225;
escapes arrest, 254;
at Aix, 291;
conforms to the civil constitution, ii. 206;
archbishop of Lyons and cardinal, 258;
reenters the church, 258;
Grand Almoner, 324;
selects a physician for _N._, iv. 232.

=Feudal System=, in Corsica, i. 9, 18;
remnants of the, 67;
absorption of its power in the French crown, 100;
abolition of, 110, 152, 193; ii. 224; iii. 85, 189, 190; iv. 254;
the oath of the Legion of Honor concerning, ii. 246;
_N.'s_ influence on, iii. 322;
French hatred of, iv. 43.

=Feuillants, the=, i. 153;
form a ministry, 174;
fall of the ministry, 179.

=Fichte, J. G.=, member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416;
influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103.

=Fifth Regiment= (French), _N._ offers himself to the bullets of
the, iv, 155.

=Fifty-second Regiment= (English), in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.

=Figueras=, captured by the French, iii. 132.

=Filangieri, Gaetano=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.

=Finance=, an occult doctrine of, iii, 390.

=Finisterre, Cape=, Calder encounters Villeneuve off, ii. 359.

=Finkenstein=, _N._ at, iii. 18, 24, 25;
Persian envoy at, 18.

=Finland=, Russian ambition to acquire, iii. 37, 98, 113, 168, 176;
Russia's claims to, recognized at Tilsit, 55;
acquired by Russia, 64, 236, 248, 268, 310, 316;
Russian invasion of, 115, 116;
Russia threatened with the loss of, 314;
offered to Sweden by _N._, 321.

=Fioravente, Gen.=, captured at Verona, i. 443.

=First Consul=, the office of the, ii. 127.

=Fischbach=, military movements near, iv. 18.

=Fismes=, _N._ aims to strike the Prussians at, iv. 77;
Marmont rallies his troops at, 81, 82;
junction of Marmont and Mortier at, 93;
Marmont retreats to, 100.

=Fitz-James, Edward=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107.

=Fiume=, reoccupied by Austria, i. 435;
seized by _N._, 434;
_N._ proposes to cede, iv. 423.

=Five Hundred, the=, i. 270;
their representation of public sentiment, ii. 1;
inquiry in, as to _N.'s_ independence, 3;
its members proscribed, 8;
Jacobin majority in, 94, 97;
Bonapartes among, 95;
Lucien Bonaparte elected president, 97, 105;
_N._ at the meetings of, 18th and 19th Brumaire, 106, 111-120;
counterplots against _N._ among, 109;
opposition by, 110-120;
meeting of Bonapartist members of, 118;
adopts the Consulate, 123;
deposition of members, 125;
rewards among, for complacency, 125.

=Flahaut, Gen. A. C. J.=, sent to seek Marmont's advice, iv. 116;
advises a return to Lorraine, 116;
bearer of despatch from _N._ to Ney, 186.

=Flanders=, _N._ in, i. 79;
_N._ journey to, iii. 312.
_See also_ =Austrian Netherlands=; =Batavian Republic=; =Dutch
Flanders=; =Holland=; =Netherlands=.

=Fleurus=, battle of, i. 273;
Jourdan's victory at, ii. 323;
military operations near, iv. 173, 175, 180;
_N._ at, 180, 185.

=Florence=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27, 30, 44, 45;
position in the French empire, iii. 279;
sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380.

=Flushing=, Holland's indemnity for, ii. 154;
English capture of, iii. 237;
_N._ builds ships at, 237.

=Fombio=, battle of, i. 359.

=Fontainebleau=, Pius VII, at, ii. 340;
treaty of, iii. 70;
social vices at, 92;
treaty of (Oct. 10, 1807), 104;
_N.'s_ court at, 108, 245, 301;
diplomatic negotiations at, 118;
treaty of (Oct. 28, 1807), for partition of Portugal, 119, 120,
121, 133, 149, 151;
_N.'s_ harsh treatment of Josephine at, 179;
imprisonment of Pius VII at, 243, 377, 390, 391;
the decree (of Oct. 18, 1810), iii. 279;
the Concordat of, 391, 392;
military movements near, iv. 68, 72, 104;
_N._ at, 105, 116, 158;
_N._ reviews the Guard at, 116, 117;
treasonable utterances of the marshals at, 119;
scene of _N.'s_ abdication, 120-122;
council of war at, 128;
treaty of (April, 1814), 133-136, 137, 139, 144-146, 152;
_N._ leaves, for Elba, 139.

=Fontanes, Marquis de=, oration on Washington by, ii. 148;
retires from presidency of the senate, iii. 294;
grand master of the university, 294.

=Fontenaye, Mme. de=, i. 315.
_See also_ =Tallien, Mme=.

=Forchheim=, _N.'s_ base, ii. 424.

=Forez Regiment=, the, i. 143.

=Forfait, P. A. L.=, Secretary of the Navy, ii. 130.

=Foerstgen=, military operations near, iv. 20.

=Fort Bard=, ii. 171.

=Fort Carre=, _N.'s_ confinement in, i. 253-255.

=Fortification=, _N.'s_ essay on, iv. 232.

=Fort Luco=, fires on French ship at Porto di Lido, i. 443, 446.

=Fort Mulgrave=, capture of, i. 230.

=Fouche, Joseph=, describes atrocities at Toulon, i. 233;
opposes Robespierre, 251;
Minister of Police, ii. 92, 323, 412;
joins the Bonapartist ranks, 106;
detection of plots by, 110;
_N.'s_ confidence in, 149;
attitude toward the conspirators of Nivose, 241;
suspected of Jacobinism, 241;
disgraced, degraded, and banished, 241, 277; iii. 180, 275;
character, ii. 277; iii. 193, 253, 267, 271; iv. 148;
instigates Moreau's letter to _N._, ii. 299;
urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304;
ordered to supervise correspondence from the army, iii. 25;
created Duke of Otranto, 87;
licenses vice in Paris, 92;
whips in the nobility to the imperial court, 93;
favors Ferdinand VII, 125, 126;
share in the matter of Josephine's divorce, 179, 180;
raises national guards for service in the Netherlands, 237;
on the second marriage of _N._, 253;
advocates alliance with Russia, 253;
member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 253;
raises troops to repel the Walcheren expedition, 253;
the superserviceable Mephistopheles of the empire, 271;
intervenes in Holland's negotiations with England, 271;
English-Dutch conspiracy, 275;
returns from exile in Italy, 326;
memorializes against war, 326;
warns _N._ of the fate of Charles XII, 326;
recalled to active service, 421;
double intrigues of, iv. 149;
neutrality of, 157;
member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159;
military conspiracy of, 161;
plots against _N._, 165, 166;
attitude after Waterloo, 217, 218;
member of the new Directory, 218;
refuses responsibility for _N.'s_ safety, 219.

=Fouge, Mme.=, _N.'s_ relations with, ii. 329.

=Fouquier-Tinville, A. Q.=, execution of, i. 272.

=Fourcroy, A. F.=, member of the council of state, ii. 152, 214;
organizer of the educational system of France, 227, 228.

=Fourth Artillery=, treason in the, i. 173.

=Fourth Regiment=, _N.'s_ service in the, i. 149, 159.

=Fox, Charles James=, on French military successes, i. 275;
reports _N._ as favorable to peace, ii. 273;
defends France in Parliament, 273;
visits _N._ at Paris, 273;
bias toward France, 282;
lays aside French sympathies, 292;
secretary of state, 394;
becomes prime minister, 399;
declares war against Prussia, 400;
negotiations with _N._, 400, 404;
supposed peace policy of, 401;
upholds the claims of existing sovereignties in Europe, 404;
compelled to adopt Pitt's program, 405;
death, 405; iii. 46.

=Foy, Gen. M. S.=, Massena's envoy to Paris, iii. 287, 289;
brings orders for reinforcements, 289;
in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 171;
battle of Waterloo, 199.

=France=, convention with Genoa regarding Corsica, i. 17, 21;
emulation of England, 22;
her colonial ambitions, possessions, and losses, 21, 450;
ii. 4, 237, 271, 281; iii. 55, 85; iv. 295, 296;
precedent for her aid to American colonies, i. 23;
relation of the army to the throne, 67;
_N._ studies her history and politics, 78, 95, 176;
_N.'s_ bitterness against, 80, 81, 92, 122, 136;
outbreak of the Revolution of 1789 in, 100 et seq.;
social conditions and customs, the domestic relations, etc.,
100-110, 193, 266, 290; ii. 45, 194-198, 200, 213, 223, 318;
iii. 75-79, 87-90, 159-161, 388-390, 392; iv. 48, 49, 259-262,
295-296;
financial troubles, issues of paper money, financial policies and
reforms, i. 105, 289, 327; ii. 48, 134, 186, 219, 229, 318,
409-411; iii. 25, 74, 78, 79, 197, 294, 295, 304-305, 388-390;
iv. 259;
declared a limited monarchy, i. 106;
the rise of popular government, 109;
destruction of feudalism, 110; iii. 85, 322;
adoption of the tricolor, i. 109;
the end of absolutism, 119;
the title and position of the king, 119, 151, 158;
Corsica and Navarre joined to, 120;
disorganization of the army, 140;
changes in, 140-144;
patriotism, spirit of national unity, military enthusiasm, etc.,
140, 155, 158, 195, 266-270, 326; ii. 146, 156, 225, 319;
iii. 6, 7, 198, 323, 324, 386, 387; iv. 73, 171;
the first stage of transformation in, i. 150;
famine, 151;
the problem of government, 151-154, 158;
geographical reconstruction, 152;
failure of reform, 153;
split on the subject of monarchy, 153;
the national oath, 155;
fear of war, 155;
vicissitudes of royalism in;
Bourbon and anti-Bourbon sentiment and intrigues, 155, 268, 278,
297; ii. 8, 22, 95, 130, 235, 301; iv. 49, 50, 81, 113-115, 126;
desertion of troops to Austria, i. 173;
anarchy, 173, 234;
outbreak of insurrection, June 20, 1792, 174;
the republic, 176;
expected coalition against, 187;
efforts at and failures of constitutional government, 187, 268;
ii. 92, 101, 112, 121, 245; iii. 294, 295; iv. 157, 159, 166,
257 (_see also_ specific constitutions mentioned infra);
abolition of the monarchy, i. 189, 194, 267; ii. 317;
declaration of the republic, i. 189;
establishment of an executive council, 189;
political parties, 188;
the republican calendar, 188; ii. 258, 346, 406;
the dictatorship, i. 194;
preparing for foreign war, 194;
declares war against England, 195;
_N.'s_ personal relations with and influence on;
the likes and dislikes of the French people for _N._, 209-211,
323, 369; ii. 29, 97, 133, 142, 152, 185, 199, 215, 218, 272,
293, 329; iii. 1, 2, 25, 65, 73-75, 79, 80, 160, 168, 315, 316,
379, 380, 386, 387; iv. 41-45, 48-50, 53, 54, 101, 102, 123,
124, 131-133, 146, 147, 150, 152, 233, 255, 256, 259, 260, 263,
293, 298;
civil war, i. 212 et seq.; ii. 142, 145;
massacres, i. 234;
militarism, 249-251, 306; ii. 73; iii. 160;
difficulties of a new political program, i. 267-271;
confiscation of lands, 268;
adoption of ancient Roman governmental systems, 270;
the Directory, 270, et seq.;
land and labor troubles, 272;
purging of the army, 275;
military successes, 275;
territorial ambitions, 276;
suspected influences in the army, 278;
the constitution of 1795, 278, 293, 297, 299, 304-308, 309,
330-333; ii. 1, 92, 96;
reaction in, i. 280;
condition of the press, 281; ii. 145, 254, 271, 294;
growth of science, literature, and the arts, i. 281; iii. 26,
88-91, 297, 300;
woman in, i. 290;
British views of affairs in, 297;
English fleet on northern coast, 298;
military dictatorship, 305;
parties, 305;
the regicides in, 309;
coalitions against, 324; ii. 40, 86, 90, 136;
cursed by absolutism, i. 327;
the popular conception of its boundaries, 327;
struggle for and achievement of liberty and civil rights, 326-329;
ii. 126, 136, 261, 293, 317; iii. 82, 83; iv. 38, 160, 295;
the 13th Vendemiaire, i. 328;
foreign policy, 329;
intestinal troubles, 329;
military dictator of Europe, 333;
condition at opening of 1796, 333;
a new lease of national life for, 340;
military strength and recuperative power, 344-349; ii. 9, 13, 14,
160; iii. 27, 28, 323, 324, 387-389; iv. 47, 48, 50, 59, 60,
102, 103, 105, 148;
vicissitudes of her naval power, i. 345-349; ii. 331, 334, 359,
360, 370, 375; iii. 314, 315; iv. 75;
apex of revolutionary greatness, i. 351;
preeminence in Europe, 351;
rejoicings over Lodi, 361;
foreign populations well disposed toward, 387;
Eastern policy, 423; ii. 47;
dissatisfaction with treaty of Leoben, i. 441;
desire for peace, ii. 1, 140, 187, 243, 394; iii. 112, 197;
iv. 19, 52, 157;
suicide among naval officers, ii. 3;
internal administration, offices and office-holders, and public
works, 3, 127, 149-159, 217-228, 271, 273; iii. 74, 91, 160,
249, 296, 297, 301; iv. 48, 296;
the 18th of Fructidor, ii. 8;
martial law in, 8;
punctiliousness in exacting war indemnities, 13;
exasperation at England's mastery of the seas, 16;
aspirations toward "liberty of the seas," 16;
educational methods and reforms, 34, 225-228; iii. 26, 89-91;
iv. 261, 296;
_N._ constructive commander-in-chief, ii. 36;
makes war only against tyrannical dynasties, 42;
schemes of world-conquest, 46;
popular ideas concerning the Egyptian campaign, 67;
_N._ summoned to take supreme command, 80;
elections, May, 1799, 91;
relations between Church and state, religious sentiment,
the clergy, etc., 91, 131, 205, 206, 215, 224, 227, 258, 318,
398; iii. 67, 90, 119, 306, 388, 391; iv. 147, 160, 253, 259,
296;
fears of a revival of the Terror, ii. 92;
the draft in, 93; iii. 387 (_see also_ =Conscription=);
arbitrary tariff in, ii. 93;
thirst for glory and booty in, 93, 105, 268, 361; iii. 6, 82, 323;
iv. 49, 248;
the constitution of 1799, ii. 96, 100, 118, 126, 136, 148, 149,
150, 162, 242, 246, 261;
"the pear is ripe," 98, 103;
need of a Cromwell, 119;
feelings of the various parties, 122;
adoption of the Roman consular system, 123;
the plebiscite of Dec. 15, 1799, 128, 136;
the new charter, 129;
compulsory loans, 134;
disgust at demagogues, 134;
results of the upheaval of Brumaire, 133;
taxation methods and reforms, 135, 153, 220, 349; iii. 78, 305, 389;
end of the provisional Consulate, ii. 137;
two policies open to _N._, 137;
confidence in the new administration, 140;
English preparations to invade, 143;
the inveterate foe of England, 146;
salaries of the First Consul, consuls, and other officers, 150;
the legislative system, 149-153, 242; iii. 83 (_see also_ titles
of its various branches);
the judicial system, and legal abuses and reforms, ii. 149-153,
222-224, 306, 319; iv. 260, 295;
isolation against England and Austria, ii. 156;
_N.'s_ scheme of leadership among nations, 156;
her fate identified with that of _N._, 158;
inefficiency of the department of war, 165;
use of the term "citizen," 194;
public festivals, 195;
use of the term "empire," 194, 248;
the center of a system of republics, 205;
characteristics and temperaments of her people, 205, 254, 261,
315; iii. 260; iv. 44, 171, 254;
satisfaction with the peace of Amiens, ii. 213;
_N.'s_ reorganization of, 213 et seq.;
aspirations toward a European empire, 214;
position in Europe in 1801, 214;
political centralization, 218, 293; iii. 160; iv. 92, 97, 260, 294;
usury in, ii. 219; iii. 75, 77; iv. 48;
speculation in, ii. 219;
the Ministry of the Interior, 218;
crime in, 218;
confiscation of crown and emigrants' lands, 219;
levy of forced contributions by, 220;
revival of the public credit, 220;
commerce, agriculture, and industries in, 220, 272, 349; iii. 75,
76, 160, 249, 265, 295, 303, 304, 377; iv. 48;
compared with the Roman empire, ii. 222;
tendency toward one-man government, 229;
discontent of the republicans, 230;
tendency toward a paternal government, 235;
the Consulate compared with the Roman empire, 235;
plebiscite on question of hereditary consulship, 245, 247;
prerogatives of the government, 248;
her cup of satisfaction full, 248;
_N._ the personification of, 251;
autocratic power of the government, 254;
restoration of public confidence, 259;
sanctions _N.'s_ schemes of European reorganization, 265;
arbitrary shipping regulation, 270;
protective policy, 270;
restores the slave-trade, 270;
sequestrations of English property in, 270;
influence of the bourgeoisie, 278;
prepares naval armaments, 280;
importation of English goods into, forbidden, 288;
disregard for treaty stipulations, 288;
seizure of English prisoners of war in, 288;
declares embargo on British ships, 287;
failure of the Revolution to give political freedom to, 293;
effect of Moreau's fate on the moderate republicans, 300;
police system, 300, 412; iv. 260;
law of treason in, ii. 306;
indignation over the death of the Duc d'Enghien, 311;
the days before the empire, 317 et seq.;
_N.'s_ conception of the empire, 317, 318;
question of consular heredity, 317;
reforms in, 318;
creation of the empire, 322 et seq.;
the constitution of 1804, 322;
the question of hereditary empire, 322;
imperial titles in, 322;
creation of marshals, 323;
_N.'s_ civil list, 323;
the imperial heraldic device, 323;
_N.'s_ distinction between the state and the empire, 324, 396, 404;
scheme of a great empire, 330;
her generals and admirals contrasted, 334;
blockades European ports, 334;
destruction of the Pope's hopes for ecclesiastical matters in, 346;
restoration of the Gregorian calendar, 346;
European apprehensions as to her assumptions, 348;
decline in government bonds, 349; iii. 24; iv. 48;
union of the crowns of Italy and, ii. 352;
position in the European balance, 354; iii. 46;
military commanders, ii. 364;
naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 375;
preeminence of, 393;
the court of (1806), 406, 411;
the imperial catechism, 408;
venality of officials, 410; iii. 295;
continental conquests, ii. 441;
right of search and impressment, 441;
the supports of the empire, iii. 24;
likened to a cephalopod, 24;
founding of military factories, 25;
declares war against England (1793), 47;
colonial trade, rule of 1756. 47;
closes harbors to English ships, 47;
to mediate between Russia and Turkey, 55;
desire for naval allies, 66;
effect of the treaty of Tilsit in, 72;
her European relations, 73;
lays other countries under commercial tribute, 74;
journeys of the Emperor and Empress through, 74;
the Semitic question in, 75-77; iv. 259;
panic of 1805, iii. 78;
appreciation of government bonds, 79;
prosperity, 80;
creation of hereditary legislators, 82;
the right of entail, 82, 85;
the aristocracy, 85-87;
creation of a noble class, 86, 87;
salaries of ministers and ambassadors, 87;
the prefecture, 89;
restriction of commerce with the United States, 102;
lack of an heir to the throne, 112;
proposed supremacy in Europe, 114;
secret compact with Spain for partition of Portugal, 119;
negotiates for rights in Spanish colonies, 133;
welcome to the grand army in, 182;
rival schools of history in, 196;
the army and nation exhausted, 224;
discontent in, 233, 249, 325; iv. 49-52;
cession of Austrian territory to, iii. 239;
growing independence of the nobility, 250;
absolutist tendency, 256;
enthusiasm over _N.'s_ second marriage, 258-261;
transplantation of the ecclesiastical establishments from Rome to,
258, 263;
creation of the papal departments of Rome and Trasimenus, 262, 263;
overpowered by England at sea, 264;
monopolies in, 267;
violations of the Continental System in, 266;
scheme to incorporate new lands into, 266;
seizure of American vessels by, 275, 321;
part of the North Sea coast incorporated into the empire, 278, 287;
enlargement of the empire, 279;
vassal states, 279;
a central bureaucracy in, 279;
proposal to incorporate Spain into, 282;
the natural extensions of, 282;
principle of punishment by confiscation, 295;
Russian discrimination against goods from, 288;
enthusiasm in, over birth of the King of Rome, 302;
the successor to the Frankish dominion of Charles the Great, 304;
military expenses, 305;
revenue from contributions, 304;
the war method of replenishing the treasury, 305, 308;
exchange of prisoners with England, 307;
expeditions against Sicily, Egypt, and Ireland, 308;
Russia's virtual declaration of war against, 312;
effect of the Continental System on industry, 323;
"flying columns," 323;
admiration for the empire in, 323;
general confidence in, 326;
intrigues leading to the Russian campaign of 1812, 328-332;
scarcity of provisions in, 329;
Malet's conspiracy, 361, 376;
revolutionary spirit in, 375, 376;
effect of the Russian failure in, 377;
civil officials whipped into line, 379;
relief for soldiers' families, 379;
plan of regency for, 380;
reception of stragglers from Russia in, 386;
the stimulus of bad news in, 386;
seizure of communal domains, 389;
proposed "guard of honor," 390;
_N._ threatens to abolish the legislature, 390;
value of the Austrian alliance to, 390;
possibility of _N.'s_ becoming king of, 400;
proposed territorial concessions by, 408;
scheme to confine her to the west bank of the Rhine, 423;
exhaustion of, iv. 1;
demoralization of the marshals, 13;
military reverses, 19;
revulsion of feeling of Bavaria and Saxony regarding, 19;
England's determination to crush, 31;
death throes of the empire, 37;
her "natural boundaries," 41;
the Frankfort proposals as to territorial changes, 42-45;
hatred of dynastic rule, 43;
failure of popular sovereignty, 43;
hatred of feudalism, 43;
movement for the expulsion of the invaders, 44;
publication of the allies' proclamation in, 45;
losses of the wars of 1812-1813, 47;
the home guard, 50;
radical agitation in, 49;
"sedentary" volunteers, 50;
panics, 51;
imperialist sentiment in, 52-55;
invaded by the allies, 53 et seq.;
disaffection in the National Guard, 53;
schemes of the allies for invasion of, 54, 57, 68;
the allies determine to confine her to her royal limits, 68;
the Czar's determination to conquer, 68;
proposal that she continue the war with England, 75;
attempt to confine _N._ to the boundaries of royal, 77;
marauding excesses of the allies, 85;
irregular warfare in, 99;
empty arsenals in, 106;
the dissolution of the empire, 110;
proposed forms of government for, 114;
under three forms of government, 115;
the provisional government seeks the Emperor's death by
assassination, 119;
regeneration of, 121;
proposed perpetuation of the empire, 120;
_N._ renounces the throne of, 131;
pensions _N._, 131;
the virtue of the French burgher, 141;
fails to pay _N.'s_ pension, 142, 144, 150;
formation of the new upper chamber, 146;
restored to position of a great power, 146;
Louis XVIII's constitution, 146;
change of public opinion, 146-150;
comparative expenses of the kingdom and the empire, 147;
return of the emigrants to, 147;
restriction of the suffrage, 147;
release of prisoners of war, 147;
"paternal anarchy" in, 147, 149;
abolition of orphan asylums, 148;
_N.'s_ march through, on his return from Elba, 158-162;
visions of a reunited, 157;
_N.'s_ plans for, on returning from Elba, 157;
returned emigrants banished from, 157;
_N._ the "liberator" of, 157;
the apostle of popular sovereignty in, 159;
abolition of privilege and divine right, 160, 257;
the new cabinet, 159;
reconstruction of the House of Peers, 160;
promulgation of the Additional Act, 160;
plebiscite in, 160;
the specter of war in, 161, 166;
bitterness of the nobles, 166;
pledged to self-defense only, 168;
reconstituted corps of marshals, 167;
the "French fury," 171;
Austrian and Prussian schemes for the humiliation of, 214;
Carnot advises a dictatorship for, 217;
organization of a new Directory, 218;
demands for _N.'s_ abdication, 218;
appointment of committee of public safety, 218;
the allies in, 219;
the White Terror, 222;
reconstruction, 224;
confiscation of the imperial domain, 233;
the Revolution in, 253-255;
the teacher of Europe, 254;
the heir of Rome, 253;
enthusiasm for principle, 254;
the Third Estate, 259, 261;
overthrow of the old regime, 260;
Protestantism in, 259;
the new regime, 260;
tendency toward revolution, 261;
the Terror, 262;
conspiracies in, 263;
rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 264;
trial of a single-headed government, 265;
abandonment of the people to _N.'s_ purposes, 265;
character of the wars with England, 265;
the French tradition, 290;
present conditions of government, 295;
hopes for the future, 295;
progress between 1802 and 1815, 296;
_N._ the forerunner of modern, 295;
the Seven Years' War, 297.
See also names of persons or places connected with events in, passim.

=Francis I= (Emperor of Austria), scheme of territorial
aggrandizement, i. 325;
opposes the army of the Rhine, 342;
greed for Italian territory, 425, 438; ii. 141;
prepares for flight into Hungary, i. 437;
offers _N._ a principality and settled income, ii. 19;
declines to send diplomatic agent to Paris, 42;
_N._ writes personal letter to, 142;
military plans for 1800, 160;
letter from _N._ to, June, 1800, 187;
his claims of empire, 329;
dismemberment of his empire, 352;
advised of _N.'s_ seizure of the crown of Italy, 352;
declares war against France, Sept. 3, 1805, 363;
attempts negotiations with _N._, 368;
inaugurates peace negotiations, 381;
secures an armistice, 389;
interview with _N._ after Austerlitz, 389; iii. 38; iv. 30;
proposes to continue the war, ii. 390;
abandons his Germanic crown, 404;
outwitted by Andreossy, 444;
resolves on neutrality, 445;
attitude during the Eylau campaign, iii. 21;
_N._ offers Silesia to, 22;
his "divine right," 38;
character, 38;
the Czar's influence with, 166;
_N._ demands that he disarm, 169;
compact between Russia and France against, 176;
reproached by _N._ from Erfurt, 178;
decides to strike _N._ during his Spanish difficulties, 194;
abused by _N._, 213, 251;
treatment of Hungary, 214;
seeks aid of Frederick William, 225;
fails to secure advantage after Aspern, 225;
obstinacy of, 225;
his position after Wagram, 232;
hopes of continuing the war, 235;
assumes command of the army, 235;
trusts to dilatory negotiations, 236;
concedes _N.'s_ demands, 236;
gets no support from Alexander, 236;
proposal that he abdicate, 238, 251;
peace negotiations between _N._ and, 238;
angered at the treaty of Schoenbrunn, 244;
at marriage of Maria Louisa, 256;
asks aid against Russian aggression, 314;
alarmed at Russian successes on the Danube, 320;
acquires Galicia, 331;
dean of the sovereigns at Dresden, 330;
_N._ seeks to hold his adhesion, 375;
lukewarmness toward _N._, 385;
dread of _N._, 394;
letter from _N._, 395;
_N.'s_ reply to his peace proposals, 408;
_N.'s_ dread of, 413;
at Gitschin, 415;
conference with Nesselrode, 415;
political use of his daughter, 416;
seeks alliance with Alexander, 419;
letter from Metternich, June 29, 1813, 420;
ratifies the treaty of Reichenbach, 422;
reception of _N.'s_ attempts to bribe Austria, 423;
fears French invasion of Vienna, iv. 3;
letter from _N._, Sept., 1813, 21;
declines to treat after Leipsic, 31;
anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40;
distrust of his allies, 40;
discovers the royal ancestry of the Buonapartes, 44;
proposed cession of Alsace to, 67;
to Maria Louisa on the situation, 68;
_N._ demands the Frankfort proposals from, 74;
narrow escape from capture at Bar-sur-Aube, 95;
joins the Army of the South at Lyons, 97;
relations with his allies, 97;
letter from _N._ to, March 28, 1814, 104;
at Dijon, 113, 128;
_N._ seeks the aid of, through Maria Louisa, 128;
Maria Louisa takes refuge with, 135, 143;
seeks the dissolution of his daughter's marriage, 135;
desires _N.'s_ exile, 138;
keeps his daughter a virtual prisoner, 143;
besought for _N.'s_ release, 231.

=Francisco, Don= (Infante of Spain), ordered to Bayonne, iii. 146.

=Franconia=, treaty with France, 1796, i. 450;
French occupation of, ii. 405; iii. 165;
the campaign in, 13;
exploits of the Black Legion in, 234.

=Frankfort-on-the-Main=, occupied by Custine, i. 194;
member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403;
French demonstrations near, 424;
the principality transferred from Dalberg to Prince Eugene, iii. 266;
furnishes new levies, 394;
parley of the allies at, iv. 40-46; 67, 70;
_N._ adheres to the proposals of, 70, 73, 75.

=Frasnes=, military operations at, iv. 176, 184, 189.

=Fraternity=, decreed, i. 110.

=Frederick VI=, signs treaty of Fontainebleau, iii. 70;
hopes to acquire Sweden, 280;
assists in the Continental System, 280.

=Frederick August I=, Elector of Saxony, accepts French terms after
Jena, ii. 443;
proposed exchange of Poland for Saxony, iii. 50;
made king of Saxony, 56;
acquires the grand duchy of Warsaw, 56;
interview with _N._ at Dresden, 394;
peculiar relations toward _N._, 375, 394, 408;
offers his troops to Austria, 399;
difficult position of, 399;
declares himself favorable to France, 407;
love for his capital, iv. 25;
sent prisoner to Berlin, 34;
released by _N._ from his engagements, 39.

=Frederick the Great=, opinion of Paoli, i. 18;
defeats Austria, 324;
his military genius and principles of warfare, 348, 379, 394;
ii. 419; iv. 266, 267;
contrasted with _N._, i. 348, 394; ii. 163;
attitude toward Austria, 41;
statue at the Tuileries, 147;
territorial acquisitions, 413;
_N.'s_ visit to, and spoliation of the tomb of, 438;
self-coronation, iii. 37;
end of his system, 103;
_N._ repudiates the military ideas of, 154;
_N.'s_ analysis of the wars of, iv. 232;
_N.'s_ study of, 266.

=Frederick William I=, his civil and military administration, ii. 414;
school system of, 414.

=Frederick William II=, reign of, ii. 414.