Chapter CIII: Section 4: That the joint resolution of Congress, approved (4)

Essen, bombarded by Belgian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.

Essen trench, captured and reversed by French, Oct. 1--3, '18, v: 254.

Essey, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.

Essomes-sur-Marne, location of, v: 133.

Estaires, occupied by Germans, Apr. 10--11, '18, i: 395.

Esternay, destruction by Germans, iii: 297.

Esthonia, early history, vi: 226;
independent Republic established, Apr., '18, vi: 230, xii: 279;
area, xii: 279;
population, '18, xii: 279;
_see also_ Baltic Provinces.

Estrayes Wood, captured by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 252.

Etraye, threatened by 33rd Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 82;
ridge taken by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 86;
captured by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.

Eupen, ceded to Belgium, under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.

Europe, area of greatest nationalistic development, i: 9;
race rivalries in, i: 21;
alignment of nations at outbreak of War, ii: 2;
general conditions, winter '17--'18, v: 1, 113;
military situation in, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253.

Evan-Thomas, Rear-Adm. Hugh,
commands British 5th Battle Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 110.

Everts, Gen., commander of Russian Army of the Bug, iii: 119.

Exermont Valley, slopes taken by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
heavy A. E. F. casualties at, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Explosion, compared with detonation, viii: 1.

Explosive shell, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288.

Explosives, _see_ Ammunition.

Extraterritoriality, explained, i: 17;
Japan withdraws rights of, i: 18;
Turkey withdraws rights of, i: 18.

F

_Falaba, S. S._, British steamer,
sunk by German submarine, Mar., '15, i: 319, 378, iv: 218.

Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich G. A. S. von,
sent to regain Bagdad, ii: _Intro. xx_, iii: 196;
invades Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 218;
replaced as Chief of German General Staff by von Hindenburg,
iii: 61;
biography, ix: 262.

Falkland Islands, battle of,
British defeat German fleet, Dec. 8, '14,
i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308;
strength of opposing fleets, iv: 70;
von Spee's strategy, criticism of, iv: 70;
Sturdee's tactics, iv: 71;
German cruiser _Dresden_ escapes, iv: 74;
British casualties, iv: 74;
German loss in men and ships, iv: 74;
importance of victory, iv: 74;
Admiral Sturdee's official report, iv: 75-79;
eye-witness accounts, iv: 80-85.

Fallon, Capt. David, brave tank commander, x: 165.

_Falmouth_, British cruiser sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386;
at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Falzarego Pass, limit of Italian advance in Cadore, iii: 234.

_Fanning_, U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.

Fanning Island,
Germans destroy wireless station at, Sept. 7, '14, iv: 62.

Fao, British land at, Nov. 7, '14, iii: 180.

_Farewell_, poem by Lieut. Robert Nichols, R. F. A., vii: 389.

Farman airplane, viii: 189.

Farnsworth, Maj.-Gen. Charles S.,
commands 37th Div., June, '18, v: 145;
in Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 219.

Fay, Robert, German agent, plots to blow up ships, x: 369-377.

Fay-en-Haye, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.

Fayolle, Gen.,
commands Allied forces opposing German drive on Paris, '18,
ii: 152;
decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.

_Fearless_,
British cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Federalism, development in America and Europe, i: 30.

Ferdinand, Archduke Francis,
_see_ Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria.

Ferdinand, Czar of Bulgaria, abdicates, Oct. 5, '18, i: 399, vi: 347;
proclamation to army, vi: 340;
appeals to Germany, vi: 347;
character, ix: 378;
biography, ix: 378-380.

_Ferdinand of Bulgaria_, poem by D. S. P., ix: 376.

Ferdinand, King of Rumania, biography, ix: 399-401.

Fère Forest captured by 42nd Div., July 26, '18, v: 58.

Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian,
comparison of German militarism with Roman imperialism,
ii: 365-372;
sympathy with Allies, '14, vi: 119.

Fertilizers, shortage in Germany during blockade, ii: 18.

Field glasses for A. E. F., viii: 326.

Finland, signs peace with Germany, Mar. 7, '18, i: 393;
political history, 1809--1914, vi: 196;
granted autonomy, 1809, vi: 196;
autonomy revoked, 1899, vi: 196;
threatened with class revolution, '05, vi: 196;
socialist tendency in Diet, '05, vi: 196;
nationalism assailed by Russian bureaucracy, '14, vi: 196;
German aid against Russification, vi: 196;
declares independence, Mar., '17, vi: 198;
base for Russian revolutionary activities, '17, vi: 198;
Bolshevik revolution, Nov., '17, vi: 198;
Russia recognizes Bolshevik government, '17, vi: 198;
Socialists demand union with Russian Soviet, Nov. '17, vi: 198;
White Guards recalled from Germany to quell civil war, vi: 198;
General von der Goltz sent to aid Whites, vi: 199;
Republic established by moderate Socialists, '18, vi: 200;
new government recognized by Great Britain and U. S., '18, vi:200;
Bolshevism stamped out by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200;
origin of inhabitants, vi: 200;
area and population, xii: 279.

_Finland_, U. S. transport sunk by U-boat, Nov. 2, '17, i: 392;
torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337.

_Firedrake_,
British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

First aid, importance in treatment of wounded, vii: 178.

Fisher, Adm. Lord John,
responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200;
views on advisability of Dardanelles expedition, ii: 203;
biography, ix: 288-290.

Fisher, Prof. Irving,
analysis of high cost of living, xii: _Intro._

Fiske, Rear-Adm. Bradley T., invents torpedo plane, iv: 335.

Fiske, Brig.-Gen. H. B.,
Chief of Training, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.

Fismes, captured by 32nd Div., Aug. 6, '18, v: 61;
taken and retaken by U. S. divisions, July--Aug., '18, v: 189;
General Degoutte commends Americans for services at, Sept. 9, '18,
v: 192.

Fismette, captured by 28th Div., Aug., '18, v: 62.

Fiume, conflict of Italians and Jugoslavs for, vi: 365;
arrival of U. S. troops at, vi: 366;
Italian delegates withdraw from Peace Conference
in controversy over, vi: 368-370, xii: 159;
occupied by D'Annunzio, vi: 370;
awarded to Italy conditionally, vi: 370.

_Five Souls_, poem by W. N. Ewer, xi: 93.

Flabas, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 271.

Flanders, battles of:
Oct., '14, nature of terrain, iii: 38, viii: 299;
extent of battle line, iii: 38;
Foch cuts dikes of Yser, iii: 40;
Germans repulsed, iii: 40.
Aug., '17, failure of British offensive, ii: 56;
Ludendorff's criticism of, ii: 343;
description of, iii: 78-80;
duration, iii: 78;
objects, iii: 78;
Allied offensive checked by rains, iii: 79;
Passchendaele Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 79;
Allied gains, Sept.--Oct., '17, iii: 79;
results, iii: 79.
Sept., '18, Belgians and British renew offensive, v: 213.

Flemings, failure of German propaganda among, vi: 86.

Flers, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.

Fleury, at Verdun, captured by French, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386;
captured by Germans, '16, iii: 313.

Fleville, captured by 16th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

_Florence H._, cargo-carrier, heroism of crew, iv: 354.

Florina, occupied by Allies, Sept. 18, '16, i: 388, iii: 208;
occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 17, '16, iii: 207, 208.

"Flying Dutchman," name applied to _Emden_, iv: 187.

Foch, Marshal Ferdinand,
strategy of, in Allied offensive, '18, ii: 76-98, 212, v: 213;
at second Marne battle, ii: 77, 154;
theories on strategy, ii: 80, 81, 103, 137;
takes initiative of attack from Germans, ii: 84, v: 130;
as Lieut.-Col., Professor of General Tactics at École de Guerre,
ii: 103, 137, 220;
share in victory at first Marne battle,
ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 184, 220;
author of _Principles of War_, summary, ii: 104;
conception of _mind_ as determining factor in victory,
ii: 138;
on functions of a general, ii: 138;
theories on battle tactics, ii: 138;
commands 20th Corps at Nancy, '14, ii: 138;
organizes new French army, '14, ii: 138;
famous despatch during first Marne battle, ii: 141, iii: 33;
given command of French Army of the North, Oct., '14,
ii: 143, iii: 38;
floods Belgium as defense against Germans, '14, ii: 145;
stops British retreat at Ypres, '14, ii: 145, 220;
commands French at Somme battle, July, '16, ii: 148;
appointed co-ordinator of Allied operations, Dec., '16, ii: 148;
appointed Chief of Staff, French Army, Mar., '17, ii: 148;
sends reinforcements to check Italian rout, ii: 149;
French representative on Allied War Council, ii: 149;
appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief on Western Front, Mar. 28, '18,
ii: 151, iii: 89, v: 120, 380, xi: 41;
analysis of weakness of German drive, '18, ii: 154;
made Marshal of France, ii: 156, iii: 97;
Viscount French's eulogy of, ii: 170;
General Malleterre's eulogy of, ii: 220;
commands 20th Corps at battle of the Selle, '14, iii: 18;
repulses Germans at Mondement, '14, iii: 33;
member Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84;
text of appointment as Allied Commander-in-Chief, v: 380;
biography, ix: 148-153;
Clemenceau's estimate of, ix: 151;
pronunciation of name, ix: 151;
bibliography, ix: 153;
members of family killed in War, ix: 153;
military commandments, xi: 55;
conference with Secretary Baker, at Trois Fontaines, Oct. 4, '18,
xii: 277.

Focsani, captured by Germans, Jan. 8, '17, i: 389.

Fogaras, captured by Rumanians, iii: 218.

Fokker airplane, machine-gun mounting on, viii: 192, 208-210.

Foltz, Brig.-Gen. F. S., commands 91st Div., July, '18, v: 196.

Food, sent to Europe from U. S., '16--'18, xii: 36;
importance in winning War, xii: 40, 135;
War's effect on neutrals, xii: 42;
European relief by U. S., Hoover's report, xii, 42;
situation in Europe after armistice, xii: 43;
world's requirements and supply, '19, xii: 44;
use of potatoes as, xii: 47;
U. S. exports to Europe, before and during War, xii: 135;
problem of national self-sufficiency, xii: 135;
war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138;
national tastes in, xii: 138;
scientific rations _vs._ personal taste, xii: 139;
scientific rations as conservation measure, xii: 139;
Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139;
war-time government control, xii: 140;
U. S. wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17--July 1, '18, xii: 141;
_see also_ under each country.

Foreign Legion, American enlistments in, '14--'17, iii: 391;
in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July 18, '18, v: 168;
heroic story of, x: 27-32;
history, xi: 193.

Forestry, A. E. F. operations, v: 334, 400.

Forests, French, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.

Forêt Wood, captured by 4th Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.

Forges, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, iii: 51, 306;
captured by 33rd Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

_Formidable_,
British battleship sunk by U-boat, Jan. 1, '15, i: 378.

Formosa, acquired by Japan, 1895, i: 20.

Forrest, Sgt. Arthur J., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Forstner, Lieut. von, share in Zabern incident, i: 73.

Fortescue, Granville,
description of scenes behind Turkish lines at Gallipoli, iii: 340.

Foster, Sgt. Gary Evans, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

"Fourteen Points," President Wilson's basis for peace, xii: 163-165.

"Foyers du Marin," "Y" huts for French sailors, vii: 313.

"Foyers du Soldats," comfort huts for French soldiers, vii: 310;
number, vii: 311;
locations, vii: 313.

Fractures, treatment of, viii: 367.

France:
Air Service, strength at end of War, viii: 201;
personnel and equipment, viii: 202, 206.
Army, increase in, for '14, i: 132;
German estimate of military effectiveness, '14, ii: 4;
military resources, Aug. 1, '14, ii: 12;
German military critic on, ii: 256;
uniform, ii: 286;
pre-War organization, iii: 3;
morale, '17, iv: 10;
relations with A. E. F., v: 22;
type of service rifle, viii: 95;
medical service, viii: 362-365;
Chasseurs, xi: 189;
Spahi, xi: 189;
Zouaves, xi: 189;
Tirailleurs, xi: 191;
Foreign Legion, xi: 193;
_see also_ Foreign Legion;
for military operations, _see_ name of campaign.
Artillery, famous "75's," efficiency of, ii: 287;
plan of rotating in trenches, v: 14;
520-mm. (21-inch) howitzers, viii: 51-53.
Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
total battle deaths, xii: 288.
Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._
Declarations of war, by Germany on, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140;
on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375;
on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376;
on Bulgaria, Oct. 16, '15, i: 382;
popular reception of, '14, vi: 95.
Food, potato crop, xii: 47;
war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138.
Foreign policy, occupation of Algeria, i: 37;
world position, 1871, i: 47;
world position, '14, i: 59;
Triple Entente among France, Russia, Great Britain,
i: 98, 103, 106, 107, 218, 220, ii: 2;
Entente Cordiale with Russia, 1891, i: 98;
Anglo-French Treaty of, '04, i: 99;
Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107;
Anglo-French agreement for united action
against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220;
Russian alliance cause of entry into War, i: 220;
pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, i: 223;
French complaints of British shirking of war duty, iii: 382;
Austro-Hungarian attempts to make peace with, '17, vi: 315;
claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334;
Turkish policy announced, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334.
Forests, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.
Frontiers, topography of German border, ii: 6;
defenses, iii: 2;
natural gateways on, v: 214.
Industries, war-time disorganization, xii: 79;
economic value of A. E. F. to, xii: 86;
German destruction in invaded territory, xii: 87.
Internal politics, development of democracy, i: 30;
organization of War Cabinet by Viviani, vi: 97;
fall of Viviani government, Oct. 28, '15, vi: 100;
nation united in War aims, vi: 101;
mixed reception of Wilson's peace proposals, vi: 102;
Socialists advocate peace by negotiation, vi: 102, 103;
fall of Briand ministry, '17, vi: 103;
effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 103;
Stockholm Conference causes crisis, vi: 103;
_Bonnet Rouge_ disclosures wreck Ribot Cabinet, '17,
vi: 104;
Painlevé forms new Cabinet, vi: 105;
Painlevé ministry falls, Nov., '17, vi: 106;
Clemenceau succeeds as Premier, vi: 106;
Clemenceau overcomes pacifist opposition, vi: 106;
growth of labor movement in politics, vi: 109;
class war, '19, vi: 110;
Jaurès parade, '19, vi: 110;
significance of attempt to kill Clemenceau, vi: 110;
French peace aims, vi: 111;
May Day riots, '19, vi: 111;
class war intensified, vi: 113.
Labor, war achievements, ii: 373-382;
shortage due to mobilization, ii: 373;
skilled workers recalled from army, ii: 374;
women as munition workers, ii: 376;
foreigners recruited for war work, ii: 377;
importation of Chinese laborers, ii: 377;
use of colonials, ii: 377;
use of prisoners of war, ii: 377;
size of labor army, ii: 377;
housing of war workers, ii: 377;
co-operative societies for provisioning of war workers, ii: 378;
protection for women workers, ii: 379;
war-time abandonment of strike and sabotage, ii: 379;
state intervention in industrial disputes, ii: 380;
growth of syndicalism, ii: 381;
demand for share in management, ii: 381;
selective assignment to industries, xii: 79.
Minerals, German plans for seizure of iron mines,
i: 122, 267, ii: 15, 20;
coal production, '13--'17, xii: 48.
Morale, of people during War, i: _Intro. xiii_, ii: 383-392;
war-time unity, ii: 385;
factors in war-time unity, ii: 392;
depression, '17--'18, v: 2.
Munitions, statistics on ordnance production, ii: 373;
immensity of need unforeseen, ii: 373.
Navy, strength in '06, i: 101;
increase in, for '14, i: 132;
entrusted control of Mediterranean by Allies, iv: 12;
strength at outbreak of War, iv: 13, 373;
war record in Mediterranean, iv: 373;
work in Dardanelles, iv: 375;
_Fusiliers marins_, French naval gunners,
on Western Front, iv: 376;
protection of French coast, iv: 377;
anti-submarine activities, iv: 378.
Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179;
_see also_ Peace Conference.
Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 13, '19, xii: 264;
_see also_ Peace Treaty.
Population, in 1860, i: 40;
in 1874, compared with that of Germany, i: 61;
in '14, compared with that of Germany, i: 61;
growth since 1870 compared with that of Germany, i: 262.
Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
Railroads, unprecedented war-time demands on, xii: 91;
equipment shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 286.
Reconstruction, material needs, xii: 87.
Shipping, war losses, xii: 87.
War cost, loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
income-tax rates compared with British and U. S., xii: 4;
debt to U. S., xii: 18, 31;
money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
value of property loss, xii: 26;
André Tardieu's estimate, xii: 86;
average daily war cost, xii: 106;
total war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;
taxation, xii: 109;
loans, xii: 111;
rise in national debt, xii: 111-113, 114.
War relief, _see_ War relief.

Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, heir to Austrian throne, i: 111;
murdered with consort at Sarajevo,
June 28, '14, i: 111, 375, vi: 306, xi: 4;
responsibility of Serbian government for murder, i: 112;
responsibility disclaimed, i: 246;
causes and results of murder, vi: 135;
national policy, vi: 356.

Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
dies, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388, vi: 313;
tragedies of reign, vi: 305;
proclamation against Italy, vi: 310;
biography, ix: 370-373.

Franco-American Committee for Protection of Children of Frontier,
vii: 101.

Francois, Gen. von, German commander in East Prussia, iii: 111.

Frankenau, Russians defeat Germans near, Aug. 22, '14, iii: 111.

Frankfurt, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.

Frantz, Gen. von,
protest against Allies' peace terms, May, '19, vi: 302.

_Frauenlob_, German cruiser,
torpedoed in Baltic by British, Nov. 7, '15, i: 382.

Frederick William, German Crown Prince,
moving spirit for campaign in West, '14, ii: 13;
commands an Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
renounces succession, Nov. 9, '18, ii: 340;
commands one of armies of invasion, '14, iii: 10;
commands German armies at Verdun, '16, iii: 303;
detained at Wieringen by Dutch, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
biography, ix: 367-369.

Free Milk for France, fund started, vii: 376;
object, vii: 376;
French testimonials, vii: 379.

Freedom of the seas, U. S. note to Germany on, i: 324;
Maurice Revai, Austro-Hungarian deputy, on Teutonic conception of,
ii: 27;
definition, xi: 18.

French Heroes' Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116.

French, Field-Marshal Sir John, Viscount of Ypres,
report on events leading to first Marne battle, ii: 9;
first British commander-in-chief in France,
ii: 159, iii: 22, ix: 180;
publishes _1914_, account of military operations of year,
ii: 159;
summary of _1914_, ii: 160-174;
arrival in France, ii: 161;
dispute with Kitchener on British military policy in France,
ii: 164, 169;
exposé of British shell shortage, ii: 173;
overruled by Joffre on plan for offensive against Channel ports,
ii: 174;
commands British at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
official despatch on Mons retreat, iii: 24;
relieved as commander-in-chief, iii: 46, ix: 52;
biography, ix: 177-181;
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, '18, ix: 181.

French-Swiss, characteristics of, vi: 380.

French Wounded Emergency Fund, vii: 91.

Fresne, captured by Germans, Mar. 7, '16, i: 384.

Fresnes-en-Woevre,
taken by 4th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 13, '18, v: 69.

Freyberg, Colonel, New Zealander, wins Victoria Cross, x: 131.

Freytag-Loringhoven, Gen. Baron von,
German military critic, view on German tactics at start of War,
ii: 10;
summary of his _Deductions from the World War_, ii: 254;
exposition of German war philosophy, ii: 260.

Fricourt, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.

Friedrichshaven, bombarded by British airmen, Nov. 21, '14, i: 376.

Frise, captured by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 47.

Fryatt, Capt. Chas.,
executed by Germans, July 27, '16, i: 386, x: 265-269;
attempts to ram _U-33_, Mar. 20, '15, x: 265;
Ambassador Gerard's intervention for, fails, x: 265.

Fuchs, Lieut.-Gen.,
German commander in St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 201.

Funk, Pvt. Jesse N., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Furlong, 1st Lieut. Richard A.,
gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Fyfe, Hamilton,
defense of General Gough in defeat of British Fifth Army, ii: 190.

G

_G-13_, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 213.

G. C.'s, explanation of, v: 12.

Gaba Tepe. _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo,
for destroying barbed wire, viii: 154.

Gädke, Col., German military writer, views on the War, ii: 270.

Gaffney, Pvt. Frank, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Galicia,
German offensive in, '15, ii: 233, 360
(Ludendorff's account), iii: 135-138;
Russian invasion of, '14, iii: 118-124;
General Russky crosses border, Sept., '14, iii: 120;
Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, iii: 121;
rout of Auffenberg's army, iii: 121;
last Russian offensive, '17, iii: 146, 147;
Russian attempts at Russification of, vi: 243.

Galliéni, Gen. Joseph-Simon,
prepares Paris for siege by Germans, iii: 28;
biography, ix: 161-164;
Military Governor of Paris, ix: 163.

Gallipoli Campaign,
Winston Churchill advocates forcing Dardanelles,
ii: _Intro. x, xii_, 29, 200;
reasons for,
ii: _Intro. xii_, 27-31, 198, iii: 161-164, iv: 51-57;
failure of initial naval attack, ii: _Intro. xv_;
reasons for land attack after naval failure, ii: _Intro. xv_;
weakness, ii: _Intro. xvi_;
strategy, ii: 27-31;
Feb.--Dec., '15, ii: 27-31;
Viscount French's condemnation, ii: 173;
Commission of Inquiry into responsibility for failure,
appointment and personnel, ii: 197;
persons named as responsible, ii: 198;
summary of Commission's report on responsibility, ii: 200;
British War Council, responsibility of, for disaster, ii: 200;
campaign sanctioned without expert study, ii: 200;
Lord Fisher disapproves expedition, ii: 203;
Premier Asquith's defense, ii: 204, iv: 53;
Winston Churchill's defense, ii: 205, iv: 56;
military operations, Apr. 25, '15--Jan. 9, '16, iii: 161-177;
Allies assemble troops in Egypt for expedition, Apr., '15,
iii: 162;
composition of Allied forces, iii: 162;
Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton commander of Allied troops, iii: 162, iv: 32;
Enver Bey commands Turkish defenders, iii: 164;
composition of Turkish forces, iii: 164;
topography of peninsula, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23;
defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45;
British plans for landing attack, iii: 167;
Allied landing, Apr. 25, '15, iii: 167-170, 352, iv: 36-42
(Adm. de Robeck's official report), x: 35-40;
Anzacs scale cliffs near Gaba Tepe, Apr. 25, iii: 167, 352
(Masefield's description), iv: 36 (official report);
Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170, 355;
Pasha Dagh, Australian objective, iii: 170;
Krithia, objective of Allied attack, May--June, '15, iii: 170;
"war of attrition" on Anzac sector, iii: 171;
Allies' revised strategy, July, '15, iii: 171-173;
Turkish positions, July, '15, iii: 171;
Anzac reinforcements land for final attack, Aug., '15, iii: 173;
last Allied offensives fail, Aug., '15,
iii: 173, 355-358. (Masefield's description);
last attack on Chunuk Bair, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355;
last attack on Koja Chemen Tepe, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355, 357;
last attack on Krithia, Aug., '15, iii: 173;
obstacles to success of last Allied offensive, iii: 173;
Gen. Monro succeeds Hamilton, iii: 174;
evacuation, Nov., '15--Jan., '16, iii: 174-177, 358;
casualties, Allied and Turkish, iii: 177, 355, 357, iv: 51;
reasons for failure, iii: 177;
bibliography, iii: 177;
Fortescue's description, iii: 340-343;
Turkish camp scenes behind the lines, iii: 341;
Masefield's description of British embarkation for, iii: 350;
soldier's life on Gallipoli, described by Masefield, iii: 353;
Gen. Hamilton's report on Lone Pine fighting, iii: 356;
Adm. Carden favors naval attack, iv: 28;
initial Allied bombardment, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 28;
British plan of operations, iv: 30;
preliminaries to attack, Jan. 15--Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30;
bombardment by Allied fleet, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30, 42;
Allied fleet enters Straits, Mar. 1, '15, iv: 32;
Vice-Adm. de Roebeck succeeds to command of Allied fleet,
Mar., '15, iv: 32;
Allies decide to combine naval and land operations, iv: 32, 35, 49;
number and description of Allied warships participating, iv: 33;
Allied bombardment, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 34 (official report), 47;
Hamilton's delay fatal mistake of campaign, iv: 34;
French land troops at Kum Kale, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41;
heroic minesweeping, iv: 43;
Narrows forts bombarded, Mar. 5, 7, '15, iv: 45;
analogy to opening of Mississippi by Farragut during Civil War,
iv: 51;
cost of expedition, iv: 51;
lessons of, iv: 52;
mistakes in plan and execution, iv: 56;
Turkish joy over Allied failure, vi: 330;
Y. M. C. A. with British at, vii: 321;
_see also_ Dardanelles.

Gallowitz, Gen. von, military career, v: 203.

Gangrene, treatment for gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287.

Garda, Lake, naval operations on, iii: 232.

Gardens, cultivated in France by British soldiers, ii: 131;
by A. E. F., v: 330.

Gardiner, J. B. W., on strategy of the War, ii: 1.

Garibaldi, descendants of Liberator, in War, x: 62-65.

_Garibaldi_, Italian cruiser sunk by U-boat, iv: 369.

_Garibaldi Hymn_, Italian national anthem, xi: 328.

Garrisons, use of small _groupes de combat_ by French, v: 13.

Garua, taken by Allies, June 11, '15, i: 380.

Gas, _see_ Chemical warfare.

Gas gangrene, _see_ Gangrene.

Gas masks, v: 324, viii: 174-178, xi: 317.

Gasoline, consumption by A. E. F., v: 331.

_Gaulois_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
damaged in attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35.

Gaza, Turks defeated by British at, Mar. 26--27, '17, iii: 192;
captured by British, Nov. 6, '17, iii: 194.

Geddes, Sir Eric, biography, ix: 313-316.

Generalship, British, in the War,
analyzed by Philip Gibbs, iii: 370-378;
physical characteristics of British leaders, iii: 371;
mostly of cavalry training, iii: 371;
personal gallantry, iii: 371;
as great "English gentlemen," iii: 371;
mental characteristics, iii: 371;
mostly conservative men, iii: 372;
no leader of magnetism, iii: 372, 374;
personal traits of Sir Douglas Haig, iii: 373;
ill feeling against Staff by men in ranks, iii: 373;
faulty tactics in battles of the Somme, iii: 374;
desire to gain worthless ground, iii: 374;
efficiency of administrative organization, iii: 374;
Sir Herbert Plumer, great military chief, iii: 375;
faults at battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos, iii: 375;
Gen. Birdwood's popularity, iii: 375;
tragedy of Second Army, iii: 375;
final victory not due to generalship, iii: 378;
success of unprofessional soldier as leader, iii: 378;
inefficiency of Staff College, iii: 378;
chief shortcoming, iii: 378.

Geneva, designated capital of League of Nations, vi: 382, xii: 183.

Geologists, war services, v: 327, viii: 311.

Geophone, description and use for sound locating, viii: 312-314.

George V, King of England,
receives General Pershing, June, '17, v: 97;
biography, ix: 392-395.

Georgia, early history of people, vi: 231;
Republic established, Jan., '18, xii: 279;
area and population, xii: 279.

Gerache Wood, taken by 80th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Gerard, James W., leaves Germany as U. S. Ambassador, i: 346.

German-Americans, distribution and characteristics, i: 278;
Bernhardi's views on political importance, i: 279.

German-Swiss, characteristics, vi: 380.

_Germania, To_, Bulgarian ode, vi: 342.

Germany:
Air Service,
passing of supremacy, vii: 201;
strength at end of War, viii: 202;
pre-War record flights, viii: 206;
equipment and strength, viii: 206;
supremacy over Allies, viii: 207;
bombing planes, viii: 221-222;
A. E. G. bombers, viii: 221;
Gotha bombers, viii: 221;
Lizenz bombers, viii: 222;
Zeppelins during War, viii: 246-248;
Zeppelins described, viii: 248-254;
military service abolished under Peace Treaty, xii: 214;
surrendered to Allies, xii: 215.
Area, of Republic, xii: 279.
Army,
aristocratic character, i: 69;
system of organization, i: 71, iii: 4-6;
tradition of efficiency, i: 72;
conception of duties, i: 72;
increase in peace strength, '14, i: 131;
dependence on imports for munitions, ii: 21;
loss of morale in Somme battle, '16, ii: 47;
manpower on Western Front, Mar., '18, ii: 65;
loss of morale under Allied offensive, '18,
ii: 86, v: 87, vi: 270;
German critic's opinion of, ii: 257;
machine-gun equipment, ii: 275;
heroism of machine-gunners, ii: 282;
invisibility of uniform, ii: 286;
recruiting situation, '18, ii: 308-310, 318;
desertions, ii: 309;
punishments not severe enough, Ludendorff's view, ii: 318;
Ludendorff on causes of demoralization, ii: 320, 333;
agitators undermine morale, ii: 320;
reorganized after Somme battle, '16, iii: 61;
best equipped, iii: 272;
infiltration method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17;
construction of machine-gun nests, v: 37;
sympathy with Revolution, '18, vi: 274;
return to Berlin, Dec. 10, '18, vi: 282;
Machine Gun Corps, viii: 79;
trench systems, viii: 124-129;
adopt trench defense after Marne defeat, '14, viii: 134;
machine-gun equipment compared with Allied, Aug., '14, viii: 134;
method of attack, viii: 137;
"holding" troops, viii: 144;
"shock" troops, viii: 144;
training, xi: 195-204;
cavalry, xi: 196;
discipline, xi: 202;
reduction in strength under Peace Treaty, xii: 209, 211;
reduction in equipment under Peace Treaty, xii: 210, 212;
table of organization imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 212;
for military operations, _see_ Western Front;
_also_ name of campaign or engagement.
Artillery,
superiority over Allies, ii: 128, 288, viii: 36;
guns captured by Allies, July--Nov., '18, iii: 103;
development of heavy field howitzers, viii: 22;
11-in. siege mortars described, viii: 34-36;
long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47;
structure of long-range shells hitting Paris, viii: 46.
Bagdad Railway, interest in, _see_ Bagdad Railway.
Belgian neutrality, violation of, _see_ Belgium, Neutrality.
Blockade of, effectiveness, i: 280, vi: 253, xii: 97 (German view);
Allied regulation of neutral commerce, i: 280, vi: 377;
controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
British Order in Council, Mar. 15, '15, i: 318;
Allied trade blacklist, i: 335;
controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;
measures to starve Germany, i: 358;
objects of British Orders in Council, ii: 16;
food shortage, ii: 17, vi: 253-255, 260, 261, 266, 285, 294;
report of German scientists on, ii: 17;
estimate of minimum food requirements, ii: 17;
meat production self-sufficient, ii: 18;
statistics on pre-War food imports, ii: 18;
shortage of fertilizers, ii: 18;
increased production as offset against blockade, ii: 18;
reduction of waste, ii: 18, vi: 254;
increase in tilled land, ii: 19;
international law on, ii: 21;
difficulties of enforcement, ii: 21, iv: 86;
German isolation, ii: 21;
value of, ii: 22;
effect on civilian population, ii: 99;
use of dog flesh as food, xii: 41;
after-War food conditions, xii: 45;
U. S. export license system, xii: 99;
German trade with neutrals, xii: 100;
smuggling, xii: 100;
Allied plan of after-War economic boycott, xii: 102;
pre-War food production, xii: 136-138;
war-time food problems, xii: 136.
Boundaries, under Peace Treaty, xii: 186.
Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
princes killed in battle, ix: 237;
money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
total battle deaths, xii: 288.
China, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206.
Coal, production, 1880--1913, i: 267;
secret of power, i: 267;
production, '13--'15, xii: 48.
Colonies, loss of, i: 13;
acquisition of African, i: 50, 95;
acquisition of Pacific islands, i: 81;
acquisition of Kiau-Chau, i: 82;
South American settlements, i: 84;
area and population of African, i: 96, xii: 279;
understanding with British on African expansion, i: 200;
necessity as outlet for population, i: 262;
important motive in war policy, ii: 13;
conquest of African, by Allies, iii: 252-256;
New Guinea conquered by Australians, vi: 38;
Samoa conquered by New Zealanders, vi: 38;
surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 206;
Kiau-Chau transferred to Japan, xii: 209, 279;
distribution among Allies, xii: 279;
area and population, xii: 279;
_see also_ name of colony.
Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._
Declarations of war,
on Russia, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375;
on France, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140, 375;
by Great Britain, Aug. 4, '14, i: 145, 375;
on Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375;
by Italy, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
on Rumania, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386;
by U. S., Apr. 6, '17, i: 389, ii: 53, xi: 35;
diplomatic relations with Brazil severed, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389;
diplomatic relations with Bolivia severed, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389;
Greece breaks off diplomatic relations, June, 29, '17, i: 390;
by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390.
Defeat, causes of,
underestimate of Allied inventive capacity, i: _Intro. ix_;
underestimate of British, ii: _Intro, viii_;
strategic, ii: 15;
faulty psychology, ii: 53, 78, 221;
collapse of Germanic allies, ii: 89, 98, 329;
analysis of, ii: 99;
German efficiency _vs._ Allies' "will to win," ii: 100;
Field-Marshal Haig on, ii: 120;
failure to take Channel ports in '14, ii: 221;
Russian campaigns, ii: 221;
adoption of trench warfare, ii: 222;
forcing U. S. into War, ii: 222;
miscalculation of German endurance, ii: 224;
launching of '18 offensive, ii: 225;
failure to learn from American Civil War, ii: 255;
not in position for war of exhaustion, ii: 304;
Ludendorff ascribes to incompetent civil government,
ii: 301-304, 310;
Allied superiority too great, Ludendorff's view, ii: 227;
_see also_ under Germany, Strategy;
for military operations, _see_ Western Front,
_also_ campaign or engagement.
Egypt, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
Food, _see_ Blockade.
Foreign policy, world position, 1871, i: 44;
influence of industrialism on, i: 77;
domination over Austria-Hungary, i: 79, 133;
Near East policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89;
ambition for world power, i: 83, 170, ii: 2, 13;
expansion in South America, i: 84;
Venezuelan controversy with U. S., i: 86;
jealousy of U. S. strength, i: 87;
plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88;
ambition for "place in the sun," i: 95, ii: 27;
enters Triple Alliance, i: 95;
dynastic relations in Balkans, i: 96;
sympathy with Boers, i: 96, 192;
Turkish policy, i: 98, 207, ii: 28, vi: 330;
Kaiser's statement of Moroccan policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202;
hatred of Great Britain,
i: 101, 167, 190-194, ii: 14, vi: 251-252, 264;
Moroccan crisis forced by sending gunboat
_Panther_ to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203;
negotiations with British for curbing naval program, '12,
i: 106, 194-197;
dream of Central European Federation under herself, 171, vi: 258;
von Bülow's statement of policy, i: 173;
Bernhardi's view of British as declining nation, i: 190;
ill feeling against Kaiser's English mother, i: 192;
_Hymn of Hate_, i: 194;
negotiations with British for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197;
Prince Lichnowsky on Moroccan policy, i: 204;
Kaiser visits Turkey, 1889, 1898, i: 207;
unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208;
Austria as buffer against Slavs, i: 209;
hatred of France, i: 215;
Sir Edward Grey's statement of events, July 23--Aug. 3, '14,
i: 218-227;
refusal to pledge respect of Belgian neutrality, '14, i: 223;
Bismarck's pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, 1870, i: 229;
Russian policy, i: 239;
statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, '16, ii: 14;
plans for annexation of Russian territories, ii: 15;
anti-British plans in East, ii: 27;
"Gott strafe England," vi: 251;
Russo-British alliance rouses hatred, '14, vi: 251;
desire to include Austria in Republic, vi: 322;
friction with Bulgaria, vi: 344;
attitude on Dutch neutrality, vi: 376;
relations with Japan, vi: 382;
_see also_ under Germany, Militarism, Pan-Germanism.
Fortifications,
demolition under Peace Treaty terms, xii: 189, 205, 211, 214.
Health, effect of War on, iii: 406.
Industries,
rise as industrial power, i: 75-78;
state aid, i: 76;
influence on foreign policy, i: 77;
industrial mobilization, xii: 80;
effects of war-time shortage of raw materials, xii: 97;
use of potash boycott against U. S., xii: 98.
Internal politics,
political organization, 1648 to French Revolution, i: 26;
failure of democratic movement, 1848, i: 32;
unification under Bismarck, i: 40-44, ii: 1;
political organization of Empire, i: 70, 156;
strength of Social-Democrats, i: 71, vi: _Intro. xi, xv_;
powers of Imperial Chancellor, i: 71, 156;
William II becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97;
Professor Lamprecht's defense of German system, i: 155;
composition and powers of Bundesrat, i: 156;
composition and powers of Reichstag, i: 156;
powers of Emperor, i: 156;
dominance of Prussia, i: 156, 258;
social classes, i: 258;
Bismarck representative of Junker class, i: 258;
change from agricultural into industrial state, i: 259-260;
struggle between old aristocracy and new capitalists, i: 260;
basis of national strength, i: 260;
social legislation, i: 264;
Sir Thomas Barclay on German political parties,
vi: _Intro. ix-xvi_;
party principles compared, vi: _Intro. ix, xii_;
Social-Democratic leaders, vi: _Intro. ix_;
Sir Thomas Barclay on Revolution of '18, vi: _Intro. x_;
leaders of the Revolution, vi: _Intro. x_;
strength of Center Party, vi: _Intro. xi, xv_;
strength of Conservatives, vi: _Intro. xi, xiv, xv_;
Conservative principles, vi: _Intro. xii_;
principles of Social-Democrats, vi: _Intro. xii_;
principles of National-Liberals, vi: _Intro. xii_;
policies of Center Party, vi: _Intro. xiii_;
National-Liberal strength, vi: _Intro. xv_;
strength of Democratic Party, vi: _Intro. xv_;
Germany politically undeveloped, vi: _Intro. xv_;
city governments non-partisan, vi: _Intro. xvi_;
public sentiment on War, '14, vi: 250;
anti-War protest by Social Revolutionists, '14, vi: 250;
Socialist peace agitation, '15, vi: 258, 262;
Socialist split on war policy, '15, vi: 260;
beginnings of Spartacide group, vi: 260;
"preventive arrests" for suppressing pacifists, '16, vi: 262;
Socialists demand peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266;
Socialists demand liberal terms for Russians at Brest-Litovsk,
vi: 268;
labor strikes during Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,'17,
vi: 268;
strikes suppressed by armed force, vi: 260;
reduction in munition output, '18, vi: 270;
Germany faces defeat, vi: 270;
Prince Maximilian of Baden succeeds Count von Hertling
as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270;
Prince Max proposes Liberal-Socialist coalition government,
vi: 270;
Kaiser's last appeals fail, vi: 270, 271;
Ludendorff's régime ends, Oct., '18, vi: 271;
revolutionary threats, Oct., '18, vi: 271;
Revolution starts, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272;
Kaiser abdicates, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 272;
establishment of German republics, vi: 273, 280;
revolutionary scenes in Berlin, vi: 273-277;
Ebert, as Chancellor,
establishes provisional government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277;
Kaiser flees to Holland, vi: 277;
radical Socialists oppose Ebert government, vi: 278;
Spartacides urge Bolshevik revolution, vi: 279;
spread of Bolshevism, vi: 280;
Independents demand immediate social reconstruction
before political reform, vi: 280;
Ebert government appeals for bourgeois support, vi: 280;
Spartacides allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280;
return of "victorious" army to Berlin
strengthens Provisional Government, vi: 282;
Central Council of Delegates convened by Ebert,
Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283;
Central Council votes for election of National Assembly,
Dec. 19, '18, vi: 283;
Central Executive Committee created, Dec., '18, vi: 283;
Majority Socialists in absolute control of government, vi: 283;
Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils ordered dissolved,
Dec., '18, vi: 283;
Spartacides and Independents threaten proletarian revolution,
Dec., '18, vi: 283;
Count zu Reventlow on Germany under Socialist régime, vi: 284;
hunger and unemployment, vi: 285-287, 294-298;
Spartacide insurrection, Jan., '19, vi: 287-290;
Bavarian government supports Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288;
Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289;
National Assembly elections, Jan. 19, '19, vi: 290;
National Assembly meets at Weimar, Feb. 6, '19, vi: 291;
Ebert's speech before National Assembly on government's policies,
vi: 292;
Ebert elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
Scheidemann elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
composition of Scheidemann Cabinet, vi: 292;
German press comment on Ebert as President, vi: 293;
middleclass "counter strikes" against extremists, vi: 294;
Kurt Eisner assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298;
Soviet established in Munich, Feb. 19, vi: 298, 300;
Spartacides in control of Saxony, Feb., '19, vi: 299;
second Spartacide rising in Berlin suppressed by Noske,
Mar., '19, vi: 299;
Ebert government overthrows Munich Soviet,
Apr.--May, '19, vi: 300-301;
forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305;
press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304;
Gustav Bauer succeeds Scheidemann as Chancellor
to sign Peace Treaty, vi: 304;
National Assembly votes to accept Allies' terms,
June 22, '19, vi: 305.
International concessions,
surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 228.
Iron, plans for annexation of French ore lands,
i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15;
importance of Lorraine ore deposits, i: 267;
seizure of French and Belgian mines, '14, ii: 20.
Kultur, Bernhardi on, i: 64, 159, 160;
great men of, i: 64;
significance, i: 64;
manifestations, i: 64;
spokesmen of, i: 66;
gospel of conquest, i: 66;
educational program for dissemination of, i: 67;
supremacy of State dominant idea, i: 68, 148;
doctrine of "divine right of kings," i: 68;
relation to militarism, i: 69;
German social philosophy compared with British, i: 149;
strength of State higher good than happiness of individuals,
i: 149;
Bergson on German doctrine of force, i: 152;
transition from idealism to materialism, i: 152;
materialistic spirit of German students, i: 154;
national egoism, i: 154;
contributions to world culture, i: 154;
definition and exposition of, i: 158;
compared with _culture_, i: 158;
Bernhardi's belief in supremacy of German brain, i: 160;
right to conquest, i: 161;
_see also_ under Germany, Militarism.
Liberia, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
Luxemburg, violation of neutrality, _see_ Luxemburg.
Militarism, war as national policy, i: _Intro. vii_, 70;
basic conception, i: 69;
glorification of doctrine of force, i: 69;
Henri Bergson on, i: 152;
Professor Lamprecht's defense, i: 155;
Bernhardi on universal military training, i: 162;
Bernhardi on necessity of war to progress, i: 162;
Bernhardi condemns love of peace, i: 162, 171;
German pride in, i: 163;
compared with Christianity, i: 165;
compared with British policy, i: 165;
force in place of diplomacy, i: 166;
"World power or downfall," i: 170;
von der Goltz's plea against peace, i: 171;
German statement of policy, i: 171-173;
striking quotations from Bernhardi, i: 179;
Bernhardi on conqueror's right to annex territory, i: 181;
German denial of, i: 182;
compared with Allies' defensive policy, '14, ii: 1;
statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, ii: 14;
explained by Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, ii: 260;
compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero,
ii: 365-372;
pre-War preparedness, vi: 249;
_see also_ under Germany,
Foreign policy, Kultur, Pan-Germanism.
Morale, demands of War on nation, ii: 302;
fighting spirit waning, '18, ii: 309-311;
change between '17 and '18, v: 2.
Morocco, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
Navy, strength in '06, i: 101;
negotiations with British for curbing naval program,
i: 106, 194-197;
increase in "peace strength" for '14, i: 131;
strength threat to British security, i: 196;
surrendered to Allies, Nov. 21, '18,
i: 400,
iv: 142-144, 383-384 (list and description of major units),
385-387 (German eye-witness account),
387-390 (American eye-witness account),
390-394 (British eye-witness account),
xii: 213 (Peace Treaty terms);
hemmed in by British, ii: _Intro. viii_;
efforts to break blockade by use of submarines, iv: 7, 256;
strength of China Squadron, iv: 58;
operations in Pacific, iv: 60;
strategy of defense, iv: 86;
operations of High Sea Fleet in North Sea, iv: 91;
superior to British in destroyers, iv: 94;
use of fleet criticized by Jellicoe, iv: 94;
High Sea Fleet compared with British Grand Fleet, iv: 96;
North Sea raids, iv: 136;
mission during War, iv: 138;
development, iv: 362;
Bolshevik propaganda in, iv: 380;
revolts, Nov., '18, iv: 380-383, vi: 272, 283;
morale, iv: 294;
mutiny suppressed, '17, vi: 266;
Peace Treaty conditions for reduction, xii: 212-214;
_see also_ Submarine warfare.
Occupation by Allies, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226;
conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261.
Pan-Germanism,
ideal of unification of all Teuton elements in Europe,
i: 78, xi: 4;
Pan-German League, objects, i: 79;
propaganda in U. S., i: 79;
policy in South America, i: 84;
Bernhardi's statement of principles, i: 152;
Bismarck's plan for world empire, ii: 2;
first steps toward under William II, ii: 2;
goal of Calais to Bagdad, ii: 13;
Bagdad Railway important factor in, ii: 296;
compared with Roman imperialism,
by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372;
expounded by Friedrich Naumann in _Mitteleuropa_, vi: 258;
_see also_ under Germany, Foreign policy, Militarism.
Peace negotiations,
Prince Max asks Wilson to intercede, Oct. 6, '18,
i: 399, vi: 271;
armistice, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399,
iii: 402, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54;
war aims expressed in secret memorandum to Austria, '16, ii: 14;
condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303;
Allies reject, prior to Spring offensive, '18, ii: 316;
Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331;
Ludendorff convinced Germany can't win, Sept., '18, ii: 333, 335;
drive for "mental armistice," ii: 387-390;
armistice with Russia, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113;
Brest-Litovsk treaty with Russia, Mar. 3, '18, vi: 183;
Socialists present peace manifesto, Nov., '15, vi: 258;
Bethmann-Hollweg rejects Socialist peace demands, vi: 260;
Bethmann-Hollweg proposes "peace of compromise," '17,
vi: 262-264;
Socialists support peace without annexations, '17. vi: 266;
Reichstag passes resolution for peace without annexations, '17,
vi: 266;
forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305;
Allies' peace terms received, May 7, '19, vi: 302;
press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304;
National Assembly votes to sign Peace Treaty, June 22, '19,
vi: 304;
Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179, 182;
Peace Treaty ratified, July 10, '19, xii: 264;
_see also_ Peace, moves for.
Population, in 1860, i: 40;
compared with France, 1874--1914, i: 61;
emigration to U. S., i: 75, 79, 277;
emigration to South America, i: 79;
growth since 1870 compared with that of France, i: 262;
relation of growth to colonial expansion, i: 262;
rapid increase, i: 277;
of Republic, xii: 279.
Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
Propaganda, in U. S. before War, i: 79;
activities of Dr. Albert, i: 133;
artificial nature of public opinion, i: 149;
preparing German mind for war, i: 171, 181;
appeal to Americans, Aug., '14, i: 268;
von Jagow's defense against American criticisms, i: 273;
activities of German agents in U. S.,
i: 274, 302, 314, x: 326-348;
Dr. Dernburg's activities in U. S., i: 274;
instigating Hindu revolutions, i: 317;
Mexican plot-against U. S., i: 347;
on Italian Front, iii: 247, vi: 128;
following capture of Americans at Seicheprey, v: 123;
in Spain, xii: 101.
Railroads, war-time deterioration, viii: 283;
efficiency under war conditions, viii: 284-285;
Peace Treaty regulations, xii: 253.
Reparation, views of U. S. press on, xii: 24;
estimates of capacity to pay, xii: 159;
cession of Sarre coalfields to France, xii: 189;
Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 217-225.
Responsibility for War,
German manipulations to force war, i: 8, 129-138;
unwillingness to coöperate to prevent World War,
i: 115, 124-126, 246, 250;
responsibility denied, i: 116-120;
Bethmann-Hollweg's statement, i: 117;
Hellferich's justification, i: 119;
statement by German "Intellectuals," i: 120;
Dr. Dernburg's defense, i: 120;
German case against Great Britain, i: 121;
evidences of anticipating the War, i: 131;
complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, i: 133-136, 252;
Potsdam Conference, July 5, '14, i: 136, 250;
statement of Allied infractions of international law, i: 139;
Sir Edward Grey's statement of events leading to War,
July 23--Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;
Prince Lichnowsky's account of events leading to War,
i: 246, 250;
Dr. Mühlon's disclosures, i: 250-254;
Peace Treaty provisions for trial of guilty, xii: 217;
_see also_ Causes of the War.
Royal family, xi: 149;
_see also_
William II;
Frederick William.
Shipping,
increase in tonnage, 1880--1913, compared with British, i: 77;
increase in tonnage, '00--'04, i: 263;
Kaiser's personal interest in, i: 264;
German resourcefulness, i: 264;
tonnage and capital of North German Lloyd Line, i: 264;
tonnage and earnings of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264;
tonnage and earnings of Hansa Line, i: 264;
tonnage of Hamburg-South American Line, i: 264.
Siam, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
Strategy,
seizure of French coal and iron mines,
i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15, 20;
general war plans, ii: 1-8, iii: 8, iv: 4-8;
estimate of European military alignments, ii: 2-4;
conquest of France first objective, ii: 4-8, iii: 2, 10;
topography of German western frontier, ii: 6;
invasion of Belgium and northern France, ii: 8, xi: 9;
mistake of striking first at France instead of Russia, '14,
ii: 11;
probable results of a vigorous offensive against Russia in '14,
ii: 13;
reasons for striking at France first, ii: 13;
destructiveness as war policy, ii: 15, xi: 20, xii: 23;
defensive attitude toward Russia, '14, ii: 22;
East Prussian campaigns, ii: 24;
invasion of Russian Poland, ii: 25;
failure to operate against Suez Canal, ii: 31;
military plans for '17, ii: 53;
necessity for military strokes of '18, ii: 65;
at strategic advantage, Mar., '18, ii: 66;
selection of front for spring offensive, '18, ii: 67;
plans for '18 campaign, ii: 70, 149;
retreat under blows of Foch, ii: 86;
causes of failure, ii: 99;
faced with military disaster, Nov., '18, ii: 215;
Russia overwhelmed, '15, ii: 233;
Col. Gädke on German war plans and results, ii: 270;
underestimate of U. S. strength, ii: 272;
fortified lines of retreat behind Western Front, ii: 304;
Gen. von Schlieffen responsible for plan of invasion
through Belgium, ii: 345;
Ludendorff's defense of war policy, ii: 346;
alternatives facing Germany, winter, '17--'18, v: 3;
general strategy on Western Front, viii: 133;
_see also_
under Germany, Defeat, causes of;
_also_ Western Front;
campaign or engagement.
Submarine warfare, _see_ Submarine warfare.
Trade, 1880--1914, compared with British, i: 77;
tariff policy, i: 78;
production and import of grains, ii: 17;
dependence on imports for war materials, ii: 20;
war trade with neutrals, ii: 21, xii: 100;
anti-German toy boycott in New York, xii: 99;
Allied proposals for after-War economic boycott, xii: 102;
customs regulations imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 229;
suppression of unfair competition by Peace Treaty, xii: 230.
Treaties,
pre-War agreements with Allies revived by Peace Treaty, xii: 231;
with Germanic allies, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232;
with Russia, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232;
with Rumania, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232;
_see also_ Brest-Litovsk Treaty;
Bucharest, Treaty of;
Peace Treaty;
Triple Alliance.
War booty, value, xii: 22.
War cost, financial mobilization, ii: 265, xii: 21;
gold reserves, June 30, '14, i: 265;
loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
method of raising war funds, xii: 21;
system of loans, xii: 21, 113;
estimate of expenditures, xii: 21;
currency inflation, xii: 22;
war finance system compared with British, xii: 22;
money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
value of property loss, xii: 26;
average daily war cost, xii: 106;
total war cost, Aug., '14--Oct. '19, xii: 107;
taxation, xii: 109;
rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114.
Wireless stations, Peace Treaty regulations for, xii: 214.

_Germany and the Next War_, book by General von Bernhardi,
striking quotations from, i: 179.

Germont, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 266.

Gesnes, location, v: 217;
captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Ghent, Belgians re-enter, iii: 103.

Gibbons, Floyd, account of _Laconia_ sinking, iv: 226-229.

Gibbs, Philip, analysis of German war blunders, ii: 221;
account of Cambrai battle, Nov., '17, iii: 337;
description of German spring offensive, '18, iii: 360;
analysis of British generalship, iii: 370-378.

Gibercy, taken by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.

Gifford, Walter S.,
Director U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Ginchy, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58;
description of battle, x: 147-155.

Giolitti,
Italian political leader, opposes entry into War, ii: 236, vi: 123.

Girba, Turks routed at, Feb., '17, iii: 191.

Glasgow, labor riots in, Jan., '19, vi: 19.

_Glasgow_, British cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65;
hit by gunfire, iv: 68;
in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.

Gleaves, Adm.,
convoys first U. S. troops to France, June 26, '17, iv:160, v: 106.

_Glenart Castle_, British hospital ship,
sunk Feb. 26, '18, i: 393.

Glenn, Maj.-Gen. Edwin F., commands 83rd Div., June, '18, v: 146.

_Glory of War, The_, poem by Dana Burnet, ix: 261.

Glossop, Capt. John C. T.,
commands _Sydney_ in engagement with _Emden_, iv: 187.

_Gloucester Castle_,
British hospital-ship torpedoed without warning, iv: 232.

Gloves, anti-gas, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

_Gneisenau_, German cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66;
sunk at battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308;
eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 82.

_God Save the King_, English national anthem, xi: 326.

Godfrey, Dr. Hollis,
member, Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,
xii: 116.

_Goeben_, German battle cruiser,
eludes Allied fleet in Mediterranean and escapes to Turkish waters,
Aug., '14, iv: 13-16;
far-reaching effects of escape, iv: 16;
sold to Turkey, iv: 16;
damaged by mine in Black Sea, Nov. 18, '15, iv: 50, 365.

Gold, Peace Treaty restriction on German export of, xii: 226;
deliveries of, by Germany to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 228.

Goldschmidt alternator, for generating radio waves, viii: 316.

_Goliath_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33;
sunk by Turks, May 13, '15, iv: 50.

Golice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.

Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der,
heads German mission to Turkey, iii: 164;
commands German troops in Finland, vi: 199;
biography, ix: 268.

Goltz, Horst von der, plots to blow up Welland Canal, x: 333.

Golytsin, Russian Prime Minister, reactionary government of, vi: 143;
gets undated order from Czar dismissing Duma, '17, vi: 144;
issues Czar's order dismissing Duma, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146.

Gompers, Samuel,
member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,
xii: 116.

Gondrecourt, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.

_Good-by-ee_, English soldiers' song, xi: 338.

_Good Hope_,
Admiral Cradock's flagship at battle off Coronel, iv: 64;
hit by gunfire, iv: 66;
sunk by explosion, iv: 67, ix: 308.

Goremykin, deposed as Russian Prime Minister, '15, vi: 140.

Gorizia, Italian attacks fail, '15, ii: 50, 240, iii: 244;
captured by Italians, Aug., '16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246;
life in, under Italian occupation, ii: 244;
key to Isonzo, iii: 239.

_Goshawk_, British destroyer,
in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Gotha airplanes, description, viii: 196, 221.

Goto, Baron, biography, ix: 92.

Göttingen prison camp, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 303.

Gough, Gen. Sir Hubert, at first Ypres battle, ii: 171;
responsibility for defeat of British Fifth Army,
Mar., '18, ii: 190-197;
decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.

Gouraud, Gen.,
defensive tactics against German advance, July, '18,
ii: 209, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;
famous appeal to troops, July, '18, v: 45;
qualities as leader, v: 46.

Gourko, Gen. Basil, Chief of Russian General Staff, ii: 225;
exposition of Russian strategy, ii: 225.

Gradisca, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.

Grado, bombarded by Austrian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.

Granatieri, description of, ii: 242.

Grandcourt, taken by British, Nov. 18, '16, i: 388.

Grand Fleet, British, _see_ Great Britain, Navy.

Grand Pré, captured by A. E. F., Oct., '18. v: 85, 218, 252, xi: 53.

Granger, Dr. Amédée,
invents X-ray apparatus for locating bullets in flesh, viii: 374.

Graves, war, A. E. F. Registration Service, v: 331, 400;
Peace Treaty provisions for care of, xii: 217.