Chapter D: Caldwell, (45)

MINISTER, according to Johnson, is one who acts not by any inherent authority of his own, but under another. Thus in England all ministers act under a supreme authority, which is vested in the king, lords, and commons, to whom they are responsible. In military matters, there is not only a war minister, but a secretary at war, who likewise acts conjointly with the secretary of state. All dispatches and papers of consequence relating to the army must first pass through the secretary of state, and the war minister, before they are laid before parliament, or otherwise acted upon by the secretary at war. The common arrangements of corps, directions with respect to marching, &c. are transmitted to the secretary at war, and to the quarter-master general’s office, without previously passing through the secretary of state, or war minister.

MINISTRE _de la guerre_, _Fr._ Minister of the war department. The appointment of minister and secretary at war, among the French, first took place in the reign of Henry the II. in 1549. See WAR.

MINUTE, a hasty sketch taken of any thing in writing. Hence minutes of a general or regimental court-martial.

MINUTES _of council in the military department_. The notification of orders and regulations, which are directed to be observed by the British army in India, is so called. These minutes receive the sanction of the governor-general in council, and are the result of previous communications from the court of directors in Europe. They answer to the French word _Résultat_, which was prefixed to all orders and regulations that were occasionally issued by the military boards, or conseils de guerre, for the government of the army. The term, _jugement d’un conseil de guerre_, corresponded with our minutes of a general or regimental court-martial, and expressed not only the minutes but the sentence of the court.

MINUTE, the 60th part of each degree of a circle; and, in computation of time, the 60th part of an hour: it also denotes a short memoir or hasty sketch taken of any thing in writing. See MEASURE.

_La_ MINUTE, _Fr._ The original of a sentence or decree.

_To_ MISBEHAVE, in a military sense, to act in any manner unbecoming the character of an officer or soldier.

_To_ MISBEHAVE _before the enemy_, to abandon the colors, or shamefully give way in action, &c. See WAR.

MIQUELETS, _Fr._ A banditti that infest the Pyrenean mountains, and are extremely obnoxious to travellers.

MIQUELETTI. A small body of mountain fusileers, belonging to the Neapolitan army.

MIRE, _Fr._ In the French artillery, a piece of wood about four inches thick, one foot high, and two feet and a half long, which is used in pointing cannon.

_Coins de_ MIRE, _Fr._ Wedges made of wood, which serve to raise or depress any piece of ordnance. They are likewise used for the same purpose in mortars.

MIRZA, _Ind._ Sir, lord, master.

MISCELLANEOUS, an item or charge in the estimates of the British army, so distinguished as _miscellaneous services_; the same as our contingent expenditures.

MISERICORDE, _Fr._ a short dagger, which the cavalry formerly used, for the purpose of dispatching an enemy who would not ask quarter or mercy.

MISSILE, MISSIVE, any weapon which is either thrown by the hand, or which strikes at a distance from the moving power.

MITRAILLE, _Fr._ small pieces of old iron, such as heads of nails, &c. with which pieces of ordnance are frequently loaded.

_Tirer à_ MITRAILLE, _Fr._ To fire with grape shot. This term is frequently used by the French, to express the bribery which is practised in war time by one nation upon another, for the purpose of fomenting civil insurrections. Hence _tirer à mitraille d’or_.

MITRE, MITER, a mode of joining two boards, or other pieces of wood together at right angles.

MOAT, A wet or dry ditch, dug round the walls of a town, or fortified place. When an enemy attacks a town, which has dry moats round it, the rampart must be approached by galleries under ground, which galleries are run beneath the moat; when the place is attempted through wet moats, your approaches must be made by galleries above ground, that is to say, by galleries raised above the surface of the water. The brink of the moat next the rampart is called the scarp, and the opposite one the counterscarp.

_Dry_-MOAT, that which has no water. It should invariably be deeper than the one that is full of water.

_Flat bottomed_ MOAT, that which hath no sloping, its corners being somewhat rounded.

_Lined_ MOAT, that whose scarp and counterscarp are cased with a wall of mason work made aslope.

MODEL, a mould; also a diminutive representation of any thing. Thus models of warlike instruments, fortifications, &c. &c. are preserved in the British laboratory at Woolwich.

MODERN, something of our own times, in opposition to what is antique or ancient.

MODERN _Tactics_, _and_ MODERN _Art of War_, That system of manœuvre and evolution, which has been adopted since the invention of gunpowder, and particularly the system improved by the French within twenty years. See _Am. Mil. Lib._

_Ancient Tactics, and ancient art of War._ The system which was pursued by the Greeks and Romans, &c. before the invention of gunpowder and fire arms.

MOGNIONS, from the French Maignon, signifying the stump of a limb. A sort of armor for the shoulders.

MOGUL, the emperor of India, from whom the nabobs (properly _Naib_, a deputy,) originally received their appointments, as governors and superintendants of provinces.

MOGUL _Tartars_, a nation so called that made considerable conquests in India.

MOHUR, _Ind._ A golden coin, of which there are several values, but generally goes for fifteen or sixteen rupees; a rupee half our dollar.

MOIENNE, _Fr._ A piece of ordnance, which is now called a four pounder, and which is ten feet long, was formerly so called.

MOINEAU, a French term for a little flat bastion, raised upon a re-entering angle, before a curtain which is too long, between two other bastions. It is commonly joined to the curtain, but sometimes separated by a fosse, and then called a detached bastion. They are not raised so high as the works of the place.

MOIS _Romains_, _Fr._ a term used in Germany, to signify a particular tax or contribution, which the emperors had a right to demand on urgent occasions. This tax grew out of an old custom which originally prevailed when the emperors went to Rome to be crowned, and which served to defray their expences thither. Thus when the tax was required, it was called for as a contribution of so many _Roman months_; implying a certain sum for so many.

MOISSON, _Fr._ Harvest. This word is used in various senses by the French, particularly in two of a poetical and figurative kind, viz. _Il a vu cinquante moissons_; he has lived fifty years, literally, has seen fifty harvests.

MOISSON _de lauriers_, _Fr._ a succession of victories, &c. literally a harvest of laurels.

MOISSON _de gloire_, is taken in the same sense.

MOISSONNER _des lauriers_, _Fr._ To reap laurels.

MOISSONNER _les hommes_, _Fr._ To kill off, &c. To mow down men.

MOLLER, _Fr._ Literally means to wax soft. It is used figuratively among the French to signify, in a military sense, the yielding or giving way of armed men, viz. _les troupes mollisent_, the troops gave way.

MOLLESSE, _Fr._ in a figurative sense, signifies want of firmness or resolution. _Je crains la mollesse de vos conseils_; I mistrust the pliant tendency of your advice or counsel.

MONDE, _Fr._ in a military sense, means men or soldiers, viz.

_Ce capitaine n’avoit que la moitié de son monde_; such a captain had only half his complement of men.

_On a perdue beaucoup de monde_, _Fr._ They lost a considerable number of men.

_Il a un monde d’ennemis sur les bras_, _Fr._ he is assailed by a multiplicity of foes.

_Aller à l’autre monde_, _Fr._ This expression bears the same import in English that it does in French, viz. to die--literally, to go into the other world.

_Le Nouveau Monde_, _Fr._ This term is frequently used to denote America. Hence _L’Ancien et le Nouveau Monde_, means the two continents.

MONEY-_matters_. An expression in familiar use to express all pecuniary concerns. It cannot be too strongly recommended to every responsible military man to be scrupulously correct on this head. More than half the breaches of friendship and common acquaintance that occur in life, may be traced to irregularity: but in no instance are its effects so fatal, as when the soldier is wronged, or is induced to think so by the omissions, &c. of officers or serjeants.

_Of the Monies, Weights, and Measures, of Foreign Nations respectively with those of England._

In order to the attainment of a just comparison of foreign monies with our own, the following tables are subjoined.

The first table contains the denominations of the principal foreign monies of account, and their intrinsic value in English money, calculated upon the existing proportion between gold and silver in the respective countries.

The second table shews the names of the principal foreign coins in gold, their weight, their fineness, their pure contents, and the intrinsic value of each in relation to the gold coins of Great Britain.

The third table relates to silver coins, upon similar principles to those of the second.

The comparison of the weights and measures of foreign nations with those of England is established by the following tables.

The fourth table bespeaks the names of the weights used for precious metals, the quantity which each contains in grains troy-weight, and the relation of the several foreign weights to 100 pounds troy-weight.

The fifth table denotes the names of the weights used in the sale of merchandize, the quantity which each contains in troy-weight, and the relation of foreign weights to 100 and to 112 pounds avoirdupois-weight.

The sixth table relates to the measures used in the sale of corn, to the number of English cubic inches of the internal measurement of each, and to the relation of foreign measures to 10 quarters Winchester measure.

The seventh table comprises the measures for liquids, the quantity of English cubic inches which each contains internally, and the relation of foreign measures to 100 gallons English.

The eighth table relates to cloth measures, to the length of each in lines, and to the relation of foreign measures to 100 yards and to 100 ells.

The ninth table is descriptive of measures of length for measuring masts, timber, and other solid bodies, of the number of lines contained in each, and of the proportion between foreign measures of a similar description and 100 feet English.

The tenth table refers to land measures, to the quantity of English square feet which each contains, and to the proportion between foreign measures of this description and 100 acres.

The eleventh and last table is founded upon itinerary measures, the length of each in feet, and the proportion between the measures severally adopted in different countries and a degree of the equator.

Independently of the facility which will be afforded by these tables in the comparison of the monies, weights, and measures of foreign nations with those of England, it will not be difficult to find the relation of the monies, weights, and measures of foreign countries, in respect to each other, by the guidance of the explanations at the foot of each of the tables in question.

It will be observed, that in order to avoid the multiplicity of the denominators of fractions, and to give to the several calculations a greater degree of exactitude, the unit has constantly been divided, in the following tables, into 100 parts.

TABLE, _which shews the intrinsic Value of the monies of account of Foreign Nations expressed in pence sterling_.

MONIES OF ACCOUNT.

_Pence_ 100
Aix la Chapelle, the specie rixdollar 42, 75
the current rixdollar 32, 25
Amsterdam, the pound Flemish banco 132, 48
the florin banco 22, 08
the pound Flemish current 126, 36
the florin current 21, 06
Arragon, the libra jaquesa 47, 80
Augsburgh, the gulden exchange money 32, 51
the gulden currency 25, 60
the gulden white money 21, 33
Barcelona, the libra catalana 27, 32
Basil, the rixdollar of exchange 48, 25
the current rixdollar 43, 40
the current livre 14, 46
Bengal, the current rupee 21,
the sicca rupee 30,
Bergamo, the lira 5, 13
Berlin, the rixdollar gold currency 39, 66
the rixdollar silver currency 35, 97
the pound banco 48, 75
Bern, the current livre 14, 67
Bologna, the scudo di cambio 48, 09
the lira di cambio 11, 31
the current livre 11, 05
Bolzano, the gulden exchange money 35,
the gulden current money 25, 66
Bombay, the current rupee 23, 63
Bremen, the rixdollar 38, 40
Breslaw, the rixdollar gold currency 39, 66
the rixdollar silver currency 35, 97
the pound banco 48, 75
Brunswick, the current thaler 38, 40
Bussorah, the mamudi 5, 50
Calcutta, the sicca rupee 30,
the current rupee 21,
the arcot rupee 24,
Canary Islands, the current real 5, 82
Cassel, the thaler 38, 40
China, the tale 80,
Cologne, the specie rixdollar 31, 71
the current rixdollar 30, 92
Copenhagen, the specie reichsthaler 55, 85
the current reichsthaler 45, 46
Curacoa, the dollar 43, 09
Dantzic, the florin 9, 14
Dublin, the pound Irish 221, 54
Elsinore, the specie rixdollar 34, 75
the crown rixdollar 32, 18
the current rixdollar 30, 92
England, the pound sterling 240,
Flanders, the florin or exchange 20, 25
the current florin 17, 37
Florence, the scudo d’oro 62, 45
the ducato 58, 29
the pezza of 8 reals 47, 88
the lira moneta buona 8, 32
France, the livre tournois 9, 49
the franc 9, 61
Francfort, the thaler 38, 40
the gulden 25, 60
Geneva, the current crown 49, 20
the current livre 40, 16
the florin 4, 68
Genoa, the scudo d’oro marche 89, 50
the scudo d’argento 73, 13
the pezza fuori di banco 48, 12
the scudo di cambio 38, 50
the lira fuori di banco 8, 37
Germany, the reichsthaler constitution money 56, 84
the thaler ditto 42, 63
the gulden ditto 28, 42
the reichsthaler convention money 51, 20
the thaler ditto 38, 40
the gulden ditto 25, 60
Hamburgh, the pound Flemish banco 138, 37
the rixdollar banco 55, 35
the marc banco 18, 45
the rixdollar currency 45,
the marc currency 15,
Hanover, the current thaler 42, 63
Konigsberg, the gulden 12, 17
Leghorn, the pezza of 8 reals 47, 88
the lira moneta buona 8, 32
the lira moneta lunga 7, 97
Leipsic, the current thaler 38, 40
Liege, the gulden 12, 96
Lubec, the reichsthaler 45, 21
the marc 15, 07
Lucca, the scudo d’oro 56, 32
the lira 7, 51
Madras, the pagoda of 36 fanams 94, 75
the Carnatic rupee of 10 fanams 26, 32
Malta, the silver crown 40, 26
the copper crown 26, 84
Martinique, the livre currency 7, 12
Mexico, the dollar 52, 60
Milan, the scudo imperiale 64, 14
the current scudo 45, 33
the lira currency 7, 88
Modena, the lira 3, 81
Morocco, the ducat 105,
Munich, the current thaler 32, 04
the current gulden 21, 36
Naples, the ducato di regno 42, 50
Navarre, the ducado of 10⁸⁄₉ reals 53, 95
the libra of 60 maravedis 8, 25
the real of 36 ditto 4, 95
Nuremberg, the current thaler 38, 40
the thaler gold money 38, 95
the thaler white money 31, 97
Pegu, the silver tical 33, 70
Persia, the toman 289, 65
Poland, the florin of Great Poland 7, 10
Poland, the florin of Little Poland 14, 20
Pondicherry, the pagoda 93, 50
the current rupee 24, 20
Portugal, the milreis 67, 50
Prague, the current gulden 25, 60
Ratisbon, the gulden white money 25, 60
Riga, the albertus rixdollar 53, 29
Rome, the scudo di stampa d’oro 80, 92
the scudo moneta 53, 16
Rostock, the thaler 45, 20
the zweydrittel 30, 13
Russia, the ruble 33, 58
St. Eustatia, the dollar 38, 25
St. Gall, the gulden exchange money 27, 90
the gulden currency 24,
Sardinia, the lira 11, 50
Siam, the gold tical 465, 50
the silver tical 39, 25
Sicily, the onza 130, 77
Smyrna, the piastre 13, 50
Spain, the pistole of exchange 153,
the ducat of exchange 52, 73
the dollar of exchange 38, 25
the real of plate 4, 78
the real of vellon 2, 54
Sweden, the riksdahler 55, 35
Surat, the rupee 25,
Surinam, the florin 25, 25
Trieste, the gulden of 60 kreitzers 25, 60
the florin of 5 lire 24, 20
Turin, the scudo of 6 lire 69, 84
the lira 11, 64
Turkey, the piastre 13, 50
United States, the dollar _at par_ 54,
Valencia, the libra of 20 sueldos 38, 25
Venice, the lira piccoli _inclusive of the
agio_ on the zecchins 5, 12
Vienna, the current thaler 38, 40
the current gulden 25, 60
Zante, the real of 10 lire 41, 15
Zurich, the gulden exchange money 27, 50
the gulden currency 25,

The following example will shew in what manner the relation between the monies of account of any two given countries may be ascertained.

_Example._

Let it be required to express, in pence Irish, the value of a marc banco of Hamburgh.

The marc being worth 18,45 pence sterling, and the pound Irish 221,54, according to the table prefixed, I state the following equation:

1 marc banco = _x_
1 marc ban. = 18,45 pence sterling
221,54 pence ster. = 1 pound Irish
1 pound Irish = 240 pence Irish
Result 19,99 pence Irish.

TABLE, _which shews the Weight, Fineness, and pure Contents of the principal Gold Coin of foreign Nations, as well as their intrinsic Value, expressed in English Money_.

GOLD COINS.

| | | Pure |
| Weight| Fineness|contents| Value
| ---- | ---- | ---- | ----
|Grs.100|Car. grs.|Grs. 100|_s._ _d._100
+-------+---------+--------+------------
Bavaria, the carl | 150,32| 18 2⁵⁄₆| 117,18 | 20 8,87
the max | 100,21| 18 2²⁄₃| 77,94 | 13 9,54
Bengal, the gold mohur | 176,50| 23 3 | 174,66 | 30 10,95
Brunswick, the carl | 102,36| 21 3 | 92,76 | 16 5,02
Denmark, the ducat of 12| | | |
marcs | 48,21| 21 0²⁄₃| 42,52 | 7 6,30
England, the guinea | 129,44| 22 | 118,65 | 21
the half guinea| 64,72| 22 | 59,33 | 10 6,
the 7s piece | 43,13| 22 | 39,55 | 7
Flanders, the double | | | |
souverain | 171,50| 22 | 157,20 | 27 9,79
the souverain | 85,75| 22 | 78,60 | 13 10,89
France, the louis of | | | |
1726 | 122,90| 21 2²⁄₃| 110,95 | 19 7,65
the louis of | | | |
1785 | 117,83| 21 2²⁄₃| 106,37 | 18 9,93
the 40 franc | | | |
piece | 199,25| 21 2²⁄₅| 179,32 | 31 8,85
the 20 franc | | | |
piece | 99,62| 21 2²⁄₅| 89,66 | 15 10,42
Geneva, the pistole of | | | |
1752 | 87,13| 22 | 79,87 | 14 1,63
Genoa, the zecchino | 53,80| 23 3¹⁄₂| 53,52 | 9 5,67
Germany, the ducat | 53,85| 23 2²⁄₃| 53,10 | 9 4,78
Hamburgh, the ducat | 53,85| 23 2 | 52,73 | 9 4,
Hanover, the georges | 103,03| 21 3 | 93,37 | 16 6,31
the gold gulden| 50,06| 19 0¹⁄₃| 39,80 | 7 0,54
Holland, the ryder | 153,54| 22 | 14,74 | 24 10,92
the ducat | 53,85| 23 2 | 52,73 | 9 4,
Hungary, the ducat of | | | |
Kremnitz | 53,85| 23 3 | 53,29 | 9 5,18
Madras, the star pagoda| 52,75| 19 2 | 42,86 | 7 7,05
Naples, the onza | 68,10| 21 | 59,59 | 10 6,56
Piedmont, the zecchino | 54, | 23 3¹⁄₂| 53,72 | 9 6,09
the pistole of | | | |
1741 | 110,10| 21 3 | 99,78 | 17 7,92
the doppia of | | | |
1755 | 148,50| 21 3 | 134,58 | 23 9,83
Portugal, the joanese | 221,87| 22 | 203,39 | 36
the moidore | 166, | 21 3³⁄₄| 151,30 | 26 9,35
Prussia, the frederick | 103,03| 21 3 | 93,37 | 16 6,31
Rome, the zecchino | 53,55| 23 2 | 52,43 | 9 3,36
Russia, the imperial of| | | |
1755 | 255,53| 22 | 234,23 | 41 5,49
the imperial of| | | |
1763 | 202,18| 22 | 185,33 | 32 9,62
the imperial of| | | |
1801 | 202,18| 23 2¹⁄₂| 199,90 | 35 2,70
Saxony, the august | 102, | 21 2²⁄₃| 92,08 | 16 3,57
Siam, the tical | 281,88| 19 0¹⁄₃| 224,13 | 39 8,04
Sicily, the onza | 67,94| 21 3 | 61,57 | 10 10,77
Spain, the doubloon | | | |
before 1772 | 416,65| 21 3³⁄₄| 380,85 | 67 4,87
the doubloon of| | | |
1772 | 416,65| 21 2²⁄₃| 376,14 | 66 6,88
the doubloon of| | | |
1785 | 416,65| 21 2 | 373,25 | 66 0,74
Sweden, the adolphus | 102,95| 15 1¹⁄₂| 65,77 | 11 7,70
Tuscany, the ruopono | 161,33| 23 3²⁄₃| 160,77 | 28 5,45
United States the eagle | 268,66| 22 | 246,27 | 43 7,05
Venice, the zecchino | 54, | 23 3¹⁄₂| 53,72 | 9 6,09
Wirtemberg, the carl | 150,32| 18 2⁵⁄₆| 117,18 | 20 8,87

In the first column of this table is shewn the weight of each foreign coin in grains troy-weight; in the second column, the degree of the fineness in carats and grains of a carat; in the third column, the contents of fine gold in grains troy-weight; and in the fourth, the intrinsic value expressed in shillings and pence sterling.

The following example will be of guidance to ascertain the value of foreign coin in other money also foreign.

_Example._

It is required to express the value of a louis d’or of France coined since 1785 in the money of Portugal.

As it is seen by the prefixed table that the louis of 24 livres tournois contains 106,37 grains of fine gold, and that the joanese of 6400 reis contains 203,39 grains of fine gold, I state the following equation:

1 louis = _x_
1 louis = 106,37 grains
203,39 grains = 1 joanese
1 joanese = 6400 reis
Result 3347 reis.

TABLE, _which shews the Weight, Fineness and pure Contents of the principal Silver Coins of foreign Nations, as well as their intrinsic Value, expressed in English Money_.

SILVER COINS.

| | | Pure |
| Weight|Fineness|contents| Value
| ---- | ---- | ---- | ----
|Grs.100|Oz. dwt.| Grs.100|_d._100
+-------+--------+--------+-------
Aix la Chapelle, the rathspræsentger| 95,68| 7 1 | 56,21 | 7,85
Arabia, the larin | 74,17|10 17¹⁄₂| 56,84 | 7,93
Basil, the reichsthaler | 436,89|10 10 | 382,28 | 53,38
Bengal, the sicca rupee | 179,55|11 18¹⁄₂| 178,43 | 24,92
Bern, the patagon | 417,63|10 | 348, | 48,59
Bombay, the rupee | 178,31|11 15 | 174,60 | 24,38
Denmark, the riksdahler | 449,87|10 10 | 393,64 | 54,97
the krohn | 344, | 8 1 | 230,77 | 32,23
England, the crown | 464,52|11 2 | 429,68 | 60,00
the shilling | 92,90|11 2 | 85,94 | 12,
Flanders, the ducaton | 513,29|10 8³⁄₄| 446,46 | 62,34
the croon | 456,91|10 8¹⁄₂| 395,71 | 55,26
the patagon | 433, |10 10 | 378,88 | 52,91
France, the ecu of 1726 | 452,50|10 18 | 411,03 | 57,40
the 5 franc piece | 386,14|10 16 | 347,52 | 48,53
Geneva, the patagon | 416,87|10 | 347,38 | 48,51
Genoa, the genovina | 593,10|11 9 | 565,93 | 79,03
the St. Gianbatista| 321,66|11 | 294,85 | 41,17
the giorgino | 91,25|10 6²⁄₃| 78,58 | 10,97
the double madonina| 140,19|10 1²⁄₃| 117,80 | 16,45
Germany, the reichsthaler | | | |
constitution money | 450,97|10 13¹⁄₃| 400,87 | 55,98
the gulden ditto | 225,48|10 13¹⁄₃| 200,43 | 27,99
the reichsthaler | | | |
convention money | 432,93|10 | 360,78 | 50,38
the gulden ditto | 216,46|10 | 180,39 | 25,19
the old zweydrittel| | | 229,05 | 31,98
the new zweydrittel| | | 200,42 | 27,98
Hamburgh, the rixdollar banco| 450,52|10 13¹⁄₂| 400,47 | 55,92
the marc banco | 150,17|10 13¹⁄₃| 133,49 | 18,64
the rix dollar lubs| 124,41| 9 | 318,30 | 44,43
the marc lubs | 141,47| 9 | 106,10 | 14,81
Holland, the ducatoon | 503,50|11 5 | 472,03 | 65,91
the three florin | | | |
piece | 488, |11 | 447,33 | 62,46
the rixdaler | 433,17|10 10 | 379,03 | 52,93
the leeuwendaler | 422, | 8 18 | 312,98 | 43,70
the gold florin | 307, | 7 7 | 188,04 | 26,26
the current florin | 162,70|10 19 | 148,46 | 20,73
Madras, the rupee | 178,88|11 16¹⁄₂| 176,28 | 24,61
Milan, the philip | 430,21|11 8¹⁄₂| 409,30 | 57,15
Naples, the ducat | 336, |10 19 | 306,60 | 42,81
Piedmont, the ducatoon | 491,03|11 8¹⁄₃| 467,17 | 65,23
the scudo of 1733 | 459,88|10 19¹⁄₆| 419,96 | 58,64
the scudo of 1755 | 542,95|10 17¹⁄₂| 492,05 | 68,71
Pondicherry, the rupee | 177,27|11 11 | 170,63 | 23,83
Poland, the tympfe | 89,75| 6 3¹⁄₂| 46,12 | 6,44
Portugal, the cruzade | 265,65|10 15¹⁄₂| 238,54 | 33,31
Prussia, the current | | | |
rixdollar | 343,42| 9 | 257,57 | 35,97
Rome, the scudo moneta | 408,70|11 | 374,64 | 52,31
the testono | 130,54|11 | 119,67 | 16,71
the papeta | 81,59|11 | 74,79 | 10,44
Russia, the ruble of 1755 | 402,76| 9 10 | 318,85 | 44,52
the ruble of 1763 | 369,88| 9 | 277,41 | 38,74
the ruble of 1801 | 77,48|10 8 | 240,48 | 33,58
the livonina of | | | |
1757 | 411,66| 9 1¹⁄₄| 310,99 | 43,41
the rixdollar | | | |
albertus | 433,17|10 10 | 379,03 | 52,93
Saxony, the old | | | |
reichsthaler | 450,97|10 13¹⁄₃| 400,87 | 55,98
the new | | | |
reichsthaler | 432,93|10 | 360,78 | 50,38
the | | | |
zweydrittelstucke | 212,14|11 6²⁄₃| 200,35 | 27,98
Spain, the hard dollar | | | |
before 1772 | 416,40|10 18¹⁄₃| 378,81 | 52,90
the hard dollar | | | |
since 1772 | 416,40|10 15 | 373,03 | 52,09
Sweden, the reichsthaler of| | | |
1764 | 451,56|10 10⁵⁄₆| 396,69 | 55,39
the ducatoon | 484, |11 1¹⁄₄| 446,18 | 62,30
the carolin | 160,51| 8 6²⁄₃| 111,47 | 15,56
the ten oere silver| | | |
piece | 108,30| 5 6²⁄₃| 48,13 | 6,72
Tuscany, the francescono | 422,75|11 | 387,52 | 54,11
the lanternina | 420, |11 1 | 386,75 | 54,
the livornina | 402, |11 1 | 370,18 | 51,69
United States, the dollar | 409,79|11 | 375,64 | 52,45
Venice, the ducat | 350,83| 9 18 | 289,44 | 40,42
the scudo | 489,54|11 | 448,75 | 62,66
the giustina | 433,17|11 | 397,07 | 55,45

In the first column of this table is shewn the weight of each foreign coin in grains troy-weight; in the second column, the degree of fineness in carats and grains of a carat; in the third column, the contents of fine silver in grains troy-weight; and in the fourth, the intrinsic value expressed in pence sterling.

The following example will shew in what manner the value of a foreign coin in other money also foreign may be ascertained.

_Example._

It is required to express the value of a Spanish hard dollar in the money of France.

As it is seen by the prefixed table that the hard dollar contains 373,03 grains of fine silver, and that the piece of 5 francs contains 347,52 grains of fine silver, I state the following equation:

1 hard dollar = _x_
1 hard dol. = 373,03 grains
347,52 grains = 5 franc piece
Result 5 francs 37 cents

MONIES, in a military sense, are such sums as are issued for public service, and are more specifically distinguished by the appellation of army estimates. It is usual for the secretary at war to move for the estimates of the army. The following sums shew the amount of the British military establishment on the 17th of February, 1801:--

1,615,878_l._ for guards and garrisons.

1,743,773_l._ for maintenance of troops abroad.

17,232_l._ for land forces for Ireland.

355,000_l._ for recruiting in Great Britain.

319,479_l._ for ditto in Ireland.

86,523_l._ for generals and staff officers in Great Britain.

48,197_l._ for ditto in Ireland.

973,433_l._ for militia in Great Britain.

1,338,000_l._ for ditto in Ireland.

57,000_l._ for fencibles in Great Britain.

34,451_l._ for contingencies in Ireland.

25,876_l._ for supernumerary officers.

11,628_l._ for officers’ clerks, &c. in Great Britain.

6,416_l._ for ditto in Ireland.

255,000_l._ for increased rates for subsistence to inn-keepers in Great Britain.

115,384_l._ allowance for beer.

138,979_l._ for reduced officers in Great Britain.

148,382_l._ for the in and out pensioners of Chelsea.

35,923_l._ for ditto of hospital at Kilmainham, near Dublin.

455,000_l._ for volunteer cavalry in Great Britain.

425,139_l._ for ditto in Ireland.

33,394_l._ for foreign troops in British pay.

456,000_l._ for the augmentation of 10,000 in Great Britain.

21,332_l._ for contingencies in Ireland.

To be added, 1,033,750_l._ for the ordnance of the current year.

30,937_l._ for extraordinaries not provided for in 1799.

58,756_l._ for ditto not provided for in 1800.

_Regimental_ MONIES. All sums issued to paymasters for the subsistence, &c. of the men belonging to a regiment, are so called; for the regular distribution of which the paymasters and captains of companies are responsible. _La comptabilité_, among the French, corresponds with this explanation.

_Ley_-MONEY. The money which is paid for recruiting the army, is so called.

_Smart_ MONEY. The money which was paid by the person who has taken the enlisting money, in order to get released from an engagement entered into previous to a regular enlistment.

_Bounty_ MONEY.--See RECRUITING.

MONOMACHY, (_Monomachie_, _Fr._) a single combat, or the fighting of two, hand to hand. It is derived from the Greek. A duel may be properly called Monomachy.

MONSON _ou_ MOUSON, _Fr._ a word derived from the Arabic, signifying the wind of any particular season, or one that blows regularly. See MONSOONS.

MONSOONS. In India the year is divided into two seasons. From the month of October to March, the winds blow from the north-western, and during the rest of the year from the south-eastern points of the compass: these seasons are by mariners called monsoons; the change from the one to the other is generally preceded by an interval of about twenty days, in which calms, or light and uncertain winds prevail: the setting in of the northern monsoons generally falls out some time in the month of September, as that of the southern in the month of April. On the coast of Coromandel the northern monsoon sometimes begins with a violent tempest or hurricane; and if the monsoon sets in with moderation, it is often productive of tempestuous weather at different intervals, until the middle of December, and sometimes later; so that it is held dangerous for any vessels to remain on the coast after the 15th of October, or to return to it before the 20th of December.

MONTAGNES, _Fr._ Hills, mountains, &c. In a military sense, the term is peculiarly applicable to that species of warfare which is carried on in a mountainous and intersected country. We have already given a general outline of this species of warfare under the head _Guerre de Montagne_: nevertheless the following observations may not appear superfluous or irrelevant in this place. The chevalier Folard has written largely, and with no inconsiderable degree of method, on that part of a war among hills, &c. where an army might run the risk of being surrounded, or shut up. He observes, that a body of men may be drawn into snares by the well concerted movements of an able and active enemy, most especially in a country which is intersected by rivers, and occasionally broken with hills and eminences. Although disasters of this sort are manifest proofs of a want of ability in the person who holds the chief command, they become infinitely more disgraceful when a general runs headlong into a snare, as Euripidas did, without having sufficient courage to attempt a daring enterprize; for it certainly remains with ourselves to determine, whether we chuse to move into an impracticable country; and it equally rests with us to avoid stratagems and snares.

All this, however, depends upon a knowlege of the country into which the war is carried; and as it is impossible to be in possession of the requisite information without some extraneous means, every general ought to lay it down as a maxim, not to advance into a mountainous country without having a good number of intelligent and faithful guides. These, in addition to some able topographers, will prevent the possibility of being surprised, and make him thoroughly master of all the passes, &c.

It is not, however, sufficient to be in possession of the heights that immediately command a valley into which an army has moved; in proportion as you advance, you must be certain, that the enemy who retreats before, is not insensibly winding round a second range of hills, to get upon your flanks, or ultimately fall upon your rear.

It moreover frequently happens, that some vallies have not any outlets, and that others become so narrow, that an army is under the necessity of marching by single files, in order to reach a more open piece of ground, or to get at some important pass for the purpose of intercepting or obstructing the march of an enemy.

When it is found necessary to retreat, or to march over a country, as Hannibal did over the Alps, it is of little consequence what steps or measures you take, with regard to those parts which you are abandoning; but when you advance against an enemy, and are determined to dispute his march through a valley or hollow way, you must adopt every precaution to secure your rear and flanks, lest, as we have already observed, your antagonist should take advantage of the various passes and intricate bye-ways, which always exists in a mountainous country; and it must always be remembered, that many coups de main, and daring enterprises, may be undertaken by four or five hundred active partisans, which an army would find impracticable.

An able general cannot have a better, or more favorable field to exercise his military genius in, than that which is afforded by a mountainous country. All the chicane and stratagem of war may be resorted to; and however weak an army might be, yet such are the manifold resources of this peculiar kind of contest, that there is scarcely any thing which may not be attempted, provided the officer, who commands, has a thorough knowlege of the country, is fertile in expedients, and has a calm determined mind. Many instances might be adduced to illustrate these observations; we shall be satisfied with stating, that the prince of Conti, in the campaign of 1744, which he so ably conducted, owes a considerable part of his reputation to the scope afforded to his talents by the locality of Piedmont. This country, indeed, as well as Switzerland, seems to have been cut out as the peculiar theatre of great military talents. But neither the prince of Conti, nor the first consul of France, Bonaparte, would have succeeded in the brilliant manner, which they most unquestionably have done, had not the science of topography seconded the natural advantages of that mountainous part of Europe. Massena, Lecourbe, Ney, Lefebvre, Soult, and Macdonald have immortalized themselves in mountain warfare.

MONTE, _Fr._ This word is used among the French to express what we mean by _carry_; as, _un vaisseau monté de cinquante pièces de canon_: a ship that carries fifty guns, or a fifty gun ship.

MONTER _la tranchée_, _Fr._ See To MOUNT THE TRENCHES.

MONTER _un Vaisseau_, _Fr._ To embark on board a ship.

MONTER, _Fr._ This word likewise means to rise from one rank to another, in the way of promotion, as from cornet or ensign to become lieutenant, from lieutenant to become captain, or from having the command of the youngest company to be promoted to that of the oldest.

MONTH, considered as a military period, in the British service, consists alternately of 30 and 31 days, commencing on the 24th, and ending on the 25th day (inclusive) of each month, properly so called.

MONTHLY _Abstract_. See PAY.

MONTHLY _Return_. See RETURN.

MONTHLY _Report_. See REPORT.

MONTHLY _Inspection_. See REGIMENTAL INSPECTION.

MONT-_joie_, _Saint Denis_, _Fr._ a national exclamation, adopted by the French in the reign of Louis, sirnamed Le Gros. See CRI DES ARMES.

MONT-_Pagnote ou Poste des invulnérables_, _Fr._ an expression which is derived from _Pagnote_, a coward, a poltroon; and signifies any eminence or place from whence the operations of a siege, or the actual conflict of two armies, may be seen without personal danger to the curious observer. It is a term of reproach, _C’est un Général qui voit le combat du Mont-Pagnote_; he is one of those generals that look on whilst others fight. During the American war a particular body of refugees or tories who seemed to side with the British, were called _invulnerables_.

MONT-_Pagnote_, in fortification, an eminence where persons post themselves out of the reach of cannon, to see a camp, siege, battle, &c. without being exposed to danger. It is also called the post of the invulnerables.

MONTRE, _Fr._ The review, or muster of the men. _Le régiment a fait montre devant le commissaire._ The regiment has passed muster before the commissary. _Les officiers mirent leur valets dans les rangs, et les firent passer à la montre._ The officers put their servants in the ranks, and made them pass muster.

MONTRE likewise signified, in the old French service, the money which was paid to soldiers every month, when they passed muster. _Il a reçu sa montre_; he has received his monthly pay.

MONTURE, _Fr._ The complement of men, and number of cannon, on board a French ship of war.

MONTURE _d’un fusil, d’un pistolet_, _Fr._ the stock of a gun or pistol.

MONUMENT, (_Monument_, _Fr._) In a military sense, any public edifice, pillar, or mark of distinction, which is exhibited to perpetuate the memory of some illustrious character.

MOOTIANA, _Ind._ Soldiers employed to collect the revenue.

MOQUA, MUCK, a frenzical riot of some mahomedans, who have returned from Mecca, against those who have not professed mahomedanism. This horrid custom has been lately practised by the Malays, both at the island of Ceylon, and at the Cape of Good Hope. In the latter place indeed, the fanaticism of one of these blind enthusiasts went so far, that he stabbed a soldier who stood centinel at the governor’s gate. His intention was to have destroyed the governor. He that runs the _moqua_, or _muck_, gets intoxicated with bang, or opium, loosens his hair, (which is generally bound up under a handkerchief) then takes a dagger (called a _kreese_) in his hand, whose blade is usually half poisoned, and in the handle of which there is some of his mother’s or father’s hair preserved, and running about the streets kills all those he meets, who are not mahomedans, till he is killed himself; pretending to believe, that he serves God and Mahomed by destroying their enemies. When one of these madmen is slain, all the mahomedan rabble run to him, and bury him like a saint, every one contributing his mite towards making a noble burial.

MORAILLE, _Fr._ Barnacles. An instrument made commonly of iron for the use of farriers, to hold a horse by the nose, to hinder him from struggling when an incision is made.

_Le_ MORAL, _Fr._ This word is frequently used among the French, as a substantive of the masculine gender, to express the moral condition of man. It likewise means the prepossession or assurance which we feel in conscious superiority, viz. _Quand les Anglois se battent sur mer, ils ont le moral pour eux, les Francois l’ont sur terre._

MORASS, in _military drawings_, denotes moor, marshy, or fenny low grounds, on which waters are lodged.

MORATTOES, _Mahrattahs_, a considerable Hindoo tribe in Hindustan. Their army is chiefly composed of cavalry and they excel in the management of their horses. The weapon principally used by them in war is a sabre, extremely well tempered, and carefully chosen. Their dress, when accoutred for action, consists of a quilted jacket of cotton cloth, which descends half way down their thighs, and of a thin linen vest, which is fitted close to the body, and is always worn under the jacket. They wear upon their head a broad turban, which is made to reach the shoulders, for the double purpose of covering the neck from the heat of the sun, and of shielding it against the enemy’s sabre. Their thighs and legs are covered with a loose kind of trowsers, or cotton overhose. They are extremely temperate, and pay the most minute attention to their horses.

It is now more than a century that the Mahrattahs first made a figure, as the most enterprising soldiers of Hindustan; as the only nation of Indians, which seems to make war an occupation by choice; for the Rajpouts are Hindus, soldiers by birth. The strength of their armies consist in their numerous cavalry, which is more capable of resisting fatigue than any in India; large bodies of them having been known to march fifty miles in a day. They avoid general engagements, and seem to have no other idea in making war, but that of doing as much mischief as possible to the enemy’s country.

MOREAU, _Fr._ A species of bag which the drivers of mules use to carry their hay. It is likewise the name of a celebrated French general, who by his able retreat out of Germany, during the most disastrous period of the French revolution, acquired a reputation, as a general, superior to Xenophon.

MORGLAY, a deadly weapon.

MORTIER, _Fr._ See MORTAR.

MORION, _Fr._ _Donner sur le morion._ This was a species of punishment which was formerly inflicted upon French soldiers for crimes that were not capital. They were shut up in a guard-house, and received a certain number of strokes with a halbert. The gantelope was substituted in its stead; but neither one or the other are practised in the present French army.

MORISON. See HELMET, CASQUE, &c.

MORT _d’Eau_, _Fr._ Low water.

MORTARS, are a kind of short cannon, of a large bore, with chambers: they are made of stone, brass, or iron. Their use is to throw hollow shells, filled with powder; which, falling on any building, or into the works of a fortification, burst, and their fragments destroy every thing within reach. Carcasses are also thrown out of them. These are a sort of shells, with 5 holes, filled with pitch and other combustibles, in order to set buildings on fire; and sometimes baskets full of stones, the size of a man’s fist, are thrown out of them upon an enemy, placed in the covert-way during a siege. The very ingenious general _Desaguliers_ contrived to throw bags, filled with grape-shot, containing in each bag, from 400 to 600 shot of different dimensions, out of mortars; the effect of which is extremely awful and tremendous to troops forming the line of battle, passing a defile, or landing, &c. pouring down shot, not unlike a shower of hail, on a circumference of above 300 feet. They are distinguished chiefly by the diameter of the bore. For example, a 13-inch mortar is that, the diameter of whose bore is 13 inches. There are some of 10 and 8-inch diameters; and some of a smaller sort, as cohorns of 4.6 inches, and royals of 5.8 inches.

_Weight and Dimensions of English Mortars._

+--------------------+------------+--------+----------+-------+
| | | |[13]Powder| |
| | | | contained| |
| | | | in | Range |
| Kind. | Weight. | Length.| Chamber. |at 45°.|
+--------------------+------------+--------+----------+-------+
| |Ct. qr. lbs.|Ft. In. |lbs. oz. | Yds. |
| { Brass} Sea S. { | 82 -- 8 |5 3 | 32 -- | 4100 |
|13{ Iron } { | 82 1 -- | | 20 -- | |
| { Brass }Land. {| 25 -- 10 |3 7¹⁄₂| 9 12 | 2100 |
| { Iron } {| 36 2 12 | | 9 8 | |
| {Brass} Sea S. { | 33 -- -- |4 8 | 12 8 | 3800 |
|10 {Iron } { | 41 -- -- | | 10 -- | |
| {Brass }Land. {| 10 1 25 |2 9 | 4 10 | 1900 |
| {Iron } {| 16 -- 6 | | 4 8 | |
| 8{ Brass} Land. { | 4 1 8 |2 1³⁄₄| 2 -- | 1600 |
| { Iron } { | 8 -- 11 | | 2 4 | |
| 5¹⁄₂ Brass--Land. {| 1 -- 20 |1 4¹⁄₄| -- 9 | 1200 |
| 4²⁄₅ Brass--Land. {| -- 3 11 |1 1¹⁄₂| -- 4¹⁄₂| 1040 |
+--------------------+------------+--------+----------+-------+

[13] See the word _Chambers_, for experiments on the best form.

_Ranges with French Mortars, at 45 Degrees, in French Weights and Measures._

+---------------++---------------++---------------++---------------+
| || 10 Inch, || 10 Inch, || |
| 12 Inch. || long Ranges. || short Ranges. || 8 Inch. |
+--------+------++--------+------++--------+------++--------+------+
| Charge.|Range.|| Charge.|Range.|| Charge.|Range.|| Charge.|Range.|
+--------+------++--------+------++--------+------++--------+------+
|lbs. oz.|Yards.||lbs. oz.|Yards.||lbs. oz.|Yards.||lbs. oz.|Yards.|
| 1 -- | 388 || 1 -- | 450 || 1 -- | 618 || -- 5 | 316 |
| 1 8 | 632 || 2 -- | 1080 || 1 8 | 964 || -- 10 | 794 |
| 2 -- | 862 || 3 -- | 1536 || 2 -- | 1280 || -- 15 | 1112 |
| 2 8 | 954 || 4 -- | 2070 || 2 8 | 1428 || 1 4 | 1280 |
| 3 -- | 1292 || 5 -- | 2206 || 3 -- | 1432 || | |
| 3 8 | 1390 || 6 2¹⁄₂| 2304 || 3 10¹⁄₄| 1920 || | |
+--------+------++--------+------++--------+------++--------+------+

_Ranges with a 10 Inch Sea Mortar, at 21 Degrees, on a Horizontal Plane._

+--------------+---------+---------+----------+-------+------+
| Weight of | Weight | | | | |
| Mortar. |of Shell.| Charge. |Elevation.|Flight.|Range.|
+--------------+---------+---------+----------+-------+------+
|ct. qrs. lbs. |lbs. oz. | lbs. oz.| Deg. | Sec. |Yards.|
| 34 2 14 {| 86 -- |} 5 8 | 21 {| 14³⁄₄ | 2335 |
| {| 87 -- |} | {| 16 | 2510 |
+--------------+---------+---------+----------+-------+------+

_Ranges with Sea Service, Iron Mortars, at 45 Degrees, upon a Horizontal Plane. 1798._

+-----------------------++-----------------------+
| 13 Inch. || 10 Inch. |
+--------+-------+------++--------+-------+------+
| Charge.|Flight.|Range.|| Charge.|Flight.|Range.|
+--------+-------+------++--------+-------+------+
|lbs. oz.| Sec. |Yards.||lbs. oz.| Sec. |Yards.|
| 2 -- | 13 | 690 || 1 -- | 13 | 680 |
| 4 -- | 18 | 1400 || 2 -- | 18 | 1340 |
| 6 -- | 21 | 1900 || 3 -- | 21 | 1900 |
| 8 -- | 24¹⁄₂ | 2575 || 4 -- | 24¹⁄₂ | 2500 |
| 10 -- | 26- | 2975 || 5 -- | 26 | 2800 |
| 12 -- | 29 | 3500 || 6 -- | 27 | 3200 |
| 14 -- | 29- | 3660 || 7 -- | 29 | 3500 |
| 16 -- | 30 | 3900 || 8 -- | 30 | 3800 |
| 18 -- | 30- | 4200 || 9 -- | 30¹⁄₄ | 3900 |
| 20 -- | 31 | 4400 || 9 8 | 30¹⁄₂ | 4000 |
+--------+-------+------++--------+-------+------+

_French Mortars, in their own Weights and Measures._

+------------------+----+----+--------+----+
| |lbs.| | | |
|12 Inches |2060| | 3 7 |2400|
|10 for long Ranges|2000| | 7 4 |2800|
|10 for short do. |1560| | 4 -- |2200|
| 8 for short do. | 595| | 1 4³⁄₄|1160|
|Stone Mortars.[14]|1100| | 2 8 | |
|12 Inch} |2750| |12 -- |2700|
|10 Inch}Gomers |2000| | 6 8 |2800|
| 8 Inch} | 600| | 2 -- |1400|
+------------------+----+----+--------+----+

[14] Stone Mortars should not be fired at a greater distance than 250
yards.

_Medium Ranges with Land Service Iron Mortars, at 45 Degrees, 1798._

-----------------------++-----------------------
13 Inch. || 10 Inch.
--------+-------+------++--------+-------+------
Ch’ge. |Flig’t.|Range.|| Ch’ge. |Flig’t.|Range.
--------+-------+------++--------+-------+------
lbs. oz.| Sec. | Yds. || lb. oz.| Sec. | Yds.
-- 14 | 6¹⁄₂ | 245 || -- 8 | 6¹⁄₂ | 235
1 -- | 7- | 318 || -- 10 | 8 | 358
1 4 | 8- | 412 || -- 12 | 9 | 464
1 8 | 9- | 523 || -- 14 | 10 | 534
1 12 | 10- | 613 || 1 -- | 10- | 638
2 -- | 11 | 697 || 1 2 | 11- | 749
2 4 | 12- | 840 || 1 4 | 13 | 873
2 8 | 13 | 906 || 1 6 | 13- | 956
2 12 | 14 | 1054 || 1 8 | 14 | 1028
3 -- | 15 | 1132 || 1 10 | 15 | 1123
3 4 | 16 | 1244 || 1 12 | 15 | 1226
3 8 | 16- | 1317 || 1 14 | 16 | 1325
3 12 | 17 | 1424 || 2 -- | 16- | 1357
4 -- | 17 | 1490 || 2 2 | 17 | 1480
4 4 | 17- | 1580 || 2 4 | 17- | 1532
4 8 | 18- | 1656 || 2 6 | 17- | 1571
4 12 | 19 | 1744 || 2 8 | 18- | 1700
5 -- | 19- | 1824 || 2 10 | 19 | 1780
5 4 | 19- | 1900 || 2 12 | 19- | 1825
5 8 | 20 | 1950 || 2 14 | 20 | 1880
5 12 | 20- | 2062 || 3 -- | 20 | 1916
6 -- | 21 | 2095 || 4 -- | 25 | 2485
7 -- | 24 | 2510 || 4 8 | 26 | 2536
8 -- | 25 | 2706 || | |
--------+-------+------++--------+-------+------

-----------------------++-----------------------
8 Inch. || 5¹⁄₂ Inch, Brass.
--------+-------+------++--------+-------+------
Ch’ge. |Flig’t.|Range.|| Ch’ge. |Flig’t.|Range.
--------+-------+------++--------+-------+------
lbs. oz.| Sec. | Yds. || oz. dr.| Sec. | Yds.
-- 5 | 6 | 225 || 1 8 | 5¹⁄₂| 155
-- 6 | 7¹⁄₂| 328 || 1 12 | 6 | 198
-- 7 | 8 | 428 || 2 -- | 6- | 255
-- 8 | 9- | 474 || 2 4 | 7- | 316
-- 9 | 10 | 560 || 2 8 | 8 | 380
-- 10 | 11 | 664 || 2 12 | 8- | 426
-- 11 | 12 | 762 || 3 -- | 9- | 470
-- 12 | 12- | 801 || 3 4 | 10 | 540
-- 13 | 13- | 859 || 3 8 | 10- | 590
-- 14 | 14 | 960 || 3 12 | 11 | 630
-- 15 | 14- | 1011 || 4 -- | 11- | 725
1 0 | 14- | 1119 || 4 4 | 12 | 746
1 1 | 15 | 1156 || 4 8 | 12- | 800
1 2 | 16 | 1262 || 4 12 | 13- | 910
1 3 | 16- | 1320 || 5 -- | 13- | 935
1 4 | 17 | 1380 || 5 4 | 14 | 1016
1 5 | 17- | 1446 || 5 8 | -- | --
1 6 | 18 | 1530 || 5 12 | -- | --
1 7 | 18- | 1600 || 6 -- | 15 | 1175
1 8 | 19 | 1660 || | |
1 9 | 19- | 1720 || | |
--------+-------+------++--------+-------+------

_Medium Ranges with Brass Mortars, at 45 Degrees. 1780._

--------------++--------------++--------------
13 Inch.[15] || 10 Inch. || 8 Inch.
-------+------++-------+------++-------+------
Ch’ge.|Range.|| Ch’ge.|Range.|| Ch’ge.|Range.
-------+------++-------+------++-------+------
lb. oz.| Y’ds.||lb. oz.| Y’ds.||oz. dr.| Y’ds.
2 12 | 862 || 1 10 | 823 || 10 8 | 580
2 14 | 939 || 1 11 | 852 || 11 -- | 635
3 -- | 998 || 1 12 | 783 || 11 8 | 711
3 2 | 1003 || 1 13 | 758 || 12 -- | 708
3 4 | 1090 || 1 14 | 823 || 12 8 | 701
3 6 | 1139 || 1 15 | 888 || 13 -- | 777
3 8 | 1165 || 2 -- | 892 || 13 8 | 825
3 10 | 1209 || 2 1 | 940 || 14 -- | 870
3 12 | 1270 || 2 2 | 941 || 14 8 | 853
3 14 | 1322 || 2 3 | 1041 || 15 -- | 860
4 -- | 1309 || 2 4 | 1128 || 15 8 | 899
4 2 | 1331 || 2 5 | 1103 || 16 -- | 921
4 4 | 1391 || 2 6 | 1221 || 16 8 | 987
4 6 | 1363 || 2 7 | 1258 || 17 -- | 987
4 8 | 1324 || 2 8 | 1215 || 17 8 | 1062
-------+------++-------+------++-------+------