Chapter XXIX: Front Matter (29)

Being sent out by _Peter Ferdinando de Lugo_, to discover the Countreys that lay along the River _Magdalena_, he travell’d upon the right side of it with great trouble; for not onely the brambly Woods, Moors, and deep Brooks, made the Way exceeding bad to be travell’d, but also the Inhabitants, who fell upon him from their Ambuscades: yet at last he reach’d _Tora_, which Name he chang’d into _Pueblo de los Bracos_, because four Rivers unite their Waters there. Here ordering his Brigantines which were come up the River to cast their Anchors, he judg’d it convenient to stay all the Winter, because the swoln Rivers had drown’d the adjacent Countrey. _Ximenes_ observing that the _Indians_ fetch’d Salt from the Sea-side, judg’d that the Countrey was inhabited, and therefore in fair Weather march’d up to the Mountain _Opou_, behind which he found a Countrey full of Salt-pools, which produc’d Cakes of Salt. And somewhat farther the Province Govern’d by the Casique _Bogata_, who at first resisting the _Spaniards_, was soon put to flight, when he heard the noise of the Guns. The _Panches_ divided from _Bogata_’s Countrey by a small Mountain, also maintaining continual Wars with him, suffer’d the _Spaniards_ unmolested to travel through their Countrey, and the Valley _La Trompetta_, to a high barren Mountain, on the top of which _Ximenes_ found several Emeraulds; and going from thence fell upon the Casique _Tunia_, and three days Journey farther, upon the Governors _Sagamosa_ and _Diutama_; from which three Countreys he carried above a hundred and ninety thousand pieces of fine Gold, fifty five thousand pieces of indifferent Gold, and eighteen hundred Emeraulds; all which the _Spaniards_ left behind with Guards whilest they went back to _Bogata_ whom they found lying dead of his Wounds on a high Hill: But _Sagipa_, _Bogata_’s Successor, receiv’d _Ximenes_ with great Civility, to engage his Assistance against his Neighbors the _Panches_; which he did not refuse him: but afterwards he fell most perfidiously upon the said _Sagipa_, whom he caus’d to be Executed, because he either could not, or would not discover where those Riches were which _Bogata_ had left behind him. After he had pillag’d the little Region _Neyba_, and brought into subjection the whole Countrey, he gave it the Name of _New Granada_, from _Granada_ the place of his Nativity, being the chief City of the Kingdom of _Granada_ in _Spain_, and built the City _Santa Fe_; which done, he quitted the Place, upon information that _Sebastian de Bevalcazar_ coming from _Popayan_, was seeking a Way Northward; and not long after him _Nicholas Federman_ follow’d, each claiming _New Granada_ as their Right, whereas _Ximenes_ alledg’d, That the first Discovery thereof was to be ascribed to him onely: at last Agreeing, they resolv’d that it should be at the King of _Spain_’s disposal.

[Sidenote: The Nature and Custom of the _Moxas_.]

The antient Inhabitants, nam’d _Moxas_, divided their Countrey into two chief Principalities, _viz._ _Bogota_ and _Tunica_, which before the _Spaniards_ Arrival were each under their particular _Casique_ or Prince. The Men were of a good proportion; the Women also handsomer, and of a fairer Complexion than their Neighbors: Their Habit also consisted of black, white, and divers colour’d Cotton Cloaks, and some also had Bonnets of the same. The temperateness of the Climate makes little difference between Winter and Summer. Their Houses were of Planks, and cover’d with long Rushes. Their chiefest Food was _Maiz_ and _Cassave_, which first grows on Stalks as large as Canes, containing very large and weighty Spikes or Ears, each Ear generally yielding seven hundred Grains, which are Planted in hot and moist Ground; one Bushel Sow’n, generally produces three hundred. But the _Maiz_ is distinguish’d into a courser or finer sort, which last is call’d _Moroche_, the Leaves and Canes whereof afford a wholsom Provender for Horses, and the Corn, Bread for the Inhabitants, who make it several ways; for sometimes they boyl it in Water, and at other times parch it in Ashes, or grind it to Meal, which kneading into Dough, they make into Cakes, Biskets, and the like: Moreover, _Maiz_ steep’d in Water, and after being boyl’d and set a working, makes a very strong Liquor. They also use _Cassada_, which they make of the Root _Yuca_, which being large and thick, is cut in pieces, grated, and all its Juice, which is deadly poyson, being press’d out, is Bak’d in thin Cakes. There is likewise another sort of _Yuca_, which hath not so poysonous a Juice, keeping good a long time, and is both wholsom, and of a good taste. The Natives of old liv’d much upon the Roots _Yomus_, and _Cubias_, all sorts of Venison, Fowls, and Fish, which the Rivers and Lakes afford in great abundance. Those that are left of the Natives, are a deceitful, crafty, and ingenious sort of People, very apt to learn Art, and to Trade with Salt to _Rio Grande_, and the Mountain _Opou_.

Besides Copper and Steel-Mines, this Countrey hath also several of Gold; and the Fields produce all manner of Plants.

[Sidenote: The Nature of the _Panchas_.]

The _Panchas_ which remain are yet a salvage People, but their Countrey is an indifferent fertile Soil, though not in all places alike; for those which border upon _Tunia_ fed much heretofore on Pismires, of which some being long, have double Wings, others lesser and without Wings; which last sort being roasted, are accounted a great Dainty, and a speedy Remedy against the Distemper of the Gravel. There are also a sort of venomous Pismires, which stinging a Man, cause a swelling and great itching, and these are call’d _Tayoques_, whose Stings are cur’d by a Plaister of bruis’d Pismires.

[Sidenote: The Bounds and Dimensions of _Nova Granada_.]

The Countrey is bounded on the North with _Castella Aurea_ aforesaid; on the West, with _Mare del Zur_; on the East, with _Venezuela_; the Southern parts of it being not well discover’d, by reason of certain huge and unpassable Mountains, which block it up wholly on that side, save onely where a Passage is kept open into the Province of _Peru_, specially so call’d: It containeth in length about a hundred and thirty Leagues, and not much less in breadth, being for the most part a very healthful Countrey, and abounding in Mines of the best sort of Metal, besides others of Brass and Iron. It is subdivided into these two Provinces, _viz._ _Granada_ and _Popayana_.

SECT. II.
Granada.

[Sidenote: Description of _Granada_.]

_Granada_, specially so call’d, is a Countrey of a very temperate and good Air, as hath been before observ’d, neither subject to over-much Cold, nor to extremity of Heat; which is the more to be admir’d by reason of its nearness to the _Line_, from which it is distant Northward but a very few Degrees.

[Sidenote: Towns of chief note.]

The Towns and Places of chief importance are, 1. _St. Foy_, commonly call’d _St. Foy de Bagota_, which was the old Name of this Province, and to distinguish it from another _St. Foy_, in the Countrey of _New Mexico_ above mention’d. It is the Metropolis and Capital City of this Province, an Arch-bishop’s See, and the ordinary Residence of the Governor, built by the above-mention’d _Gonsalvo Ximenes_ upon the Lake call’d _Guatavita_, and hath been long since inhabited by above six hundred Families of _Spaniards_.

2. _St. Michael_, twelve Leagues Northward of _St. Foy_, and a well Traded Town. The _Indians_ that dwell about this Place being above five thousand, pay great Tribute yearly. Not far from hence lies the Lake _Guatavita_, where the Inhabitants in former times Offer’d much Gold to their Idols.

[Sidenote: Commodities of the Countrey of _Tocaima_.]

3. _Tocaima_, fourteen Leagues Westward from _St. Foy_, within a Territory which antiently belong’d to the _Panches_, who yet possess the worst part of it, lying still wild and unreduc’d: It is situate on the Banks of the great River _Pati_, which falls into the Rivulet _Magdalena_. This City, which enjoys the benefit of a wholsom Climate, is surrounded with Mines of Gold, Copper, Silver, and Lead. And besides the Fruits of the Countrey, all _Spanish_ Plants thrive exceedingly after once Planted; and though Sheep will not breed here, yet Kine, Hogs, and Goats increase daily, but are often devour’d by Tygers, Lyons, and Bears. The Woods produce Nut-Trees, Cedars, _Guaiacum_, or _Pock-Wood_, and the wonderful Tree _Zeyba_, whose Leaves fall off every twelve hours, and grow again. The Fowls of this Countrey are many and several. Near the City are sulphurous Fountains, whose Waters cure Scabs and Leprosie. In the Valleys also flow Springs of salt Water, which thrown on Herbs, turns to Rozen and Pitch, and is good to make Boats tight. The tops of the Mountains are continually cover’d with Snow, notwithstanding some of them vomit forth horrible Flames and Ashes, which are blown several Leagues over the Countrey. The vicissitude of the Weather occasions two Summers and two Winters; the first Summer begins in _December_, and the second in _June_; the first Winter accordingly begins in _March_, and the other in _October_. This alteration of Seasons is not distinguish’d by any change of Heat or Cold, but the continuance of fair Weather during the Summer, and in the Winter, of such terrible Hurricanes, that blow from North to South, or from South to North, with such Thundering and Lightning, as if the end of the World were at hand. The chiefest Trees that grow here are Cedars, and one that bears exceeding great Almonds. The _Quaque_ also bears a pleasant Fruit about the bigness of a Goose-Egg; and the Fig-Tree, Figs as large as Oranges. The _Agnapa_ which grows here is of such a nature, that an _European_ sleeping under it, swells exceedingly, but an _Indian_ bursts. The Bark and Sprigs of the _Hobo_, which grows high and round, serve against Swellings and Ulcers, and occasion also Loosness. Sugar-Canes grow also here in great abundance, amongst which feed certain Beasts like Hogs, whose Navels grow on their Backs; and large Stags. The Fountains in most places of this Countrey run with salt Water; and sometimes Salt is found between fresh-Water Brooks. The Natives, who are valiant, subtile, and well proportion’d, are since their giving over eating of Mans-flesh much increas’d, and many of them forsaking their Heathenish Idolatry, have embrac’d the _Roman-Catholick_ Religion.

4. _La Palma_, built _Anno 1572._ in a certain Territory, the People whereof were antiently call’d _Musi_ and _Colymæ_.

5. _Trinidad_, which is indeed the antient _Tudela_ renew’d, or a City sprung out of the Ruines thereof. This _Tudela_ stood on the Shore of the River _Zarbi_, which running between high Mountains, makes the Rivulet _Turatena_, and in the same Territory as _La Palma_ above mention’d, _viz._ of the _Musi_ & _Colymæ_, by whom the _Spaniards_, who had here a Colony, were so exceedingly molested, that they deserted the same, together with their Governor _Peter de Orsua_: yet not long after the forsaken Place was again re-built by the Name of _Trinidad_; but that Place proving incommodious, was again abandon’d, and a new _Trinidad_ built, where now it is to be seen on a convenient place Eastward from the high and cold Mountain _Paramo_. From several rich Gemmaries thereabouts are digg’d store of Emeraulds, Crystal like Diamonds, white Marble, and the Beryl, especially on the Mountains _Ytoco_ and _Abipi_.

6. _Tunia_, having a Territory about it, to which it gives Denomination; It lies on a high Hill, from whence the Church and two Cloysters of the _Dominican_ Fryers are seen at a great distance. Here also is kept the greatest Market in _New Granada_.

7. _Pampelona_, sixty Leagues distant from _St. Foy_ to the North-East, abounding with Cattel and Gold.

8. _Merida_, surrounded with Corn-Fields, the farthest Town of this Province North-Eastward towards _Venezuela_.

9. _Belez_, which though it suffers great prejudice by a burning a Mountain that vomits Fire and Stones, and also Thunder and Lightning, is the greatest Residence of several Orders of Fryers.

10. _Marequita_, otherwise call’d _St. Sebastian del Oro_, which lies under a hot Climate, and hath much Pasture.

11. _Ybague_, the Habitation chiefly of _Dominicans_.

12. _La Vittoria de los Remedios_; and 13. _Juan de los Lanos_, or _St. John of the Plains_, seated in a rich Nook of the Countrey, where there are good Silver and Gold-Mines.

The Merchandise that come to these Towns, are brought up the River _Magdalena_ in _Canoos_ of sixty Foot long.

SECT. III.
Popayana.

[Sidenote: Situation and Description of _Popayana_.]

_Popayana_, the other part of this new Kingdom, is border’d on the West with part of _Granada_ last spoken of, from which the River _St. Martha_ divides it for the most part: On the North it hath _Nova Andaluzia_, or _Carthagena_; on the West, _Mare del Zur_; and on the South, _Quito_, or rather some unreduc’d Countreys lying betwixt them both; It extends in length above a hundred Leagues from North to South, but in breadth, betwixt the River and the South Sea, not much above forty or fifty. The Countrey is said to be a little too much subject to Rain, yet not so, but that the fertility of the Soil answers the industry of the Inhabitants in most places very well.

_Sebastian de Bevalcazar_, Governor of _Quito_, marching _Anno 1536._ with a Company of _Spaniards_ to _Otabalo_, where the Countrey _Popayan_ begins, was often set upon by the Natives from their Ambuscades, and the many Inconveniences which he suffer’d for want of Provisions, and trouble of travelling over the high Mountains, had necessitated him to return, had he not been resolutely bent to discover the Countrey; to which purpose marching on leisurely, he came into the heart of _Popayan_, where his wearied People sufficiently resting themselves amidst a fruitful Countrey, where they found pleasant Fruit-Trees, Houses full of Provisions, and fresh Rivers, which glided from the Mountain _Andes_, and some of the Rivulets also affording Gold, were encourag’d to build several Villages; in which nevertheless they made no Settlement, either because they could not get Gold enough, or else being driven from thence by the valiant Natives.

[Sidenote: Cities and Towns of chief note.]

The Places of chief note in it, are 1. _Popayan_, situate on the Banks of a fair River, but not nam’d, and in the midst of a Plain in a place of great Wealth, and enjoying a good Air. The original of the Name _Popayan_ is from the _Casique_ who Govern’d there at the time of the _Spaniards_ first Arrival. It is a Bishop’s See, and the ordinary Residence of the Governor of the Province. The chief Buildings are the Cathedral, and a Monastery of the Fryers _De la Merced_. The _Savanna_ Grounds towards the North feed many fat Cattel. The Fields produce the best _American Maiz_. Some of the adjacent Mountains either vomit Smoak, Flames, great Stones, or scalding Water, leaving a Salt behind it. Beyond the City _Popayan_ the great River _Magdalena_ takes its original in the Valley _Cali_, where several Brooks gliding from the Mountain _Andes_, inhabited by the _Cocunocos_, unite their Waters.

2. _Antiochia_, otherwise call’d _St. Fides de Antiochia_, on the Borders of _New Andaluzia_, and about a hundred Leagues from _Popayan_. In the midst of a small Territory to which it gives Name, in the Valley _Nore_, between the River _Magdalena_ and _Daria_, wash’d by Rivulets, whose Sands are Golden, and whose Banks are shaded with all sorts of Fruit-Trees. The Inhabitants white and very rational, sleep in the Night under the open Skye: Their Houses are built a good distance from the Highways; near which the Pastures feed abundance of Sheep. The Pools breed plenty of Fish, and the Mines store of Gold, especially in the Mountain _Buritica_.

3. _Caramanta_, seated likewise on the Banks of the River _St. Martha_, within a little Province also of the same Name; the Inhabitants whereof being valiant and strong go naked, and dwell in little Huts, make white Salt out of a Fountain and a little Lake: they generally go to _Antiochia_ in six hours, which is forty five Leagues, so swift runs the Stream.

4. _St. Anne_, in the _Cantred_ or Hundred of _Anzerma_, a Town neatly situate upon the side of an Hill betwixt two Rivers, and in the midst of Plain no less pleasant than fertile: It was so call’d by _Bevalcazar_, because the _Indians_ of this Place name the Salt _Anzer_; it is surrounded with Villages and Woods on a high Plain between two Rivers. The Air being exceeding hot, lightens generally every day.

5. The Village _Pueblo Llana_, which is inhabited by little People, who Trade in Salt, and have also Golden Rivulets. Near this Place is the Valley _Aburra_, consisting of many fruitful Plains, moistned by several Rivers; the Inhabitants whereof at the _Spaniards_ first coming thither, hang’d themselves, with their Wives and Children.

6. _St. Jago de Arma_, built in a Wood of Palm-Trees, so nam’d from the Territory in which it standeth, rich and famous for its Mines of Gold, which it is said to have many and very good: The Ground round about being Mountainous, hath several Rivers, the chiefest whereof call’d _Di Arma_, is dangerous to cross, especially in Winter. The unwholsom Air hereabouts occasions many Sicknesses. Amongst other Fruits that grow in this County, is the _Pytahaya_, which whoe’re eats, voids Urine as red as Blood. Adjacent to it are the little Provinces _Paucuran_, _Pozo_, and _Picara_, which possess Golden Mines: also the Territory _Carrapa_ which hath high and rugged Land, and many Rivulets: likewise the County _Quimbaya_, which abounds with thick and long Canes, wherewith the Natives build their Houses; in the hollow Bodies of these Canes the wild Bees gather store of Honey; and amongst them breed also exceeding great Lyons, the four-footed Beast _Chuca_ which carries its Young in a Bag, Stags, Rabbets and _Guadaquinajes_, which being bigger than Hares, are exceeding good Meat. The Mountain _Nevada_, wonderful high, and smoaking continually, produces the golden Rivers _Tacurumbi_ & _De la Cequo_. Twenty Leagues or more distant from _St. Jago_ is, 7. _Carthago_, the chief City of _Quimbayaes_, and by which the aforesaid Rivers run. The temperate Climate here gives Health and long Life to the Inhabitants, who have several Fountains of salt Water, and the Fruit _Caymito_, not unlike a Peach, black within, having little Kernels, and a Juice which Dyes so deep, that it can scarce be wash’d off. Horses and Cows they have likewise very plentiful. _Carthago_ it self stands in a pleasant Plain between two Rivulets; the Ways that lead to the same are very dirty, because of the continual Rain which falls there, with Lightning and Thunder. A League beyond the City flows the Stream _Consota_; near which lies a Lake, out of which Salt is made.

8. The City _Cali_, the Residence for the Governor and Collector, lying under a hot Climate in a plain Valley at a River, which falling from the Mountain, glides to the Stream _Magdalena_. Round about the same dwelt antiently several People, _viz._ the _Gorrones_, so call’d, because they nam’d a Fish _Gorron_, the _Chancos_, Giants, with long Faces and broad Foreheads, the _Aarbacoas_, _Agnales_, and _Los Timbas_, inhabiting among barren Mountains; but most of them were slain by the _Spaniards_, or destroy’d by one another, few onely escaping to the tops of the Mountains. The Countrey also swarms with wild Beasts, which have also devour’d many of the Inhabitants, both _Indians_ and _Spaniards_.

9. The Haven _Bonaventure_, situate in a deep Inlet, about which live some Families which send the Commodities that come from _New Spain_ to _Popayan_, _Cali_, and other Places; and though there be a Way along by the River _Dagua_, convenient for Mules and Horses to travel, yet it is seldom us’d, because the Cattel are so wearied out with the long Journey, that they cannot go through with their Loads; wherefore they employ the _Indians_ to carry their heavy Burthens over the Mountains, which they do for a small Reward.

10. _St. Juan de Pasto_, giving Denomination to the Countrey about it, and being built on the pleasant Plains of the Valley _Atris_, is situate in a wholsom Climate, and is moistned by several Fountains and the River _Angasmayo_, the Boundary of _Peru_. The _Spaniards_ have several Houses here, and breed store of Cattel, and especially Hogs. They have likewise Sugar-Mills, with which they make abundance of Sugar. The antient Inhabitants were salvage, deform’d, and of little Reason.

11. _Timana_, giving Denomination to the Countrey about, is plac’d under a hot Climate, yet the Inhabitants live long; they drive a great Trade with Thred spun out of the Herb _Pita_; and also with Sweet-meats, Fruits Preserv’d with Honey and Sugar, and especially a Kernel not unlike an Almond. In their Gardens they Plant the Herb _Cocoa_, which they chew constantly for the strengthning of their Hearts. Near _Pita_ is a Mountain with Load-stones; and somewhat farther the Habitations of the valiant _Yalcones_ in the Valley _Aquirya_, the _Paezes_, _Pixaos_, and _Manipos_, which so molested the _Spaniards_, that they forc’d them to forsake the Towns _Neyra_, _St. Vincent_, and _Ville de los Angelos_.

12. _Guadalajara de Buga_; and 13. _Sebastian de la Plata_, built on a Plain near the River _Guali_; the Countrey about which is exceedingly troubled with Earthquakes, and the Inhabitants with their Neighbors the _Nineres_, who bring the Flesh of their Prisoners to Sale in the publick Shambles.

14. _Almague_, built on a high Mountain, and lying under a cool Climate, is surrounded with fruitful Fields, which feed store of Cattel, and enrich’d with several Gold-Mines.

15. _Juan de Truxillo_, which the _Indians_ call _Yscance_.

16. _Madrigall_; 17. _Chapanchipa_; 18. _Malaga_; and 19. _Agreda_; the Mountains about which inclose store of Gold.

Between the Promontory _De Corrientes_ and the Island _Palmas_, are the Rivers _Salinas_ and _Balsas_, which fall into the Southern Ocean; _St. Juan_, whose Banks are inhabited by a salvage People which dwell in the tops of the Trees, because the River oftentimes overflows the Countrey. They sowe Pease and Beans, and catch Fish, but buy other Provisions, with Gold.

[Sidenote: The Isle _Gorgona_.]

Against the Mouth of this River _St. Juan_ lies the Isle _Gorgona_, three Leagues in circumference, which is compar’d to Hell, because of the dismal Woods which are upon it, barren Mountains, Millions of _Musticho_’s, whose Stings are intolerable, and never-ceasing Rain, insomuch that the Sun never shines upon it.

[Sidenote: The Isle _Del Gallo_.]

West-South-West from _Gorgona_ lies the round Island _Del Gallo_, about a League in circumference; it is divided by several Rivers, and round about Planted with Trees, on which the _Indians_ dwell as at the River _St. Juan_.

CHAP. IV.
Peru.

[Sidenote: The Description and Division of _Peru_.]

_Peru_, so call’d, as some think, from the River _Beru_ afore mention’d, in the Southern part of _America_, was antiently a great and mighty Kingdom, as _Mexico_ in the Northern, and fell under the Power of the _Spaniards_ much after the same manner that the Kingdom of _Mexico_ did, _viz._ through the Dissentions and Differences amongst the People themselves, as in the History of this considerable part of the _New World_ will be related at large hereafter.

[Sidenote: Commodities of the Countrey.]

[Sidenote: The Fountain _Puchio_.]

[Sidenote: Another strange Fountain.]

[Sidenote: A most wonderful Rock.]

The Kingdom of the Kings of _Cusco_, which in some sence, and by some Writers upon occasion, is call’d _The Kingdom of Peru_, was extended by the last _Inca_ or King, _Huayna Capac_, from North to South above a thousand Leagues together, comprehending not only a great part of the Province of _Chile_ towards the South, but also the new Kingdom of _Granada_, and divers other Provinces to the North; but _Peru_, properly so call’d, containeth little more than half so much, _viz._ six hundred Leagues in length, and about fifty or threescore in breadth, except onely in some places, as in the Countrey of _Chacopoyas_, where ’tis thought it may be a hundred Leagues from the _Andes_ to the South Sea: It lieth between the first and fifth Degrees of Southern Latitude, and is bounded on the East and North-East with that vast Ridge of Mountains which they call the _Andes_; on the West it is wash’d with _Mare del Zur_; on the North it hath the Countrey of _Popayan_; and on the South, _Chile_: It is commonly divided into three parts, which they call _The Plains_, _The Hill-Countrey_, and _The Andes_; the _Plains_ are that part of the Countrey which lie along upon the Sea-Coast, being for the most part a meer Level without any Hills at all. The _Sierra_, as they call it, or _Hill-Countrey_, is that part of _Peru_ which is partly mountainous and partly plain, fertile and well inhabited in both. The _Andes_ are so high, rocky, and inaccessible, that they are scarce inhabited at all but by Salvages, save onely upon the skirts of them. The _Plains_ from the Sea-shore to the _Hill-Countrey_, are for the most part about ten Leagues over or broad, upon which it scarce raineth all the year long. The _Hill-Countrey_ is commonly twenty Leagues in breadth where narrowest; and from _September_ to _April_ hath Rain, the rest of the Year generally being fair Weather; but on the _Andes_, which take up all the rest of the Countrey of _Peru_, it raineth almost continually all the year long. In the _Hill-Countrey_ their Summer begins in _April_, as is said, and ends in _September_; but in the _Plains_ it begins in _October_, and ends in _May_; so that in the space of a day a Man may feel both Summer and Winter; be scorch’d with excessive Heat in the Morning, and yet well nipt with Cold before Night. The _Andes_ generally are cover’d with thick Woods and wild Forrests. The _Hill-Countrey_ is for a great space naked and open; the _Plains_ in many places sandy and dry, and would be much more scorch’d with Heat than they are, but for the neighborhood of the Sea, which affords them many cooling Gales from the South and South-West Winds, whose property, although it be natural in other parts to be tempestuous, to bring Rain and foul Weather, yet here there is nothing but Serenity and fair Sun-shine days all the year long, although these Winds blow almost without ceasing upon the Countrey, and no other at any time, whereas the _Sierra_, or _Hill-Countreys_ have Wind from every Coast, and such as bringeth all sorts of Weather with it, Rain, Hail, Frost, Snow, great claps of Thunder, _&c._ The Countrey affordeth not so much Cattel of the breed of _Europe_ as some other Provinces of _America_; but in stead of Kine and Sheep, the Woods and Pastures are replenish’d with multitudes of the _Vicugnes_ and _Pacos_, which are of no less Profit and Service. The _Pacos_ here are said to be as big as some young Heifers of two years old, bearing a Fleece like Sheep, and their Flesh no less pleasant than the Mutton of _Europe_. But the great Wealth of this Countrey lies out of sight in the bowels of the Earth, _viz._ in those rich and (as they may seem) inexhaustible Mines both of Gold and Silver, which, as ’tis well known, the Countrey of _Peru_ affordeth more than any other Province of _America_ besides. The _Sierra_ opens into large Valleys, amongst the chiefest whereof are _Xauxa_, _Andaguailas_, and _Yucay_, all of them well inhabited and fruitful. Below _Cusco_ the Mountains _Andes_ and those of _Sierra_ run a greater distance than elsewhere one from the other, leaving the great Plain _Callao_ in the middle. Moreover, several sandy Wilds, without Water, Herbs, Trees, or any living Creature, except Birds, extend from _Tumbez_ to _Taparaca_. From the Valleys flow several Rivers into the Southern Ocean. On the Mountain _Pira_ is a Fountain call’d _Puchio_, which springs in the Night, but is quite dry in the Day-time. Also near the chief City _Quito_ in the Valley _Chilo_, is a Fountain whose Waters boyl faster or slower according as any one speaks softer or louder; and when not a word is spoken, it stirs not at all. If any thing exceed this for strangeness, it is a Rock in the Province _Concuchos_, which is all compos’d of black and white Stones, which are so neatly plac’d by Nature, as if Art had done a Master-piece, in the exact placing of them one between another: but the chiefest thing belonging to it worthy of admiration, is a wonderful power either to heal or hurt; for if the black Stones in this Rock be touch’d by any, they cause immediate Death; whenas the white ones cure all manner of Sicknesses, and being digg’d out, leave a Seed behind them, out of which grow new Stones to fill up the empty place.

_Iuca Garcilasso_, Extracted from the _Peruvian_ Kings, tells us concerning Plants, That he saw a Raddish which a Man with both Arms could scarce embrace, and that under the shade of their Leaves, Horses might stand. But of all the _Peruan_ Fruit the _Cocoa_ is the crown, which grows on Trees of a Fathom long in hot and moist Grounds of the Valleys between _Andes_ and _Sierra_; from whence it is carried to the Sea-Coast in long Baskets by Companies of three or four thousand at a time on the Backs of the Sheep _Pacos_. Before the _Spaniards_ coming hither none might chew _Cocoa_ without the Governor’s leave: A handful thereof chew’d and suck’d in the Mouth, enables a Man to travel two days without any other Sustenance, and mix’d with burnt Bones or Chalk, it is accounted an excellent Dish; there is such extraordinary plenty of them, that the Inhabitants spend yearly 90000 Baskets of the Leaves in Pottage. The _Peruans_ also esteem _Mamayes_, a Fruit which grows round, not unlike a Peach, with two Stones, hard Rinds, and a well-rellish’d Pulp within, which dipt in Sugar is a great Dainty; they grow for the most part in the Islands. The _Guaiyavas_ bears a wholsom and delicious Fruit like a large Plumb. The _Palto_, a Tree with many Boughs, bears a Fruit resembling a Pear, having a hard Rind, and within the Pulp a great Stone. The Fruit which grows on the _Annona_ hath outwardly the same shape, but white within, and hath many black Kernels, which taste very deliciously. The Fruit _Andas_, so call’d from the desolate _Peruan_ Mountains on which they grow, resemble the fore-mention’d _Cocoa_, but differ from the _East-Indian_, because they are full of hard shell’d Almonds, the like whereof grows on the Tree _Cachapoyas_, which are not inferior to any _European_ Fruits that grow on Trees; in that part of _Peru_ which hath its Name from that Fruit is the best sort, being exceedingly devour’d by Monkies, who plucking the _Cachapoya_ Almonds from their Stalks, throw them on the Ground to break their prickly Shells, that so they may eat the Kernels without hurt. The _Mille_-Tree, being a sort of Grapes, furnishes with Wine. But the greatest benefit the Inhabitants receive is by their Sheep _Pacos_ and _Moromoros_, which carry great Loads, and feed on what they find by the Way; their Flesh is good and wholsom, and being either Smoak’d or Salted, keeps good a considerable time; their Wool dress’d affords _Cumbi_, of which they make fine Table-clothes and Tapestry, which on both sides is alike. The chiefest Weavers liv’d formerly at _Copachica_ near the great Lake _Titicacu_: They Dye their Wool with the Juice of boyl’d Herbs. It seems also strange to consider what Loads the foremention’d Sheep carried, for besides all sorts of Merchandise, they convey’d the Silver from _Potosi_ to _Arica_, a Way of sixty three Leagues; but in former times they brought it as far again to _Arequipa_; and though they carried two thousand Bars at a time, amounting to above thirty thousand _Ducats_, yet they had no other Guard but a few Herdsmen, who driving them slept with them in the Nights under the bare Skie, yet lost none of their Riches, but when the bald Sheep call’d _Moromoros_, being wearied with their Loads, standing still, stretch’d out their Necks, and looking on their Drivers, on a sudden ran up into the Mountains, by which means the Silver was oft-times lost, if they were not suddenly shot. The woolly Sheep _Pacos_ have also strange Tricks, for they often fall down under their Loads, and cannot be got up again, but must be let alone till they rise of themselves. So soon as one of the Sheep hath gotten the Mange (which the _Peruvians_ call _T’ecarache_,) they bury them alive to prevent farther Infection.

[Sidenote: The Customs and Habits of the antient Natives.]

[Sidenote: Giants antiently in _St. Helena_.]

The antient Natives, though differing in Language and Customs, yet went all Apparell’d after the same fashion, the Men cover’d themselves with a Shirt, which came down below their Knees, and over that a Cotton Cloak, the Women wore woollen Coats down to their Ancles: Their Head-Ornaments were different according to an inviolable Compact between the Natives of several Provinces; for some were wrought, some plain, some divers colour’d Caps, with two, three, or no Feathers, according to the Custom of the Place: They were generally of a middle Stature; but those that were near the _Equinoctial Line_ lesser. Their Histories make mention also of Gyants, who formerly inhabited the Promontory _St. Helena_, were each four times bigger than an ordinary Man, and fed not onely on the greatest Sea-Monsters, but devour’d each of them thirty _Peruvians_ at a Meal. The Stone Images of these Gyants are at this day to be seen not far from _Puerto Viejo_. They likewise kept for a longtime Annual Feast-Days, on which they lamented the loss of the Gyants, which (as they say) was as followeth:

A Youth glittering in glory like the Sun descended from Heaven, and breath’d Fire, which rending the Rocks so terrifi’d the Giants, that they fled into a deep Cave, where they were all kill’d.

[Sidenote: _Helvius_ finds the Bones of the Giants.]

_Cornelius Whitefleet_ relates, That _Helvius_, Governor of _Puerto Viejo_ being stirr’d up by the Report of the fore-mention’d Images, caus’d all the Graves to be broke open, in some of which he found Bones, which they suppos’d to be Whale-Bones, had not the Sculls manifested the contrary.

[Sidenote: The original of the Kingdom of _Peru_.]

[Sidenote: The original of the _Ingas_.]

Concerning the original of the Kingdom of _Peru_ the Natives give this Account of it: That the most antient Inhabitants flock’d together like wild Beasts, without constant Abodes, Customs, Laws, or Governors, which salvageness is still retain’d in many Parts, amongst the _Brasilians_, _Chunches_, _Chiruguanes_, _Yscayungus_, _Piloconens_, most of the _Floridans_, _Chinchemecos_, and others, which degenerate from all Humanity. In time when some kind of Government began to be observ’d, it was rather Popular than Monarchical; yet generally those that were most powerful, valiant and subtile, bore the greatest sway: Amongst whom the first that five Ages since Commanded over the Inhabitants of the Valley _Cusco_, was _Ingaroca_, a subtile and politick Person, who built the Fort _Pucora_, Eastward near the Foot of the Mountain _Andes_, that so he might bridle the People which inhabited in those Parts between the Rivers, Moors, and Lakes, where the remainders of the Fort are to be seen at this day: Moreover, he conquer’d all the Countrey along the Southern Ocean towards the North and South, giving out that he was extracted from one of the seven _Ingas_ (by which Name the _Peruan_ Kings have been styl’d ever since) which came out of the Cave _Pacaritambo_, where they were preserv’d against the Deluge (of which the _Heathens_ in _America_ had long since an obscure knowledge,) and restor’d the drowned Families; wherefore every one not onely obey’d, but paid him Tribute, and bound themselves to receive of him the true Religion, which they desir’d he would teach them, as none knowing the same better than he, whom they look’d upon as Extracted from the _Ingas_. Amongst these _Ingas_ the chiefest was said to be _Mangocapa_, who, according to their fabulous Tradition, climb’d through the Window _Tambo_ out of the Cave _Pacaritambo_, and produc’d two Families, _viz._ _Hunan Cusco_, and _Urin Cusco_; from the first whereof _Ingaroca_ affirm’d himself Descended, and having first made himself Master of all the Countreys about _Cusco_, rais’d the Family _Vicaquiquirao_, and laid out a great part of his Revenues upon Gold and Silver Utensils, and Ornaments for his Person and House, which he in his last Will charg’d that none of his Successors should inherit, nor dwell in his Palace, but that every one should build a new Habitation for themselves: He also erected divers Golden Idols.

[Sidenote: _Yaguarguoqu_ the second _Inga_.]

[Sidenote: _Viracocha Inga_ his great Riches.]

Some Authors begin this _Dynastie_ of the Kings of _Peru_ in a very different manner, making _Mango Capa_ to be the first thereof, and to have been Succeeded by his Son _Chincaroca_, which cannot but be the same with this _Ingaroca_ here mention’d. _Yaguarguoqu_ (that is, _Crier of Blood_, because on a time being Commander, and taken Prisoner, out of vexation and exceeding grief he cried _Blood_). Succeeding him after his Death, rais’d the Family _Aocaillipanaca_, and was Succeeded by his eldest Son, the wealthy _Viracocha Inga_, of whom, when the _Spaniards_ conquer’d _Peru_, went a Report, that great Riches lay buried in the Earth with him; wherefore _Gonzalus Pizarrus_ tortur’d the Natives after an inhumane manner, to know of them where the Grave of the said _Inga_ was; at last obtaining his Desire, he digg’d for the Body, which he found so well Embalm’d, that it seem’d to live, but no Gold with it; wherefore _Pizarrus_ deceiv’d in his expectation, burnt the Corps; the Ashes whereof the _Indians_ gathering in Urns, worshipp’d, though when he liv’d the Vulgar were much incens’d at him, for taking upon him the Name of _Viracocha_, who was their supream God and Creator of all things; but he pacifi’d them, saying, That _Viracocha_ appearing to him in a Dream, had commanded him to take that Name upon him.

[Sidenote: _Yupangui_’s Policy to gain an Opinion amongst the People.]

[Sidenote: Gross superstition.]

The fourth _Inga_, call’d _Pachacuto Yupangui_ succeeded in the Throne after the Death of his eldest Brother, who was slain in a Field-Battel against the _Changas_, inhabiting the Valley _Andaguailas_, where the _Peruan_ Army was utterly defeated, few of them onely escaping by flight; among whom was _Yupangui_, who perswaded the rest to a subtile Design, by alledging, That the Almighty Creator, angry at their Destruction, had reveal’d many Secrets to him, _viz._ That the Creator in Heaven was call’d _Viracocha Pachayachachie_; That he resented it very ill; That whereas he formerly made Heaven, Sun, Moon, Stars, and Men, none worshipp’d him for it, but in stead of him they reverenc’d the Sun, Thunder, and the Earth, who had their Beings from him; That he would shew his Power against the victorious _Changas_ by an unexpected Assistance of an invisible Army. This being believ’d of every one, stirr’d up the _Peruans_ far and near, insomuch that in a short time a vast Army being rais’d, presented themselves to _Yupangui_, who made good use thereof; and also told them that _Viracocha_ had decreed in Heaven, that he _Yupangui_ should be his Vicegerent on Earth; which the Army believing, set the _Peruan_ Crown which they had taken from his Father, on his Head: Thus promoted, he march’d against the _Changas_, whom in a bloody Battel he Conquer’d, and brought them all under his Obedience: Moreover, he made his Soldiers believe, that they were not the Conquerors, but invisible Men, whom _Viracocha_ had sent, and who could be seen by none but himself; and that after the Battel they were turn’d into Stones, which they must seek for. Whereupon they gathering a great number of Stones on the Mountains, _Yupangui_ call’d them _Pururancas_, and order’d that they should be worshipp’d, and carried with them into the Field whensoe’re they fought another Battel, hoping thereby to stir up his Soldiers to be couragious, who firmly believ’d, that with the visible Stones walk’d invisible Heroes that would certainly assist them. This Imagination wrought so much, that _Yupangui_’s Army assur’d of Victory with the help of the Stones, went on undauntedly on all Designs, insomuch that being fear’d by all the adjacent People, he forc’d them all to submission. This _Yupangui_ rais’d the Family _Yuaupococa_, and plac’d a great Golden Image call’d _Indyllapa_ on a Golden Chariot, which since was religiously worshipp’d, and afterwards carried to _Caxamalca_, for a Ransom of the _Peruvian_ King _Attabaliba_, whom the _Spanish_ General _Pizarrus_ kept Prisoner, and at last Strangled. The Councellor _Polus_ opening _Yupangui_’s Grave, found the Body Embalm’d, and no way defaced, but the Eyes cover’d with thin Golden Plates, and on his Head appear’d the Scar of a Stone which had been thrown at him; and though the Body had lain eighty years in the Grave, yet it seem’d rather living than dead, being onely a little grey. This Corps, as also several other _Inga_’s, the Marquess _Camette_ brought from _Cusco_ to _Lima_, so to prevent the _Peruvians_ worshipping of them.

[Sidenote: The Greatness and Riches of _Guayacava_.]

_Yupangui_ after his Decease was succeeded by _Sopa Inga_, and he by his Son of the same Name, who rais’d the Family _Ayoac Aillo_: The last (for nothing worthy of memory was done by either of them,) was succeeded by _Guaynacava_, a wealthy and valiant young Man, who was no sooner setled on the Throne, but he manag’d all things with great prudence, maintain’d War with several People, and conquer’d the Kingdom of _Quito_, four hundred Leagues beyond _Cusco_, whither after his Death his Body was carried, and buried in the famous Temple of the Sun, but his Entrails were buried in _Quito_ not without many bloody Offerings, thousands of his Servants Sacrificing themselves at his Grave willingly, that so they might serve their Prince in the other World. The invaluable Treasures which he left behind him were carefully hid by the _Peruvians_ till the _Spaniards_ conquer’d that Countrey: The pav’d Ways, magnificent Buildings, and strong Castles, testifie as yet the Power of this _Inga_; wherefore in his life-time he was honor’d as a God. His Mother _Mamaoclo_ liv’d to see above three hundred of her Children’s Children, all Extracted from her Son _Guaynacava_.

[Sidenote: War between _Huascar_ and his Brother _Attabaliba_.]

[Sidenote: _Huascar_ burnt alive.]

The chief of the Family _Tanebamba_ were _Huascar_ and _Attabaliba_, Sons to _Guaynacava_, (both by the _Coya_, or lawful Queen, however some have deliver’d to the contrary) who falling at variance betwixt themselves, resolv’d to decide the Quarrel by a Field-Battel, in which _Attabaliba_, being the youngest, was Conqueror. This Civil War was at the heighth when the _Spaniards_ invaded _Peru_, which they could never have conquer’d, had not the Realm been so divided. During _Attabaliba_’s Imprisonment by _Pizarrus_, his two Generals, _Quizaniz_ and _Chilicuchima_, took the _Inga Huascar_ (formerly call’d _Tito Cusi Gualpa_, _Attabaliba_’s Brother) in _Cusco_, and carrying him to the Valley _Sacsahuana_, burnt him alive. It is set down as remarkable, that _Huascar_ after his being vanquish’d, made great Offerings to _Viracocha_, thereby to gain his assistance in his extremity against _Attabaliba_; when he was inform’d, that a strange People which came from a remote Place over the Seas, had defeated _Attabaliba_’s Army, and taken him Prisoner: From which News _Huascar_ taking courage, call’d the _Spaniards_ _Viracochas_, and judg’d that they were come from Heaven to his Delivery, and the more, because his Brother had spilt so much Blood already: for _Attabaliba_ had not onely slain the Prince _Atoco_, which led _Huascar_’s Army, with three thousand two hundred Men, and drank out of _Atoco_’s Skull tipt with Gold, but had also pluck’d out the Harts of above a thousand Children, which the _Cannarites_ sent with Palm-Boughs to him, to desire Peace.

[Sidenote: _Mango Inga_ Settles in the Mountain _Vilcabamba_.]

After _Attabaliba_’s and _Huascar_’s Decease, _Mango Inga_ their Brother drove all the _Spaniards_ out of _Cusco_, whither they not long after coming with new Forces, necessitated _Mango_, not without the loss of many Men, to take his flight up into the Mountain _Vilcabamba_, where he Setling, his Successors Reign to this day, secur’d from any Invasion by the natural strength of the Place. But the _Inga Saritopa_ coming from the fore-mention’d Mountain, submitted himself to the _Spaniards_, who allow’d him the Valley _Yucay_ to dwell peaceably in; but the rest of the Family of the _Inga_’s that fell into the Hands of the _Spaniards_, were all of them kill’d in _Cusco_, not without great grief of the old Inhabitants, to see so antient and noble a Family, by which they had been Govern’d in great State for three hundred years together, put to death by common Executioners.

[Sidenote: _Cusco_ the Residence of the _Peruvian_ Kings.]

The City _Cusco_, which was the Royal Seat of all the _Peruvian_ Kings, was made more splendid than ever before, by _Guayanacava_, of whom _Augustine de Tarrate_, describing his Magnificence, relates, That when his Queen was Deliver’d of a Son, who was to succeed in the Throne, _Guayanacava_ kept a great Feast for twenty days together, and on that day when the Child was to be Nam’d, a Golden Chain, each Link of which was as big as a Hand, and contain’d in all seven hundred Foot in length, was carried by twenty _Peruvians_ to the Temple.

[Sidenote: The manner of the Succession of their Kings.]

The Succession of the _Inga_’s was after this manner: The _Inga_’s keeping many Concubines had many Children by them, none of which could lay claim to the _Peruvian_ Crown, but onely the Son begotten on the _Coya_, or _Queen_, being generally the Kings own Sister, (whom they accounted lawful for them to Marry, as in antient times did the _Egyptian_ Kings) Inherited the Realm, unless the _Inga_ had a lawful Brother, who Inherited before the Son, though born of a _Coya_; or if the said Brother had a Son, he obtain’d the deceased Uncles Crown before him, who in apparence was the elder Heir.

The same Succession was also observ’d by other Governors, which the _Peruvians_ call _Curaca_’s.

[Sidenote: Their Burials and disposal of their Treasure.]

The Burials of their Kings were perform’d with great solemnity; and the Treasures which they left behind were bestow’d in building of magnificent _Guaha_’s, which were Temples or religious Houses, where a kind of solemn Worship was to be perform’d, to celebrate the Memory of the Deceased. Some part of the Treasure was also distributed amongst the _Inga_’s Servants; but the Successor inherited not the least Mite of what his Predecessor had gotten, but was forc’d, according to an antient Law, to build himself a new Palace, and purchas’d anew every thing else belonging to it.

[Sidenote: Their Crown.]

Their Crown or Diadem was onely a fine red woollen Coif with a Tassel, that hung down over their Foreheads, which other meaner Princes wore hanging on their right Ear.

[Sidenote: Their Coronations.]

Their Coronations were also kept in great Pomp and State, the Nobility and Priests coming from all parts of the Countrey to _Cusco_, besides an innumerable multitude of common People.

The Noblemens Presents to the _Inga_’s consisted chiefly of Gold and Silver Vessels, fine Cloth call’d _Cumbi_, all sorts of Sea-shells, and stately Plumes of Feathers of inestimable value.

Thousands of Sheep differing in colour serv’d for Offerings: moreover, the Chief Priest sacrific’d a Child before the Image of _Viracocha_, on whom with great Reverence he cry’d, _O great God_ Viracocha, _we Offer you this Child, that you may keep our Realm in Peace, aid us in time of War, prosper our_ Inga _in all his Undertakings, make him more powerful and greater than any of his Predecessors, and grant him wisdom to Govern this vast Countrey_.

[Sidenote: Their exact Form of Government.]

No People in the World can be more respective, and shew greater Reverence to their Kings, than the _Peruvians_: for there were never any heard of in this Countrey that ever Rebell’d against their Prince; the reason of which was chiefly, because they always Govern’d with great Justice and Mildness, placing Governors over the respective Countreys and Provinces, according to their several Divisions, greater or lesser, with subordinate Power one under another, so that they Rul’d with great strictness, punishing with Death both Drunkenness and Theft. Moreover, the _Ingas_ observ’d a prudent way in Government, _viz._ They kept their Subjects continually employ’d: The ordinary sort of Persons of subdu’d Provinces were sent to remote Countreys, and the Governors thereof kept at the Court in _Cusco_; and Princes Descended of the Royal Blood sent in their Places to Govern the new gotten Dominions: they divided the Inhabitants into Companies, plac’d one to Command over ten, another over a hundred, and a greater Officer over a thousand, and at last a _Prefect_ or Major-General, over ten thousand; every one of which Officers were to bring in an Account every Week to the supream Governor, who was always of the _Inga_’s Family, what Men dy’d of their number, or how many were born, a present Estimate of every ones Stock, in Cattel or otherwise, and all remarkable Transactions that hapned. On the high Feast-day they were all to appear at Court, and to bring in the Revenues gather’d out of their Substitute Countreys. The main Division of the Countrey was into four grand Provinces, call’d _Tahucantinsuyos_, according to the four Ways that went from _Cusco_ through the whole Realm, _viz._ _Chinchasuyo_ towards the North, _Coclasuyo_ towards the South, _Andesuyo_ towards the East, and _Condesuyo_ towards the West. The Collectors were divided into _Hanansayos_, Upper-Collectors, and _Urinsayos_, or Under-Collectors. The _Quipocomayos_, or Accomptants, could cast up exactly with Buttons, not onely what every Province, but also what each Man was to pay, and that according to the ability of the Countrey and Person.

[Sidenote: Their stately Structures.]

Many were the stately Temples, invincible Castles, magnificent Palaces, and other wonderful Structures built by the _Ingas_, the chiefest whereof stood in _Cusco_, _Tiaguanaco_, and _Tambo_; the Builders whereof were sent for by turns out of the adjacent Countreys, from which they brought exceeding great Stones, most of them thirty eight Foot long, eighteen broad, and six thick, which were so neatly joyn’d together with Mortar or Iron-work, that a whole Edifice seem’d to be one entire Stone. Their Bridges that led cross the Rivers were made of Flags and Rushes, fastned to each Shore with great Ropes. The like Bridge lay cross the deep Mouth of the Lake _Chicuito_, on which great Bundles of the Rushes _Toto_ being ty’d together, and cover’d with Straw, so strengthen’d the Bridge, that great Loads were safely carried over the same.

[Sidenote: The great Riches of the _Ingas_.]

No Prince ever possess’d so much Riches and Splendor as an _Inga_ of _Peru_, each Countrey presenting him with what was most esteem’d amongst them; the _Chiches_ bringing Sweet-woods; the _Lucanas_, strong Sedan-Carriers; the _Chumbibilcas_, brave Dancers; and so accordingly every Countrey provided him with what they best esteem’d, besides the usual Tributes which they paid.

Those which digg’d the Gold and Silver out of the Mines, had Meat, Drink, and Clothing from the _Inga_, though at other times he enjoy’d the Labors of his Subjects for nothing.

[Sidenote: Their several sorts of Tribute from conquer’d Countreys.]

When at any time he conquer’d a Countrey by force of Arms, he made them pay from three several sorts of Tribute; the first was bestow’d in religious Offices. Each _Guaca_ or Chappel receiv’d also a Revenue from the late conquer’d Countreys, the Fruit of which serv’d for Offerings to their chief God _Pachayachachu_, the Sun, their Thunderer _Chuquilla_, and to the Souls of the Deceased, and for Food for the Priests. The Religion through the whole Realm agreed with that which was observ’d in _Cusco_. But the second Tribute fell to the _Inga_’s Family, or Relation and Soldiers. Those who Till’d the _Inga_’s Ground, Sung before him in Festival Clothes. That which could not be spent in the Court was laid up in Store-houses for ten years together, against a scarcity should happen. Aged People, Widows, and such as were decrepid, paid no Tribute. The third part was for the Poor, which had every Year a piece of Ground allow’d them to make use of as they pleas’d. In unfruitful Years they receiv’d an Allowance out of the Store-houses before mention’d.

[Sidenote: Their Provision for the Poor.]

So likewise the Pasture, Meadows, and Arable Land was order’d for three several Uses, one third for religious Uses, a second for the _Inga_’s, and the last for the Poor. The Sheep being shorn on a certain Day, yielded the Poor a certain quantity of Wooll to make them Clothes. As soon as any Beast grew Mangy (which the _Peruvians_ call’d _Carache_) they burnt them alive, so to prevent the spreading of it farther. Those that belong’d to the _Inga_’s Family, wore all Clothes made of the finest Wooll, and the coursest, call’d _Tabasca_, was distributed among the Vulgar.

[Sidenote: Their Industry.]

Besides this good Order of Government, it is wonderful to observe the _Peruvians_ manner of Living, each learning from their Infancy not onely a Trade, but all things which they accounted necessary in House-keeping, as Weaving, Tilling of Land, building of Houses, and making of Tools requisite for both; so that they never made use of one another on any Account. Moreover, Master Artists, who work’d more for Pleasure than Gain, dwelt apart, being Silver-smiths, Painters, Musicians, and Dancers.