Chapter XXXIX: Part I: Pomologie, ou Description des meilleures sortes de Pommes et (3)

Suprême Coloma, 557

Surpasse Crassane, 557

Surpasse Meuris, 557

Surpasse St, Germain, 557

Surpasse Virgalieu, 557

Surprise, 558

Süsse Margarethenbirne, 558

Süsse Sommerlahnbirne, 558

Suwanee, 558

Suzanne, 558

Suzette de Bavay, 558

Swain, James R., orig. of Bronx, 320

Swan Egg, 558

_Swan's Orange_ (syn. of Onondaga), 201

Sweater, 558

Sylvie de Malzine, 559

Taglioretti, 559

Takasaki, 559

Talmadge, 559

Talmadge, Levi, orig. of Talmadge, 559

Tardive d'Ellezelles, 559

Tardive Garin, 559

Tardive de Mons, 559

Tardive de Montauban, 559

Tardive de Solesne, 559

_Tardive de Toulouse_ (syn. of Duchesse d'Hiver), 372

Tatnall Harvest, 559

Tavernier de Boulogne, 559

Taylor, 560

Taynton Squash, 560

Tea, 560

Templiers, 560

Tepka, 560

_Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne_ (syn. of Van Tertolen Herbst
Zuckerbirne), 569

Test, 560

Tettenhall, 560

Teutsche Augustbirne, 561

Texas, 561

Thacher, Anthony, pear tree, 43

The Dean, 561

Theilersbirne, 561

Theodor Körner, 561

Theodore, 561

Theodore Van Mons, 561

Theodore Williams, 561

Théophile Lacroix, 561

Theophrastus, mention of pear by, 5

Thérèse, 562

Thérèse Appert, 562

Theveriner Butterbirne, 562

Thibaut Butterbirne, 562

Thick Stalked Pear, 562

Thiérard, Jules, orig. of Lydie Thiérard, 454

Thimothée, 562

_Thintwig_ (syn. of Tonkovietka), 564

Thirriot, orig. of Fondante Thirriot, 386

Thirriot Bros., orig. of Eugène Thirriot, 379

Thompson, Judge, orig. of Thompson, 562

Thompson (Eng.), 562

Thompson (N. H.), 562

Thooris, 562

_Thorp_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

_Thouin_ (syn. of Winter Nelis), 232

Thrips on pear, 121

Throop, Calvin, orig. of Calvin, 326

Thuerlinckx, 563

Thurston Red, 563

_Thury Schmalzbirne_ (syn. of Héricart de Thury), 417

Tiffin, 563

Tigrée de Janvier, 563

Tillage of pear orchards, 102

Tillington, 563

Timpling, 563

Tindall, George & William, orig. of Tindall Swan Egg, 563

Tindall Swan Egg, 563

Tollbirne, 564

Tolstoy, 564

Tom Strange, 564

Tonkovietka, 564

Tonneau, 564

Toronto Belle, 564

Totten, Col., orig. of Totten Seedling, 564

Totten Seedling, 564

_Tougard_ (syn. of Calebasse Tougard), 326

Tourasse, orig, of Comte de Lambertye, 346;
Directeur Hardy, 360;
La Béarnaise, 440;
Pierre Tourasse, 499;
Professeur Bazin, 514

Tournay d'hiver, 565

Tout-il-faut, 565

Träublesbirne, 565

Tredwell, Thomas, orig. of Platt, 500

Trees, pear, characters of, 59

_Trescott_ (syn. of Westcott), 578

_Trésor_ (syn. of Amour), 245

Tressorier Lesacher, 565

Treyve, orig. of Madame Treyve, 459;
Précoce de Trévoux, 507

Trinkebirne, 565

Triomphe de Jodoigne, 565

Triomphe de Louvain, 565

Triomphe de Touraine, 565

Triomphe de Tournai, 565

Triomphe de Vienne, 566

_Triumph_ (syn. of Triomphe de Vienne), 566

_Trockener Martin_ (syn. of Martin-Sec), 466

Trompetenbirne, 566

Troppauer Goldgelbe Sommermuskatellerbirne, 566

_Troppauer Muskateller_ (syn. of Troppauer Goldgelbe
Sommermuskatellerbirne), 566

Trottier, orig. of Doyenné de Montjean, 368

_Trois Jours_ (syn. of Poire des Trois Jours), 504

_Trout Pear_ (syn. of Forelle), 167

Truchsess, 566

Truckhill Bergamot, 566

Tsar, 566

Tudor, 567

Turban, 567

Türkische müskirte Sommerbirne, 567

Turnep, 567

Turner, mention of pears by, 32

Tusser, mention of pears by, 32

Tussock moth caterpillars on pear, 120

_Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leopold I_ (syn. of Vingt-cinquième
Anniversaire de Léopold I^{er}), 573

Twice flowering Pear-tree, 567

Tyler, 567

Tyson, 222;
value of, for local market in New York, 101

Tyson, Jonathan, owner of original tree of Tyson, 223

Ulatis, 567

_Unbekannte Von Mons_ (syn. of L'Inconnue Van Mons), 439

_Union_ (syn. of Pound), 208

Unterlaibacher Mostbirne, 567

_Unvergleichliche_ (syn. of Sans-Pareille du Nord), 540

Upper Crust, 567

Urbaniste, 224; parent of Harris, 412;
Poire du Pauvre, 503

_Urbanister Sämling_ (syn. of Urbaniste), 224

Ursula, 567

Uvedale, Dr., orig. of Pound, 209

_Uvedale's St. Germain_ (syn. of Pound), 208

Uwchlan, 568

Valentine, 568

Vallée Franche, 568

Valley, 568

Van Assche, 568

_Van Assene_ (syn. of Van Assche), 568

Van Buren, 568

Van Deventer, 568

Van Dooren, orig. of Rousselet Saint-Quentin, 530

Van Geert, Jean, orig. of Beurré Jean van Geert 298;
Beurré Van Geert, 295

Van Lindley, J., introd. of Alice Payne, 242

Van Marum, 569

Van Mons, Dr., discov. of var., 533;
orig. of varieties, 131, 152, 161, 221, 237, 239, 240, 242, 243, 246,
251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 260, 265, 269, 272, 273, 278, 279, 282,
284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 291, 293, 297, 298, 299, 305, 307, 308,
312, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 330, 331,
333, 334, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 351,
353, 354, 355, 356, 358, 361, 362, 365, 368, 369, 370, 372, 373,
377, 378, 379, 381, 383, 385, 386, 387, 390, 392, 394, 405, 409,
413, 414, 415, 417, 418, 433, 434, 441, 443, 444, 445, 446, 448,
452, 457, 462, 463, 464, 467, 470, 472, 474, 476, 483, 485, 487,
488, 489, 491, 492, 493, 498, 502, 505, 508, 511, 512, 513, 515,
516, 518, 519, 520, 522, 527, 528, 531, 536, 545, 547, 553, 555,
556, 557, 558, 561, 562, 565, 569, 570, 578;
prop. of var., 160;
theory of, in pear breeding, 18;
work of, in pear breeding, 17

_Van Mons Butterbirne_ (syn. of Léon Leclerc (Van Mons)), 189

Van Mons frühe Pomeranzenbirne, 569

_Van Mons Hermannsbirne_ (syn. of Saint Germain Van Mons), 536

Van Mons Sommer Schmalzbirne, 569

Van Mons späte Wirthschaftbirne, 569

Van Mons süsse Haushaltsbirne, 569

Van Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne, 569

Van Vranken, William, discov. of Sacandaga, 534

Van de Weyer Bates, 569

Vancouver, mention of fruits in California by, 54

Vanderveer, 570

Vanderveer, Dr. Adrian, orig. of Vanderveer, 570

Varet, A., orig. of Beurré Vauban, 307

Varro, fifty monographs of husbandry by Greeks named by, 7;
forerunner of modern pear management, 7

Varuna, 570

Vauquelin, 570

Vauquelin, orig. of Vauquelin, 570

Veitch, Messrs., orig. of S. T. Wright, 533

_Venturia pyrina_, cause of pear scab, 114

Venusbrust, 570

_Vereins Dechantsbirne_ (syn. of Doyenné du Comice), 153

Vergoldete oder wahre graue Dechantsbirne, 570

Verguldete Herbstbergamotte, 570

_Verlain_ (syn. of Verlaine d'Été), 570

Verlaine d'Été, 570

Vermillion d'en Haut, 570

Vermont, 571

Vermont Beauty, 225;
place of, in New York pear culture, 85;
possibility of, being identical with Forelle, 167

Vernusson, 571

_Verschwenderin_ (syn. of Enfant Prodigue), 377

_Verte-Longue d'Automne_ (syn. of Long Green of Autumn), 449

Verte-longue panachée, 571

Verte-Longue de la Sarthe, 571

Verulam, 571

_Veterans_ (syn. of Besi des Vétérans), 282

Vezouzière, 571

_Vicar_ (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 226

Vicar Junior, 571

Vicar of Winkfield, 226

Vice-Président Coppiers, 572

Vice-Président Decaye, 572

Vice-Président Delbée, 572

Vice-Président Delehoye, 572

Vice-Président Delbée, parent of Cavelier de la Salle, 331

Victor, 572

_Victoria_ (syn. of Huyshe Victoria), 423

_Victoria d'Huyse_ (syn. of Huyshe Victoria), 423

Victoria de Williams, 572

Victorina, 572

Vigne, 572

Villain XIV, 572

Villéne de Saint-Florent, 573

Vin de Anglais, 573

_Vine Pear_ (syn. of Vigne), 572

Vineuse, 573

_Vineuse Esperen_ (syn. of Vineuse), 573

Vingt-cinquième Anniversaire de Léopold I^{er}, 573

_Virgalieu_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

_Virgalieu d'été_ (syn. of Summer Virgalieu), 557

Virginale du Mecklembourg, 573

Virginie Baltet, 573

Virgouleuse, 573

Vital, 574

Vital, discov. of Vital, 574

Vitrier, 574

_Volkmarsen_ (syn. of Volkmarserbirne), 574

Volkmarserbirne, 574

Von Muckenheim, orig. of Argusbirne, 252

Von Zugler, 574

Voscovoya, 574

Vosschanka, 575

_Wachsbirne_ (syn. of Cire), 338

Wade, 575

Wade, I. C., orig. of Wade, 575

Wadleigh, 575

Wahre Canning, 575

Wahre Faustbirne, 575

Wahre Schneebirne, 575

Walker, Samuel, owner of original tree of Mount Vernon, 199

_Walker_ (syn. of Amande Double), 243

Wallis, Henry, orig. of Wallis Kieffer, 575

Wallis Kieffer, 575

_Walnut_ (syn. of Echasserie), 374

_Wälsche Birne_ (syn. of Jargonelle), 177

Warden pear tree, 44

Warner, 575

_Warwicke_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

Washington, 575

Waterloo, 576

Watson, 576

Watson, William, orig. of Watson, 576

_Waxy_ (syn. of Voscovoya), 574

Weber, orig. of Duchesse d'Angoulême Bronzée, 371

Webster, 576

Weeping Willow, 576

Weidenbirne, 576

Weidenblättrige Herbstbirne, 576

Weihmier Sugar, 576

_Weihnachtsbirne_ (syn. of Fondante de Noël), 164

Weiler'sche Mostbirn, 576

_Weingifterin_ (syn. of Schweizer Wasserbirne), 543

Weisse Fuchsbirne, 576

Weisse Hangelbirne, 577

_Weisse Herbst Butterbirne_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

Weisse Kochbirne, 577

Weisse Pelzbirne, 577

_Weisse Pfalzgrafenbirne_ (syn. of Zink Pfalzgrafenbirne), 587

Welbeck Bergamot, 577

Wellington, 577

Wellington, A., introd. of Wellington, 577

Welsche Bratbirne, 577

Weltz, 578

Weltz, Leo, introd. of Weltz, 578

Wendell, 578

Wesner, 578

Westcott, 578

Westphälische Melonenbirne, 578

Westrumb, 578

Wetmore, 578

Wetmore, E. B., orig. of Wetmore, 578

Wharton Early, 579

Wheeler, 579

Wheeler, Dr., discov. of Wheeler, 579

Whieldon, 579

Whieldon, Wm. W., orig. of Whieldon, 579

_White Beurré_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

White Doyenné, 228;
parent of Beurré Antoine, 284;
Christmas Beurré, 337;
Collins, 341;
Hewes, 418;
Homestead, 420;
Vanderveer, 570

White Genneting, 579

White Longland, 579

White Seedling, 579

White Squash, 580

White Star, 580

Whitfield, 580

Wiegel, Christopher, orig. of Margaret, 197

_Wiener Pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of Orange de Vienne), 487

Wiest, 580

Wight, Joseph, orig. of Raymond, 517

Wilbur, 580

Wilbur, Jr., D., orig. of Wilbur, 580

Wilcomb and King, introd. of Lawrence, 185

Wild Pears. (See Pears, Wild)

Wilde Filzbirne, 580

Wilde Herrnbirne, 580

Wilde Holzbirne, 580

Wilder, Col. Marshall P., biography of, 128;
introd. into America of varieties, 127, 472, 571

_Wilder_ (syn. of Wilder Early), 230

Wilder Early, 230

Wilder Sugar, 580

Wilding von Einsiedel, 581

Wilding von Gronau, 581

_Wilding aus Suffolk_ (syn. of Suffolk Thorn), 556

Wilford, 581

Wilkinson, 581

Wilkinson, A., orig. of Wilkinson Winter, 581

Wilkinson, Jeremiah, orig. of Wilkinson, 581

Wilkinson Winter, 581

Willamette Valley, introduction of pear culture in, 54

Willermoz, 581

William, 581

_William Edwards_ (syn. of William), 581

William Prince, 582

Williams, orig. of Gansel Late Bergamot, 391;
Gansel Seckel, 170;
prop. of Bartlett, 125

Williams, Aaron Davis, orig. of Williams Early, 582

Williams, John, orig. of Chaumontel Swan Egg, 336;
Pitmaston, 207

Williams, Mrs., orig. of Williams Double Bearing, 582

Williams, Theodore, orig. of Theodore Williams, 561

_Williams_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124

_Williams' Apothekerbirne_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124

_Williams' Bon Chrétien_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124

_Williams Christbirne_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124

Williams Double Bearing, 582

Williams Early, 582

Williams d'hiver, 582

Williams panachée, 582

_Williams Winter_ (syn. of Williams d'hiver), 582

Williamson, 582

Williamson, Nicholas, orig. of Williamson, 582

Willison, W., orig. of Queen Victoria, 515

Wilmington, 582

Windsor, 583

Winship, 583

Winship, Messrs., orig. of Winship, 583

Winslow, 583

Winter, 583

Winter Bartlett, 231

_Winter Bell_ (syn. of Pound), 208

_Winter Bon Chrétien_ (syn. of Angoisse), 248

_Winter Dechantsbirne_ (syn. of Easter Beurré), 159

Winter Doyenné, parent of Doyenné à Cinq Pans, 366

_Winter Eisbirne_ (syn. of Glace d'hiver), 397

Winter Jonah, 583

_Winter Meuris_ (syn. of Beurré d'Anjou), 127

Winter Nelis, 232;
parent of Colmar Sirand, 344;
Comptesse de Chambord, 347;
Lycurgus, 454;
Michaelmas Nelis, 471;
Reeder, 211;
place of, in commercial pear culture, 84

_Winter Oken_ (syn. of Oken), 485

_Winter Orange_ (syn. of Orange d'Hiver), 486

Winter Pear, 583

_Winter Pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of Orange d'Hiver), 486

Winter Popperin, 584

Winter Rousselet, 584

Winter Seckel, 584

Winter Sweet Sugar, 584

_Winter Thorn_ (syn. of Épine d'Hiver), 377

Winter Williams, 584

Winterbirne, 584

Winterliebesbirne, 584

Winterrobine, 584

_Winterwunder_ (syn. of Petit-Oin), 496

Witte Princesse, 585

Witzthumb, orig. of Jean de Witte, 429

Wolfsbirne, 585

Woodberry, William, orig. of Rossney, 524

Woodbridge, orig. of Woodbridge Seckel, 585

Woodbridge Seckel, 585

Woodstock, 585

Worden, Schuyler, orig. of Worden Meadow, 585

Worden, Sylvester, orig. of Worden Seckel, 234

_Worden_ (syn. of Worden Seckel), 234

Worden Meadow, 585

Worden Seckel, 234

Wörlesbirne, 585

Wormsley Grange, 585

Wormy pear, cause of, 118

_Worster_ (syn. of Black Worcester), 310

_Wredow_ (syn. of Délices de Charles), 355

Wright, Zaccheus, orig. of Chelmsford, 336

Wurzer, 586

_Wurzer d'Automne_ (syn. of Wurzer), 586

Yat, 586

Yellow Huff-cap, 586

York, Mrs. Jeremiah, orig. of Pendleton Early York, 494

_York-précoce de Pendleton_ (syn. of Pendleton Early York), 494

Youngken, David, orig. of Youngken Winter Seckel, 586

Youngken, Josiah, orig. of Red Garden, 518

Youngken Winter Seckel, 586

Zache, 586

Zapfenbirn, 586

Zarskaja, 587

Zénon, 587

Zéphirin Grégoire, 587

Zéphirin Louis, 587

Zieregger Mostbirne, 587

Zimmtfarbige Schmalzbirne, 587

Zink Pfalzgrafenbirne, 587

Zoar Beauty, 588

Zoé, 588

_Züricher Zuckerbirne_ (syn. of Sucrée de Zurich), 555

_Zwibotzenbirne_ (syn. of Deux Têtes), 359

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _The Odyssey_, Book VII. Translated by S. H. Butcher and A. Lang.

[2] Pliny _Nat. Hist._ =XV=: 15. From a translation made for the writer by Professor H. H. Yeames; Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y.

[3] Goderonne: From godron, a sculptural ornament having the shape of an elongated egg.

[4] Cordus, Valerius _Hist. Pl._ =3=:176-182. 1561.

The writer is indebted to Professor H. H. Yeames, Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y., for the translation of this chapter from the original text.

[5] _A Hist. of Gard. in Eng._ 35-37. 1910.

[6] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections_ 1st Ser. =1=:118.

[7] _Mass. Records_ =1=:24.

[8] _Mass. Hist. Collections_ 3d Ser. =23=:337.

[9] _Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc._ p. 16. 1829-1878.

[10] _Report of Me. Pom. Soc._ =7=:1873.

[11] Prince, William _Cat._ 1771.

[12] For a brief account of the life and work of John Bartram, see _The Grapes of New York_, page 97.

[13] For an account of the life and work of Coxe, see _The Peaches of New York_, page 254.

[14] For an account of the life and work of Budd, see _The Plums of New York_, page 145.

[15] Rehder, Alfred _Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci_. =50=:228. 1915.

[16] Wilson, E. H. _Jour. Inter. Gar. Club 598._ 1918.

[17] Galloway, B. T. _Jour. Her._ 11:29. 1920.

[18] Rehder, Alfred _Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci._ =50=:237. 1915.

[19] Reimer, F. C. _Bull. Com. Hort. Calif._ =5=:167-172. 1916.

[20] Galloway, B. T. _Jour. Her._ =11=:32. 1920.

[21] Reimer, F. C. _Reprint from 1916 annual report of Pacific Coast Association of Nurserymen_, 7. 1916.

[22] Some very good preliminary work on harvesting and storing pears has been done by the Oregon Experiment Station, and is reported in Bulletin 154, June, 1918, from that Station.

[23] For costs and profits in growing apples see Bulletin 376, New York Agricultural Experiment Station.

[24] Hesler and Whetzel. _Manual of Fruit Diseases_ 330-331. 1917.

[25] Marshall P. Wilder contributed to all fields of American horticulture as an ardent amateur grower and as a most generous patron. But it was as a pomologist and especially as a grower of grapes and pears that he established a permanent place for himself in the horticulture of the country. He was born in New Hampshire in 1798 and died in Boston in 1886, having lived in Dorchester, a suburb of Boston, for upwards of a half century. By vocation a merchant, he was a captain of industry in his day, yet most of his life, especially after the prime had been passed, was devoted to the avocation of horticulture. He was one of the founders of the American Pomological Society and had the great honor of being its president, excepting a single two-year term, from the first meeting in 1850 until his death. During the last years of his presidency, Wilder actively engaged in the reform of pomological nomenclature which the Society was then carrying on. He was an active member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for fifty-six years and its president from 1841 to 1848. He was also one of the founders of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, of the United States Agricultural Society, and was a trustee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Besides membership and activity in these agricultural organizations, he served as colonel and commander in a military company and as president of the New England Historic and Genealogical Society from 1868 until his death. Wilder was a zealous collector and introducer of flowers. He specialized in camellias, azaleas, orchids, and roses. A rose bearing his name is still a garden favorite. Many floral novelties of his day owe their origin or introduction to Marshall P. Wilder. He was ever enthusiastic over American grapes and tested all of the many new varieties introduced about the middle of the last century. But the pear was even more to his fancy than the grape, and he endeavored to grow every native variety of any promise whatsoever. All told, he tested over 1200 varieties, and in 1873 exhibited more than 400 varieties. He originated several new pears and to him is due the honor of having introduced the Beurre d'Anjou in 1844. At his death he left the American Pomological Society $1000 for Wilder medals for new fruits and $4000 for general purposes. To the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, he left $1000 to encourage the introduction of new American pears and grapes. Among many distinguished American pomologists who sought to improve the pear, Marshall P. Wilder deserves most of any recognition for his services and a place is therefore accorded him for his likeness in the frontispiece of _The Pears of New York_ and the book is thereby dedicated to him.

[26] The name is spelled by many writers Beurré d'Aremberg.

[27] General Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, who followed the vocation of a soldier, statesman, and author, chose as his avocation horticulture and in several of its fields became eminent. A native of New England (1783-1851), son of General Henry Dearborn of Revolutionary fame, he was early educated to the profession of law and pursued that vocation until the war with Great Britain in 1812. Services in this war brought him the rank and title of general. After the war he served as Collector of the Port of Boston, in Congress, and as Mayor of Roxbury, Massachusetts, which office he held at the time of his death. But it is as a patron, friend, and lover of horticulture that the life and work of General Dearborn interest pomologists. He was one of the charter members in the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and a prime mover in its organization. He was elected its first president March 17, 1829. In the history of the Society published in 1880, of all the famous members of this truly remarkable organization, General Dearborn's portrait was chosen for the frontispiece. He was early interested in experimental gardens and rural cemeteries. The plans for experimental gardens advocated by him were never fully carried out, but no doubt his enthusiasm for such gardens, with his own garden as a model, did much to stimulate the planting in America in the early half of the nineteenth century of the many famous gardens which adorned and enriched every center of culture along the Atlantic seaboard. He helped to establish the Mount Auburn and Forest Hills cemeteries, famous among Boston cemeteries, and the first of rural cemeteries in this country. His life-long devotion to rural art as exemplified in gardens and cemeteries knew no bounds. On these subjects and on pomology he contributed many articles to the agricultural and horticultural papers of his time. Few men, it can be said, could better concentrate their thoughts and feelings on paper than he seems to have done. Besides the many papers from his own pen he published several translated treatises from the French, chief of which was a monograph on the Camellia in 1838 and another on _Morus multicaulis_ in 1830, the "Mulberry Craze" being in full swing at this time. General Dearborn was an ardent pear-grower and helped to test the hundreds of seedlings then being brought from Belgium and France and grew as well considerable numbers from his own seed-beds. Of all his seedlings, however, only Dearborn survives.

[28] The fame of Robert Manning as an accurate and discriminating American pomologist will long endure. Few Americans, one conceives, as his life is reviewed, have rendered greater service in any field of the nation's agriculture. The quantity of his work was not remarkably large, but the quality was superfine. Systematic pomology in particular owes him much for his painstaking descriptions of fruits, and his corrections in nomenclature. Born in Salem, Mass., July 18, 1784, he made the town of his birth famous as a pomological center in America, where, at the time of his death, October 10, 1842, his garden probably contained a larger collection of fruits than had ever before been brought together in America. Manning began collecting fruits in 1823 when he established his "Pomological Garden" at Salem for the purpose of introducing and testing new varieties of fruits. He attempted to bring together all of the varieties of fruits that would thrive in eastern Massachusetts, and when his garden was fullest had about 2000 fruits, of which 1000 kinds were pears, to which fruit he gave most attention. He had many English, French, and Belgian correspondents from whom he received the most notable fruits grown in their countries. He is said to have had a most remarkable memory and could carry in mind the names, tree-habits, and qualities of any fruit he had ever seen and could identify it at sight. In whatever group of pomologists he chanced to be, his identifications and decisions on nomenclature were accepted as correct. Small wonder, therefore, that the _Book of Fruits_, published by Manning in 1838, at once took the place of authority for descriptions of tree-fruits and for such small-fruits, trees, and shrubs as the author described. It was the first, and is almost the only, American pomology in which the descriptions were all made with fruit in hand. The author intended this book to be the first of a series, but the books to follow never appeared. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Pear-growers are indebted to Manning for the work he did in testing the seedlings sent out by Van Mons, the famous Belgian breeder, most of whose pears came to American orchards through the agency of the Salem Pomological Garden. He also received and introduced valuable pears from the London Horticultural Society. His achievements mark Manning among the most notable American pomologists, of whom no other labored as devotedly for the attainment of better pears.

[29] Bernard S. Fox was a pioneer nurseryman and fruit-grower in California who gave much time to improving the pear through seedlings. During his stay of thirty years in the state of his adoption he was noted for his energy and enterprise in every industry that had to do with fruit-growing. Fox was an Irishman who came to America in 1848 and began work in the garden and nurseries of Hovey and Company of Boston. A few years later he emigrated with the gold-seekers to California where, shortly, he settled at San Jose as a nurseryman and fruit-grower. Eventually he became possessed of a considerable amount of land the increasing value of which made him a very wealthy man, and he took pleasure in being a patron of horticulture as well as a worker in its several fields. Early in his career at San Jose his interest was aroused in the production of new pears from seed. He was a most conscientious selecter and only the best survived in his orchards. He was at all times extremely anxious not to cumber the list of pears with worthless varieties. Out of a great number of seedlings, only three finally received his approval, P. Barry, Fox, and Colonel Wilder. All have high places in the pear lists of California and the United States, and do honor to an enthusiastic and painstaking breeder of pears. For many years before his death in July, 1880, he was the Vice President of the American Pomological Society for California. Bernard S. Fox was one of the first fruit-growers to bring fame to California, and Californians are justly proud of him.

[30] Peter Kieffer, a nurseryman of good reputation in his state, deserves pomological honors because of his keenness of vision in selecting for distribution the pear which bears his name. Few men would have recognized merit in the seedling from which the Kieffer pear came. Peter Kieffer was born in Alsace in 1812, whence he emigrated to America in 1834. In Europe he had worked for twelve years in the garden of the King of France and upon his arrival in America sought employment as a gardener which he found on the estate of James Gowen at Mt. Airy, near Philadelphia. In 1853 he started a small nursery at Roxborough, a short distance from Philadelphia. Much of his stock was imported from Europe, most of which came from Van Houtte, the famous Belgian nurseryman. From Van Houtte, Kieffer obtained seeds of the Chinese Sand pear from which came the Kieffer pear as described in the history of the variety. As a token of his faith in his new variety, Kieffer planted an orchard of this pear, some of the trees of which still live and bear. Peter Kieffer died in 1890, having made an important contribution to horticulture even though the variety sent out by him is far from perfect and has been much over-praised and over-planted.

[31] Patrick Barry, one of the founders of the firm of Ellwanger and Barry, whose Mount Hope Nurseries at Rochester, New York, were long of national and international reputation, was born in Belfast, Ireland, in 1816 and died in Rochester, N. Y., in 1890. Besides contributing to the fame of the nursery company he helped to found, Barry was for many years one of the leading pomological editors and authors of the country. New York, especially western New York, is greatly indebted to George Ellwanger and Patrick Barry for the horticultural services of their firm. It is not an exaggeration to say that they introduced fruit-growing in western New York, a region now famous for its fruits. So, also, the parks and home grounds of the many beautiful cities, towns, and villages in western New York are adorned and enriched by ornamental trees, shrubs and vines from the nurseries of Ellwanger and Barry. Patrick Barry came to America in 1836 and with George Ellwanger founded the Mount Hope Nurseries in 1840. Here for a half century he devoted himself to the introduction and distribution of fruit and out-of-door ornamental plants. In the early life of the nursery company many importations were made from Europe and at a time when there were no railroads, telegraph wires, nor ocean steamboats. It was during this early period that the Mount Hope Nurseries began the importation of pears and soon built up one of the largest collections in the country and one which was maintained long after the famous collections farther east had disappeared. At one time or another over 1000 varieties of pears were tested on the grounds of this nursery. For a half century, fruit-growers have studied with pleasure and profit the exhibits of pears made by Ellwanger and Barry at the State and National exhibitions of note. From 1844 to 1852, Patrick Barry edited _The Genesee Farmer_, one of the best agricultural papers of its day and succeeded A. J. Downing in the editorship of _The Horticulturist_ which he brought to Rochester in 1855 where it was published until 1887. Barry's _Treatise on the Fruit-Garden_ appeared in 1851 and at once became one of the most popular books on pomology. In 1872 the "Treatise" was rewritten and published as _Barry's Fruit Garden_. Another notable work of which he was author was _The Catalogue of Fruits of the American Pomological Society_ which was compiled by him. Patrick Barry was one of the founders of the Western New York Horticultural Society, for many years the leading horticultural organization of the continent, and of which he was president for more than thirty years. Patrick Barry ranks with Coxe, Kenrick, the Downings, Warder, Eliot, and Thomas as a great leader in pomology of the time in which he lived.

William Crawford Barry, son of Patrick Barry of the preceding sketch, was born in Rochester, New York, in 1847. As a boy he attended parochial schools at Rochester and at Seton Hall, South Orange, New Jersey. As a young man he studied in Berlin, Heidelberg, and the University of Louvain in Belgium. Upon returning to America he took a position in a seed house in New York that he might have practical knowledge of the seed business to bring to the firm of Ellwanger and Barry of which he was soon to become a member. After serving an apprenticeship in the seed business he returned to Rochester to enter the firm which his father and George Ellwanger had founded. From the time of entrance in this company he took a prominent part in its affairs, and for many years before his death, December 12, 1916, he was president of the corporation. Of his horticultural activities, he may be said to have been an organizer and promotor--one of the captains in the industry. For twenty-six years he was president of the Western New York Horticultural Society, having succeeded his father to this office. He was the first president of the American Rose Society, and in 1882 was president of the Eastern Nurserymen's Association. For three years he was president of the Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. He helped to establish and took a leader's part in developing the parks of Rochester which have made that city famous among lovers of landscapes. Highland Park was almost a creation of the firm of Ellwanger and Barry. In 1888 the firm gave the city twenty acres of land adjoining the Highland reservoir as the first step in establishing a park system for Rochester. Mr. Barry was chairman of the committee of the park board having in charge Highland Park from the creation of the board until the year before his death when it passed out of existence. Besides these horticultural activities, Mr. Barry was either president or an officer in six banks and trust companies in Rochester. His was a commanding figure in the horticulture of New York. No one attending the meetings of the Western New York Horticultural Society during the twenty-six years he was president can forget Mr. Barry. His knowledge in every division of horticulture, his devotion to grape and pear culture, his genial manner and pleasant greeting to all members, and his force and tact as a presiding officer fitted him so preëminently well for the place that he was unopposed for the presidency during twenty-six terms following the death of his father and until his death.

George Ellwanger, one of the founders and thereafter until his death one of the partners in the Mount Hope Nurseries, Rochester, New York, was born in Germany in 1816 and died in Rochester, New York, in 1906. He came to the United States in 1835, having been educated as a horticulturist in Stuttgart, although possibly the training he received throughout his youth from his father, a grower of grapes and fruits, taught him most, for Ellwanger often said that it was from his father that he acquired his love of horticulture and was by him persuaded to devote his life to the vocation of nurseryman. Ellwanger settled in Rochester in 1839, and the next year joined with Patrick Barry in forming the nursery and seed firm of Ellwanger and Barry, calling their place of business "Mount Hope Nurseries." Ellwanger was one of the founders of the American Pomological Society, and of the Western New York Horticultural Society and throughout his life took an active interest in both organizations. Mr. Ellwanger had large business interests in Rochester and western New York and helped most materially to develop the city and the country about. His chief contributions to horticulture were made through the Mount Hope Nurseries, the influence of which is briefly set forth in the sketch of the life of Patrick Barry.

[32] Henry Waggoman Edwards, at one time Governor of Connecticut, was a pioneer American pear breeder credited with making the first systematic attempt to grow new pears in this country. He was a grandson of the eminent theologian, Jonathan Edwards, was born at New Haven, Conn., in 1779, graduated at Princeton College in 1797, studied law at the Litchfield School and almost immediately entered into public life shortly to become prominent and famous in state and nation. He served Connecticut with honors as its Governor, and in the nation he distinguished himself as Representative in the House from Connecticut, Speaker of the House and as Senator. But it is as a pomologist that his career is of concern to the reader. Always interested in pomology, and no doubt especially interested in pears through the spectacular work of Van Mons, he planted pear seeds in the fall of 1817 with the aim of obtaining new and superior varieties of this fruit. Great success did not attend his attempts at pear breeding, but Governor Edwards made a start in work which Manning, Wilder and a score of others were to carry forward with more striking results. Out of many seedlings, at least five were named and were grown for a longer or shorter time by the pear-growers of a century ago. These are Elizabeth, Calhoun, Dallas, Henrietta and Citron, all described among the minor varieties of this text. While hardly to be considered among the foremost pomologists of the country, Governor Edwards is in the front rank of the lesser men whose combined work has done so much to give weight and impulse to American pomology.

Transcriber's Notes:

Words surrounded by _ are italicized.

Words surrounded by = are bold.

In this e-text, [vC] represents a capital letter C with a diacritical mark caron (v-shaped symbol) above it.

Illustrations were relocated to correspond to their references in the text.

Obvious printer errors corrected and inconsistent spellings have been kept, including inconsistent use of hyphen (e.g. "after-flavor" and "after flavor"), accents (e.g. "Müskirte" and "Muskirte"), capitalisation (e.g. "Nec plus Meuris" and "Nec Plus Meuris"), and proper names (e.g. "Luxemburg" and "Luxembourg").

Index entries that do not match their referenced text corrected (except where the text is an obvious printer error) and if necessary moved to the correct position according to alphabetical order, e.g. "Langstielege Zuckerbirne" corrected to be "Langstielige Zuckerbirne". Index entries that refer to non-existent text have been deleted.

Page 247, word "it" removed from sentence "...though it it seems...."

Page 284, word "it" removed from sentence "...where it it is...."