Chapter M (2)

Next to _Isleos_ borders _Bahia de Todos los Sanctos_, belonging to the _Portuguese_. The Inlet which borrows its Denomination from all the Saints, gives Name to this eminent County. The Bay great and wide, and in the middle from twelve to eighteen Fathom deep, lies in thirteen Degrees Southward of the _Equinoctial Line_. The Coast rises white along the Sea side. The Current according to the course of the Sun runs six Moneths towards the South, and as many towards the North. The opening of the Inlet is on the South, but it flows up Northerly, and contains two Leagues and a half in breadth; several fresh Rivers discharge their Waters into the same: The utmost and biggest Island _Taperica_ breaks off the Waves which come rowling in from the Ocean. Those that Sail into the same must have the Island on their left Hand, and the Main Coast on their right, which is known by a Promontory, on which the Fort _Antonio_, and the old City _Villa Veja_ are built, near a little Bay with a Foreland on the North, from which the Main Coast circling like a Half-Moon ends near the Point _Tapagipe_, which juts out from _Bahia Todos los Sanctos_. The Castle _Tapesiepe_ stands on the utmost Point, where the Countrey winding towards the East makes the Inlet larger, from whence a narrow Channel runs up into the Countrey, and there makes a Lake which extends North and South: from the Mouth of the Lake the Coast reaches Northward to the River _Pitanga_, which comes gliding out of the East, and in its Passage receives several Streams, on whose Banks stand divers Sugar-Mills. From _Pitanga_ the Coast extends a League Northward, then Westerly with a crooked Elbow, in whose circumference lie two nameless Isles close under the Shore; this Elbow ends in a blunt Point, about half a League from which lies the Island _Mare_, a League long, in the Mouth of the River _Pitanga_. To the Northward from hence a River disembogues in the said Inlet. More Southerly appears _Monks-Isle_, from whence the Coast extends it self Northerly, where several Islands appear at an exact distance from the Coast; the first beyond the fore-mention’d blunt Point, is _Birapebiara_; the next, which lies closer to the Shore, _Porto Madero_; next comes in view a long Island in the Mouth of a River, from whence the Countrey extends Westward, and fronts the Island _De Fuentes_, as doth also the River _Tambaria_, which comes out of the North, but empties it self with a crooked Arm near the rest; from hence the Coast with two little Bays runs North-West to the Stream _Geresipe_, in whose Mouth, which is pretty large, appear three Isles on a row, the utmost whereof is call’d _Caraibe_, the middlemost _Pycca_, the innermost hath no Name, but divides the River into two Channels; from hence the Coast bends with several Inlets, into which fall divers Rivulets towards the South, from the River _Cachoera_, full of little Isles, opposite to which stand several Sugar-Mills. Against _Cachoera_ appears the Island _Meve_, and more Southerly _Taperica_, between the sharp Point _Tapagipe_ and the Castle _Antonio_. Near the fore-mention’d the City _St. Salvador_ was built by _Thomas de Sosa_, who weighing Anchor from _Lisbon_, _Anno 1549._ Landed safely near _Villa Veja_, and about half a League from thence pitch’d upon a Hill, and took order forthwith for the erecting of his new City there, giving to each of his Followers a place to build on: the _Jesuits_ chose the large Plain where at present stands the Church Consecrated to the Virgin _Mary_; the Names of the said _Jesuits_ were _Juan Azpilcueta_, _Antonio Pireo_, _Leonardo Nonnio_, _Didaco Jacobeo_, _Vincentio Roderigo_, and _Emanuel Nobrega_; whilest the common People set themselves to the building of Dwelling-houses: But when _John_ the Third, King of _Portugal_, sent a Priest thither to Teach in the new Church of _Maria_, the fore-mention’d _Jesuits_ remov’d from thence to a high Hill, which they call’d _The Mountain Calvarien_, whither divers _Brasilians_ came flocking, and pitch’d their Tents about the Cloyster, admiring their strange Neighbors.

When _Sosa_ Landed on the fore-mention’d Shore, the _Portuguese_ had but little footing on _America_; for their Plantations at _Isleos_, _St. Vincent_, _Pernambuco_, _Villa Veja_, _Itamaraca_, and _Porto Seguro_, discover’d by _Pedro Alvares Capralis_, _Anno 1500._ were run all to ruine.

Beside the City _St. Salvador_ and the decay’d Town _Villa Veja_, the City _Paripe_ lies three Leagues farther into the Countrey, consisting of three thousand Families, and eighteen Sugar-Mills: The Countrey about the same produces plenty of Cotton.

The Island _Taperica_, which is pretty large, hath a fertile Soil for the production of Tobacco, and Grass to fatten Cattel: The Inhabitants boyl much Train-Oyl of the Whales, which come ashore there in considerable numbers.

Twelve Leagues Southward from _St. Salvador_ appears the Village _Cacocheira_, formerly belonging to a rich _Portuguese_, who took great pains in reforming the salvage People _Guaymures_ to a civil Life; but seeing he profited but little, he caus’d great Companies of them to be remov’d to _Taperica_, that they might do less mischief, where the unusual and unwholsom Air kill’d them all in a short time.

The Lordship _Bahia_ hath abundance of Sugar-Mills, which are either turn’d by the Water, or drawn by Oxen.

[Sidenote: The manner of Planting Sugar-Canes.]

[Sidenote: The Worm _Guirapeacopa_.]

[Sidenote: The manner of making Sugar in the Sugar-Mills.]

The Sugar-Canes, by the _Brasilians_ call’d _Viba_ or _Tacomaree_, grow better in a clayie and fat Soil, over which the Rivers flowing leave their Mud, than on High-lands, Hills, or Mountains; they are Planted after this manner: They first plough their Fields, weed them, and make Holes at an exact distance one from the other, into which they plant their Canes in such a manner, that the tops touch one another. The Holes before mention’d require more Earth to fill them in Summer than in Winter, that the violent Heat of the Sun may not dry up the Root, and that the Rain may the freelier come at them to moisten them, for the more moisture they have, the better they grow; they attain to their full ripeness in ten, or at most in twelve Moneths; _February_ and _March_ being the two last Winter Moneths, are accounted the best to Plant in, because the Earth softned by Rains, suffers the Root to shoot forth the better. The ripe Canes being cut off, are left in the Field till the following Year; during which time new Canes growing, are often ground in the Mill with the old ones; but if they stand two years, then the sweet Liquor dries up, and the Cane withers. The young Plants carefully planted in good Ground may last forty, nay fifty years; but in a barren Soil they set new every five years. Sometimes in great Droughts and extraordinary hot Seasons, the Canes are scorcht to nothing, which being burnt in the Winter, the Ashes serve to Dung the Ground; and so in like manner when the Water, overflowing the Fields, drowns the young Plants. In moist Grounds the black-wing’d Worm, call’d _Guirapeacopa_, (by the _Portuguese_ nam’d _Pao de Galeuba_) gnaws the Roots in such a manner, that the Canes die; and sometimes it happens also that the Weeds choak the young Plants; wherefore the Ground is to be weeded four times a year, till such time as the Canes are strong enough to bear against the Weeds: they cut off the ripe Canes at the lowermost Joynt, and, all the Leaves being first pull’d off, tie them up in Bundles, and bring them to the Mills, which consist of three great Iron Bars, between which the Canes are squeez’d. The Water-Mills are turn’d by the force of the Water, which in great Gutters led from high Mountains falls with exceeding force into Pools made for that purpose; after which manner, though they wind the Canes much faster, yet they get not so much Sugar as when they grind them in the Mills turn’d by Cattel: The places through which the Juice runs must be cleans’d twice in twenty four hours; the Canes put in behind between the first Bar, are turn’d into the second, and thence into the third, which successively squeezes out all the remaining Juice: The Canes thus press’d, serve for Fewel to burn; but they constantly keep such a great Fire both Night and Day, that besides those press’d Canes, they burn forty Fathom of Wood in twenty four hours, insomuch that whole Woods are consum’d in a short time: The Liquor, nam’d _Caldo_, runs along woodden Gutters into great Kettles, in which it is boyl’d, but if it happen to be over-boyl’d they put Water amongst it, whereby it becomes excellent Food for Horses; then they put the Liquor into a second Kettle, where it is boyl’d afresh, and also scumm’d; and for the better cleansing of it, Lime-Juyce and other things are put amongst it; then they strein it through Clothes, and give the Dross which remains in the same to the Slaves, which work for half a year together Night and Day like Horses. The Dross mix’d with Water makes also good Wine. Out of the great Kettles, by the _Portuguese_ call’d _Caldero de Mellar_, the _Caldo_ runs into the lesser nam’d _Tachas_, where it is boyl’d a third time, and continually stirr’d till it comes to be thick like a Syrrup, and at last to the consistence of Sugar: It may be accounted amongst the Mysteries of Nature, that while the Sugar boyls in the _Tachas_, which are the little Kettles, they must drop Oyl amongst the Liquor, which if they should do whilest it is in the great Kettel, the Liquor would not turn to the consistence of Sugar; as on the contrary, if they should put their Lye into the little Kettles as they do into the great, the Liquor would be quite spoil’d. In their Boyling-houses stand several hundreds of Earthen Pots one by another on Planks full of Holes; which Pots they cover with moist clay, and after fourteen days knocking it out of the Pots, they separate the brown Sugar from the white, both which are laid to dry in the Sun, and put into Chests.

SECT. VIII.
Pernambuco.

[Sidenote: Description of _Pernambuco_.]

Northward from _Bahia de Todos los Sanctos_ lies _Pernambuco_, which extends along the Coast above seventy Leagues, between the River _St. Francisco_ and the Countrey of _Hamaraca_.

_Pernambuco_, which signifies _Hells-Mouth_, is on the East wash’d by the Northern Ocean; in which grows a Weed much like an Oaken Leaf, and so thick, that unless it be cut to make their Way, impedes the Sailing of Ships.

[Sidenote: Several sorts of Fish.]

The Sea is also very full of Fish, which in calm Weather are visible sixty Fathom deep, and are taken in greater abundance than they are able to spend; for they no sooner let down a Bait, cover’d with Feathers and Tallow, but the Fish immediately swallowing the same, are taken.

Here are in the first place abundance of _Hays_, a Fish so rank and oylie, that they are not eatable, but their Brains are accounted good against the Stone.

There are also hereabouts a sort of flying Fish like Herrings, but not so big; they have Wings like Bats, which carry them above Water whilest they are wet; they swim in shoals, and are chased by all other Fishes, which endeavoring to escape by flight out of the Water, they become a prey to the Sea-pies.

The Sea-Breams are as well tasted as the flying Fish; the Mariners cover them in Salt, or stuff them within full of Salt and Pepper, and so hang them to dry in the Sun.

_Pernambuco_ it self lying in five Degrees Southward from the _Equinox_, produces abundance of _Brasile_ Wood and Sugar-Canes, which last is no proper _Brasilian_ Plant, for the first Plants thereof were by the _Portuguese_ first transplanted thither from the _Canary_ Islands.

[Sidenote: First Discovery.]

This Countrey was first discover’d by _Americus Vesputius_, who being sent thither by _Emanuel_, King of _Portugal_, to discover the Coast between the Promontory before _Olinda_ and the Island _Itamaraca_, and finding a split Rock and some _Brasilian_ Huts, Landed, and ask’d the Denomination of the Coast, which he was inform’d was call’d _Pernambuco_, which he found full of steep Mountains, inaccessible Woods, and in some places Plains and pleasant Valleys; but the chiefest thing he could find to lade his Ship with, was _Brasile_ Wood; but being inform’d that the Soil would bear Sugar-Canes, he caus’d _Canary_ Sugar-Plants to be Set there.

[Sidenote: Chief Towns and Places of note.]

_Olinda_, formerly the chief City of _Pernambuco_, had (according to _Lopez_) above three thousand Houses and seventy Sugar-Mills: It is built on several Hills, which on the North-side are steep and overgrown with Brambles; betwixt which in many places grow Orange-Trees. _John Newhof_, who arriv’d at _Olinda_ Anno 1642. found a few _Netherlanders_ and _Spaniards_ there, who dwelt in the ruin’d Houses. The Land-side of the City is strengthned by Hills overgrown with Brambles and Thorns, and towards the Sea-side with Earthen Walls, fortifi’d by fourteen Bulwarks and a Stone Castle, able to withstand a considerable force: The Out-works towards the South were maintain’d by _Jews_, who from the fore-mention’d Hills could see not onely a great way into the Ocean, but also the River _Biberibi_, which hath a Stone Bridge leading to the City, and Northerly and Westward the Way lies through great Woods and Forrests. _Olinda_ it self is divided into twenty seven large Streets, besides lesser Lanes and several Avenues, and five chief Churches, _viz._ _Misericordia_, _Nostra Sennora del Emparo_, and _Nostra Sennora de Guadalupe_, _San Salvador_, and _San Pedro_, besides two others of lesser note. On the highest Hill stands the _Jesuits_ Cloyster, built square and high, and surrounded with Walls, on which _Sebastian_ King of _Portugal_, by the perswasion of his Uncle Cardinal _Henry_, spent a great sum of Money, and endow’d it with annual Revenues, _Anno 1571._ The _Capuchins_ also built a stately Cloyster towards the East. The _Franciscans_ moreover inhabited a magnificent Building, near which stood the Governors Palace. The _Carmelites_ had also a stately Edifice, whose former lustre still appears by the Ruines, where now Cattel graze; from the Hills about which may be exactly discern’d _Reciffa_, the Promontory of _St. Augustine_, and the Castle before the Road of _Reciffa_: Along the Shore stood the _Dominican_ Cloyster, and in the upper part of the City the Minster, Consecrated to _St. Bento_, exceeding strong both by Nature and Art; near which stood _Conceptio de nostra Sennora_. The Fort _Juan de Albuquerque_ stood on the South-side, from whence a Way leads you along the Shore to _Reciffa_, where hard by the Potter’s House stood a Beacon. But since _Olinda_ fell into the hands of the _Netherland East-India_ Company, they built a strong Fortress on the North near the Sea-side, where formerly a great Trade was driven with Sugar, insomuch that forty Ships have been fraighted in a day therewith from _Olinda_, and still as much more remain’d in the Store-houses. The Sugar cannot be made without the help of _African_ Slaves, and that in great numbers; for _Angola_ alone provided fifteen thousand four hundred and thirty _Moors_ for the Sugar-Mills about _Olinda_.

[Sidenote: The Expedition of _Loncque_.]

[Sidenote: _Olinda_ taken by the _Hollanders_.]

[Sidenote: The Fort _St. George_ taken.]

In the Years 1601, 1602, and 1623. there was sent to surprize this City _Henrick Loncque_, who a little before with _Peter Peterszoon Hein_ took the _Spanish_ Plate-Fleet, and brought it away from _Matanca_. In the middle of _June_, Anno 1629. _Loncque_ weighed Anchor from the _Goerean_ Road, and between great _Canary_ and _Teneriff_ he was Engag’d (having but eight Sail) with forty _Spanish_ Ships, Commanded by _Frederick de Toledo_, fought his way through the midst of them, and near _St. Vincent_ (the rest of his Fleet being come up to him, which in all made up twenty seven) he stay’d for a farther promis’d Supply of Ships to assist him, and the longer, because the Men rais’d by the _Netherland West-India_ Company were taken into the _States_ Service, to oppose the _Spanish_ and Imperial Forces, who at that time had gain’d some advantage upon them: But not long after _Hartogen-bosch_ being taken by the _Hollanders_, the rest of the expected Fleet, with the promis’d Aid, arriv’d at _St. Vincent_; from whence _Loncque_, after four Moneths stay, set Sail with these additional Forces, his Fleet then consisting of fifty Sail of Ships, which carry’d above seven thousand Soldiers, besides Seamen; but he was forc’d to lie a considerable time under the _Line_, being either becalm’d or beaten back by contrary Winds, insomuch that many of his Men perish’d, or were disabled with the Scurvey: At last his Fleet being come to an Anchor upon the Coast of _Pernambuco_, the first that Landed about two Leagues Northward of _Olinda_, was Colonel _Diederik van Waerdenberg_, who by Day-break divided his Men into three Divisions, the Forlorn-Hope consisting of nine hundred and thirty four Men, march’d towards _Olinda_ along the Shore, led by _Adolf van der Eltz_; the second being a thousand and forty nine, by _Stein Callenfels_; the third, consisting of nine hundred and sixty five, was led by _Fouke Honx_: thus drawn out, and marching on, they met with no resistance till they came to the River _Dolce_, where eight hundred _Portuguese_ Charg’d on them from behind a new Sconce; but _Waerdenberg_ wading up to the Middle through the River with two Field-Pieces, the Enemy left his Works and ran into the Wood; the Forlorn-Hope approaching the City, march’d up towards the right side, up a Way through the Woods, Scal’d the Walls, near which the _Jesuits_ Cloyster stood, over which he got after some resistance. The second Party march’d in a narrow Path along the Shore, and broke into the City between the _Franciscans_ and _Jesuits_ Cloyster, towards the Cathedral _Salvador_, from whence they discharg’d several Guns, as also from the Castle, which they had taken, whilest _Fouke Honx_ Storm’d the Battlements towards the South; but _Stein Callenfels_ and _Eltz_ being already Masters of _Olinda_, the Defendants surrendred all. Mean while the Colonel’s Skiff brought five hundred Men more ashore, with which he march’d without any hinderance into the City, where the Conquerors, faint with excessive Heat and want of Water, found but little Booty, because the Inhabitants having notice of the _Hollanders_ coming, had convey’d all their Goods and Wealth to _Reciffa_, which the Governor _Matthias Albuquerque_ (Brother to the Lord _Duarte Albuquerque_, to whom _Pernambuco_ properly belong’d) burnt with all the Store-houses, partly out of revenge to the Inhabitants, who fled contrary to his Commands, and partly because he would not enrich the _Hollanders_. The _Portuguese_ Captain, _Correa de Castel Blanco_, in his Letter to the King of _Spain_, values the loss at twenty hundred thousand _Ducats_. But still the _Portuguese_ had possession of several Forts about the Countrey, whereof the most considerable was _St. George_, whither _Stein Callenfels_ march’d in the Night with six hundred Men, but his Ladders being too short, and the Hand-Granado’s not easily taking fire, he was forc’d to Retreat; whereupon judging it most convenient to besiege the Castle, he digg’d Trenches about the same; nor was it long ere the Besieged desir’d Quarter, which being granted, they march’d from thence with ninety Men. The Water Castle surrendring in like manner, they found fifteen Brass Guns therein; and in that of _St. George_ four thousand pound of Gun-powder, and twenty four Iron Guns.

When the _Netherland_ Forces Landed on _Pernambuco_, the _Portuguese_ inhabited eleven Towns, the chiefest whereof being _Olinda_, was generally Garrison’d by four Companies of Armed Citizens, each containing a hundred Men and three Companies of Soldiers: Amongst the Citizens were two hundred Merchants, some of whom were judg’d to be worth fifty thousand _Crusados_.

Southward from _Olinda_, between the River _Biberibe_ and the Ocean, was a narrow Cawsey, at the end of which lay the populous Village _Reciffa_, where the Ships lade and unlade. About the middle of the Cliff, being a League long, is the Anchoring place for great Ships, call’d _Pozo_. At the end of the fore-mention’d Cawsey against _Pozo_, appear’d a round Tower of Fre-stone.

[Sidenote: The memorable Exploits of the _English_ under Captain _James
Lancaster_.]

The Journal kept by the _English_ Fleet that came hither under the Command of Captain _James Lancaster_, Anno 1595. makes mention of a Fort which lay at the Mouth of the Haven before _Reciffa_, which the _English_ valiantly Storm’d, notwithstanding six hundred Men and seven Brass Guns might easily have made it invincible: But they conquering the same, march’d up to _Olinda_, took the Suburb, consisting of a hundred Houses, without any resistance, as also a great Booty, and the greater, because the Goods of a rich _Carak_ which had some few days before suffer’d Shipwrack, were kept there; they also took fifteen laden Ships, and for thirty days kept the whole Countrey about _Olinda_ restless with continual Alarms. Since this Invasion the _Portuguese_ built a third Fort on _Reciffa_, so that the Ships must pass in between two Forts, where the Channel is also full of Rocks, and consequently the more dangerous.

From _Reciffa_ the Goods are sent in Barques or Lighters to _Olinda_, between which and _St. Salvador_ run the two great Rivers _Francisco_ and _Real_, the first whereof retains its freshness twenty Leagues into the Ocean.

Along the River _Popitinga_ stand many Sugar-Mills; and five Leagues farther Northward beyond _Olinda_ the _Portuguese_ inhabit these Villages, _viz._ _Garasu_, _Reciffa_, _Moribeca_, _Antonio de Cabo_, _Miguel de Poyuca_, _Gonsalvo de Una_, _Povacon de Porto Calvo_, _Alagoa del Nort_, and _Alagoa del Zur_, besides other _Brasilian_ Hamlets, and above seventy Sugar-Mills.

[Sidenote: The nature of the Soil in _Pernambuco_.]

The County of _Pernambuco_ hath for the most part a good Soil, several Plains, low Hills, and fruitful Valleys, abounding with fair Canes, which also grow on the Mountains _Masurepe_, _Zebaatan_, _Poyuca_, and _Moribeque_.

The Wilds of _El Gran Matto_, afford the best Wood, with which they drive the greatest Trade in the Village _Laurenzo_. Whilest _Matthias Albuquerque_ Intrench’d himself a League and a half Westward from _Olinda_, by the Sugar-Mills belonging to _Francisco Montero_, with a hundred _Portuguese_, and three times as many Armed _Brasilians_, _Loncque_ finding that he could not long keep the City _Olinda_ against the Enemy, caus’d the same to be pull’d down and burnt.

[Sidenote: _Sergippo del Rey._]

Between the Rivers _Francisco_ and _Real_, lies the Town _Sergippo del Rey_, up in the Countrey near a small Rivulet, which at Spring-Tydes hath fourteen Foot Water. The Woods round about feed wild Cattel, and the Mountains contain Mines of Gold and Silver.

The first Plantation in _Brasile_ was in the Island _Itamaraca_, three Leagues long and two broad, but extends its Jurisdiction along the Main Coast, from which it is separated by a narrow River, which runs betwixt both thirty five Leagues. The Countrey is eminent for twenty Sugar-Mills, and abundance of _Brasile_ Wood.

[Sidenote: _Villa de Conception._]

The chief Town of this Island is call’d _Villa de Conception_ near the Sea, which round about the Island is full of Rocks. The _French_ settling themselves here at first, were driven from thence by the _Portuguese_. The Town it self, built on a Rock, hath a strong Castle on the one side, erected near a shrubby Moor; to the Northward of which _Stein Callenfels_ found a little Isle, scarce a Musquet-shot long, which at High-water is overflown, and being full of small Trees makes a Receptacle for Sea-Fowl, which flock thither about six a Clock in the Evening to Roost on the Boughs, from which, when once setled to take their repose, they will not stir till six of the Clock the next Morning, though you discharge Guns at them all Night; but since _Stein Callenfels_ cut down the Wood to make Pallisado’s for the new Fort against the Town _Conception_, they were never seen afterwards.

SECT. IX.
Parayba.

[Sidenote: Description of _Parayba_.]

Northward from _Itamaraca_ borders the County of _Parayba_, whence the _French_ Ships carry’d yearly several Ladings of _Brasile_ Wood, till _Anno 1585._ the _Portuguese_ General _Martin Leytam_ drove them from all places, since when they never recover’d any part thereof.

This Territory of _Parayba_ borrows its Denomination from the chief Town, lying five Leagues from the North Sea near the River _Parayba_, which in the Summer Season hath but little Water, but in the Winter Season increases to that heighth, that it oftentimes on a sudden overflowing the Countrey sweeps away both People, Cattel, and Houses. The City it self, though small, yet hath several fair Buildings, amongst which three Churches and as many Cloysters, inhabited by _Franciscans_, _Carmelites_, and _Benedictins_, are none of the meanest. The Countrey thereabouts indifferently fruitful, hath twenty Sugar-Mills. The Mountain _Cupaguao_, formerly very populous with Natives, being exceeding fertile, produces all manner of Fruit; at present it lies desolate, the _Brasilians_ being all destroy’d by the _Portuguese_. These Mountains produce also curious green Stones, which the Inhabitants wore in their Lips for an Ornament, and which also cures the Griping of the Guts, by being laid upon the Belly.

[Sidenote: The Silver-Mine _Copaoba_.]

The _French_ under the Command of Captain _Dourmigas_, discover’d ninety years ago the Silver-Mine _Copaoba_, and for considerable time carry’d Silver and _Brasile_ Wood from hence, till the _Portuguese_ made themselves absolute Masters.

Moreover, on the North-side of _Parayba_, the Salvages call’d _Petiguars_ inhabit sixteen Villages.

[Sidenote: Strange Birds.]

Amongst the Birds of prey which breed here, are the _Ouyaourassou_, twice as big as a Crane, with curious Feathers, and so bold and strong, that it devours not onely Sheep, but Deer and Men.

The Bird _Mayton_ is no way inferior in beauty to the Peacock, his whole Body being cover’d with white and black Feathers; on his Head grows a Tuft; the Flesh is also very pleasant to the taste.

The _Toucan_, another Bird, resembles a Turtle-Dove in all parts, except the Bill and Breast; for the Belly is ten Inches long and three broad, the Breast of an Orange colour, mix’d with Crimson Spots; the remaining part is white, the Back red, and the Tail and Wings Coal-black.

[Sidenote: The Plant _Yarammacarou_.]

The Plant call’d _Yarammacarou_ deserves also a peculiar observation, _viz._ It is thicker than a Man’s Thigh, grows twelve Foot high, with three Branches of equal length and thickness, which you may easily break; it is green without, white within, and without Leaves, leaving red Blossoms streak’d with blue, from whence grows a Fruit about the bigness of an Apple, crimson without and white within, and tasting like a Mulberry.

[Sidenote: The _Guara-tereba_, with other strange Fish.]

The River _Parayba_ produces amongst many other Fishes the _Guara-tereba_, which hath a thick Body, flat Head, crooked Back, split Tail, and triangular Scales, which laid in the Sun, shine like polish’d Gold.

The Sea also hereabouts affords a strange Fish with a very long and thin Tail, the Females whereof Lay every day Eggs like Hens: they are full of poysonous Prickles, and divided into several sorts, amongst which the chiefest are accounted the _Naainari_ and _Jabebara_.

[Sidenote: Description of the Sea Coast of _Brasile_.]

[Sidenote: Strange Tree.]

The Sea-Coast of _Brasile_ from _St. Vincent_ to _Spirito Santo_ appears as followeth: Before the Coast of _St. Vincent_ lie the four little Isles _Queimadas_, and on one side the _Alcatraces_ and _Busios_; East North-East from which bears the Island _Sebastian_: Before the Inlet _Ubatuba_ lies the Isle _Dos Porcos_, close under a high Shore, where the Haven runs far up in the Countrey. Fourteen Leagues farther the Island _Grande_, stor’d with fresh Water, with Fish-ponds, Woods, and two good Havens. Before the Road of _Garatuba_ appear several broken Isles, the chiefest whereof is _Morambaya_. The Ships Sailing along the _Brasilian_ Coast view next the Mouth of the wide River _Jenero_, without fear of Rocks or Shoals. Moreover, a sandy Ground extends from the Western Point to _Cape Frio_, which rises out of the Sea like a Rock, with white Streaks, and crack’d on the top, between both which the high Island before _Frio_ makes a safe Harbor. Nine Leagues beyond _Frio_ to the Northward, _St. Salvador_ opens a large Bay, hemm’d in on the South by divers nameless Isles. Lastly, the several Salt-pans along this Coast are very remarkable, as also the Promontory _St.Thoma_ and _Parayba_, the Inlets _Manangea_ and _Itapemeri_, and the River _Guarapari_, famous for the Mountain _Pero Cam_ towards the North, and _Guapel_ to the South. The Island _Salvago_, round and mountainous, lies before the Mouth of the River _Guarapari_, where the Main Coast grows uneven and Hilly. On the North-East Point of _Spirito Santo_ a long ridge of Rocks appears above the Sea; and near the Inlet rises three black Hills on the South, and two Leagues up in the Countrey the broken Mountain _Mestre Alvaro_, which extends along the Sea-Coast. The River _Des Reyos Magos_ encompasses three Mountains severally, and makes three Isles. The Coast on each side of the River _Dolce_ is very plain and even, but _Cricare_ hath a mixture of high and low Lands. In the Mouth of the River _Maranipe_ lies a great company of white Shelves near together, appearing afar off as if all one. _Parairepe_ is remarkable by the high Trees growing on it. The Mouth of the River _Caruvelas_ lies full of Sand-plats. Near the Beacon _Tauhaen_ rises a red Cliff from which a sandy Point reaches to the River _Curubabo_. Before _Porto Seguro_ lie several dangerous Rocks in the Sea, to the Southward of which rises the High-land _Cape Pasqual_. Not far from hence _Santa Cruiz_ a good Haven for small Vessels, from whence the Coast extends North North-East, and South South-West, to _Rio Grande_, where the Shoals call’d _Baxos de St. Antonio_, making a dangerous Entry, force the Ships for the most part to keep three Leagues from the Shore. Beyond the Arm of _Rio Grande_ appear three high Mountains cover’d with Trees; from whence to _Ilheos_ is a safe Passage free from Shelves. Eight Leagues farther, the River _Dos Contas_ runs between two broken Cliffs into the Sea: in the Mouth of it rises a Rock resembling a high Island. Between _Ilheos_ and _Contas_ the Coast rises also, but falls low again in a Bay, where white Sugar-Mills, formerly belonging to _Lucas Giraldes_, are seen at a great distance. The Countrey on each side of the River _Camanu_ is plain; the Stream it self hath a wide Mouth, and respects with its Northern Shore the Isle _Cayepa_, dangerous for the many Shelves which are about the same. The River _Tinhare_ is known by the Mountain _Morro de Santo Paulo_, which rises like a Galley on the Southern Shore. Twelve Leagues farther opens the Bay of _Todos los Sanctos_, on whose Eastern Point stands the Castle _Antonio_, and before the Northern Shore the Island _Topoam_, to the East and South-East low and strong. The River _Das Pedras_ falls with a wide Mouth into the Ocean. Next you pass by the Streams _Tapicuru_, _Real Vasabaris_ and _Francisco_, known by a low Promontory. The Rivers _Miguel_, _Antonio_, _Camaragili_, _Porto Calvo_, _Formoso_, and _Serinhaem_, disembogue also into the Sea. Next the Stream _Das Pedras_ rises the Promontory _St. Augustine_, all overgrown with Bushes and Brambles. Five Leagues Southward lies the small Isle _Alexo_. The Coast from _St. Augustine_ to _Pernambuco_ extends North and by East, and South and by West. The Island _Tamaraca_ lies in the Mouth of the Stream _Gajana_; and fifteen Leagues farther appears _Parayba_; between which two the Shelf _Pedra Furada_ extends three Leagues along the Coast, and another from the Shore of the Promontory _Blanco_, where the Road _Porto de Franeses_ affords Seamen secure Anchorage for Shipping. Next to _Parayba_ follow the Havens _Treicaon_, _Pipa_, and _Basios_, the Stream _Siara_ and _Maragnan_, which washes the Western part of _Brasile_, and is taken for the Boundary between the _Spanish Indies_ and the _Portuguese_, according to the Division by Pope _Alexander_ the Sixth, _Anno 1502._ Lastly, there belongs to _Brasile_ the Island _Fernando de Noronho_, in three Degrees of Southern Latitude. The Capuchin, _Claude de Abbeville_, going thither, found the same to be six Leagues in circumference, and extraordinary fruitful; besides good fresh Water, Pease, Beans, _Maiz_, Potato’s, Melons, Cotton, Cattel, wild Goats, and all sorts of Poultrey, which this Island affords; but it chiefly abounds with great variety of a sort of Birds which suffer themselves to be caught with the Hand. There grows likewise a nameless Tree, not unlike the Laurel, being of a strange Nature, for who e’re touches the Leaves, and afterwards rubs his Eyes, loses his Sight for four hours, with exceeding pain; which pain nevertheless another Tree growing in the same Island cures immediately. The _French_, who Landed on _Noronho_ Anno 1613. found a _Portuguese_ there, with eighteen _Brasilians_, Men, Women, and Children, banish’d thither from _Pernambuco_, whom Baptizing, they carry’d to _Maragnan_. Near _Noronho_ lies the Isle _De Feu_.

SECT. X.
Maragnan.

[Sidenote: Situation.]

_Maragnan_, forty five Leagues in circumference, lies in two Degrees of Southern Latitude, and a considerable distance from the Bay, which appears between the Rivers _Aperegha_ and _Comajamu_.

The Eastern Entrance into this Bay hath before the Promontory _Arbres Secs_, the Isle _St. Anna_, by the _Brasilians_ call’d _Upaonmiri_.

Opposite to _Maragnan_, about half way from the said Inlet, fall three Rivers into the Sea, the most Easterly call’d _Mounin_, hath a Mouth a Mile wide, and discharges its Water into the Sea; the middlemost _Taboucourou_, is five hundred Leagues long, and ends with two Mouths, half a League distant one from the other; the most Westerly, call’d _Miary_, is about six Leagues broad, so falling into the Sea.

The Stream _Maracou_ falls into the _Pinare_, and thus united they joyn both with the _Miary_, which runs exceeding swift into the Sea.

Between the Capes _Arbres Secs_ and _De la Tortue_, the Coast lies full of sandy Banks, some of which extend a League into the Ocean.

On the other side of the Promontory _Tapoytapere_ near _Maragnan_, towards the River of _Amazones_, lie so many Isles along the Sea-shore, that no Ship is able to approach the same, because the Spaces between the Isles are overgrown with Trees call’d _Apparituriers_, whose Boughs shooting down and rooting in the Sea, produce other Trees, which grow so close together, that they seem one entire Tree with many Branches. Besides this Inconvenience there is abundance of drift Sand when the Wind sits from the Shore, which oftentimes swallows the Ships which lie upon the same.

Beyond _Maragnan_ lie two Roads, the first between the Promontory _Arbres_ and the Isle _St. Anna_, but dangerous; the other, discover’d some years since, reaches to the Fort of _Maragnan_, and is as dangerous as the first.

This Island hath twenty seven Villages, by the Natives call’d _Oc_ or _Tave_, each Village consisting of four Houses made of great Stakes, and cover’d with Palm-tree Leaves against the Rain, each House being thirty Foot broad, and from two hundred to five hundred Paces long, according to the greater or lesser number of Inhabitants. The first Village, opposite to _St. Anna_, is call’d _Timbohu_; the second, well known for two eminent Fishing-places, is _Itapara_; but the two biggest are _Juniparan_ and _Eussaouap_, each having about five or six hundred Inhabitants.

This Island of _Maragnan_ lies under a temperate Climate, being seldom troubled with excessive Colds, Droughts, pestilential Vapors, Wind, Hail, or Thunder, only it Lightens Morning and Evening in serene Weather. When the Sun returns from the _Tropick_ of _Capricorn_ to the North, then it Rains for six Weeks together; but when he declines from _Cancer_ towards the Southern _Solstice_, the _Trade_-Wind, or Eastern Breezes rise at seven of the Clock in the Morning, but grow fainter towards Sun-setting.

[Sidenote: Fruitful Soil and rich Coast of _Maragnan_.]

The Soil of _Maragnan_ is exceeding fruitful, producing abundance of _Brasile_ Wood, Sugar, Cotton, the red Colour _Roucou_, Tobacco, Balsam not inferior to the _Arabian_, Pepper, and all manner of Fruits. On the Coast is often found excellent Amber-greece and Jasper Stones, which the Inhabitants wore in their Lips. In some places along the Sea-shore appear Rocks of red and white Stone _Diaphanous_, like Crystal, which (some say) are as hard as Diamonds, and call’d _Allencon_. The Woods produce Timber, and the Shore Stones and Shells, of which they make Mortar. There are also several pleasant Fields and Hills, whose Feet are wash’d by delightful Brooks, along which they pass in _Canoos_ from one Village to another. The Woods consist most of Palm-Trees, amongst which breed all sorts of Fowls and Beasts.

[Sidenote: Fruit-Trees.]

The chiefest of the Fruit-Trees which grow here is the _Accayou_, which being much bigger than our Pomewaters, hath Leaves not unlike those of an Oak: and also a Nut resembling a Sheeps Kidney, cover’d with a hard Shell, which incloses an oylie Pith. Out of these the Islanders press a very wholsom and pleasant Liquor; as also out of the _Pacoeira_ and _Bannanas_, both excellent Plants, which will grow in any Ground. This Plant they pluck up by the Roots wild as soon as it hath put forth three Leaves; which Leaves being rowl’d up hard together like a Twig, are again Set, and then sprout up each with ten green Leaves, which when mov’d by the Wind, rattle like Parchment, and tear very easily: the Stalk is an Inch thick, from which spread several lesser Branches; under the Leaves hang yellowish Flowers of a pleasant smell, at whose Stalks are lesser Leaves resembling little Scoups, full of Juice, in taste like Honey, and in colour like the White of an Egg: after the Flower follows the Fruit, very like a Cucumber, onely they are three square, and have a hardish Shell, which incloses a well tasted and wholsom Pulp, which commonly grows in Clusters. This Plant, when the Fruit is ripe, is pluck’d up, from whence another springs up immediately, which bears the like Fruit the next year; so that this Plant lives as it were by propagation continually.

The _Bannanas_ bear Leaves of a Fathom long and two Foot broad; the Fruit is very like that of the _Pacoeira_.

The _Mangaa_ is very like the Apricock both in taste and form.

The Tree _Jaracaha_ hath a spread Crown, leaves like those of a Fig-Tree, yellow Flowers, and Pears with Shells, and full of Kernels.

The _Ouaieroua_ is an exceeding sweet-smelling Tree, bears a Fruit much bigger than the greatest Melons.

The _Junipap_, which is much taller, hath Apples, which whilest they are green are best, yielding a Juice which Dyes Coal-black, and therefore is us’d by the Natives to paint their Bodies with: The Apples when ripe are yellow within and without, very well tasted, and melting in the Mouth.

Besides these fore-mention’d Fruit-Trees there are several others that grow on this Island, amongst which is the _Vua-pirup_, eminent for its Blossom, which is yellow, blue, and red, and bears delicate Apples, which ripen best in the rainy Season.

Lastly, the _Pekey_, which three Men cannot Fathom, bears a Fruit of two handfuls bigness, having a hard thick Shell, and within four Kidney-like Kernels, each concealing a prickly Stone, which hurts the Mouths of unwary Eaters.

The Plant _Carouata_ hath Leaves an Ell long, and two Inches broad; they are very thick and thistly from the middle, and about two Foot from the Ground grows an exceeding pleasant Fruit, yellow without and within, three square, a Finger long, and hanging oftentimes sixty in a Cluster.

_Vua_, a sort of Melons, green without, and within full of white Pulp and black Kernels, and hath a pleasant Juice, dissolves to Water, if cut in the middle, sweeter than Sugar, and very refreshing.

_Manioch_, a thick Root of the Plant _Manicup_, Leav’d like a Fig-Tree; being ground to Meal, it serves in stead of Bread.

Besides these already mention’d, there are several other Plants, the most usual are the great flat Beans call’d _Commanda-ouassou_, and the long Pease _Commanda-miry_.

[Sidenote: Strange Birds.]

Here are variety of Birds of several sorts, especially of Parrots, which flye in great Companies, most beautiful to the Eye, and very docible to speak, and also good for Food.

The Partridges _Nanbououassou_, in bigness no way inferior to a Capon, have blue Feathers, and also Lay blue Eggs.

The _Ourou_, resembling a Partridge, hath a Combe like a Cock, but mix’d with three Colours, _viz._ red, black, and white.

The Bats, nam’d _Andheura_, have a mournful Note in the Night, often biting those they find asleep, and suck their Blood so hard that it can hardly be stopt.

The Ostriches here call’d _Yandou_, being as tall as a middle-siz’d Man, cannot flye, but run as swift as a Greyhound.

Their Fowl call’d _Falian_, with long Bills and Cranes Legs, flies very low, but runs so swift that a Horse can scarce overtake them.

[Sidenote: Strange sorts of Fish.]

The Ocean about _Maragnan_ produces abundance of all sorts of Fish, and amongst others the _Pyraon_, six Foot long, thicker than a Barrel, and cover’d with black Scales of a hand-breadth.

The Fish _Camouroupouy_ differs not much from the _Pyraon_, onely in having fewer Scales.

The _Ougry_, four Foot long, hath a broad Head, and two sharp Fins on the Back, which wound terribly. This Fish also swimming in the River, smells of Musk whilest it stays therein.

The like length hath also the _Camboury Ouassou_, whose Hog-like Head, and yellow scal’d Tail, makes it seem like a Monster.

The _Yauebouyre_ is a Foot in thickness, in length two Fathom, and a Fathom in breadth, and hath a Tail of half a Fathom long, out of the middle of which flicks a sharp and great Bone, which makes such dangerous Wounds, that if any part of a Man’s Body be touch’d therewith, it must be cut off.

The _Narinnary_, which is much lesser, wounds with its Sting very dangerously.

The flat Fish _Acaraiou_ hath the length of a Foot, a green Head, thick Scales, a yellow Back, and white Belly.

The _Araououa_ hath a hard Skin, is eight times bigger than the _Acaraiou_ and hath a three-pointed Sword, with which it kills other Fish.

Another sort of Sword-fish is the _Panapans_, whose Sword is a Foot less than that of the _Araououa_.

The _Picamo_ and _Caramourou_ resemble the Pilchard, and are taken in great abundance near the Rocks.

The Rivers and Brooks on _Maragnan_ are also very full of Fish, amongst which the _Pourake_, four Foot long, full of green, blue, red and white Specks and Streaks, the Skin so hard that no Sword can penetrate it; wherefore it regards not a blow, but if it moves, it causes such a pain on the Arm of him that strikes, that he falls down on the Ground.

The _Caurimata_, which is very like a Carp, is the most delicious Fish that ever was tasted.

The _Pyrain_, without Scales, colour’d red and yellow, hath sharp Teeth, which cut sloapingly; as also the _Opean_, _Tarehure_, _Paraty_, and _Jerou_.

The red Crabs _Oussa_, with hairy Legs, breed about the Roots of the fore-mention’d Trees that grow in the Water.

The white Crabs _Aouara-oussa_ carry the Amber-greece, cast on the Shores to their Holes.

They have also good Mussles, and well rellish’d Oysters sticking on the Boughs of the said Trees.

During the rainy Season there are generally standing Pools, in which yearly breed many Fishes, which are taken up by the Inhabitants when the Pools begin to dry.

[Sidenote: Divers kinds of strange Beasts.]

Moreover, this Island feeds abundance of four-footed Beasts, amongst which their wild Deer, Rabbets and Hares, differ little from the _European_. They have also wild Swine call’d _Taiassou_, who seem to have Navels on their Backs, which cast a sweet Musky smell; besides another sort of Swine, not inferior to the former, but of a stranger shape, being Mouth’d like a Hare, with two long Tusks in their upper Jaws, and two beneath; their Ears like a Mans; the foremost Feet white, and hoof’d like an Ass; the hindermost part of their Body like a Bear, and full of Bristles, half white and half black, three handfuls long: when they creep in their Holes their staring Bristles fall; they keep much amongst Brambles, feed on Apples and Roots; In the Winter Season they Stye themselves up in their Holes.

Here are also Pismire-eaters, call’d _Tamandua_, with a Boars Head, Dogs Ears, sharp Snout, Horses Hair, and Ox Feet.

The _Tapiyre-ete_ differ little from wild Cows, onely they have shorter Legs and Tails, and wanting Horns, are Arm’d in stead thereof with Teeth; in their Heads are often found a Stone like the _Bezoar_ Stone.

Several sorts of _Armadillo_’s here differ much in form each from the other.

The wild Cats _Margaia_ are caught for their curious Skin.

The Foxes _Janovare_, and Leopards _Sovassovaran_, both curiously mark’d, are very ravenous.

Here is also a deform’d slow creeping Beast call’d _Ai_, whose Head is like a Mans, and cover’d with rough and grey Hair, on each Foot three Claws close together, and at least a Finger long, sharp Teeth, a smooth high black Nose, little drowsie Eyes, no Ears, a Tail small above and broad at the bottom, long Ash-colour’d Hair over all the Body; and being about the bigness of a Fox, it climbs slowly up the Trees, and comes not down before it hath eaten off all the Leaves; it feeds also on Earth, and sometimes sits on a high Bough without Meat twenty days together; it goes so softly, that it will hardly clear fifty Paces in twenty four hours.

On this Island are likewise all sorts of Apes and Monkies, amongst which is one most remarkable, call’d _The Zimme Cayon_, hairy all over, with a long white Beard, an old Mans Face, bald Ears, black Eyes and long Tail, which they wind about a Bough, and so hanging, swing themselves from one Tree to another; they are very fierce as well as subtile, for being wounded with an Arrow, they set upon their Enemy without the least fear; when they climb up the Trees, they carry their Mouths and Hands full of Stones to throw at Travellers; and if any one of them chance to be wounded, all the rest that are near come to help him, and stop the Wound with Leaves, and the like; the young ones hang upon the Backs of their Dams, who run very swift with them, and leap from one Tree to another.

_Juan Ardenois_ relates, That the _Coyons_ play at certain Games with the Natives for Money, and spend what they win in publick Houses.

_Joseph de Acosta_ tells us, That one of these kind of Creatures being sent to a Tavern for Wine, would not part with his Money before his Pot was fill’d, which he defended from the Boys that offer’d to take it from him, by throwing Stones at them; and though it lov’d Wine very well, yet brought it always home without tasting.

It is no less wonderful what _Peter Martyr_ relates of one of these Creatures, _viz._ That observing one ready to fire a Gun at him, before he could discharge, it leap’d from the Tree and snatch’d up a Child, which he held as a Buckler before him.

[Sidenote: The _Sagovin_.]

The _Sagovin_ resembles a Lyon in the fore-part of the Body, with shaggy Hair; they are exceeding dainty and tender, yet so stubborn and sullen, that they take pet at the least affront, and often pine themselves away and die with hunger.

[Sidenote: The _Boyete_, and other sorts of Serpents.]

The Serpent _Boy-ete_, two Fathoms long, without Legs, having a bright speckled Skin and four sharp Teeth, wounds also mortally with its Tail; but is the less dangerous, because at the end of the Tail grows a Bladder, which moving rattles as if there were Pease in it, which gives notice to the Traveller, though unwary, by which means he makes his escape.

The other Serpents call’d _Jouboy_, _Tara-gouyboy_, and _Tarehuboy_, serve the Natives for a great Delicacy; as also the great Toads or Frogs, call’d _Tourourou_.

They have also a sort of Flies call’d _Ton_, which exceedingly molest them, against which their chiefest Medicine is Palm-tree Oyl, and the _Roucou_, with which they colour their Skins.

The Natives of this Island of _Maragnan_, driven out of the pleasant Countrey _Cayete_ by the _Portuguese_, are a sort of the _Toupinambas_, who Setled here about a hundred and fifty years ago. The time of their first coming hither us’d formerly to be solemniz’d with the great Feast call’d _Caoven_; but because a Woman boldly set upon a Commander in his Cups, there arose a great Tumult amongst them, and ever since the Island hath been divided, one Party calling the other _Tobaiares_, that is, _We are Enemies_: They are so inveterate against one another, that who e’re they take Prisoners they unmercifully devour: Both are of a middle Stature, have flat Noses, which the Midwives make at the Birth of the Child, they are generally a strong People, and many of them living a hundred years, without being grey, bald, or sick; they live temperate, and under a wholsom Climate: Some of their Women bear Children (as they say) till they are eighty years of age, which being born white, turn to be of a Tawny colour, by being anointed with Suet call’d _Roucon_, and Oyl; otherwise they are well proportion’d. The Men pluck out all the Hair of their Foreheads, but suffer it to hang pretty long over their Ears, and behind. The Women let their Hair hang down to their Middle, and wear woodden Ear-rings, but the Men hang green Beads in their Lips, and thrust little Bones through their Noses. They go all stark naked, their Legs are colour’d black with the Juice of the Herb _Junipap_, and upon the other parts of their Body appear Figures of several Representations. Those that will manifest their Valor, and be accounted hardy, gash their Bodies all over with Wounds, which they heal in such a manner, that the Scars may more plainly appear. They never come to their usual Feasts, but dress’d up in various colour’d Feathers; upon the Crown of their Heads they wear Caps stuck with Plumes, which they call _Acangoap_, or Coronets, call’d _Acangerar_; about their Necks, the Necklaces _Aiouacava_; over their Shoulders, the Mantles _Assoyave_; their Garters they call _Tabacoura_, at which they hang hollow Nutshells full of little Stones, which gingle and rattle as they go, and about their Arms Armlets call’d _Mapouyh-couaychovare_; all which are curiously checker’d with various colour’d Feathers.

The _Maragnans_ live not much up in the Countrey, but rather on the Sea-Coast, because of their Fishing, removing every sixth year, calling the Village where they Settle, by the former Name.

They take every Man as many Wives as he pleaseth, but the Women must stick each to one Man, unless she be Divorc’d from him, which often happens upon small occasions.

Their Cotton Hammocks call’d _Yu_, on which they sleep, hang between two Stakes, in which they lie.

Singular Friends and Relations Feast one another daily; but they are cruel and revengeful against their neighboring Enemies, whom, when they take any of them, they fatten, kill, and eat. The least affront done them, or injurious word spoken to them, or against their Predecessors, makes them take up Arms, which consist of Bowes and Arrows, which they call _Ouyrapar_ and _Oune_.

Here the _French_ have built the Fort _St. Lovis_ on an Island, from whence Westward may be seen the Cape _Tapouytapere_, which at High-water seems like an Island, and lies four Leagues from thence; at Low-water they can walk over the Sands from the same to the Main Land.

This fruitful Countrey hath twenty populous Villages.

Westward lies _Comma_, which gives Denomination to the chief Village, the River, and the rest of that Countrey, wherein are sixteen more handsom Villages, better built, and more populous than _Maragnan_ or _Tapouytapere_.

Concerning the building of the fore-mention’d Fort on _Maragnan_, it hapned as followeth:

[Sidenote: The occasion of building the Fort _Maragnan_.]

[Sidenote: A Colony of _French_ sent over into the Island of
_Maragnan_.]

[Sidenote: Driven out by the _Portuguese_.]