Chapter CI: Section 4: That the joint resolution of Congress, approved (2)

In order to operate the transportation of supplies in France the Signal Corps strung its wires over nearly every part of that country. At the end of the war the Signal Corps was operating 282 telephone exchanges and 133 complete telegraph stations. The telephone lines numbered 14,956, reaching 8,959 stations. More than 100,000 miles of wire had been strung. The peak load of operation reached was 47,555 telegrams a day, averaging 60 words each.

Number of Battle Aeroplanes in Each Army at the Date of the Armistice]

CONSTRUCTION STATISTICS

In building factories and storage warehouses for supplies as well as housing for troops, 200,000 workmen in the United States were kept continuously occupied for the period of the war.

The operations of the Construction Division constituted what was probably the largest contracting business ever handled in one office. The total expenditures in this enterprise to November 11, 1918, were about $800,000,000.

Construction projects were conducted in France by the Corps of Engineers under the services of supplies. Up to the signing of the armistice these projects had been undertaken to the number of 831, distributed all over France. To economize tonnage, materials were obtained in Europe as far as possible. The Engineer Corps ran its own quarries, and its own logging camps and saw-mills. The labor force consisted largely of American soldiers and German prisoners, though French and English civilians and Chinese coolies were used wherever available.

TWO HUNDRED DAYS OF BATTLE

Of our combat forces Colonel Ayres says:

"Two out of every three American soldiers who reached France
took part in battle. The number who reached France was
2,086,000, and of these 1,390,000 saw active service in the
front line.

"American combat forces were organized into divisions, which
consisted of some 28,000 officers and men. These divisions were
the largest on the Western front, since the British division
numbered about 15,000 and those of the French and Germans about
12,000 each. There were sent overseas 42 American divisions and
several hundred thousand supplementary artillery and service of
supply troops.

"Of the 42 divisions that reached France 29 took part in active
combat service, while the others were used for replacements or
were just arriving during the last month of hostilities. The
battle record of the United States Army in this war is largely
the history of these 29 combat divisions. Seven of them were
Regular Army divisions, 11 were organized from the National
Guard, and 11 were made up of National Army troops.

"American combat divisions were in battle for 200 days, from
the 25th of April, 1918, when the first Regular division after
long training in quiet sectors, entered an active sector on the
Picardy front, until the signing of the armistice. During these
200 days they were engaged in 13 major operations, of which 11
were joint enterprises with the French, British, and Italians,
and 2 were distinctively American.

"At the time of their greatest activity in the second week of
October all 29 American divisions were in action. They then
held 101 miles of front, or 23 percent. of the entire allied
battle line. From the middle of August until the end of the war
they held, during the greater part of the time a front longer
than that held by the British. Their strength tipped the
balance of man-power in favor of the Allies, so that from the
middle of June, 1918, to the end of the war the Allied forces
were superior in numbers to those of the enemy."

A scene in Alsace after the armistice when American doughboys occupied a small town. They were welcomed there by the inhabitants.]

The total battle advances of the American divisions amounted to 782 kilometers, or 485 miles, an average advance for each division of 17 miles, nearly all of it against desperate enemy resistance. They captured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery, 708 trench mortars, and 9,650 machine guns. In June and July they helped to shatter the enemy advance toward Paris, and to turn retreat into a triumphant offensive.

It is stated in reference to the part played by the American divisions in the Argonne-Meuse that it was the 77th Division of New York selective draft men that achieved the greatest advance against the enemy--71½ kilometers, or nearly 45 miles.

In that battle the American Army captured 16,059 prisoners, liberated 150 French towns and villages, and as an army penetrated 34 miles into territory previously held by the Germans.

THE DEADLIEST WAR

In his chapter on "Health and Casualties," Colonel Ayres reminds us that "the war was undoubtedly the bloodiest that has ever been fought." The total battle deaths is given as 7,450,200. Russia led the death list with 1,700,000; Germany came next with 1,600,000; France next with 1,385,300; Great Britain next with 900,000; Austria, 800,000; Italy, 364,000; Turkey, 250,000; Serbia and Montenegro, 125,000; Belgium, 102,000; Rumania and Bulgaria 100,000 each; the United States, 50,300; Greece, 7,000; Portugal, 2,000.

Of every 100 American soldiers and sailors who took part, 2 were killed or died of disease during the period of hostilities. Among the other nations between 20 and 25 in every 100 were killed or died.

The total deaths were greater than all the deaths in all wars for more than one hundred years previous. In the above figures only deaths resulting directly from action are included. The total deaths from all causes is very much larger. Some of the armies lost more heavily through disease and privation than from battle. With regard to civilians' deaths due to the war, see Volume XII.

The head of the War Department is drawing for the first capsule after the registration of young men who have become of age in the past year. All told 24,000,000 names were registered in the draft.

National Service Magazine]

INDEX

A

Abbas Hilmi, Khédive of Egypt, pro-Turkish attitude, vi: 68.

Abbatiale Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.

Abbeville agreement,
on U. S. military participation in War, v: 128, 284;
text, v: 378.

Abi Dinas, Sudanese leader, defeated at Eli Tasher, iii: 191.

Abo, occupied by Germans, Mar. 16, '18, i: 395.

_Aboukir_, British cruiser,
sunk by _U-9_, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.

Absinthe, sale forbidden in France, Jan. 7, '15, i: 378.

Acceleration, in projectiles, viii: 111.

Achi Baba,
key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170;
_see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Acre, taken by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.

Activism, Swedish pro-German movement, vi: 394.

Adana, British objective in Turkish campaigns, ii: 90.

Adler, Friedrich,
kills Austrian Premier, Count Carl Stürgkh, Oct. 21, '16, vi: 312.

Adkinson, Sgt. Joseph B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

_Admiral Charner_,
French cruiser torpedoed, Feb. 13, '16, i: 384.

Ador, Gustave, becomes head of Swiss Foreign Office, vi: 380.

Adramyti, Gulf of, British bombard Turks, Mar. 3, '15, iv: 44.

Adrian barracks, description, v: 8.

Adriatic coast, disputed territory between Latin and Slav, vi: 359.

Advisory Labor Council, U. S., activities, xii: 71.

A. E. G. bombing airplanes, viii: 221.

Aerial photography,
in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 14;
gun cameras, description, viii: 216;
value, viii: 226, 331;
difficulties, viii: 228;
U. S. photographers in War, viii: 228-235;
future, viii: 234;
_see also_ Photography.

Aeronautics:

Airplanes,
conditions for effectiveness, ii: 123;
use of depth bombs by, iv: 332;
torpedo planes, iv: 335;
number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309;
as war weapon, viii: _Intro._, xi: 214;
detection by sound-rangers, viii: 20;
machine-gun mountings on, types, viii: 86, 189-192, 196, 208-216;
Allied and German equipment at start of War, viii: 189;
Farman plane, viii: 189;
utility in scouting, viii: 189;
Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192;
Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192;
Allied and German types compared, viii: 194;
Spad biplanes, viii: 194;
general utility planes, viii: 196;
Gotha biplanes, viii: 196;
Handley-Page bombers, viii: 196, 204, 223;
aero engines, development of, viii: 198-200;
Liberty motor, viii: 199;
construction, essentials in, viii: 200;
maneuvering, types of, viii: 200;
Allied strength at end of war, viii: 201;
French types, viii: 202, 206;
British types, viii: 203-206;
British planes, viii: 203;
D. H. 10 British bombers, viii: 204;
German equipment, viii: 206;
pre-War record flights, viii: 206;
national supremacy, viii: 207;
machine-gun fire synchronizer, viii: 208;
aerial marksmanship, viii: 210;
"C. C. Gear," for timing gunfire through propeller blades,
viii: 214-216;
navigating instruments, viii: 217-221;
bombing planes, types, viii: 221-224;
A. E. G. bombing planes, viii: 221;
Gotha bombers, viii: 221;
Lizenz bombing planes, viii: 222;
Caproni triplanes, viii: 223;
Caudron bombers, viii: 223;
Letord bombers, viii: 223;
Voisin bombers, viii: 223;
Breguet bombers, viii: 224;
spruce in aircraft construction, viii: 308;
signals for landing in dark, viii: 335;
value in directing artillery fire, viii: 337, xi: 277;
ambulance planes, viii: 379;
U. S., in War, xi: 218;
development, xi: 219;
use against submarines, xi: 239;
commercial uses, xii: 103.
Aviators,
duties, iii: 392;
kinds of patrol, iii: 392;
fitness test by orientator, viii: 356-358;
qualifications, xi: 215.
Balloons,
development for war use, iv: 288;
in naval operations, iv: 289;
number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309;
functions and handling of captive balloons, viii: 257-264;
parachutes, use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263;
hydrogen, use in inflation of, viii: 263.

Dirigibles,
use in coast patrol, iv: 290;
compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245;
in long-distance transportation, viii: 243-245;
British types, viii: 245;
_R-34_, description, viii: 245, 254;
_R-34_, crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;
U. S. types, viii: 245, 255-257;
U. S. "Blimps," viii: 245, 255-257;
U. S. C-class, viii: 245, 255-257;
mooring masts, viii: 245;
development in different countries, viii: 254;
_R-33_, sister ship of _R-34_, viii: 254;
Zeppelins, _see below_ under Aeronautics.
Navigation,
rules for, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 246.
Observation,
in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 13, 337, xi: 277;
uses of captive balloons, viii: 257-264;
utility in War, xi: 216.
Seaplanes,
in battle of Jutland, iv: 107;
for submarine spotting, iv: 285;
U. S. _N-C-4_ first to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240;
N-C flying boats, description, viii: 236-240.
Zeppelins,
progress in construction, '14--'18, viii: 241;
use during War, viii: 246-248;
description, viii: 248-254;
number in crew, viii: 254.
_See also_ under each country.

Aeroplane, see Aeronautics, Airplane.

Afghanistan,
put outside Russian sphere by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104;
friendly to England during War, vi: 78;
changed attitude toward British, '19, vi: 80;
border warfare with India, '19, vi: 81.

Africa,
dark continent, i: 10;
European penetration, i: 48;
"spheres of influence," i: 96.

African campaigns, iii: 250-256;
tropical peculiarities, iii: 250;
German handicaps, iii: 252;
operations in Cameroons (Kamerun), iii: 252;
in Togoland, iii: 252;
in German Southwest Africa, iii: 253;
in German East Africa, iii: 255.

Agadir incident,
Germany creates Moroccan crisis, July, '11, i: 104, 203.

_Agamemnon_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
hit by gunfire, iv: 43.

Agram,
suppression of Jugoslav National Congress at, Mar., '18, vi: 363.

Ahmed Fevzi, Turkish commander at Erzerum, iii: 262.

Aincreville, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.

Air raids,
Ludendorff's plan to burn Allied capitals, ii: 333;
use of Zeppelins in, viii: 246;
success of, xi: 216;
on:
England,
Aug. 9, '15, i: 381;
Aug. 17, '15, i: 381;
Sept. 8, '15, i: 381;
Oct. 13, '15, i: 382;
Jan. 31, '16, i: 384;
Mar. 1, '16, i: 384;
Mar. 5, '16, i: 384;
Mar. 19, '16, i: 384;
Apr. 1--3, '16, i: 385;
Apr. 24, '16, i: 385;
Aug. 9, '16, i: 386;
Sept. 23, '16, i: 388;
Sept. 25, '16, i: 388;
Oct. 1, '16, i: 388;
attacks on undefended coast towns, ii: 266, vi: 4;
first attack on London, iii: 41.
Paris,
Jan. 30, '16, i: 384;
Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.

Air Speed Indicator, for airplanes, viii: 220.

Aircraft, _see_ Aeronautics.

Aire valley, description, v: 73;
scene of action in Meuse-Argonne offensive, v: 225.

Airships, _see_ Aeronautics.

Aisne, battles of:
Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36.
Apr.--Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;
French start offensive, iii: 73;
early French success, iii: 73;
battle for Chemin des Dames, iii: 73;
Germans driven from Chemin des Dames, iii: 76.
May 27--June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, v: 129-135;
situation before German offensive, iii: 92;
Soissons-Rheims salient, iii: 93;
Germans cross Vesle River, iii: 93;
Soissons captured by Germans, May 29, iii: 93;
Château-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, iii: 93;
Germans reach Marne, iii: 93;
American troops check enemy, iii: 94.

Aisne-Marne offensive, v: 130, 158-183;
artillery, important feature, v: 171;
A. E. F. casualties, v: 179, 181.

Aisne-Meuse sector,
Franco-American offensive, Nov, 1--11, '18, iii: 103.

Aisne-Ourcq sector, struck by Foch, '18, ii: 84.

Aix-les-Bains, A. E. F. leave area, "Y" work in, vii: 269.

Akabah, occupied by British, Nov. 3, '14, i: 376.

Ala, captured by Italians, May 29, '15, iii: 234.

Aland Island, occupied by Germans, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392.

Alaska, acquisition by U. S., i: 52.

Albania,
primitiveness of people, i: 92;
William of Wied becomes ruler, i: 206;
Allied offensive in, July, '18, i: 397;
Serbians retreat into, iii: 160;
Italy takes possession, Dec. '14, vi: 120;
promised to Italy, '15, vi: 361.

Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192.

Albert,
captured by British, ii: 157, iii: 98;
captured by Germans in second Somme battle, iii: 89.

Albert, Dr. Heinrich, German propagandist in U. S., i: 133, x: 327.

Albert, King of Belgians, biography, ix: 385-391, xi: 128-131.

_Albert of Belgium_,
poem by Dana Burnet, i: 228;
by Dorothy S. Phillips, ix: 391.

_Albion_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Albrecht, Grand Duke of Württemberg, army commands, ii: 184, iii: 10.

_Alcantara_,
British armed liner, sinks German _Greif_, iv: 200.

_Alcedo_, American ship torpedoed, Nov. 6, '17, i: 392.

Aldis Optical Sight, use in aerial marksmanship, viii: 211.

Aleppo, captured by British, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200.

Alexander, Crown Prince of Serbia,
re-enters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397;
foreign policy, vi: 355;
head of united Jugoslavs, vi: 366.

Alexanderson alternator,
for generation of radio waves, viii: 316-318.

Alexandria, captured by Germans, Nov., '16, i: 389, iii: 222.

Alexieff, Gen. Michael Vassilivitch,
commands Russian forces in Poland, iii: 140;
biography, ix: 238.

Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86, 99, 203.

Algeria, French occupation of, i: 37.

_Algonquin_,
American steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 2, '17, i: 349.

All-American (82nd) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

All-Russian Congress of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates,
convention of, '17, vi: 164.

All-Russian Government of Siberia,
formation, vi: 191;
collapse, vi: 193.

Allen, Corp. Jake, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T.,
commands 90th Div., v: 196;
in St. Mihiel drive, v: 202.

Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H.,
British commander in Palestine, ii: 90, iii: 193;
defeats Turks, ii: 92, 218, v: 213;
captures Jerusalem, ii: 92, iii: 322, xi: 48;
strategy of Palestine campaign, ii: 93;
at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171;
commands British cavalry at Mons retreat, iii: 25;
biography, ix: 194-199.

Allenstein,
Russians defeated at, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375;
occupied by Russians, iii: 111.

Alliances, Holy Alliance,
formation, i: 33;
conflict of European, i: 93-101;
Three Emperors' League, i: 95;
Triple Alliance, i: 95, 208, 255, ii: 4, 48, vi: 115;
Entente Cordiale, between France and Russia, i: 98;
Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106, 146, 218, 220, ii: 2;
Anglo-Japanese, '05, '11, i: 104, 107;
Balkan League, i: 204;
_see also_ under name of alliance.

Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 108.

Allies, superiority in inventiveness, i: _Intro. ix_;
agree not to make separate peace, i: 146;
defensive policy compared with German aggression, ii: 1;
lack unity of command, ii: 22, 40, 58, 230, iii: 55;
unsuccessful in all theaters of War during '15, ii: 36, 50;
unite command under Foch, ii: 40, 218, v: 120, 214;
man-power, ii: 82, 115, 154, iii: 403;
"Will to win" _vs._ German efficiency, ii: 100;
underestimate German strength, ii: 101;
propaganda among German troops, ii: 321;
plan of campaign against German invasion of France, iii: 8;
Balkan blunder, iii: 156;
fail to support Rumania, iii: 214;
casualties, iii: 404;
prisoners of war, iii: 404;
war aims, iv: 6;
military position, '17, iv: 10;
lack aggressive plan in Mediterranean, iv: 13;
gain superiority in air for first time, Sept., '18, v: 206;
make simultaneous attacks on all fronts, Sept., '18, v: 213;
appeal for U. S. troops, v: 373-375, 378;
secret treaty with Italy, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361;
send troops to Russia, vi: 187;
intervene in Siberia, vi: 192;
intervene in Austria, '19, vi: 320;
occupy Hungary, '19, vi: 325;
secret treaties, '16--'17, dispose of Asiatic Turkey, vi: 334;
overcome German superiority in artillery, viii: 36;
war cost, xii: 27, 107;
plan of economic boycott against Germany, xii: 102;
rise in national debts, xii: 114;
list of "Allied and Associated Powers" against Germany, xii: 179.

Allworth, Capt. Edward S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Almereyda, traitorous editor of _Bonnet Rouge_, vi: 105.

_Alnwick Castle_,
British ship sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230.

Alpini, description, ii: 242.

Alsace-Lorraine, early history, i: 210-212;
annexed by Germany, 1871, i: 212;
formed into _Reichsland_, i: 213;
German dictatorship in, i: 213;
fidelity to France during War, i: 215;
German immigration into, i: 215;
German constitution for, '11, i: 215;
French invasion of, during War, i: 375, 376, iii: 14-21;
Peace Treaty provisions for return to France, xii: 194-197;
exempt from share in German national debt, xii: 226.

Altimeter, airplane altitude indicator, viii: 220.

Altkirch, taken by French Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.

Alvensleben, G. C. A. von,
German financier and spy, sensational career, x: 363-368.

_Amalfi_, Italian cruiser sunk by Austrian U-boat,
July 7, '15, i: 380, iv: 369.

Amara, taken by British, May, '15, iii: 181.

Ambrine, use in treatment of burns, viii: 290.

Ambulance, first use, vii: 9;
Red Cross companies, location, vii: 30-31;
difficulties of transporting wounded, viii: 376;
improved types of stretchers, viii: 377;
drawn by dogs, viii: 379;
airplane ambulances, viii: 379;
hospital trains, viii: 380;
perils of driving, x: 92.

American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92.

American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92.

American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany,
vii: 88.

American Escadrille, _see_ Lafayette Escadrille.

A. E. F., _see_ U. S., Army.

American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 89.

American Jewish Committee, relief for Belgium, vii: 350;
relief for Palestine, vii: 350;
organization, vii: 354.

American Relief Administration,
for feeding newly liberated peoples, xii: 141;
Herbert Hoover director-general, xii: 141.

American Students' Committee of École des Beaux Arts, vii: 108.

American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 89, 91.

Amerongen, residence of Kaiser after abdication, vi: 278.

Ames, Winthrop, helps start Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.

Amiens, strategic importance, ii: 69;
German attacks on, unsuccessful, Apr., '18, ii: 152, 314, iii: 389;
British offensive, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281.

Aminullah Khan,
murders father and succeeds to throne of Afghanistan, vi: 81.

Ammunition:
Bullets, component parts, viii: 1;
steel-piercing, viii: 60-64;
Clay armor-piercing, description, viii: 60-63;
advantages of sharp-nosed, viii: 93;
types used in aerial fighting, viii: 211-214;
U. S. war output of rifle ammunition, xii: 284.
Explosives, function, viii: 1;
detonation compared with explosion, viii: 1;
explosive _compound_ and explosive _mixture_ compared, viii: 2;
black powder, viii: 2;
guncotton, viii: 2;
nitrogen necessary in, viii: 2;
driving power of gunpowder, viii: 2;
smokeless powder, viii: 4;
primers, viii: 6;
composition and properties of different kinds, viii: 6;
cordite, viii: 6;
trinitrotoluol (T.N.T.), viii: 6;
ballistic tests, viii: 7;
muzzle flash, viii: 7;
manufacture, xi: 282-284;
U. S. war production of smokeless powder, xii: 285;
of high explosives, xii: 285;
of T.N.T., xii: 285.
Shells, high explosive, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288;
non-ricochet, iv: 333;
star, iv: 334, viii: 77;
gas, U. S. production, v: 324;
kinds, viii: 8;
used by U. S. 3-in. field guns, viii: 23;
structure of "Big Bertha" shells, viii: 46;
illuminating shells and bombs, viii: 74;
rifle lights, viii: 75;
reason for rotating motion in flight, viii: 110;
forces determining path of flight, viii: 111-112;
computation of air resistance, viii: 113;
U. S. war production of artillery ammunition, xii: 284;
shrapnel, _see below_.
Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287;
invention, viii: 72;
description, viii: 72;
manufacture, viii: 72-74.

Amputation, new method of, viii: 367.

Anatolia, area, xii: 279;
population, xii: 279.

Anatolian Railway Co., gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292.

_Ancona_,
Austria-Hungary promises reparation for sinking, i: 326, 384;
controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking,
summary, i: 361;
torpedoed by Austrian U-boat, i: 382, iv: 223.

Ancre sector, British offensive, ii: 212, iii: 64, 66.

Anderson, Sgt. Johannes S.,
gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Andrassy, Count Julius,
member Hungarian Independence Party, vii: 311;
statement on Communist Government, vii: 328.

Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D.,
Chief of G-1, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.

Anglo-French Loan, floated in U. S., xii: 111.

Annunzio, Gabriele D', _see_ D'Annunzio.

Anti-aircraft guns, range, ii: 264;
effectiveness, v: 308.

Anti-din compound, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

_Antilles_,
U. S. transport torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, i: 392, iv: 337;
eye-witness account, iv: 337.

Antioch, captured by British, Jan. 30, '18, i: 393.

Antivari, surrender to Austrians, Jan. 20, '16, i: 384.

Antwerp, Belgian Government moves to, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375;
captured by Germans, Oct. 8, '14, i: 376, ii: 143, 168, iii: 15;
strategic value controlled by Dutch, vi: 375.

Anzac Cove,
landing place of British troops at Gallipoli, ii: 30, iii: 170.

Anzacs, _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Apponyi, Count Albert, advocates war, vi: 307;
leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.

Aprémont, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199;
captured by 28th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.

Arabia, revolt against Turkey, iii: 196, vi: 333.

_Arabia_, British steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334.

_Arabic_,
British steamer sunk by U-boat, Aug. 19, '15,
i: 323, 381, iv: 223, xi: 20;
loss of life in sinking, i: 323;
controversy between U. S. and Germany on sinking, summary, i: 361.

Arabs, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Arbitration, Tribunal established by First Hague Conference, i: 94;
international treaties of, i: 103.

Archangel, Allies land forces at, Apr. 21, '18, i: 395;
limited value as port, iii: 161;
A. E. F. sent to fight Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187.

Archangel, Mt., French attack Bulgars, Nov. 9--19, '15, iii: 204.

Ardahan, Turks defeated by Russians at, Jan. 3--4, '15, i: 378.

Ardennes, strategic importance, ii: 6;
topography, ii: 87, v: 73;
French retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20.

Arditi, description, ii: 240.

_Arethusa_, British cruiser sunk by mine, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384;
in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;
sinks German _Blücher_ at Dogger Bank, iv: 247.

Argentine, German population of, i: 79;
ultimatum to Germany, Sept. 22, '17, i: 390;
neutrality, vi: 389;
soviet riots, '19, vi: 389.

Arges River, Rumanian stand at, iii: 222.

Argonne Forest, military topography, v: 73, 217, 234;
battle of, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

_Ariadne_,
German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;
sunk, iv: 241.

Arietal Farm, taken by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

_Ark Royal_,
mother-ship for British aircraft at Gallipoli, iv: 43.

Armaments, international movement for reduction, i: _Intro. xi_;
battleships, xi: 280-282.

Armenia, military operations in, iii: 260-263;
massacres in, by Turks, iii: 405, vi: 331;
early history, vi: 231;
fate under secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334;
independent government established. Aug., '18, xii: 279;
area, xii: 279;
population, xii: 279.

Armenian and Syrian Relief, American Committee for, vii: 92.

Armentières,
occupied by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, ii: 75, iii: 359;
recaptured by British, Oct. 2, 18, i: 399, iii: 101.

Armies, _see under_ name of country.

Armies of Occupation,
Allied, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226;
conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261.

Armistice, with Bulgaria, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, vi: 347;
with Germany, Nov. 11, '18,
i: 399, iii: 402, iv: 142-144, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54;
false report in U. S., of signing, Nov. 7, i: 399, iii: 400;
terms extended, Dec. 11, '18, i: 399;
with Austria-Hungary, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400;
celebrations, iii: 402;
with Turkey, Oct. 31, '18, vi: 334.

Armor, use in modern warfare, viii: 59, 69.

Army Educational Commission, American Y. M. C. A., vii: 282.

Army of Occupation, _see_ U. S., Army.

Army schools, U. S., _see_ U. S., Army.

Arnim, Gen. von, commander 6th German Army Corps, iii: 14;
launches last attack on Ypres, iii: 360.

Arras, battle of, Apr., '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72;
Vimy Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 70;
British capture "Oppy Line," iii: 72;
German casualties, iii: 72;
results, iii: 72.

Arras-Roye sector, British offensive, Mar., '17, iii: 68.

Arsiero, captured by Austrians, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238;
retaken by Italians, June 27, '16, i: 386.

Artificial eyes, for war blind, viii: 391.

Artificial limbs, for war cripples, viii: 384-390.

Artillery:
Anti-aircraft, v: 308.
Bore, explained, viii: 7, 111;
bore pressure in modern guns, viii: 7;
rifling, viii: 7, 111.
Durability, viii: 7, 26, xi: 280.
Field, French 75-mm. gun, ii: 287;
German and Austrian, viii: 22;
structure and operation, viii: 22;
U. S. pre-War equipment, viii: 22-25;
U. S. 3-in. gun, viii: 23;
U. S. 2.95-in. mountain gun, viii: 24;
U. S. 4.7-in. gun, viii: 24;
development of light guns to accompany infantry, viii: 140;
French 37-mm. quick firers, viii: 140.
Heavy, mobile German guns, ii: 287;
German superiority, ii: 288;
U. S. Naval Batteries on Western Front, iv: 323, viii: 42-45;
use in offensive, v: 304;
French 155-mm. G. P. F. gun, v: 308;
U. S. railway-mount guns, viii: 36-39;
U. S. caterpillar-mount guns, viii: 39;
long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274;
structure of shells hitting Paris, viii: 46;
super-range guns impractical, viii: 47;
U. S. 121-mile range super-gun, viii: 48-51;
British naval super-guns, viii: 53;
manufacture of big guns, viii: 54-58;
shell velocity of, viii: 314;
destructive power of 16-in. gun, viii: 336;
kinds used during War, xi: 274;
naval, xi: 280-282.
Howitzers, Skoda, viii: 22, xi: 278;
U. S. pre-War types, viii: 24;
U. S. railway-mount types, viii, 38, 39;
French 520-mm. (21-in.) gun, viii: 51-53;
use against forts and trench systems, xi: 274.
Importance, Field Marshal Haig's report on, ii: 123-131.
Mortars, limitations, viii: 30;
range of latest U. S. types, viii: 31;
German 11-in. siege mortars, viii: 34-36;
absence of rifling in bore, viii: 112;
device for rotating shell during flight, viii: 112;
functions, viii: 118;
Stokes mortar, viii: 141;
trench mortars captured by A. E. F., xii: 288.
Range-finding, muzzle velocity, viii: 7;
by sight, viii: 8-14;
telescopic range-finder, viii: 9;
problem of marksmanship, viii: 10-13;
use of aircraft in, viii: 13;
by sound, viii: 14-16;
use of photography in, viii: 14;
direct and indirect fire, viii: 28;
zones of fire, viii: 32;
altering range by change of projectile and powder charge,
viii: 32;
air-resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.
_See also_ under each country.

Artistic rights,
Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.

Artois, Allied offensive in, '15, ii: 148, iii: 46;
battle of, May, '14, iii: 42.

Asiago, Austrians reach, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238.

Asir, Principate of, established, '18, xii: 279.

_Askold_, Russian cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 41.

Asquith, Herbert Henry,
responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200, 202, 204;
biography, ix: 30-35.

Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, viii: 95.

Astor, Mrs. Vincent, "Y" worker in Paris, vii: 267.

_Asturias_,
British hospital ship torpedoed, Mar. 20, '17, iv: 232.

Athletics, for A. E. F., _see_ Sports.

Atkins, Tommy, nickname for British soldier, origin of, vi: 230;
fighting qualities, xi: 181-189.

Atrocities, German, summary of crimes, i: 400;
Ludendorff's explanation, ii: 346;
burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277;
in Marne district, iii: 297-300;
at Senlis, iii: 334-337;
in Belgium, vi: 84;
destruction of Rheims Cathedral, vi: 97.

Aubers Ridge, battle of, iii: 42.

_Audacious_,
British battleship sunk by U-boat, Oct. 27, '14, i: 376.

Audenarde, taken by 91st Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 279.

Auffenberg, Gen. von,
commands Austrian army invading Poland, iii: 118.

Augustovo, battle of, German defeat at, iii: 118.

Australia, war casualties, iii: 404, 405;
army strength, iii: 405;
naval strength, iv: 58;
history prior to '14, vi: 37;
area and population, vi: 37;
pro-War platform of Liberal Party, vi: 39;
recruiting opposed by Socialists, vi: 40;
conscription opposed by Labor Party, vii: 41, 42;
conscription defeated by referendum, Oct., '16, vi: 41;
labor unrest, '16, vi: 42;
Labor Party split on conscription, vi: 42;
coalition government formed, Feb., '17, vi: 42;
"Commonwealth War Government" takes office, Feb., '17, vi: 42;
Australian Workers' Union,
similar to American Federation of Labor, vi: 45;
"One Big Union" movement, vi: 45;
labor vote defeats conscription referendum second time,
'17, vi: 45;
war legislation by Nationalists, vi: 45;
soviet government favored by labor, vi: 46;
war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;
rise in public debt, xii: 114;
Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.

Austria, Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318;
Germany acknowledges independence of, '19, xii: 197;
area and population, xii: 279.

Austria-Hungary:
Army, German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;
pre-War organization, iii: 7, 105;
requirements reduced, '15, vi: 311;
for military operations, _see_ name of campaign.
Blockade of, vi: 253;
food shortage due to, vi: 312.
Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
battle deaths, v: 363;
Aug., '14--Aug., '15, vi: 311;
money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25.
Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 48.
Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._
Declarations of war,
ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14,
i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4;
on Serbia, July 28, '14, 1: 115, 375;
reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243;
on Russia, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;
by Great Britain, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375;
on Belgium, Aug. 28, '14, 1: 375;
by Rumania, Aug. 27, '16, 1: 386;
diplomatic relations broken with U. S., Apr. 8, '17, i: 389;
by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390;
by U. S., Dec. 7, '17, i: 393.
Food shortage, vi: 312, 314, 317, 321;
forces demand for peace, vi: 314, 317;
cause of revolt, Apr., '19, vi: 321.
Foreign policy,
German foreknowledge of ultimatum to Serbia, i: 8, 133-136, 252;
not a colonizing nation, i: 37;
Austro-Prussian War, 1866, i: 41;
world position in 1871, i: 47;
gets control of Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 50;
subservience to Germany, i: 79, 133;
joins Triple Alliance, i: 95;
annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 109;
ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14,
i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4;
during last days before War, i: 126;
unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208;
reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243;
antagonism to Russia, vi: 306;
antagonism to Italy, vi: 308;
ambition to incorporate Jugoslavs in Empire, vi: 355;
opposition to Serbian aspirations, vi: 356;
anti-Slav policy, vi: 360;
suppression of Czechoslovak nationalism, vi: 396.
Internal conditions, race rivalries, i: 21, ii: 63, vi: 306;
loyalty of German elements, vi: 307;
revolution suppressed, '14, vi: 308;
effect of Italian declaration of war, vi: 309;
parliamentary disturbances, '15--'16, vi: 311;
labor troubles, vi: 311, 314;
revolution threatened, '16, vi: 313;
revolution breaks out, '18, vi: 317;
Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318;
Bolshevism, vi: 319.
National anthem, xi: 332.
Navy, development, iv: 364;
surrender to Jugoslavs, vi: 364;
_Monarch_ sunk, x: 290;
_Wien_ sunk, x: 290;
_Viribus Unitis_
sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, x: 297-303.
Peace negotiations,
proposal to U. S. through Swedish minister, Sept. 16, '18,
i: 397;
appeal to U. S., Oct. 7, '18, i: 399;
asks U. S. for armistice, Oct. 27--29, '18, i: 399;
Emperor Charles' secret peace offer, '17, ii: 63, vi: 315;
asks Italy for armistice, ii: 252;
armistice signed, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400, vi: 271, xi: 52;
Peace Treaty terms, vi: 321;
armistice terms, vi: 364.
Population, in 1860, i: 40;
German, i: 79, vi: 306;
Hungarian, i: 79;
Slav, i: 79.
Press, _Tageblatt_ demands war, '14, vi: 306;
attack on Italy, '15, vi: 310;
attitude on labor strikes, '18, vi: 314;
_Arbeiter Zeitung_ preaches radicalism, vi: 315;
comment on peace terms, vi: 322.
Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
War cost, money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
value of property loss, xii: 26;
average daily war cost, xii: 106;
total war cost, July, '14--Oct., '19, xii: 107;
rise in national debt, xii: 114.

Authe, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Autocracy, destruction of, by War, i: _Intro. x._

Autrecourt, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.

Averescu, Gen., Rumanian commander in Wallachia, iii: 222.

Aviators, _see_ Aeronautics.

Avlona, occupied by Italy, Dec., '14, vi: 120.

Avocourt Woods, French retire from, Mar. 21, '16, i: 384;
scene of fierce battle at Verdun, iii: 51.

_Ayesha, S. S._, _Emden's_
landing party escapes from Keeling Island in, iv: 186, 191;
abandoned, iv: 192.

Aylmer, Gen.,
commands British force sent to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 184.

Ayres, Col. Leonard P.,
extracts from _The War with Germany--a Statistical Summary_,
by, xii: 280-289.

B

Babtie, Surg.-Gen.
responsibility for lack of medical service in Mesopotamia,
iii: 367.

"Babushka," pet name of Catherine Breshkovsky, q.v., ix: 348.

Baccarat sector, assigned to A. E. F., v: 11;
training area for 42nd Div., v: 118.

Bacteriology, in disease prevention, vii: 253.

Badonviller, German attack at, v: 21, 28.

Bagdad,
captured by British, Mar. 11, '17,
i: 389, ii: 92, iii: 187, xi: 29, 48;
description, iii: 332.

Bagdad Railway, German plan for connecting Berlin with Bagdad, i: 80;
Anglo-German agreement for joint control, '14, i: 200, ii: 13, 295;
menaced by Serbia, ii: 33;
"largest single factor in bringing on the War," ii: 290;
beginnings, 1871, ii: 291;
Anatolian Railway Co. gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292;
Germans get concession to build road from Haidar Pasha to Angora,
1888, ii: 292;
British oppose German concessions, ii: 292;
German Emperor visits Sultan, 1898, ii: 292;
_La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad_,
terms of concession to, ii: 292;
Germans get privilege to extend line to Bagdad, ii: 292;
clash of European interests, ii: 292;
compromise of clashing interests, ii: 294;
sections finished, Aug., '14, ii: 294;
Pan-German policy, ii: 296;
internationalization, ii: 297;
cut by fall of Nish, Oct., '18, iii: 213;
opened, '15, vi: 258;
route, xi: 4.

Bagley, Lieut.-Com. David W.,
commander of U. S. destroyer _Jacob Jones_,
sunk by U-boat, iv: 346.

Bailey, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., commands 81st Div., v: 197.

Bailleul, captured by Germans, iii: 360.

Bainsizza Plateau, Italian offensive, Aug., '17, ii: 58, iii: 240.

Baker, Newton D., biography, ix: 323-326;
conference with Marshal Foch at Trois Fontaines, xii: 285.

Bakeries, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.

Bakhireff, Vice-Adm.,
commands Russians in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.

Balance of Power, early wars for, i: 28.

Balfour, Rt. Hon. Arthur James, biography, ix: 40-44;
visits America, ix: 44.

Balkan League, i: 204.

Balkan Wars, '12--'13, i: 109, 204;
unsatisfactory peace settlement, i: 110;
Sir Edward Grey's efforts to prevent general European war, i: 198;
London Ambassadorial Conference, i: 204;
London Peace Conference, i: 204;
war between Bulgaria and rest of Balkan Allies, i: 206;
Rumanian intervention, i: 206;
peace terms, i: 206;
German incitement, i: 207, ii: 27.

Balkans, conflagration center of World War, i: 1, 89;
international position in '14, i: 62;
area, i: 90, 92;
independent states in, i: 92;
population in '14, i: 92;
racial mixtures, i: 92;
policy of Great Powers, i: 92, 114;
German dynasties in, i: 96;
German designs on, ii: 27;
civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405.

Ball, Capt., air duel with Capt. Immelmann, x: 209-211, xi: 228.

Ballin, Herr, head of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264.

Ballistics,
computation of air resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.

Balloons, _see_ Aeronautics.

Ballou, Maj.-Gen. Charles C., commander 92nd Div., v: 145.

Baltic Provinces, early history, vi: 226;
Russian duplicity in, vi: 226;
under domination of German landlords, vi: 226;
revolt, '05, vi: 227;
form Lettish Legion, vi: 227;
Bolshevik propaganda in, vi: 228;
overrun by Germans, vi: 230;
ask recognition by Peace Conference, vi: 238.

_Baltimore_,
U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.

Bamberg, seat of Bavarian Government during Spartacide revolution,
Mar.--May, '19, vi: 300.

Bamford, Brig.-Gen.,
commander 1st Div., v: 250;
of 26th Div., v: 252.

Banitza, occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 19, '16, iii: 208.

Banking Indicator, on airplanes, viii: 221.

Bantheville, captured by 90th Div., Oct. 22, '18, v: 252.

Bapaume,
taken by British, Aug. 28,'18, i: 397, ii: 157;
British objective in Somme battle, iii: 55;
captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.

Bar-sur-Aube, rest area for 26th Div., v: 118.

Barbed wire,
French use in trench defense, v: 13;
impenetrable cloth as protection against, viii: 68;
value as defensive barrier, viii: 136, 152;
French devices for destruction of, viii: 152-155;
Breton-Prepot cutter, viii: 152;
Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo for destruction of, viii: 154.

Barger, Pvt. Charles D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

Barkeley, Pvt. David B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Barkley, Pvt. John L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.

Barracks, Adrian type, v: 8;
constructed in France by A. E. F., v: 332, 400.

Barrage, North Sea,
Allied mine, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324-330, viii: 274;
artillery, viii: 136-140, x: 162.

Barrett, Sir Arthur,
commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 180.

Barricourt Wood,
taken by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262;
heights captured by Fifth Corps, v: 391.

Barrow, Sir Edmund,
responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.

Bart, Pvt. Frank J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Barth, Brig.-Gen. Charles H., commander 81st Div., v: 197.

Bartlett, Brig.-Gen.,
commander, Expeditionary Brigade, Coast Artillery Corps, v: 305.

Barton, Clara, mother of American Red Cross, vii: 12.

Baruch, Bernard M.,
Chairman, U. S. War Industries Board, xii: 72;
member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,
xii: 116.

Base hospitals, _see_
Hospitals;
Red Cross.

Bases, German, in France, ii: 86.

Basra,
occupied by British Nov. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 180;
British base for Mesopotamian expedition, ii: 91, iii: 330.

Battalion of Death, Russian women's, x: 183-185, xi: 205.

Battles:
Aisne,
Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36;
Apr.--Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;
May 27--June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, 129-135.
Allenstein, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375.
Amiens, ii: 152, 281, 314, iii: 389.
Ardahan, Jan. 3--4, '15, i: 378.
Argonne, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
Arras, Apr. 9, '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72.
Artois, May 9, '14, iii: 42.
Augustovo, iii: 118.
"Battle of France," Sept.--Nov., '18, iii: 100-103.
Belleau Wood, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 192, 382, xi: 43.
Cambrai,
Nov., '17,
i: 392, 393, ii: 280, iii: 80-82, 337-340, viii: 142, 156;
Sept.--Oct., '18, ii: 281, iii: 101, v: 213, xi: 52.
Cantigny,
May 28, '18, i: 395;
'18, iii: 94, v: 31-34, 122, 124-128, 141, 380.
Champagne,
Sept., '15, i: 382, ii: 25, iii: 46;
July 15--17, '18, v: 47, 129, 148-158.
Château-Thierry,
May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43.
Chemin des Dames, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132.
Coronel, '14, i: 376, iv: 64-68, ix: 308.
Ctesiphon, iii: 182, 367, 384.
Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253.
Falkland Islands, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308.
Flanders,
June--July, '17, ii: 56, 343, iii: 38, 40, viii: 299;
_see also_ Yser.
Heligoland Bight, i: 375, iv: 240-243, xii: 205.
Isonzo, _see_ Italian Front.
Jadar, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.
Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99-136, 144-156, 256, 258, xi: 29.
Kars, '15, iii: 260.
Kut-el-Amara,
i: 382, 385, 389, iii: 181-183, 318-320, 364, xi: 29.
Le Cateau, '14, ii: 162, 174, 176-182, iii: 23.
Liége, i: 143, 375, ii: 348, iii: 10, xi: 9.
Lys, iii: 91.
Marne,
Sept., '14,
i: 375, ii: 9, 82, 103, 138, 140-142, 182-184, 220, 227, 258,
iii: 30-34, xi: 12;
July--Aug., '18,
ii: 77, 154, 322-324, 326,
iii: 95, v: 47-61, 129, 148-183, 382, viii: 148, x: 381-387.
Mazurian Lakes, i: 378, iii: 113-116, 130.
Messines Ridge, i: 395, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76, 77, 360.
Mons-Charleroi, Aug. 21--23, '14,
i: 375, ii: 162, iii: 277-281, xi: 10.
Neuve Chapelle, Mar., '15, iii: 41, 375.
Passchendaele Ridge, i: 392, 395, ii: 56, iii: 79, 360, v: 377.
Passenheim, Aug., '14, iii: 116.
Ravaruska, Sept. 4--10, '14, iii: 122.
Riga, Oct. 18, '17, i: 392.
St. Mihiel,
Sept. 20, '14, iii: 37;
Sept. 12, '18,
ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 309, 384-386, xi: 46.
San, May 15--17, '15, i: 380, iii: 136.
Sarre, Aug., '14, iii: 18.
Somme,
July, '16, i: 386, ii: 44-47, 126, 148, iii: 55-68, 314;
Mar., '18, iii: 86-90, xi: 24;
Aug., '18, ii: 331, xi: 46.
Tannenberg, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, ii: 24, 228, 353, iii: 112-116.
Vaux, i: 385, ii: 189, iii: 52, 54, 62, 306, 313, 327-329;
_see also_ Verdun.
Verdun,
i: 268, 376, 384, 388, 390, ii: 36-39, 47, 67, 186-189,
iii: 46-55, 61, 62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 22.
Vimy Ridge, i: 46, 47, 70, iii: 343-349.
Ypres,
Nov., '14, i: 376, ii: 144, 170, iii: 41;
Apr., '15, ii: 170, 222, iii: 42, 320;
July--Sept., '17, ii: 128;
Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 359-363.
Yser,
Oct., 14, i: 376, ii: 220, iii: 40;
July, '17, iii: 77.
_See also_ under name of engagement.

Bauer, Herr Gustav,
chosen head of German cabinet, June, '19, vi: 304.

Bauer, Otto,
leader of Austrian Maximalists, vi: 314;
activities, '18, vi: 318;
becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs, '19, vi: 319.

Baulny, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 227.

Bavaria,
socialist republic proclaimed, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280;
revolt against Kurt Eisner, Feb., '19, vi: 298;
soviet republic proclaimed, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300;
Revolutionary Tribunals in control of Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300;
Peasants' Union declares food blockade against Munich,
Mar., '19, vi: 300.

Bavarian Digging Song, xi: 339.

Bayonet fighting, use in modern warfare, viii: 105-110.

Bayonville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Beatty, Adm. Sir David,
at battle of Jutland, iv: 99;
British commander at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;
at battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246;
arranges for surrender of German fleet, iv: 383;
biography, ix: 283-287.

Beauclaire, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.

Beaucourt,
captured by British, Nov. 14, '16, i: 388;
British gain control of valley, Jan., '17, iii: 64.

Beaufort, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Beaulencourt-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar., '17, iii: 64.

Beaumont,
taken by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48;
Germans driven from, by British, iii: 64;
captured by 2nd and 80th Divs., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266.

Beaune, A. E. F. University at, v: 106, vii: 282.

Beauquesne, training area for 27th Div., v: 290.

Bebel, Herr, personal sketch, vi: _Intro. ix._

Bedouins, join Turks invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Beersheba, captured by British, Oct. 31, '17, iii: 194.

Beirut, taken by French, Oct. 10, '18, iii: 199.

Beit Lekia, taken by British Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.

Bela Kun, Hungarian Bolshevik leader, activities, vi: 324-326.

Belfort,
defenses of, iii: 2, v: 215;
bombarded by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 48.

Belgian Relief, _see_ Belgium; War Relief.

_Belgian Prince, S. S._, sunk by U-boat, July 31, '17, iv: 232.

_Belgium, 1918_, poem by Sheril Schell, xi: 84.

Belgium:
Army,
increase in, '09--'12, i: 144;
dependence on Germany for munition supply, i: 234;
German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;
escapes from Antwerp, Oct. 9, '14, ii: 143;
pre-War organization, iii: 4;
mobilized, June 28, '14, iii: 378;
strength of air service at end of War, viii: 202;
for military operations, _see under_ name of campaign.
Casualties,
total in War, iii: 404;
money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
battle deaths, xii: 289.
Coal production '13--'15, xii: 48.
Food, _see_ Relief, below.
Neutrality,
guaranteed by European Powers, 1831, 1839, i: 141, 229;
British policy, history of, i: 141, 222, 224;
defense arrangement with British, '06, i: 143;
German violation,
Aug. 4, '14, i: 144, 223, ii: 8, iii: 8-16, 380, xi: 4;
Bethmann-Hollweg's "Scrap of paper" statement, i: 146;
France pledges to respect, Aug., '14, i: 223, iii: 380;
King Albert appeals to England, i: 223;
violation menace to Great Britain, i: 224;
Sir Edward Grey urges British intervention, Aug. 3, '14, i: 224;
German ultimatum, Aug. 2, '14, i: 227, iii: 380;
German reasons for violation, i: 229, 231, xi: 9;
Bismarck's pledge of guarantee, i: 229;
German admission of injustice of violation, i: 230;
German ultimatum rejected, i: 230. iii: 378-381;
German charge of secret Anglo-Belgian agreement, i: 231;
British offer of help, i: 232;
appeal to England, Aug. 4, '14, i: 233;
German charge of unneutral conduct denied, i: 234;
evidences of trust in German good faith, i: 234;
Lloyd George denounces violation, i: 236;
German disregard of, in planning campaign against France, ii: 4;
military topography of German border, ii: 6;
French consider German invasion improbable, ii: 8;
effect of invasion on result of War, ii: 206;
Ludendorff's justification of violation, ii: 346;
composition of invading forces, iii: 10;
French defenders retire, Aug., '14, iii: 20;
invasion creates national unity, vi: 84;
Bryce Report on atrocities, vi: 84;
deportation of civilian population, vi: 84;
for invasion and military operations,
_see_ name of engagement.
Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 180.
Peace Treaty,
claims against Holland, vi: 89;
acquires Moresnet, xii: 188;
acquires Eupen, xii: 188;
acquires Malmédy, xii: 188;
reparation by Germany, xii: 218.
Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
Relief, Commission for,
in Belgium, vii: 116-144;
famine conditions, vii: 117;
early relief organization, vii: 118;
Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 119, 124, 136;
_Comité Nationale Belge, de Secours et d'Alimentation_,
vii: 120;
overcoming blockade difficulties, vii: 120-127;
care of children, vii: 134;
American contributions, vii: 139-144;
dependence on imports for existence, xii: 136.
Royal family, ix: 388, xi: 143-145.
War cost,
debt to U.S., xii: 18;
money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
value of property loss, xii: 26;
war cost, Aug., '14--Oct., '18, xii: 107;
rise in national debt, xii: 114.

Belgrade,
captured by Austrians, Dec. 2, '14, i: 376, vi: 357;
recaptured by Serbians, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 155, 394, 397;
retaken by Austrians, Oct. 6--8, '15, i: 382, vi: 357.

Belikamen, Serbs rout Austrians at, ii: 32.

Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr., commander 33rd Div., v: 144;
in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.

Belleau Wood, battle of,
June, '18, 2nd Div. at, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 382, xi: 43;
strategic importance, v: 138;
renamed "Bois de la Brigade Marine," v: 139;
Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192.

Bellicourt, position on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.

Below, Gen. Otto von, commands 17th German Army, ii: 149.

Benedict XV, Pope, makes peace plea, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390;
offer accepted by Germany, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390;
biography, ix: 405.

Benes, Edward, seeks Allied aid for Bohemia, vi: 397;
member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.

Benet-Mercier machine gun, description, viii: 80.

Benson, Admiral William S., biography, ix: 296-298.

Bentinck, Count, Kaiser's host after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 278.

Berat, occupied by Italians, July 11, '18, i: 397.

Berbers, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Berchtold, Count A. J. S. J. K., biography, ix: 143.

Berehaven, Ireland, U. S. naval base, iv: 356.

Bergson, Henri,
French philosopher, on German doctrine of force, i: 152.

Berlin, revolution, Nov., '18, vi: 273-276, 284;
Spartacide uprising, Jan., '19, vi: 287;
Spartacides suppressed by Ebert, vi: 289;
second Spartacide revolution, Mar., '19, vi: 299.

Berlin-Bagdad Railroad, _see_ Bagdad Railway.

Berlin Conference, '85,
divides Africa into "spheres of influence," i: 96.

Berlin, Congress of, 1878,
Russian ambitions in Near East checked, i: 48, 93;
terms of settlement at, i: 93;
defects of settlement, i: 93.

Bernhardi, Gen. Friedrich von,
expounds German Kultur in _Germany and the Next War_, i: 67;
on desirability of a European war, i: 131;
striking quotations from, i: 179.

Bernstein, Herr,
German Socialist leader, opposes war, vi: _Intro. xii._

Bernstorff, Count Johann von,
activities as head of German spy system in U. S., i: 8, x: 326;
biography, ix: 133.

Berny, taken by French, Sept. 17, '16, i: 388.

Bersaglieri, description, ii: 240.

Berthelot, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, '18, ii: 214.

Berzy-le-Sec, captured by 1st Div., July 21, '18, v: 55, 179, 383.

Bessarabia, Russian offensive in, starts, Dec. 24, '15, i: 382;
invaded by Bolsheviki, vi: 350.

Béthincourt, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, i: 384.

Bethmann-Hollweg, Dr. Theobold von,
German Chancellor, justification of Germany, i: 117;
"scrap of paper" statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146;
statement of reasons for unrestricted submarine warfare, i: 344;
proposes compromise peace, '17, vi: 262;
resigns as Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266;
biography, ix: 121-126;
admission of German guilt, ix: 121;
opposition to ruthless warfare, ix: 126.

"Big Bertha,"
German long-range gun, bombards Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274.

Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, personality, iii: 375.

Births, decrease due to War, statistics, iii: 406.

Bishop, Col. Wm. A., British ace, story of, x: 215-221, xi: 229.

Bismarck, Prince Otto von, builder of German Empire, i: 41;
Near East policy, i: 48;
forced to resign Chancellorship, 1890, i: 73, 97, ix: 359;
forms Triple Alliance, i: 95;
colonial policy, i: 97;
representative of Junker class, i: 258;
plan for universal empire, ii: 2;
publishes von Moltke's views on German strategy, ii: 14.

Bismarck, Major von, German military attaché in Switzerland, vi: 380.

Bissell, Lieut.,
commands detachment defending bridge at Château-Thierry,
May 31, '18, v: 134.

Bissolati, Signor,
Italian political leader, advocates Jugoslav conciliation, vi: 362;
against policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.

Bistritz, taken by Rumanians, Sept. 4, '16, iii: 218.

Bitlis, captured by Russians, Mar. 2, '16, iii: 263;
evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386;
recaptured by Russians, Aug. 26, '16, i: 386.

Bitur, taken by British, Nov., '17, iii: 194.

"Black Cobra Bill,"
nickname of "Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of India,"
vi: 78.

_Black Prince_,
British warship lost at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.

Black Sea, Russia gains freedom of action in, 1871, i: 47;
Turkish bombardment of ports, Oct. 28, '14, i: 376.

Blackwell, Pvt. Robert L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Blanc Mont,
captured by French and Americans, Oct. 5, '18, v: 241, 255, 257.

Blankets, for U. S. Army, v: 358.

Bligny, German repulse at, July 15, '18, v: 51.

"Blimps," U. S., scout dirigibles, viii: 245, 255.

Blind, Committee for Men Blinded in Battle, activities, vii: 99;
Permanent Relief War Fund, activities, vii: 255-259;
Red Cross Institute for, vii: 259;
number blinded in War, vii: 260.

Blinkers, use of, in action, v: 319.

Bliss, Gen. Tasker H.,
U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84.

Blockade, of Allies by Germany, _see_ Submarine Warfare;
of Germany by Allies, _see_ Germany, Blockade of.

_Blücher_,
German cruiser sunk at Dogger Bank, eye-witness account, iv: 247.

Blue and Gray (29th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Blue Ridge (80th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Bobo, Capt. Stephen N.,
story of his band of "rough-neck" weaklings, x: 49.

Boehm-Ermolli, Gen., commands Austrians relieving Przemysl, iii: 132.

Boers, rebel against British, '14, vi: 49;
Gen. Hertzog leader of rebellion, vi: 49;
aid Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, vi: 50;
_see_ also South Africa, Union of.

Bohemia, Diet suppressed by Austria-Hungary, '15, vi: 311;
early history, vi: 396;
oppression by Austria-Hungary, vi: 396;
press comment on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396;
formation of army, '17, vi: 398;
National Council, vi: 399;
_see also_ Czechoslovakia.

Boirault tank, viii, 153.

Boiselles, taken by French, Jan. 17--18, '15, i: 378.

Bolivia,
severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389;
Peace Conference, delegate to, xii: 180.

Bolo Pasha, French traitor, pro-German plots, vi: 105, x: 340-344.

Bolshevism, fallacy of, i: _Intro. xi._;
doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33;
as product of high cost of living, xii: _Intro. xiii_;
in: Australia, revolutionary spirit among labor, vi: 45.
Austria, rise and overthrow, '19, vi: 319.
Bulgaria, outbreak in, vi: 346.
Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevik feeling, vi: 400.
Finland, provisional government established, Nov., '17, vi: 198;
suppressed by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200.
Germany, _see_ Spartacides.
Hungary, riots, Jan.--Feb., '19, vi: 324;
success, Mar., '19, vi: 325.
India, propaganda stirs unrest, vi: 77.
Poland, spread in, vi: 223.
Russia,
peace of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, Mar. 3, '18,
ii: 272, VI: 183;
propaganda among German troops, '18, ii: 322;
Russian troops incited to desert and revolt,
iii: 269, vi: 155, 164;
doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33;
navy demoralized, vi: 155, 164;
Kornilov rebellion defeated, vi: 169;
movement against Kerensky spreads, Oct., '17, vi: 173;
arguments used to win populace, vi: 175;
Bolsheviki call on Soviets to seize government, Nov. 2, '17,
vi: 175;
increasing power of movement, Oct., '17, vi: 177;
overthrow Kerensky and seize government, vi: 177-183;
Lenin announces platform, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 179;
dictatorship of proletariat, vi: 181;
Bolshevik land program, vi: 181;
opposition of middle class functionaries, vi: 181;
Russian secret treaties made public, vi: 183;
Constituent Assembly dissolved, Jan. 18, vi: 185;
Red Army raised, vi: 185;
reign of terror, vi: 187;
state of war declared with Entente, vi: 187;
Princes' Island Conference proposed by Peace Conference,
vi: 188;
Finland used as base of operations. '15, vi: 198;
progress in Letvia, vi: 228;
financing German Spartacides, vi: 281;
connection with Maximalists, vi: 314;
Lenin's defense of tyrannical methods, ix: 115;
currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii._
Siberia, opposition in, vi: 189.

Bombs:
Aerial, viii: 221-225.
Depth, evolution of, iv: 307;
for combating U-boats, iv: 317;
development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330;
launching mechanism, iv: 331;
invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332;
description, viii: 281, xi: 239.
Illuminating, drop bombs, viii: 76.

Bona, bombarded by _Breslau_, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.

Bone, Fl.-Com. R. J.,
battle with German planes invading England, x: 237.

_Bonnet Rouge_, traitorous French newspaper, vi: 105.

Books, demand for, in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282.

Bordeaux, French government moves to, Sept. 3, '14, i: 375;
embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.