Chapter D: Caldwell, (25)

Those that weigh half a pound, have 1 French inch 8 lines diameter, and are 3 lines thick.

Those that weigh a quarter of a pound, have 1 French inch 6 lines diameter, and are 2¹⁄₂ lines thick.

These proportions were formerly attended to in the old French service, with occasional deviations from the strict measurement of the lines; as it was supposed to be of little consequence whether the grenades fitted the mortars exactly. It was, indeed, generally thought advisable to adapt their sizes, so that they might be thrown out without the least resistance or compression.

Grenades were directed to be thicker at the breech than elsewhere, in proportion to their several diameters.

Durtubie, in his _Manuel de l’Artilleur_, gives the following succinct account of grenades. That writer observes, “that besides bombs or shells, and howitzers, hollow vessels made of iron in globular shapes, which are called grenades, are frequently used; gunpowder is poured in through the cavity or vent, called in French _lumiere_, into which a fuse loaded with a composition of combustible materials is introduced.”

There are two sorts of grenades. Those distinguished by the name of _grenades de rampart_, are rolled from the top of the parapet into the ditch; they are equal in calibre to that of a 33 and a 16 pounder; and they weigh 16, 11, and 8 ounces.

The other species is called _grenades à main_. These are thrown into the covert way, and the trenches, &c. Their calibre is that of a 4 pounder, and they weigh 2 pounds. The ordinary thickness of grenades is four lines throughout.

It will occur to our military readers, that by this account a considerable alteration has taken place in the casting of grenades, as the intermediate differences have been consolidated; hand-grenades, instead of being thicker at the breach, are uniformly of the same consistency. It cannot, however, be thought superfluous to preserve an account of the original dimensions.

GRENADES--Hand grenades may be thrown to the distance of 13 fathoms. For their dimensions see the word SHELL.

GRENADES _Turques_. _Fr._ Turkish grenades. A sort of grenade which is made by the Turks. Their grenades are extremely defective, and do little execution.

GRENADIER, GRANADIER, a foot soldier armed with firelock, bayonet, and in some services with a hanger; grenadiers carry, besides their arms, a cartridge box that will hold 36 rounds. They are always the tallest and stoutest men, consequently the first upon all attacks. Every battalion of foot in the British army has generally a company of grenadiers belonging to it, which takes the right of the battalion. Grenadiers were first instituted in France in 1667, by having 4 or 5 to each company; but in the year 1670, they were formed into companies, and in 1685, were first known in the British service.

_Horse_ GRENADIERS, called by the French _grenadiers volans_, or flying grenadiers, are such as are mounted on horseback, but fight both on foot and horseback. They were first established in France by Lewis XIV. in 1676, and formed into squadrons.

GRENADIERS _auxiliaries_, _Fr._ Auxiliary grenadiers. During a siege, and when a place was closely invested, a certain number of grenadiers were chosen out of the battalions belonging to the trenches, for the purpose of making head against the besieged, whenever they might risk a sally, or insult the works. It was the peculiar duty of these men to stand forward on every occasion, to set fire to the gabions attached to the batteries, and to crush every attempt which might be made by the garrison to annoy the men that were posted in the trenches, &c.

It was customary among the French to increase the number of those grenadiers, who went first into danger and did the duty of the trenches. These were called _grenadiers postiches_, or _extra grenadiers_.

GRENADIERES, _ou_ GIBERNES, the bags or haversacks which hold the grenades. They were worn like powder-flasks.

GRENIER, _Fr._ (_mettre en grenier_.) To stow any thing loosely.

GRENOIR. _Fr._ (_Une espece de crible._) A sort of sieve through which gunpowder was passed, and formed into grains of different sizes.

GREVE, _Fr._ Any flat space of ground on the bank of a river, or near the sea. A place in Paris is so called, where during the old government of France, all criminals were executed. _Greve_ is also used to signify the gallows.

GREVE, _Fr._ armor, or covers for the legs. They were anciently worn by the French; and generally consisted of a piece of steel or stiff leather, which protected the front part of the leg.

GRIFFE, _Fr._ _means literally a claw_, but in a military sense, as accepted by the French, it signifies an iron instrument which is made like a hook, and is used by miners to pick out the small stones that are incorporated with cement, &c.

GRIGNON, _Fr._ broken biscuit.

GRISONS, a people formerly in alliance with the British but since annexed to Swisserland. They inhabit the mountainous parts of the Alps in Italy, and supported a well organised army, called the army of the Grisons, under general Macdonald during the war.

GROS, _Fr._ A body of soldiers; a detachment. The French frequently say--_Un gros de cavalerie_, a body of cavalry; _un gros d’infanterie_, a body of infantry.

GROUND. The field or place of action.

GROUND-_work_, in military architecture. See FOUNDATION.

GROUND _arms_, an old word of command on which the soldiers laid down their arms upon the ground.

This word of command has been exploded since the introduction of the new exercise. Soldiers are now ordered to _pile_ or _stack arms_.

_To take_ GROUND. A battalion or company is said to take ground when it extends in any given direction. This term is likewise used in duelling, as--_They took their ground at eight or ten paces from one another._

GRUE, _Fr._ A crane. It is frequently used in the embarkation and debarkation of cannon, &c.

GUARANTEE. Any person or power who undertakes for the performance of any stipulations agreed on between two other powers or parties.

GUARD, in the military art, is a duty performed by a body of men to secure an army or place from being surprised by an enemy. In garrison the guards are relieved every day; hence it comes that every soldier mounts guard once every three or four days in time of peace, and much oftener in time of war. See HONORS.

GUARDS, also imply the troops kept to guard generals and other public officers, and sometimes consist of both horse and foot.

_Horse-grenadier_ GUARDS. The first troop was raised in the year 1693 in England; the second in 1702. Each troop had a colonel, lieutenant colonel, 1 guidon or major, three exempts and captains, 3 lieutenants, 1 adjutant, 3 cornets, and 60 private men, they have been abolished.

_British life_ GUARDS. In consequence of the reduction of the horse grenadier guards, two regiments have been raised for the specific purpose of guarding the metropolis, and of royal escorts. They are generally called the first and second life-guards. Each regiment consists of six troops of 53 men and 1 kettle drum.

_Royal Regiment of Horse_ GUARDS. This regiment which is commonly called the Oxford Blues, from having originally been raised by the earl of Oxford, consists of nine troops.

_Yeomen of the_ GUARDS, a kind of foot guards to the British king’s person, and are generally called by a nick-name--the _beefeaters_. They were first raised by Henry VII. in the year 1485, consisting of 250 men of the first rank, under gentry, and of a larger stature than ordinary, each being required to be 6 feet high. At present there are but 100 on constant duty, and 70 more not on duty; and when any one of the 100 dies, his place is supplied out of the 70. They go dressed after the manner of Henry VIII.’s time. Their pay is 2 shillings and 6 pence per day.

_Foot_ GUARDS, are regiments of foot appointed for the guard of the British king and his palace, and for general service. There are three regiments of them, called the 1st, 2d, and 3d regiment of foot-guards. They were raised in the year 1660. The first regiment is at present commanded by 1 colonel, 1 lieutenant colonel, 3 majors, 27 captains, 1 captain-lieutenant, 62 lieutenants, 24 ensigns, and 3 adjutants, and consists of 3 battalions. The second regiment, or Coldstream, has 1 colonel, 1 lieutenant colonel, 2 majors, 16 captains, 1 captain lieutenant, 42 lieutenants, 14 ensigns, and 2 adjutants, and consists of two battalions. The third regiment is the same as the second. The first regiment of French guards was raised in the reign of Charles IX. in the year 1563.

_Imperial_ GUARDS, the name of a body of select troops organised by the French emperor, which greatly distinguished themselves at the battle of Austerlitz.

_Trench_ GUARD only mounts in the time of a siege, and consists sometimes of 3, 4, or 6 battalions, according to the importance of the siege. This guard must oppose the besieged when they sally out, protect the workmen, &c.

_Provost_ GUARD, is always an officer’s guard that attends the provost in his rounds, to prevent desertion, marauding, rioting, &c. See PROVOST.

GUARD-magazine. See STORE-KEEPER.

_Advanced_ GUARD, is a party of either horse or foot, or both, that marches before a more considerable body, to give notice of any approaching danger. These guards are either made stronger or weaker, according to the situation or danger that may be apprehended from the enemy, or the country you are to march through.

_Van_ GUARD. See ADVANCED GUARD.

_Artillery_ GUARD, is a detachment from the army to secure the artillery when in the field. Their _corps de garde_ is in the front of the artillery park, and their sentries distributed round it. This is generally a 48-hours guard; and upon a march this guard marches in the front and rear of the artillery, and must be sure to leave nothing behind. If a gun or waggon breaks down, the officer that commands the guard is to leave a sufficient number of men to assist the gunners and aids in getting it up again.

_Artillery quarter_-GUARD, is frequently a non-commissioned officer’s guard from the regiment of artillery, whose _corps de garde_ is always in the front of their encampment.

_Artillery rear_-GUARD, consists in a corporal and 6 men, posted in the rear of the park.

_Corps de_ GUARD, are soldiers entrusted with the guard of a post, under the command of one or more officers. This word also signifies the place where the guard mounts.

_Counter_ GUARD. See FORTIFICATION.

_Grand_ GUARD. A guard composed of three or four squadrons of horse, commanded by a field officer, posted about a mile, or a mile and a half from the camp, on the right and left wings, towards the enemy, for the better security of the camp.

_Forage_ GUARD, a detachment sent out to secure the foragers, who are posted at all places, where either the enemy’s party may come to disturb the foragers, or where they may be spread too near the enemy, so as to be in danger of being taken. This guard consists both of horse and foot, who must remain on their posts till the foragers are all come off the ground.

_Main_ GUARD, is that from whence all other guards are detached. Those who are for mounting guard assemble at their respective private parades, and march from thence to the general parade in good order, where, after the whole guard is drawn up, the small guards are detached to their respective posts: then the subalterns cast lots for their guards, who are all under the command of the captain of the main guard. This guard mounts in garrison at different hours, according to the pleasure of the governor.

_Picquet_ GUARD, a good number of horse and foot, always in readiness in case of an alarm: the horses are generally saddled all the time, and the riders booted.

The foot draw up at the head of the battalion, frequently at the beating of the tat-too; but afterwards return to their tents, where they hold themselves in readiness to march upon any sudden alarm. This guard is to make resistance, in case of an attack, until the army can get ready.

_Baggage_ GUARD, is always an officer’s guard, who has the care of the baggage on a march. The waggons should be numbered by companies, and follow one another regularly; vigilance and attention in the passage of hollow-ways, woods, and thickets, must be strictly observed by this guard.

_Ordinary_ GUARDS, such as are fixed during the campaign, or in garrison towns, and which are relieved daily.

_Extraordinary_ GUARDS, or detachments, such as are only commanded on particular occasions; either for the further security of the camp, to cover the foragers, or for convoys, escorts, or expeditions.

Soldiers are sometimes ordered to take extraordinary guards, as a punishment for slight misconduct.

_Quarter_ GUARD, is a small guard commanded by a subaltern officer, posted in the front of each battalion, at 200 feet or more before the front of the regiment.

_Rear_ GUARD, that part of the army which brings up the rear on a march, generally composed of all the old grand-guards of the camp.

_The rear guard_ of a party is frequently 8 or 10 horse, about 500 paces behind the party. Hence the advanced guard going out upon a party forms the rear guard in a retreat.

_Rear_ GUARD, is also a corporal’s guard placed in the rear of a regiment, to keep good order in that part of the camp.

_Standard_ GUARD, a small guard under a corporal, which is taken out of each regiment of horse, and mounts on foot in front of each regiment, at the distance of 20 feet from the streets, opposite to the main street.

_To be upon_ GUARD. See _Mounting_ GUARD.

_To relieve_ GUARD. See RELIEVE.

_Turn out the_ GUARD. A phrase used when it is necessary for the guard to form for the purpose of receiving a general or commanding officer; on the approach of an armed party; on the beat of drum or sound of trumpet, or any alarm.

_Port_ GUARD. A guard detached from the main guard. All officers on port or detached guards are to send a report, night and morning, to the captain of the main guard, and at all other times, when any thing extraordinary occurs. Those who command at the ports are to draw up the bridges, or shut the barriers, on the approach of any body of armed men, of which they are to give notice to the officer of the main guard, and not to suffer any of them to come into the garrison, without leave from the governor or commander.

_Out_ GUARDS. Under this head may not improperly be considered _outposts_, _advanced picquets_, and _detachments_. The duties of outposts are so various as usually to require detailed instructions according to circumstances. The following directions are generally applicable, and must be strictly attended to should there be any occasion for it to act upon home-service. The duty of outposts, &c. is chiefly confined to light troops, who are occasionally assisted and relieved by the line. They are always, in that case, under the immediate direction of some general. But when circumstances render it necessary, that this duty should be done from the line, the outposts fall under the command of the officers of the day, unless some particular officer be put in orders for that specific command.

All outguards march off without trumpets sounding, or drums beating. They pay no compliments of any kind; neither do their sentries take any complimentary notice of officers passing near their posts. No guards are to presume to stop any persons coming to camp with provisions (unless they be particularly ordered so to do,) and are on no account to exact or receive any thing for their free passage.

Any officer, trumpeter, or other person, who comes from an enemy’s camp, is to be secured by the first guard he arrives at, till the commander in chief’s, or the general’s pleasure is known. When a deserter comes in from the enemy, the officer commanding a post, or guard, at which he arrives, is immediately to send him under a proper escort, (without permitting him to be delayed or examined, or any questions asked him) to the officer commanding the outposts, who, after inquiring whether he brings any intelligence immediately relating to his own post, will forward him to head-quarters.

The sentries on the outposts are always to be doubled. No officers, soldiers, or followers of the camp, are on any account to be suffered to pass the outposts, without they are on duty, or present a regular pass from head-quarters.

The men on advanced picquets are to carry their provisions with them, ready cooked, when circumstances will permit. The cavalry to carry sufficient forage for the time they are to be out.

It is the duty of officers on all guards to inspect every relief of sentries, both when they go on, and come off their posts; to call the rolls frequently, and by every means in their power to keep the men under their command in the most perfect state of vigilance and preparation.

Officers commanding outposts are to send guides, or orderly men, to the major of brigade of the day, or to the brigade-major of their own brigades, as circumstances require, in order to conduct the new guards, and to carry such orders as may be necessary.

When the army is on a march, the officers must apprize the brigade-majors of the situation of their posts, as soon as they arrive at them. All detachments of brigades, which are ordered to march _immediately_, are to be taken from the picquets, and replaced directly from the line.

Whenever detachments exceed 200 men, or upwards, a surgeon or surgeon’s mate is to be sent from the corps of the officer who commands. On particular duties, the attendance of a surgeon or mate may be requisite with smaller detachments. Detachments of cavalry, of 50 or upwards, will be attended by a farrier.

As soon as an officer commanding an outpost, or advanced picquet, (whether of cavalry or infantry) arrives on his ground, he must endeavor to make himself master of his situation, by carefully examining, not only the space he actually occupies, but the heights within musquet-shot; the roads and paths leading to or near his post, ascertaining their breadth and practicability for cavalry and cannon. He should examine the hollow ways that cover the approach of an enemy; and, in short, consider all the points from which he is most likely to be attacked, either by cavalry or infantry. He will, by these means, be enabled to take measures to prevent the possibility of being surprized; and should he be attacked during the night, from the previous knowlege he has obtained of the ground, he will at once form a just estimate of the nature of the attack, and make his arrangements for defence with promptitude and decision. In order to convey the same alacrity to his men, and to prepare the most inexperienced for sudden and unexpected attacks, an officer upon an outpost will do well to put them upon the alert, by skilfully occasioning false alarms. But these must not be often repeated, nor when practised be made known to his men as having proceeded from himself; since supineness and inactivity might by degrees be the consequence of such a discovery.

An intelligent officer upon an outpost, even unprovided with entrenching tools, will materially strengthen his post, when the unobserver would remain inactive.

A tree felled with judgment; brushwood cut to a certain distance; pointed stakes, about breast high, placed on the points most assailable by an enemy, may be attended with the greatest advantages, and can be effected with the common hatchets, which the men carry to cut fire-wood. In short, every impediment which an officer, acting on the defensive, can throw in an enemy’s way, ought to be scrupulously attended to. Independently, therefore, of the means which he adopts for the immediate protection of his posts, he must look beyond that point; and as nothing checks the ardour of troops more than an unexpected obstacle, within an hundred yards, more or less, of the place attacked, he must, on his arrival at the outpost, throw up some temporary impediment at that distance. See AM. MIL. LIBRARY.

_Mounting_ GUARDS. It is indispensibly necessary, that every officer should know how to mount and come off guard.

All guards parade with ordered arms, and unfixed bayonets, without any intervals between them, the ranks open. The officer brings the guard to a shoulder; and the officers with their swords drawn, and non-commissioned officers commanding guards, are formed about forty paces in front of the centre, in two ranks, facing the line, where they are to receive the old parole and such orders as may be given them.

The major or commanding officer gives the word of command.

“Officers and non-commissioned officers--Take post in front of your respective guards!--Outward face--March!”

As soon as they have taken post, fronting their respective guards, the word of command will be given--

“Officers and non-commissioned officers--to your guards--March!--Front!--Halt!”

“Officers and non-commissioned officers, inspect your guards!”

The several officers and non-commissioned officers then inspect their guard as quick as possible. When there is a captain’s guard, each officer is to take a rank, the serjeants accompanying them.

As soon as the inspection is over, the adjutant goes down the line and receives the report of each guard; the officers return to their posts; and the major, or commanding officer, commands--“Fix bayonets!--Shoulder!”

When the colours are brought on the parade, the drum is beat; and the drummer’s call on the right.

The captain will face inwards, and the lieutenant and ensign will face to the right, and march, _quick time_, to the head of the grenadiers. The captain goes to the head of the right of his remaining men. The field officer then orders the grenadiers to close their ranks, and to march off in _quick time_, the lieutenant being three paces advanced in front of his men, and the ensign one. The colours are received as usual. And the color party on their arrival on the left flank of the guards, will file at the _slow time_, through the ranks: the lieutenant, and the colors, in front of the front rank. The guards are to march off at the _slow time_, and by divisions, taking care, that when they open their ranks, the front rank of each keeps its exact distance from the front rank preceding it. When there are more officers than one belonging to the same guard, the second in rank is to take post, and to march past the commanding officer on the parade, at the head of the last division, instead of being in the rear of it. When there is an officer, senior to the field officer of the day, on the parade, the guards are to march by and salute him: the field officer of the day, in that case, marching at their head.

GUARD-_rooms_. The following articles should properly come under the heads of furniture and utensils.

_Cavalry and infantry_ GUARD-_rooms_ are allowed a water bucket, candlestick, tin can for drink, and drinking cups; they are also allowed fire irons, and coal tray.

The rooms of the quarter-masters and serjeants of cavalry, and the serjeant-major and quarter-master serjeant of infantry, to be furnished with the necessary bedding and utensils in the same manner as is allowed to the soldiers’ rooms.

GUARD, _in fencing_, implies a posture proper to defend the body from the sword of the antagonist.

The word _guard_ is seldom applied among small swordsmen to any position but those of carte and tierce, the other motions of defence are stiled parades. See FENCING.

GUARDS _of the broad sword_. The positions of defence adopted with that weapon are generally termed guards, and may be comprised under the inside guard, half-circle guard, hanging guard, half-hanging guard, medium guard, outside guard, St. George’s guard, and spadroon guard. See BROAD-SWORD.

_Prepare to_ GUARD, in the cavalry sword exercise, is performed by bringing the extremity of the sword-hilt up to the pit of the stomach, with the back of the hand outwards; the blade of the sword to be carried perpendicularly, with the flat in front of the left eye. From this position the _guard_ is taken by darting the sword hand smartly forward towards the left ear of the antagonist.

GUARD, _in the cavalry sword exercise_, is used to denote one particular position, which consists in homing the sabre nearly horizontal across the face, the point rather higher than the hilt, the sword-hand directed towards the left ear of the antagonist. Although this be peculiarly denominated _guard_, yet it is not to be considered as a position calculated to meet every sort of attack, or an eligible position to charge an enemy; but as the central point from which the requisite change for attack or defence may be effected. The other position of defence in the cavalry exercise are stiled PROTECTS.

GUASTADOURS, _Fr._ Turkish pioneers. Armenians and Greeks are generally employed in the Turkish armies, to do the fatigue-work that is necessary for the formation of a camp, or for conducting a siege.

GUDDA, an Indian term for a fool, a small fort erected upon a hill or eminence; it means literally an ass, metaphorically a fool.

GUDGE, an Indian measure 24 inches long.

GUERITE, _Fr._ Centry box, small turret. In fortified towns there are several small turrets of this denomination, which are sometimes made of wood and sometimes built with stone. They are generally fixed on the acute points of bastions and centinels are posted within them, for the purpose of watching the ditch, and of preventing any surprize in that quarter.

Those used upon the continent of Europe, particularly in France, contain from 3 to 4 French feet diameter within, and are 7 or 8 feet high. Their general shape or figure is round, pentagonal, hexagonal, &c.

There are apertures made on every side, through which the centinel can observe every thing that passes in the ditch. A path about 2 or 3 feet broad is cut through the parapet and the banquette, up to the entrance of the guerite. Wooden guerites are generally used where the rampart is lined with turf only.

The spots best adapted for guerites, are at the flanked angles of bastions, and at the angles of epaulements. Sometimes indeed, they are placed in the centre of the curtains. They must jut out at the point of the angle, and the ground floor should be upon a line with the cordon, which is a sort of fillet or trace that marks the separation of the rampart from the parapet. They must likewise project far enough to afford the centinel who is within, a full view of the faces, the flanks and the curtains, and, if possible, a thorough command of all the ditches.

_Gagner la_ GUERITE, _Fr._ A familiar phrase to express the escape of a person.

_Enfiler la_ GUERITE, _Fr._ To avoid the pursuit of another.

GUERRE, _Fr._ War; which see.

The word _guerre_ is indeed so frequently used among the French, that we shall not be thought too minute in specifying some general terms under that head. The principal ones are,

GUERRE _civile_, _Fr._ See CIVIL WAR.

_Homme de_ GUERRE, _Fr._ a military man.

_Nom de_ GUERRE, _Fr._ a war name; a borrowed name; it was formerly common to assume a _nom de guerre_ on entering the French army.

_Petite_ GUERRE, _Fr._ a harrassing species of warfare. A contest for plunder.

_Place de_ GUERRE, _Fr._ a fortified town or place.

_Faire la_ GUERRE _à l’œil_, in a figurative sense, signifies to watch stedfastly, and without taking off the eye from a particular object.

_A la guerre comme á la_ GUERRE. A familiar expression among the French, which implies, that things must be taken as they come.

_On ne fait la_ GUERRE _que pour faire enfin la paix_. War, after all, must end in peace.

_La guerre nourrit la_ GUERRE, figuratively means, that an army always subsists at the expence of the country in which it lies.

GUERRE _de Secours_, _Fr._ war of alliance or confederacy. This term is more especially applicable to that species of contest in which neighboring princes or countries embark to defend those with whom they are in alliance, against the aggression or exorbitant demands of a conqueror.

If such a contest or war be entered into upon the faith of settled treaties, the parties are bound not only to supply the stipulated number of soldiers, but even to augment their quota, if necessity should require, and sometimes to march in person against the common enemy.

If the object be to prevent any adjacent country from falling into the hands of a conqueror, who might afterwards molest the contracting party, the latter should observe many precautions before he withdraws from the contest; the principal one is to demand the possession of some strong places upon the frontiers, to prevent the inhabitants of the country that is attacked from making a separate peace.

The general selected to command an auxiliary army must be endued with wisdom and foresight. He must be wise and intelligent in order to preserve discipline and good order among his troops: and have foresight to provide for the wants of his army in a strange country, and to see that the men are not sent more into action than they ought, and that nothing is done contrary to the interest of his country.

GUERRE _de montagne_, _Fr._ a war which is chiefly carried on in a mountainous part of the country. This species of warfare is extremely hazardous, as it cannot be pursued without a thorough knowlege of the country, and by means of able stratagems. Marshal Saxe, in his Reveries, lays it down as a rule, that no army or detachment must venture into passes or narrow ways, without having first secured the eminences round them; and if the enemy should defend the gorges or outlets, false attacks must be resorted to, in order to divert his attention from a real one which is made against a weak quarter. It frequently happens that bye-ways are found out, which have escaped the enemy’s observation, and through which detached bodies may penetrate for the purpose of turning his flanks. In a _guerre de montagne_, or mountain-contest, it is essentially necessary, that the advancing body should keep up a regular and safe communication with its rear, as well to secure a retreat if necessary, as to have a free intercourse with its convoys. See AM. MIL. LIB.

GUERRE _de chicane_, _Fr._ See WAR _of chicane or stratagem_.

GUERRE _Sainte_, _Fr._ a romantic expedition which was made by the Christians, against the Infidels in Palestine, for the purpose of re-conquering the Holy Land, from whence it was called holy war, or _guerre sainte_. See CRUSADE.

_Foudre de_ GUERRE, a figurative expression among the French, to mark the character of a man who has distinguished himself in battle, and is acknowleged to possess a superior degree of valor.

_Flambeau de la_ GUERRE, _Fr._ the torch of war. Any person who causes war to be carried on with violence and animosity is so called.

_Aller à la petite_ GUERRE, _Fr._ to go out in detached parties for the direct purpose of plundering an enemy’s country.

_Faire bonne_ GUERRE, _Fr._ to carry on hostilities with as much humanity as the laws of war will permit.

_Faire bonne_ GUERRE, _à quelqu’un_, _Fr._ to treat with a man decently, but vigorously, on matters that require explanation and final arrangement.

GUERRE _et pitié ne s’accordent pas ensemble_, _Fr._ a French proverb, signifying war and commiseration seldom go hand in hand.

GUERRE _juste_, _Fr._ a just and necessary war, that is a war of defence, such as the war of resistance against the British, from 1775 to 1783; the war of the French against the first coalition, in 1792.

GUERRE _injuste_, _Fr._ an unjust war.

_Longue_ GUERRE, _Fr._ a long war.

GUERRE _étrangère_, _Fr._ a foreign war.

GUERRE _d’outre mer_, _Fr._ a war beyond the seas.

_Gens de_ GUERRE. See GENS.

_Le metier de la_ GUERRE, _Fr._ the profession of arms. Hence it is figuratively said, _les Francois sont au fait du métier de la guerre de terre, et les Anglois sont au fait du métier de la guerre de mer_. Frenchmen are at the top of the profession of arms on land, and Englishmen are unrivalled at sea.

_Les lois de la_ GUERRE, _Fr._ The laws of war.

_Le droit de la_ GUERRE, _Fr._ the rights of war.

_Ruse de_ GUERRE, _Fr._ a warlike stratagem.

_En temps de_ GUERRE, _Fr._ in time of war.

_Munitions de la_ GUERRE _et de bouche_, _Fr._ warlike stores, and provisions.

_Préparatifs de_ GUERRE, _Fr._ warlike preparations.

_Place de_ GUERRE, _Fr._ a fortified place.

_Machine de_ GUERRE, _Fr._ a warlike instrument or machine.

_Conseil de_ GUERRE, _Fr._ a council of war. It likewise means a court martial.

_Vaisseau de_ GUERRE, _Fr._ A ship of war.

_Vaisseau armé en_ GUERRE, _Fr._ an armed vessel.

_C’est un grand homme de_ GUERRE, _Fr._ he is a warlike character.

_Les malheurs de la_ GUERRE, _Fr._ the misfortunes of war.

_Avoir_ GUERRE, _Fr._ to commence hostilities.

_Avoir la_ GUERRE. _Fr._ to be in a state of warfare.

_Les fruits de la_ GUERRE, _Fr._ the fruits, or consequences of war.

_Entreprendre la_ GUERRE, _Fr._ to enter into a war.

_Déclarer la_ GUERRE, _Fr._ to declare war.

_Soutenir la_ GUERRE, _Fr._ to maintain the war.

_Entretenir la_ GUERRE, _Fr._ to support the war.

_Ces deux princes sont en_ GUERRE, _Fr._ these two potentates are at war.

_Etre en_ GUERRE _ouverte_, _Fr._ to be at open war.

_Se faire la_ GUERRE, _Fr._ to make war with one another.

_Aller à la_ GUERRE, _Fr._ to go to war.

_Allumer la_ GUERRE _dans un ètat_, _Fr._ to light up a war, or excite troubles in any state or country.

_Porter la_ GUERRE _dans le cœur d’un pays_, _Fr._ to carry war into the heart of a country.

GUERRE _entre les puissances egales_, _Fr._ war between two powers which are nearly equal in point of strength, and do not act with auxiliary troops.

_Qui terre a_ GUERRE _a_, _Fr._ a French proverb, signifying, every man who has landed property is exposed to feuds and litigation.

GUERRIER, _Fr._ Warrior.

_Un grand_ GUERRIER, _Fr._ a great warrior.

_Les plus fameux_ GUERRIERS, the most celebrated warriors.

It is also used as a substantive in the feminine gender, when speaking of an amazon; as, _la vaillante guerriere_.

GUERRIER, _Fr._ as an adjective is variously used, viz. warlike, any thing appertaining to war.

_Actions_ GUERRIERES, _Fr._ warlike actions.

_Travaux_ GUERRIERS, _Fr._ works of a military or warlike nature.

_Exploits_ GUERRIERS, _Fr._ warlike exploits.

_Courage_ GUERRIER, _Fr._ a warlike disposition.

_Humeur_ GUERRIERE, _Fr._ a warlike spirit or temper.

_Nation_ GUERRIERE, _Fr._ a warlike nation.

_Il a l’air_ GUERRIER, _Fr._ he has a warlike look or appearance.

_Il a la mine_ GUERRIERE, _Fr._ he has a warlike aspect.

GUERROYER, _Fr._ to make war.

GUERROYEUR, _Fr._ a warrior.

GUET, _Fr._ This term was particularly attached to those persons belonging to the French body-guards, that did duty during the night.

GUET _de la mer_, _Fr._ the watch which the inhabitants belonging to parishes, towns, or fortified places, situated on the sea coast, were bound to keep for its security. On occasions of this sort, the signal of alarm was made during the day by smoke, and during the night by lighted combustibles.

GUET, _Fr._ in a military sense, signifies rounds, or those duties of a soldier, or patroling party, which are prescribed for the security of a town, &c. and to prevent surprises.

_Faire le_ GUET _au haut du belfroi_, _Fr._ to be put upon duty, or stand watch at the top of a church belfry.

_Asseoir le_ GUET, _Fr._ to set the watch.

_Poser le_ GUET, to post the watch.

_Etre au_ GUET, _Fr._ to be upon the watch.

GUET _à pied_, _Fr._ foot patrole.

GUET _à cheval_, _Fr._ horse patrole.

_Ce sont les bourgeois qui font le_ GUET, _Fr._ the inhabitants of the place go the rounds.

_Cri au_ GUET, _Fr._ the hue and cry.

_Le_ GUET _vient de passer_, the patrole has just passed.

_Avoir l’œil au_ GUET, _Fr._ to be minutely watchful and observing.

_Avoir l’oreille au_ GUET, _Fr._ to be listening for the direct purpose of acquiring information.

_Maison de_ GUET, _Fr._ round-house.

_Mot du_ GUET, _Fr._ watch-word.

_Donner le mot de_ GUET, to give the watch-word.

_Se donner le mot de_ GUET, _Fr._ to understand one another. In familiar intercourse it means likewise to play booty together.

GUET _apens_, _Fr._ Ambush; any premeditated design to injure another in a clandestine manner. The French frequently use this expression; as

_Ce n’est point un rencontre ni un duel, c’est un_ GUET _apens_, _Fr._ it is neither an accidental meeting, nor a duel, it is a downright plot to murder him.

_Droit du_ GUET _et garde_, _Fr._ a right which was formerly enjoyed in feudal France, by some lords of the manor, and by which they were authorised to call upon their vassals to watch and patrole for the security of their castles, and to silence the frogs.

GUETRE. See GAITER.

_Tirer vos_ GUETRES, _Fr._ Go about your business: a familiar phrase which is used among the french, when a person is discarded, or turned away in a summary manner.

_Il y a laissé ses_ GUETRES, _Fr._ a figurative expression among French soldiers, signifying that a person died in such a place.

GUETRER, _Fr._ to put on gaiters.

GUETTE, _Fr._ a name given by the French carpenters to a stake that is fixed sideways and which serves for various purposes.

GUETTER, _Fr._ a familiar phrase, signifying to watch the motions of any body, for the purpose of circumvention or surprize.

GUETTER likewise means to watch for a fit opportunity to get access to any person.

_Il y a des sergens qui le_ GUETTENT, _Fr._ he is closely watched by some serjeants.

_Le soldat_ GUETTOIT _sou colonel pour lui presenter un placet_, _Fr._ the soldier watched his colonel, in order to lay his petition before him.

GUEUSE, _Fr._ a rough piece of iron, which has been melted, and has not gone through any further process or purification.

GUICHET, _Fr._ a small door or outlet, which is made in the gates of fortified towns. It is generally four feet high, and two broad; so that a man must stoop to get through. In 1669, the high town of the city of Albuquerque, in Spain, escaped being surprized by means of one of these outlets. In garrison towns, the guichet is left open for the space of one quarter of an hour after the retreat, in order to give the inhabitants time to enter.

GUICHET _d’une porte d’écluse_, an opening which is made in the gate of a sluice, and which closes by means of a flood-gate. It serves to let in water when wanted.

GUIDES, (_guides_, _Fr._) are generally the country people in the neighborhood where an army encamps: they are to give you intelligence concerning the country, the roads by which you are to march, and the route by which the enemy may approach you. Guides should be faithful, because, in giving you false intelligence, or guiding you wrong, they may greatly endanger the army. Several guides are requisite, as every corps that marches by night should have one at least. There is sometimes a captain, or chief of the guides, who should be a man of intelligence, active, and attentive to the diligence and fidelity of his people. He should always have a sufficient number with him, and who are well acquainted with the country.

In time of war, particularly in the seat of it, the guides invariably accompany head-quarters, and a certain number is allotted not only to general officers, but to all detachments made from the main body, either for the purpose of combating the advanced posts of an enemy, of protecting escorts, or securing convoys. Guides, in an army, may be justly called its principal outsets. They are to a body of men what the eyes are to the human frame. They cannot, however, be too jealously watched.

GUIDES, the name given to the non-commissioned officers who take positions to mark the pivots, marches, formations, and alignements in modern discipline; it is expressed in French by the word _jaloneur_, from _jalon_ a post. See JALON.

GUIDES _of manœuvre_, the name given to those which the French call _jaloneur_, and the British markers. The use of guides, is perhaps one of the best conceived and ingenious methods which could be devised to perfect the art of manœuvring troops; and one of its happiest advantages is its fitness for raw or undisciplined troops, which by the aid of _guides_ of manœuvre, may be brought to comprehend and execute every species of movement in company, platoons, divisions, or battalions, in one third of the time formerly required; and in a manner much more perfect than was formerly considered as the utmost excellence. See _Am. Mil. Lib._

GUIDES, corps of, under the new French dynasty have a new organization of which we hear only by some decisive effects.

_Corps des_ GUIDES, _Fr._ The corps of guides. This body was originally formed in France in the year 1756, and consisted of one captain, one 1st lieutenant, one 2d lieutenant, two serjeants, two corporals, one anspessade, and twenty privates, called _fusiliers-guides_.--Twelve out of the twenty-five (which was the effective number) were mounted. These consisted of one Serjeant, one corporal, and ten fusiliers. Their particular duty was to carry orders that required dispatch; and on this account they were always attached to head-quarters. The twelve fusiliers were mounted on small active horses, about four French feet, five or six inches high. They were supplied with a saddle, blue saddle-cloth trimmed with white, holster-caps the same; and they were armed with a fusil and cut-and-thrust bayonet, a pistol, sabre, with a cartouch-box, containing 20 rounds. They wore half-boots, or bottines.--Each man carried, moreover, one field utensil out of the twelve belonging to the company. These utensils consisted of four hatchets, four shovels, and four pick-axes. The thirteen _fusilier guides_ on foot were armed with a fusil six inches shorter than the regular musquet, with a blade-bayonet and a cartouch-box, holding twenty rounds of ball cartridges. Their uniform was a blue coat, waistcoat, and breeches, with flat white metal buttons. The hat was bordered with common white lace for the soldiers, and of a superior quality for the serjeants; which latter had three silver brandenburgs hanging from each shoulder. The corporals had three made of white worsted, and the anspessade two ditto. The daily pay of the captain was 4 livres, or 6s. 8d., the 1st lieutenant 1 livre, 7 sols and 6 deniers, equal to 2s. 4d., the 2d lieutenant 1 livre, or 10d., each serjeant 13 sols, or 6¹⁄₂d., each corporal 10 sols, or 6d., each anspessade 8 sols, 6 deniers, or 4¹⁄₂d. and each private 6 sols, 6 deniers, or 3¹⁄₂d.

GUIDON, _Fr._ See SIGHT.

GUIDON, in ancient military history, the name of a sort of standard broad at one extreme and almost pointed at the other, and slit or divided into two.

GUIDON also implies the officer who carries the guidon or standard.

GUIDONS, in the French service, were exclusively attached to the Gendarmerie; and among them the word formerly meant not only the standard but likewise the officer who carried it.

GUIGNEAU, _Fr._ This word means the same thing as _chevétre_. It is a piece of wood which joins the joists of a floor, that are cut to make room for the hearth of a chimney-piece.

GUILLAUME, _Fr._ a tool somewhat like a plane which is used by carpenters, and of which there are several sorts according to the nature of the work.

GUINDAS, _Fr._ All machines which by means of a wheel and its axis serve to raise heavy loads, are so called by the French.

GUINDER, _Fr._ to draw up any weight. Hence the term _guindage_, which is applied to the movement of loads that are raised and let down.

GUISARMIERS, _Fr._ a body of free archers, or bowmen, who took their name from an offensive weapon called _guisarme_, or _jusarme_, somewhat similar to the _voulgue_, a sort of javelin, which was used in hunting the wild boar. Its length was equal to that of the halbert, and it had a broad piece of sharp iron fixed to one end.

GULLY. Any hollow which has been made by running water. Ambuscades are frequently laid in such places.

GUN, a fire-arm, or weapon of offence, which forcibly discharges a bullet through a cylindrical barrel by means of gunpowder. The term is chiefly applied to cannon.

Somnerus derives gun from _mangon_, a warlike machine, which was used before the invention of guns. He establishes his derivation by taking away the first syllable.

_Curricle_ GUNS are small pieces of ordnance, mounted upon carriages of two wheels, and drawn by two horses. The artillery-man is seated on a box, and the whole can be moved forward into action with astonishing rapidity. The tumbrils belonging to curricle guns carry 60 rounds of ball cartridges. Great improvements are daily making in this machine on account of its acknowleged utility.

_Great_ GUN. See CANNON.

_Evening_ GUN, _Morning_ GUN is generally a 6 or 12-pounder, which is fired every night about sun-set, and every morning at sun-rise, to give notice to the drums and trumpets of the army, to beat and sound the retreat and the reveille.

Morning and evening, and other signal guns, by the United States regulations, are not to be fired from larger calibres than 6 or 12 pounders; which calibres are seldom mounted on permanent works.

GUN-_fire_. The time at which the morning or evening gun is fired.

GUN-_boat_, a boat which is generally used to form a kind of floating battery, to cover the landing of troops.

GUNNEL, _or_ GUNWALE, the lower part of any port where ordnance is planted. It likewise means that beam in a pontoon which supports the main waste.

GUNNER, in the artillery, is the title of the first and second artillerist at a gun in battery; all the rest are called aids.

GUNNERY, the art of determining the motions of bodies shot from cannon, mortars, howitzers, &c. See the article PROJECTILE.

The late ingenious Mr. Robins, having concluded from experiments, that the force of fired gunpowder, at the instant of its explosion, is the same with that of an elastic fluid of a thousand times the density of common air, and that the elasticity of this fluid, like that of the air, is proportional to its density, proposes the following problem.

The dimensions of any piece of artillery, the weight of its ball, and the quantity of its charge being given; to determine the velocity which the shot will acquire from the explosion, supposing the elasticity or force of the powder at the first instant of its firing to be given.

In the solution of this important problem, he assumes the two following principles: 1. That the action of the powder on the shot ceases as soon as it is got out of the piece. 2. That all the powder of the charge is fired, and converted into an elastic fluid, before the shot is sensibly moved from its place.

These assumptions, and the conclusions above mentioned, make the action of fired gunpowder to be entirely similar to that of air condensed a thousand times; and from thence it will not be difficult to determine the velocity of the shot arising from the explosion: for the force of the fired powder diminishing in proportion to its expansion, and ceasing when it is got out of the piece; the total action of the powder may be represented by the area of a curve, the base of which represents the space through which the ball is accelerated, while the ordinates represent the force of the powder at every point of that space; and these ordinates being in reciprocal proportion to their distance from the breech of the gun, because when the spaces occupied by the fired powder are as 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. the ordinates representing it will be as 1, 1-half, ¹⁄₃d, ¹⁄₄th, &c. It appears that the curve will be a common parabola, and that the area intercepted between is an asymptote; and that the two ordinates representing the force of the powder at the first explosion, and at the muzzle of the piece, will represent the total action of the powder on the shot; but if the shot were urged through the same space by an uniform force equal to its gravity, the total action of this force would be represented by a rectangle, the base of which would be the base of the curve or intercepted portion of the asymptote above mentioned, and the height of which would represent the uniform force of gravity. Hence the square of the velocity of the shot resulting from gravity is given, being the velocity it would acquire from a height equal to the space through which the powder accelerates it; and the proportion between the hyperbola and the rectangle is given from the analogy between the hyperbolic paces and logarithms; therefore the velocity of the ball arising from the action of the fired gunpowder will be given.

Mr. Robins has also given us an ingenious way of determining, by experiments, the velocity with which any shot moves at any distance of the piece it is discharged from.

This may be effected by means of a pendulum made of iron, having a broad part at bottom, covered with a thick piece of wood, which is fastened to the iron by screws; then having a machine like a common artillery-gin, on two of its poles, towards their tops, are screwed sockets, on which the pendulum is hung by means of a cross piece, which becomes its axis of suspension, and on which it should vibrate with great freedom. Somewhat lower than the bottom of the pendulum there should be a brace, joining to which the pendulum is suspended; and to this brace there is fastened a contrivance made with two edges of steel, something in the manner of a drawing-pen; the strength with which these edges press on each other, being diminished or increased at pleasure by means of a screw. To the bottom of the pendulum should be fastened a narrow riband, which, passing between the steel edges, may hang closely down by means of an opening cut in the lower piece of steel.

The instrument being thus fitted, if the weight of the pendulum, the respective distances of its centre of gravity, and of its centre of oscillation from the axis of suspension, be known, it may from thence be found what motion will be communicated to this pendulum by the percussion of a body of a known weight, moving with a known degree of velocity, and sinking it into a given point; that is, if the pendulum be supposed to rest before the percussion, it will be known what vibration it should make in consequence of such a blow; and if the pendulum, being at rest, is struck by a body of a known weight, and the vibration which the pendulum makes after the stroke is known, the velocity of the striking body may from thence be determined.

Now the extent of the vibration made by the pendulum may be increased by the riband: for if the pressure of the steel edges on the riband be regulated by the screw, so as to be free and easy, though with some minute resistance to hinder it from slipping itself; then setting the pendulum at rest, let the part of the riband between the pendulum and the steel edges be down straight, but not strained, and fixing a pin in the part of the riband contiguous to the edges, the pendulum, swinging back by means of the impulse of the ball, will draw out the riband to the just extent of its vibration, which will be determined by the interval on the riband between the edges and the space of the pin.

The computation by which the velocity of the shot is determined from the vibration of the pendulum, after the stroke, is founded on the principle of mechanics; that if a body in motion strikes another at rest, and they are not separated after the stroke, but move on with one common motion, then that common motion is equal to the motion with which the first body moved before the stroke; whence, if that common motion and the masses of the two bodies are known, the motion of the first body before the stroke is thence determined. On this principle it follows, that the velocity of a shot may be diminished in any given ratio, by its being made to impinge on a body of weight properly proportioned to it.