Chapter D: Caldwell, (9)

_Flying_-CAMP, or army, generally means a strong body of horse and foot, commanded for the most part by a lieutenant-general, which is always in motion both to cover its own garrisons, and to keep the enemy’s army in a continual alarm. It is sometimes used to signify the ground on which such a body of men encamps.

CAMP-_Utensils_, in war time, are hatchets, shovels, mattocks, blankets, camp-kettles, canteens, tents, poles and pins: that is, each company has 10 shovels, and 5 mattocks; each tent 1 hatchet, 2 blankets, 1 camp-kettle, with its linen bag; and each soldier 1 canteen, 1 knapsack, and 1 havre-sack.

CAMP-_diseases_ are chiefly bilious fevers, malignant fevers, fluxes, scurvy, rheumatism, &c.

CAMP is also used by the Siamese and some other nations in the East Indies, to express the quarters where the persons from different countries, who come to trade with them, usually reside.

CAMPUS _Maii_, an anniversary assembly which was observed by ancient pagans on May-day, when they mutually pledged themselves to one another for the defence of the country against foreign and domestic foes.

CAMPUS _Martius_, a public place so called among the Romans from the God Mars.

CAMPAIGN, in military affairs, the time every year that an army continues in the field, in war time. We also say, a man has served so many campaigns, i. e. years: the campaign will begin at such a time; this will be a long campaign, &c. The word is also used for an open country before any towns, &c.

CANNIPERS. See CALLIPERS.

CANNON or _pieces of_ ORDNANCE, in the military art, imply machines having tubes of brass or iron. They are charged with powder and ball, or sometimes cartridges, grape and canister shot, &c.

The length is distinguished by three parts; the first re-inforce, the second re-inforce, and the chace: the first re-inforce is ²⁄₇ths, and the second ¹⁄₇th and a half of the diameter of the shot. The inside hollow, wherein the powder and shot are lodged, is called the bore, &c.

_History of_ CANNON or _pieces of_ ORDNANCE. They were originally made of iron bars soldered together and fortified with strong iron hoops; some of which are still to be seen, viz. one in the tower of London, two at Woolwich, one in the royal arsenal at Lisbon, they are numerous in all parts of Asia; and baron Tott describes them in Turkey. Others were made of thin sheets of iron rolled up together, and hooped; and on emergencies they were made of leather, with plates of iron or copper. These pieces were made in a rude and imperfect manner, like the first essays of many new inventions. Stone balls were thrown out of these cannon, and a small quantity of powder used on account of their weakness. These pieces have no ornaments, are placed on their carriages by rings, and are of cylindrical form. When or by whom they were made, is uncertain; however we read of _cannon_ being used as early as the 13th century, in a sea engagement between the king of Tunis and the Moorish king of Seville. The Venetians used _cannon_ at the siege of Claudia Jessa, now called Chioggia, in 1366, which were brought thither by two Germans, with some powder and leaden balls; as likewise in their wars with the Genoese in 1369. Edward III. of England made use of _cannon_ at the battle of Cressy in 1346, and at the siege of Calais in 1347. _Cannon_ were made use of by the Turks at the siege of Constantinople, then in possession of the Christians, in 1394, or in that of 1452, that threw a weight of 500lb. but they generally burst, either the first, second, or third shot. Louis XII. had one cast at Tours, of the same size, which threw a ball from the Bastille to Charenton. One of those famous _cannon_ was taken at the siege of Diu in 1546, by Don John de Castro, and is in the castle of St. Juiliao da Barra, 10 miles from Lisbon: its length is 20 feet 7 inches, diameter at the centre 6 feet 3 inches, and discharges a ball of 100lb. It has neither dolphins, rings, nor button, is of a curious kind of metal, and has a large Hindustanee inscription upon it, which says it was cast in 1400.

_Ancient and present names of_ CANNON. Formerly they were distinguished by uncommon names; for in 1503, Louis XII. had 12 brass cannon cast, of an uncommon size, called after the names of the 12 peers of France. The Spanish and Portuguese called them after their saints. The emperor Charles V. when he marched before Tunis, founded the 12 Apostles. At Milan there is a 70 pounder, called the Pimontelle; and one at Bois-le-duc, called the devil. A 60-pounder at Dover castle, called Queen Elizabeth’s Pocket-pistol. An 80-pounder in the tower of London (formerly in Sterling castle) called Mounts-meg. An 80-pounder in the royal arsenal at Berlin, called the Thunderer. An 80-pounder at Malaga, called the Terrible. Two curious 60-pounders in the arsenal at Bremen, called the Messengers of bad news. And lastly an uncommon 70-pounder in the castle of St. Angelo at Rome, made of the nails that fastened the copper plates which covered the ancient Pantheon, with this inscription upon it: _Ex clavis trabalibus porticus Agrippæ._

In the beginning of the 15th century these uncommon names were generally abolished, and the following more universal ones took place, viz.

Pounders Cwt.
Cannon royal, or carthoun = 48 about 90
Bastard cannon, or ³⁄₄ carthoun = 36 79
¹⁄₂ carthoun = 24 60
Whole culverins = 18 50
Demy culverins = 9 30
Falcon = 6 25
{lowest sort = 6 13
Saker{ordinary = 5 15
{largest size = 8 18
Basilisk = 48 85
Serpentine = 4 8
Aspik = 2 7
Dragon = 6 12
Syren = 60 81
Falconet = 3, 2, & 1 15, 10, 5.

Moyens, which carried a ball of 10 or 12 ounces, &c.

Rabinet, which carried a ball of 16 ounces.

These curious names of beasts and birds of prey were adopted, on account of their swiftness in motion, or of their cruelty; as the _falconet_, _falcon_, _saker_, and _culverin_, &c. for their swiftness in flying; the _basilisk_, _serpentine_, _aspik_, _dragon_, _syren_, &c. for their cruelty. See the Latin poet Forcastarius.

At present _cannon_ or pieces of ordnance take their names from the weight of the ball they discharge: thus a piece that discharges a ball of 24 pounds, is called a 24-pounder; one that carries a ball of 12 pounds, is called a 12-pounder; and so of the rest, divided into the following sorts, viz.

Ship-guns, consisting of 42, 32, 24, 18, 12, 9, 6, and 3 pounders.

Garrison-guns, of 42, 32, 24, 18, 12, 9, and 6 pounders.

Battering-guns, of 24, 18, and 12 pounders.

Field-pieces, of 18, 12, 9, 6, 3, 2, 1¹⁄₂, 1, and ¹⁄₂ pounders.

The British seldom use any of lower calibre than 6 in the field.

The metal of which brass cannon is made, is in a manner kept a secret by the founders; yet, with all their art and secrecy, they have not hitherto found out a composition that will stand a hot engagement without melting, or at least being rendered useless. Those cast at Woolwich bid fair towards this amendment. The respective quantities which should enter into this composition, is a point not decided; every founder has his own proportions, which are peculiar to himself. The most common proportions of the ingredients are the following, viz. To 240lb. of metal fit for casting, they put 68lb. of copper, 52lb. of brass, and 12lb. of tin. To 4200lb. of metal fit for casting, the Germans put 3687³³⁄₄₁lb. of copper, 204¹³⁄₄₁lb. of brass, and 307³⁶⁄₄₁lb. of tin. Others again use 100lb. of copper, 6lb. of brass, and 9lb. of tin; and lastly, others 100lb. of copper, 10lb. of brass, and 15lb. of tin. With respect to iron guns, their structure is the same as that of the others, and they generally stand the most severe engagements, being frequently used on shipboard. Several experiments have taught that the Swedish iron guns are preferable to all others in Europe.

CANNON is now generally cast solid, and the cavity bored afterwards by a very curious machine for that purpose, where the gun is placed in a perpendicular position; but of late these machines have been made to bore horizontally, and much truer than those that bore in a vertical form. This new machine was first invented at Strasburg, and greatly improved by Mr. Verbruggen, a Dutchman, who was head founder at Woolwich, where probably the best horizontal boring machine in Europe has been lately fixed; it both bores the inside, and turns and polishes the outside at once. For length and weight of French and English cannon see GUNS.

_Names of the several Parts of a_ CANNON.

_The grand divisions exterior_, are as follows, viz.

_First re-inforce_, is that part of a gun next the breech, which is made stronger, to resist the force of powder.

_Second re-inforce._ This begins where the first ends, and is made something smaller than the first.

_The chace_, is the whole space from the trunnions to the muzzle.

_The muzzle_, properly so called, is the part from the muzzle astragal to the end of the piece.

_Small divisions exterior._

_The cascable_, the hindermost part of the breech, from the base-ring to the end of the button.

_The cascable-astragal_, is the diminishing part between the two breech mouldings.

_The neck of the cascable_, is the narrow space between the breech moulding and the button.

_The breech_, is the solid piece of metal behind, between the vent and the extremity of the base-ring, and which terminates the hind part of the gun, exclusive of the cascable.

_The breech-mouldings_, are the eminent parts, as squares or rounds, which serve only for ornaments to the piece, &c.

_The base-ring and ogee_, are ornamental mouldings; the latter is always in the shape of an S, taken from civil architecture, and used in guns, mortars, and howitzers.

_The vent-field_, is the part from the vent to the first re-inforce astragal.

_The vent-astragal and fillets_, are the mouldings and fillets at or near the vent.

_The charging cylinder_, is all the space from the chace-astragal to the muzzle-astragal.

_The first re-inforce ring and ogee_, is the ornament on the second re-inforce.

_The first re-inforce astragal_, is the ornament between the first and second reinforce.

_The chace-girdle_, is the ornament close to the trunnions.

_The trunnions_, are two solid cylindrical pieces of metal on every gun, which project from the piece, and by which it is supported upon its carriage as an axis.

_The dolphins_, are the two handles, placed on the second re-inforce ring of brass guns, resembling the fish of that name: they serve for mounting and dismounting the guns.

_The second re-inforce ring and ogee_, are the two ornaments joining the trunnions.

_The second re-inforce astragal_, is the moulding nearest the trunnions.

_The chase-astragal and fillets_, the two last-mentioned ornaments jointly.

_The muzzle-astragal and fillets_, the joint ornaments nearest the muzzle.

_The muzzle-mouldings_, the ornaments at the very muzzle of the piece.

_The swelling of the muzzle_, the projected part behind the muzzle-mouldings.

_Interior Parts._

_The mouth, or entrance of the bore_, is that part where both powder and ball are put in, or the hollow part which receives the charge.

_The vent_, in all kinds of fire-arms, is commonly called the touch-hole; it is a small hole pierced at the end, or near it, of the bore or chamber, to prime the piece with powder, or to introduce the tube, in order, when lighted, to set fire to the charge.

_The chamber_, which is only in large calibers, is the place where the powder is lodged, which forms the charge.

_Tools for loading and firing_ CANNON, are rammers, sponges, ladles, worms, hand-spikes, wedges, and screws.

_Coins_, or _Wedges_, to lay under the breech of the gun, in order to elevate or depress it.

_Hand-spikes_, serve to move and to lay the gun.

_Ladles_, serve to load the gun with loose powder.

_Rammers_, are cylinders of wood, whose diameter and _axis_ are equal to those of the shot: they serve to ram home the wads put upon the powder and shot.

_Sponge_, is fixed at the opposite end of the rammer, covered with lamb skin, and serves to clean the gun when fired.

_Screws_, are used to field-pieces, instead of coins, by which the gun is kept to the same elevation.

_Tools necessary for proving_ CANNON, are, a searcher with a reliever, and a searcher with one point.

_Searcher_, is an iron, hollow at one end to receive a wooden handle, and on the other end has from four to eight flat springs of about eight or ten inches long, pointed and turned outwards at the ends.

_The reliever_, is an iron flat ring, with a wooden handle, at right angles to it. When a gun is to be searched after it has been fired, this searcher is introduced; and turned every way, from end to end, and if there is any hole, the point of one or other of the springs gets into it, and remains till the reliever, passing round the handle of the searcher, and pressing the springs together, relieves it.

When there is any hole or roughness in the gun, the distance from the mouth is marked on the outside with chalk.

The other searcher has also a wooden handle, and a point at the fore end, of about an inch long, at right angles to the length: about this point is put some wax, mixed with tallow, which, when introduced into the hole or cavity, is pressed in, when the impression upon the wax gives the depth, and the length is known by the motion of the searcher backwards and forward: if the fissure be one ninth of an inch deep, the gun is rejected. See INSTRUMENTS.

N. B. The strength of gunpowder having been considerably increased by Col. Congreve, of the British Artillery, the quantity for service has been somewhat reduced. That for proof remaining as heretofore.

CANNON _Ball._ See BALLS.

CANNON _Shot._ See SHOT.

CANNONIER, a person who manages a gun. See GUNNER.

CANNON-_Baskets_. See GABIONS.

_To nail_ CANNON. See NAIL.

CANNONADE, in artillery, may be defined the application of artillery to the purposes of a land war, or the direction of its efforts against some distant object intended to be seized or destroyed, as the troops in battle, battery, fortress, or outwork.

_Cannonading_ is therefore used from a battery, to take, destroy, burn, or drive the enemy from the defences, &c. and to batter and ruin the works or fortified towns.

CANON-BIT, that part of the bit which is let into the horse’s mouth.

CANTEENS, in military articles, are tin vessels used by the soldiers on a march, &c. to carry water or other liquor in, each holds about 2 quarts.

CANTONMENTS are distinct situations, where the different parts of an army lie as near to each other as possible, and in the same manner as they encamp in the field. The chief reasons for cantoning an army are, first, when the campaign begins early; on which occasion, in cantoning your troops, two objects demand attention, viz. the military object, and that of subsistence: the second is, when an army has finished a siege early, the troops are allowed to repose till the fields produce forage for their subsistence: the third reason is, when the autumn proves rainy, and forage scarce, the troops are cantoned to protect them from the bad weather.

CANVAS-BAGS. See BAGS, _Sand_-BAGS, &c.

CAPARISON, under this term is included the bridle, saddle, and housing, of a military horse.

CAPITAINE _en pied_, _Fr._ an officer who is in actual pay and does duty.

CAPITAINE _reformé_, _Fr._ a reduced officer.

CAPITAINE _general des vivres_, _Fr._ the person who has the chief management and superintendance of military stores and provisions.

CAPITAINE _des portes_, _Fr._ a commissioned officer who resides in a garrison town, and whose sole duty is to receive the keys of the gates from the governor every morning, and to deliver them to him every night, at appointed hours.

CAPITAL, in fortification, is an imaginary line which divides any work into two equal and similar parts. It signifies also, a line drawn from the angle of a polygon to the point of the bastion, or from the point of the bastion to the middle of the gorge.

_To_ CAPITULATE, to surrender any place or body of troops to the enemy, on certain stipulated conditions.

CAPITULATION, in military affairs, implies the conditions on which the garrison of a place besieged agrees to deliver it up, &. This is likewise the last action, both in the attack and defence of a fortification, the conditions of which may be of various kinds, according to the different circumstances or situations in which the parties may be placed.

As soon as the capitulation is agreed on, and signed, hostages are generally delivered on both sides, for the exact performance of the articles; part of the place is delivered to the besiegers, and a day appointed for the garrison to evacuate the place. The usual and most honorable conditions are, with arms and baggage, drums beating and colors flying, matches lighted, and some pieces of artillery; waggons, and convoys for the baggage, sick and wounded, &c.

CAPONNIER, in fortification, is a passage made from one work to another, of 10 or 12 feet wide, and about five feet deep, covered on each side by a parapet, terminating in a glacis. Caponniers are sometimes covered with planks and earth. See FORTIFICATION.

CAPS, in gunnery, are pieces of leather, or more commonly sheep-skins, to cover the mouth of mortars when loaded, till they are fired, to prevent damps, or rain getting in.

CAP-_Squares_. See CARRIAGES.

CAP-A-PEE, in military antiquity, implies being clothed in armor from head to foot.

CAPSTERN, CAPSTAN, in military machines, signifies a strong massy piece of timber, in the form of a truncated cone, having its upper part, called the drum-head, pierced with a number of square holes, for receiving the levers. By turning it round, several actions may be performed that require an extraordinary power.

CAPTAIN is a military officer, who is commander of a troop of cavalry, or of a company of foot or artillery. The name of captain was the first term made use of to express the chief or _head_ (_caput_) of a company, troop, or body of men. He is both to march and fight at the head of his company. A captain of artillery and engineers ought to be master of the attack and defence of fortified places, and captains of infantry or cavalry should acquire some knowlege of those branches; artillerists should be good mathematicians, and understand the raising of all kinds of batteries, to open the trenches, to conduct the sap, to make mines and fougasses, and to calculate their charges. They ought further to be well acquainted with the power of artillery, the doctrine of the military projectile, and the laws of motion, together with the system of mechanics; and should be good draughtsmen. A captain has in most services the power of appointing his own serjeants and corporals, and may by his own authority reduce or break them; but he cannot punish a soldier with death, unless he revolts against him on duty.

The captains of artillery in the Prussian service, rank as majors in the army, and have an extraordinary pay, on account of the great qualifications demanded of them; and the captains of bombardiers, miners, and artificers, in the Portuguese service, have 9 dollars a month more than the captains of artillery in the same regiment.

CAPTAIN-_General_. The King is _captain-general_ of all the forces of Great Britain. This term implies the first rank, power, and authority in the British army. This power was delegated to the Duke of York, in 1799.

CAPTAIN-_Lieutenant_, the commanding officer of the colonel’s troop or company in the British army, in case the colonel is absent, or he gives up the command of it to him. He takes rank as full captain, by an order in 1772, and by a late regulation, succeeds to the first vacant troop or company; the price of a captain-lieutenancy being the same as that of a captaincy. This title is still used in foreign services.

CAPTAIN _reformed_, one who, upon a reduction of the forces, on the termination of war, loses his company, yet keeps his rank and pay, whether on duty or not.

CAPTAIN _on half pay_, is one who loses his company on the reduction of an army, and retires on half-pay, until seniority puts him into duty and full pay again.

CAPTAIN _en second_, or second captain, is one whose company has been broke, and who is joined to another, to serve under the captain of it.

In some armies the _captain en seconde_, is also a second captain to the same company, whose rank is above all the lieutenants, and below all the captains of the same corps.

CAPTURE _de deserteurs_, _Fr._ Under the old government of France, a particular order existed, by which every intendant de province or commissaire de guerre was authorised to pay one hundred livres, or twenty dollars, to any person or persons who should apprehend and secure a deserter; and three hundred livres, or seventy dollars for every man that could be proved to have enticed a soldier from the regular army or militia.

CAQUE _de poudre_, _Fr._ a term synonymous to a tun or barrel of powder.

CAR, in military antiquity, a kind of small carriage; figuratively, used by the poets for a chariot: it is mounted on wheels, representing a stately throne, used in triumphs and on other solemn occasions.

CARABINIERS, _Fr._ One complete regiment of carabineers was formed, during the monarchy of France, out of the different corps of cavalry. They were usually distributed among other bodies of troops, and it was their duty to charge the advanced posts of the enemy.

CARABINS, _Fr._ These were light-armed horsemen, who sometimes acted on foot. They were generally stationed in the out-posts, for the purpose of harrassing the enemy, defending narrow passes, &c. In action, they usually fought in front of the dragoons, or upon the wings of the first line. Their name is derived from the Arabian word _Karab_, which signifies, generally, any warlike instrument.

CARAVAN; _Caravanne_, _Fr._ from a Turkish word, which signifies, a troop of travellers, who go armed by sea or land.

CARBINE, in military affairs, is a fire-arm somewhat smaller than the firelock of the infantry, and used by the cavalry. It carries a ball of 24 in the pound: its barrel is three feet long, and the whole length, including the stock, 4 feet.

_Rifled_-CARBINES, are generally of the same dimensions with the above, and have their barrels rifled spirally from the breech to the mouth; so that when the ball, which is forced into it, is driven out again by the strength of the powder, it is lengthened about the breadth of a finger, and marked with the rifle of the bore. Fire-arms of this kind have a much greater range than any other, because the rifle of the barrel gives a spiral direction, instead of a rotatory direction to the ball, which by that means makes the greater resistance at the first inflammation of the powder, giving time for the whole charge to take fire, before the ball is out of the bore. These arms are used by horse-riflemen, the chasseurs, or light infantry.

CARBINEERS, or _Carabineers_. All regiments of light armed horse were formerly called so; but since the establishing of hussars and chasseurs, they have lost that denomination; and now all the cavalry are called carabineers, who carry the carabine.

CARACOLE, a semi-circular motion or half-wheel; chiefly applied to that used either by individuals or squadrons of cavalry, to prevent an enemy from discovering where they intend to make their attack.

CARBON, charcoal. It is the name in the new chemistry given to every body which has the properties or qualities of the carbonic acid or charcoal; impregnated in certain degrees, bodies are called _carbonates_. See AIGREMORE.

CARBONE. Pure charcoal is called carbone in the new chemical nomenclature. It is the black residuum of vegetables, which have suffered a complete decomposition of their volatile principles by fire. Charcoal is black, brittle, sonorous, and light. It is placed among simple bodies, because no experiment has hitherto shown the possibility of decomposing it. It exists in the animal, vegetable, and mineral regions. When it is required to procure carbone in a state of great purity, it must be dried by strong ignition in a closed vessel.

CARBONIC ACID. Carbonaceous acid. Fixed air. Mephitic gas. Aerial acid. The name of cretaceous acid appears to agree best with this substance, because it is contained in very large quantities in chalk; and there is no other body with which it has so strong an affinity, as with lime, which composes the base of this earthy salt. The carbonic acid possesses all the more obvious qualities of air, and exists in the atmosphere, of which it is a small part.

_Atmospheric air._ In 100 parts of atmospheric air there are 72 of azote, 27 of oxygene, and 1 of carbonic acid.

CARCASS, a composition of combustibles. Carcasses are of two sorts, oblong and round: the uncertain flight of the first sort has almost rendered them useless. They are prepared in the following manner: boil 12 or 15 lb. of pitch in a glazed earthen pot; mix with that 3 lb. of tallow, 30 lb. of powder, 6 lb. of salt-petre, and as many stopins as can be put in. Before the composition is cold, the carcass must be filled; to do which, smear your hands with oil or tallow, and fill the carcass 1-third full with the above composition; then put in loaded pieces of gun or pistol barrels, loaded grenades, and fill the intervals with composition; cover the whole over with coarse cloth, well sewed together, keeping it in a round form. Then put it into the carcass, having a hollow top and bottom, with bars running between them to hold them together, and composed of four slips of iron joined at top, and fixed at the bottom, at equal distances, to a piece of iron, which, together with the hoops, when filled, form a complete globular body. When quite finished and cold, the carcass must be steeped in melted pitch, and then instantly immerged in cold water. Lastly, bore three or four holes at top, and fill the same with fuze composition, covering the holes with pitch until used. Carcasses are thrown out of mortars, and weigh from 50 to 230 lb. according to the size of the mortars they are to be thrown out of. There are other carcasses for the sea-service, which differ from a shell only in the composition, and in the four holes from which it burns when fired.

CARCASSES were first used by the bishop of Munster, at the siege of Groll, in 1672, where the duke of Luxemburg commanded.

CARCASSES. Their dimensions and weight, 1796.

--------------+------------------------------------+----------
| Weight. |
+-----------+------------+-----------+----------
| | Of | |Time each
Kinds. | Empty. |composition.| Complete. |will burn.
--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+----------
_Round_ for |lb. oz. dr.| lb. oz. dr.|lb. oz. dr.| Min.
| | | |
Mortars 13|194 10 11| 18 14 --|213 8 16| 11
and 10| 89 13 11| 7 8 11| 97 6 11| 8¹⁄₂
How’rs. 8| 44 9 5| 4 4 11| 48 14 --| 5-
42| 27 3 --| 2 7 11| 29 10 11| 5
| | | |
32| 20 13 5| 1 14 5| 22 11 11| 4-
Guns. 24| 14 12 --| 1 9 11| 16 5 11| 4
18| 11 13 11| 1 1 5| 12 15 --| 4
| | | |
68| -- -- --| -- -- --| |
42| 26 -- --| 2 7 --| 28 7 --| 4-
Carronades. 32| 21 10 --| 1 13 --| 23 7 --| 4
24| 14 5 --| 2 5 --| 16 10 --| 3-
18| 10 4 --| 1 2 --| 11 6 --| 3
| | | |
_Oblong_ for | | | |
| | | |
Mortars 10| 36 7 5| 35 10 --| 72 1 5| 12
and 8| 16 5 5| 18 2 --| 34 7 5| 10
How’rs. 5¹⁄₂| 1 12 2| 6 15 --| 8 11 3| 6
4-| 1 0 6| 3 11 7| 4 11 13| 4
+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+----------

_Note._--It being found at the siege of Quebec, that the quantity of powder requisite for throwing the carcasses into the town, always destroyed them, the method of filling the interval between the powder and carcass with turf was adopted; and found to preserve the carcass, and to produce every desired effect.

CARIPI, a kind of cavalry in the Turkish army, which to the number of 1000 are not slaves, nor bred up in the seraglio, like the rest, but are generally Moors, or renegado Christians, who have obtained the rank of horse-guards to the Grand Seignior.

CARMINE, a bright scarlet color, which is used in plans of fortification, and serves to describe those lines that have mason work.

CAROUSAL, in military history, signifies a magnificent entertainment, exhibited by princes or other great personages, on some public occasion, consisting of cavalcades of gentlemen richly dressed and equipped, after the manner of the ancient cavaliers, divided into squadrons, meeting in some public place, and performing justs, tournaments, &c.

CARRIAGES, in military affairs, are of various kinds, viz.

_Garrison_-CARRIAGES, are those on which all sorts of garrison-pieces are mounted. They are made much shorter than field-carriages, and have generally iron trucks instead of wheels.

As the trucks of garrison-carriages are generally made of cast-iron, their axle-trees should have copper-clouts underneath, to diminish the friction of the iron against the wood. Travelling-carriages are in many respects very unfit for garrison service, though they are frequently used.

_Travelling_-CARRIAGES are such as guns are mounted on for sieges, and for the field; they are much longer, and differently constructed from garrison-carriages; having 4 wheels, 2 for the carriage, and 2 for the limber, which last are only used on marches.

_Field_-CARRIAGES are both shorter and lighter than those before-mentioned, bearing a proportion to the pieces mounted upon them.

_Limbers_ are two-wheel carriages, sometimes made with shafts, and sometimes with beams for drawing double; they serve to support the trail of _field carriages_, by means of the pintle or iron bolt, when artillery is transported from one place to another, and are taken off again when the pieces are to be fired, unless upon a march, when harrassed by the enemy, &c.

_Galloper_-CARRIAGES serve for 1¹⁄₂ pounders. These carriages are made with shafts, so as to be drawn without a limber. In the war of 1756, the King of Prussia, mounted light 3-pounders on these carriages, which answered very well. The horse-artillery is an improvement of this method of the Prussian.

_Howitz_-CARRIAGES are for transporting howitzers; and those for the 6 and 5-8 inch howitzers, are made with screws to elevate them, in the same manner as the light 6 pounders; for which reason they are made without a bed, and the centre-transom must be 9 inches broad to fix the screw, instead of 4 for those made without: in the centre, between the trail and centre-transom, there is a transom-bolt, which is not in others, because the centre-transom must be made to be taken out; after which, the howitzer can be elevated to any angle under ninety degrees.

_Tumbrel_-CARRIAGE. See TUMBREL.

_Block_-CARRIAGE, a carriage which is made from a solid piece of timber, hollowed out so as to receive the gun or howitzer into the cap-squares. The lower part of the cap-square is let into the solid wood, and the gun or howitzer is either elevated or depressed by a screw, as in other carriages. The limber for this carriage carries two large chests for ammunition, and takes four men. The pintle of the limber is so constructed as to receive the gudgeon of the carriage; by which means a greater relief is afforded when the carriage passes over rough ground.

_Block_-CARRIAGES are also used by the horse-artillery as curricles. They are particularly useful on mountain service. The original inventor of them, is the British Colonel Congreve, author of many other important military inventions.

_Truck_-CARRIAGES are to carry timber and other heavy burthens from one place to another, at no great distance: they serve also to convey guns or mortars upon a battery, whither their own carriages cannot go, and are drawn by men as well as horses.

_Ponton_-CARRIAGE. Carriages of this kind are solely for transporting the pontons; they had formerly but two wheels, but are generally now made with four. The making use of two-wheel carriages for travelling a great way, is contrary to sense and reason; because the whole weight lying upon the two wheels, must make them sink deeper into the ground, than those of a four-wheel carriage.

CARRIAGE.--Weight of Field Carriages at present in use.

_Horse Artillery Carriages_

cwts. qrs. lbs.
12 Prs. gun and carriage complete for service, with
two men, and their appointments on the limber, and 16
rounds of ammunition. 45 0 14
Ammunition caisson for do. complete, with two men on
the limber, and 1 spare wheel, 2 spare shafts, with
78 rounds of ammunition. 33 3 0
6 Prs. equipped as above with 42 rounds 34 1 21
Ammunition caisson as above, 108 rounds 39 0 21
5¹⁄₂ Inch howitzer, equipped as above, with 20 rounds 35 3 0
Ammunition caisson for do. as above, with 52 rounds 39 2 0
Forge waggon, complete for travelling 19 2 14
Large tilted baggage waggon, empty 18 3 0
Equipage to be carried 12 0 0

_Park Carriages._

cwts. qr. lb. cwts. qr. lb.
12 Prs. Med. gun carriage, without box. 16 1 21}
Limber to do. 7 2 14} 42 0 7
Gun 18 0 --}
12 Pr. light gun 12 0 -- }
Carriage complete 12 3 7 }36 2 21
Limber, with em. box. 12 3 14 }
6 Prs. Desaguliers 12 0 --}
Carriage complete 11 0 14} 34 1 13
Limb. to do. em. box. 11 0 27}
6 Prs. light batt. gun 6 0 -- }
Carriage without box. iron axletrees 9 2 -- }24 1 21
Limber, with em. box. 8 3 21 }
5¹⁄₂ Inch howit. light 4 3 7 }
Carriage, without box. 10 0 7} 24 0 14
Limber, with em. box. 9 1 --}
24 Prs. platform travelling carriage 22 3 -- }
Standing carriage for do. iron trucks, }84 2 16
and tackles of the carr. 13 3 16 }
Iron gun 48 0 -- }
Ball cartridge waggon, Duke of }
Richmond’s pattern, with spare pole and } 36 1 17
swingle trees 16 1 17}
Charge of musquet ammunition 20 0 --}
Common pattern ammunition caisson, }
altered 16 2 -- }36 2 --
Charge of ammunition 20 0 -- }
New infantry ammunition cart 9 1 14} 21 1 14
Charge of ammunition 12 0 --}
Common sling cart, complete 17 1 14
Common truck carriage 12 2 21
Common hand cart 4 1 --
Forge waggon, complete 13 2 14

Dimensions of certain parts of carriages, the knowlege of which may prevent many mistakes in arranging the different pieces for disembarkation, or in other similar situations.

_Axletrees._--Most of the field carriages are now made with _iron_ axletrees; the dimensions of which are as follows:

---------------------------------+-------------+-------------------
| Dia. of | Len. of
| the arm. | arm.
---------------------------------+------+------+-----+------+------
| | | | | Total
| | | Box,| |length
|At the| | or | | to
|shoul-|At the| nave|Washer|linch-
Iron Axletrees. | der. |point.|part.| part.| pin.
---------------------------------+------+------+-----+------+------
| in. | in. | in. | in. | inch
6 Pr. Light }| | | | |
3 Pr. Heavy }| | | | |
5¹⁄₂ in. Howitz. }| | | | |
Ammu. caisson }| 2³⁄₄ | 1³⁄₄ | 13 | ⁵⁄₈ | 13⁵⁄₈
Ball cartridge do. whether horse}| | | | |
artillery or the park, whether }| | | | |
limber or carriage }| | | | |
Light 12 Pounder and limber | 3¹⁄₄ | 2¹⁄₄ | 16 | ³⁄₄ | 16³⁄₄
Medium 12 Pr. | 3¹⁄₂ | 2¹⁄₂ | 16 | ³⁄₄ | 16³⁄₄
Limber to do. | 2³⁄₄ | 2 | 13 | ⁵⁄₈ | 13⁵⁄₈
---------------------------------+------+------+-----+------+------

-----------------------+--------------------++--------------------
| Carriage. || Limber.
+-------------+------++-------------+------
| Di. of Arm. | || Di. of Arm. |
+------+------+ ++------+------+
| At | |Length|| At | |Length
Wood |Shoul-| At | of ||Shoul-| At | of
Axletrees. | der. |Point.| Nave.|| der. |Point.| Nave.
-----------------------+------+------+------++------+------+------
| In. | In. | In. || In. | In. | In.
24 Prs. Heavy | 7 | 4.9 | 18 || 6 | 3.3 | 16
12 Prs. Med | 6 | 4 | 16 || 6 | 4 | 12
6 Prs Des’rs. | 5¹⁄₂ | 3¹⁄₂ | 13¹⁄₂|| 5¹⁄₂ | 3¹⁄₂ | 13¹⁄₂
6 Prs. Light | 5 | 3 | 13 || 5 | 3 | 13
3 Prs. Des’rs. | 2- | 1¹⁄₄ | || 2- | 1¹⁄₄ |
3 Prs. Light | | | || | |
How’r. 8 In. | 6- | | 17 || 5- | | 15
How’r. 5¹⁄₂ in. | 5- | | 13 || 4¹⁄₄ | | 11-
How’r. 4²⁄₅ in. | 4- | | 12 || 4 | | 10
| ----fore---- || ----hind----
Ammunition waggon, with| | | || | |
folding sides | 5 | 2.9 | 14 || 5 | 2.9 | 13
Close bodied Ammunition| | | || | |
caisson | 5 | 3.3 | 14 || 5 | 2.9 | 14
-----------------------+------+------+------++------+------+------

Dimensions and Weight of _Standing Gun Carriages_.

+--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Kinds. | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12 | 9 | 6 |
+--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| |Ft. in.|Ft. in.|Ft. in.|Ft. in.|Ft. in.|Ft. in.|
|Axletrees, length | 4 9 | 4 7 | 4 3 |3 9¹⁄₂|3 6¹⁄₂| 3 4 |
|Side pieces, length | 6 4 | 6 0 | 5 9 | 5 6 |5 3 | 5 0 |
|Whole height to | | | | | | |
|trunnion beds | 2 9 | 2 7 | 2 6 | 2 3 | 2 1 | 2 0 |
|Weight of carriage,}|ct. qr.|ct. qr.|ct. qr.|ct. qr.|ct. qr.|ct. qr.|
|bed & coins }| 9 0 | 8 0 | 7 0 | 6 0 | 3 3 | 2 3 |
+--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

_Carriages_ on a march. See MARCHING.

The carriages for horse artillery guns, as 12, 9, and 4 pounders, are constructed lighter than formerly; the two first of these calibres have an additional trunnion plate; and indeed it does not appear why every travelling carriage should not have this important improvement since it eases the horses and saves the carriage; and by lessening the fatigue increases the celerity of the movements, and spares the cattle for service.

_Diameter of the wheels of the Field Carriages at present in use_:

Diameter.
_ft._ _in._
All the horse artillery carriages, limbers, and caissons;
the heavy 6 Prs. and long 3 Prs. and their limbers; the
carriage of a 6 Pr. battalion gun, and a light 5¹⁄₂ inch
howitzer; the hind wheels of a common ammunition caisson 5 0

Limber to light 6 Pr. and 5¹⁄₂ howitzer } 4 8
Med. 12 Pr.--limber, 4 ft. 6 in. carriage }

Sling cart 5 8

Fore wheels of an ammunition caisson 4 0

Pontoon carriage }Fore 3 0
}Hind 5 6

8 Inch Howitzer }Limber 4 0
}Carriage 5 0

Ball Ammunition Cart 5 0

24 Prs. Platform Carriage}Fore 4 0
}Hind 4 2

For wood of which carriages are made, see the word WOOD.

CARRIER, a kind of pigeon, so called from its having been used in armies, to carry orders from one division of an army to another, or intelligence to some officer commanding a post or army at a distance.

CARRONADES. Their weight and dimensions.

+-------+-------+--------------+-------------+------------+
| | Dia- | | | Proportion |
| | meter | Length in | Weight. | between |
| | of +--------+-----+-------------+the shot and|
| Kinds.| Bores.|ft. in.|Calr.|cwt. q. lb.| carronade. |
+-------+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------------+
|68 Prs.|8.05 --| 5 2 |7.702| 36 -- -- | 59 to 1 |
|-- -- | --| 4 0 |5.962| 29 -- -- | |
|42 -- |6.84 --| 4 3¹⁄₂|7.518| 22 1 -- | 58 to 1 |
|32 -- |6.35 --| 4 0- |7.679| 17 -- 14 | 62 to 1 |
|24 -- |5.68 { | 3 7- |7.656| 13 -- -- | 56 to 1 |
| | { | 3 0 |6.336| 11 2 25 | |
|18 -- |5.16{ | 3 3 |7.587| 9 -- -- | 56 to 1 |
| | { | 2 4 |5.447| 8 1 25 | |
|12 -- |4.52 --| 2 2 |5.778| 5 3 10 | 56 to 1 |
+-------+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------------+

N. B. Carronades have not so much windage as guns. See WINDAGE.

RANGES with Carronades, 1798. The charge is ¹⁄₁₂th the weight of the shot; and with one shot and one wad. The line of fire from 6 to 9 feet above the level of the water.

+--------+---------+---------+---------+------+---------+------+
|Kinds. | 68 | 42 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12 |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+------+---------+------+
|Charge. |5lb. 8oz.|3lb. 8oz.|2lb. 1oz.| 2lb. |1lb. 8oz.| 1lb. |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+------+---------+------+
| | Yards. | Yards. | Yards. |Yards.| Yards. |Yards.|
|P. Blank| 450 | 400 | 330 | 300 | 270 | 230 |
|1 Degree| 650 | 600 | 560 | 500 | 470 | 400 |
|2 ---- | 890 | 860 | 830 | 780 | 730 | 690 |
|3 ---- | 1000 | 980 | 900 | 870 | 800 | 740 |
|4 ---- | 1100 | 1020 | 970 | 920 | 870 | 810 |
|5 ---- | 1280 | 1170 | 1087 | 1050 | 1000 | 870 |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+------+---------+------+

_Note._--The highest charge for carronades is ¹⁄₈th the weight of the shot; the lowest ¹⁄₁₆th.

_Ranges_ with 8 inch shells, from 68 Pr.

+--------+-------+-------+--------+------+-------+
| Shells | | | Ele- | First|Extreme|
| Weight.|Charge.|Flight.| vation.|graze.| range.|
+--------+-------+-------+--------+------+-------+
| {| 3 lbs.| 1¹⁄₂ | P. B. | 302 | 1365 |
|lb. oz.{| 3 -- | -- | 5 deg.| 1140 | |
|43 11 {| 4 -- | 1¹⁄₂ | 1 -- | 358 | 1843 |
| {|-- -- | 5 | 5 -- | 1137 | 1250 |
| {|-- -- | -- |11¹⁄₂ | 1767 | |
+--------+-------+-------+--------+------+-------+

_To_ CARRY _on the trenches_. See TRENCHES.

CART, in a military sense, is a vehicle mounted on two wheels, and drawn by one or more horses; of which there are several sorts, viz.

_Powder_-CARTS, for carrying powder with the army; they are divided into 4 parts, by boards of an inch thick, which enter about an inch into the shafts. Each of these carts can only stow 4 barrels of powder. The roof is covered with an oil-cloth, to prevent dampness from coming to the powder.

_Sling_-CARTS, used to carry mortars or heavy guns from one place to another at a small distance, but chiefly to transport guns from the water side to the proof-place, and from thence back again; as also to convey artillery to the batteries in a fortification; they have wheels of a very considerable diameter, and the guns or other heavy articles which they carry are slung in chains from the axle.

CARTE, is a thrust with a sword at the inside of the upper part of the body, with the nails of your sword hand upwards. _Low carte_, is a thrust at the inside of the lower half of the body; the position of the hand being the same as in the former.

CARTE-_blanche_ _Fr._ a full and absolute power which is lodged in the hands of a general of an army, to act according to the best of his judgment, without waiting for superior instructions or orders. It likewise strictly means a blank paper; a paper to be filled up with such conditions as the person to whom it is sent thinks proper.

CARTEL, in military transactions, an agreement between two states at war for the exchange of their prisoners of war.

CARTOUCH, in military affairs, is a case of wood about 3 inches thick at bottom, bound about with marline, holding about 400 musquet balls, besides 8 or 10 iron balls of a pound each, to be fired out of a howitzer, for the defence of a pass, &c. See GRAPE SHOT.

CARTOUCHES in artillery, are made of leather, to sling over the shoulder of the matross, who therein carries the ammunition from the magazine or waggon, for the service of the artillery, when at exercise or on real service.

CARTOUCHES _ou formules_, _Fr._ military passes which were given to soldiers going on furlough.

CARTRIDGE, a case of paper, parchment, or flannel, fitted to the bore of a piece, and holding exactly its proper charge. Musket and pistol cartridges are always made of strong paper, between 30 and 40 of which are made from 1 pound of powder, including their priming. Ball cartridges should be made of a different coloured paper to what is used for blank. The French musquet ball-cartridges are all capped with flannel. Cannon and howitzer cartridges are sometimes made of parchment, though more generally of flannel: the charges they contain are adapted to the service they are intended for.

Cartridges for cannon, are made with the best effect, when the flannel does not admit the leakage of powder; to effect this the flannels are first sewed to the size of a mandril or wooden roller; and the sewing completed, the end is tied, and hammered on the end of the mandril, the whole is then smeared with a coat of paste made of wheat flour and gum; and then drawn over, so that the pasted side may be inward; then set to dry, before filling they must be examined.

The experiment is worth the trial of making cartridges of cotton saturated with alum; its cheapness, its abundance, and easy formation, all recommend it. The alum would render it fire proof.

CARTRIDGE-_Box_, a case of wood, made in a circular form, to wear before the body of the soldier, holding 24 or more musket-ball cartridges in rows: it is covered with leather, and worn upon a belt, both on duty, and on the day of battle. See POUCH.

The light infantry in the French service carry a cartridge box in front which covers the abdomen; and contains several rounds; some carry the cartridges on the side one above the other.

CARTRIDGES for guns.

-------------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------
| Weight of | |
| one | | Tonnage.
Of Paper. | Dozen. | Length.| No. packed ³⁄₄ Ton Vat.
-------------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------
Pounders. |lb. oz. dr.|Ft. in. |Number.
42 ---- | 3 0 0 | 2 4 | 1000
32 ---- | 3 0 0 | 2 4 | 1100
24 ---- | 3 0 0 | 2 4 | 1400
18 ---- | 2 14 0 | 2 4 | 1500
12 ---- | 2 4 0 | 2 4 | 1600
9 ---- | 2 4 0 | 2 4 | 1800
6 ---- | 1 5 0 | 2 0 | 2000
4 ---- | 1 1 0 | 1 7 | 2200
3 ---- | 1 1 0 | 1 7 | 2200
Of Flannel. | | |
42 and 32 | 2 2 0 | 2 3 |The tonnage of flannel cartridges
{Heavy | 1 12 0 | 1 10 |is 1-fifth more than that of paper.
24{Med. | 1 6 0 | 1 5 |
{Light | 1 1 8 | 1 0 |
18 ---- | 1 6 0 | 2 3 |
{Heavy | 1 3 0 | 1 6 |
12{Med. | 0 11 0 | 1 2 |
{Light | 0 8 0 | 0 10 |
9 ---- | 0 10 0 | 1 4 |
{Heavy | 0 14 0 | 1 1 |
6{Med. | -- | -- |
{Light | 0 5 0 | 0 9¹⁄₂|
3 ---- | 0 6 0 | 0 8 |
13 in. Morts.| 1 2 8 | 1 6 |
10 -- ---- | 0 10 8 | 1 1- |
8 -- ---- | 0 7 0 | 1 0 |
5¹⁄₂ ---- | 0 4 0 | 0 9 |
4²⁄₅ ---- | 0 3 0 | 0 7 |
8 in. How’r | 0 10 8 | 1 1- |
5¹⁄₂ ---- | 0 4 8 | 0 9- |
4²⁄₅ ---- | 0 4 0 | 0 9- |
-------------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------

CARTRIDGES for small arms.

+-----------+-------+-------+-------------+--------------------+-----+
| | Powder| | No. | | |
| | con- | No. of| contained | | One |
| |tained | each | in one | Weight of one |Sheet|
| |in each| tied | Barrel. | Barrel filled. | of |
| | Car- | in one+------+------+-----------+--------+paper|
| Kinds. |tridge.|Bundle.|Whole.| Half.| Whole. | Half. |makes|
+-----------+-------+-------+------+------+-----------+--------+-----+
| | drs. | No. | No. | No. |ct. qr. lb.|qr. lb.| No. |
|Wall pieces| 10 | 6 | 1400 | 500 | 2 2 19 | 3 24| |
|Musquet | 6 | 10 | 2100 | 1000 | 1 3 10 | 3 24| 6 |
|Carbine | 4 | 10 | 2853 | 1500 | 1 3 7 | 3 26| 12 |
|Do. pistol | 3 | 10 | 4400 | 1500 | 1 3 17 | 3 21| 16 |
|Com. pistol| 3 | 10 | | 2000 | | 3 11| 24 |
|7 bar. guns| 1¹⁄₂| 14 | | 1000 | | | 24 |
| | | | | in | | | |
| | | | | kegs | | | |
+-----------+-------+-------+------+------+-----------+--------+-----+

_Musquet_ CARTRIDGES, by different powers in Europe.

+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Weight | | | |
| of | English. | Hessian. | Austrian. |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| |oz. dr. gr.|oz. dr. gr.|oz. dr. gr.|
|Powder | 0 6 0 | 0 7 10 | 0 6 13 |
|Cartridges,| | | |
|complete. | 1 9 11 | 1 7 2 | 1 6 4 |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

+-----------+------------+------------+
| Weight | | |
| of | Dutch. | French. |
+-----------+------------+------------+
| |oz. dr. gr. |oz. dr. gr. |
|Powder | 0 10 10¹⁄₂| 0 7 4¹⁄₂|
|Cartridges,| | |
|complete. | 1 12 4 | 1 6 0 |
+-----------+------------+------------+

CASCABLE, in artillery, is the very hindermost knob or button of the cannon, or the utmost part of the breech. See CANNON.

CASCANS, in fortification, holes in the form of wells, serving as entrances to galleries, or giving vent to the enemy’s mines. See FORTIFICATION.

CASEMATE, in fortification, a vault, or arch of mason-work, in that part of the flank of a bastion which is next the curtain, made to defend the ditch, and the face of the opposite bastion. See FORTIFICATION.

CASEMATES _nouvelles_, _Fr._ arched batteries which are constructed under all the openings of revetements or ramparts. The different forts at Cherbourg, are defended by these casemates: the works erected round Dover Castle, come likewise under this description; the works at fort Columbus, New York, are erected on the same principles.

CASERNES, in fortification, are buildings for the soldiers of the garrison to live in; generally erected between the houses of fortified towns, and the rampart.

CASERNES, in a general acceptation, signify barracks.

CASE-_Shot_. See SHOT, and LABORATORY.

CASHIERED. An officer sentenced by a general court-martial, or peremptorily ordered by the king, to be dismissed from the service, is said to be cashiered.

CASK, _or_ CASQUE, the ancient helmet or armor for the head.

CASSINE, in military history, signifies a small house in the country, generally surrounded by a ditch. Cassines are very convenient to post small parties in, where they will be sheltered from any sudden attack, and can even make head till the nearest detachments can come and relieve them.

CASSIONS. See CAISSONS.

CASTING, in founding guns, implies the operation of running any sort of metal into a mould prepared for that purpose.

CASTLE, in military affairs, a fortified place, or strong hold, to defend a town or city from an enemy. English castles are for the most part no higher in antiquity than the Norman conquest; or rather about the middle of king Stephen’s reign. Castles were erected in almost all parts of that kingdom, by the several contending parties; and each owner of a castle was a kind of petty prince, coining his own money, and exercising sovereign jurisdiction over his people. History informs us that 1017 castles were built in one reign.