Chapter D: Caldwell, (52)

PAYS-_coupés_, _Fr._ Confined, inclosed, or intersected countries. Marshal Saxe has observed, that it is impossible to lay down any specific rule relative to the management of troops in countries of this description. An intelligent and able officer will be governed by the nature of the ground in which he is to act; and as under these circumstances, the contest will consist chiefly of a war of posts, and of desultory engagements, in which the most obstinate will be generally the most successful, it will be incumbent upon every military man to recollect, that he must never advance, without having previously secured means for a retreat, should that be judged expedient, and being constantly guarded on his flanks to prevent the fatal consequences of surprise and ambuscade. Although the latter precautions are principally attended to by the general of an army, every partisan or officer commanding a detachment, should be more or less alive to the many mischiefs which must ensue from carelessness and inattention. It would be superfluous to point out what troops are best calculated to act in a close or intersected country. Every military man must know, that mountainous and close countries, or intersected lands, are best adapted to light infantry manœuvres, and that cavalry can only act, with safety and effect, in an open country. The solidity of this observation has probably been the cause of so much improvement in light artillery, and in rifle corps. The latter, indeed, by the use which has been made of their particular weapon, and the desultory execution of it on service, have sufficiently shewn, that no army ought to move without them.

PAYSANS. _Fr._ _Peasants._

PEACE, has been represented allegorically as a beautiful female, holding in her hand a wand or rod towards the earth, over a hideous serpent, and keeping her other hand over her face, as unwilling to behold strife or war. By some painters she has been represented holding in one hand an olive branch, and leading a lamb and a wolf yoked by their necks, in the other; others again have delineated her with an olive branch in her right hand, and a cornucopia, or horn of plenty, in her left.

A very celebrated temple was erected for the goddess of peace at Rome, which was furnished with most of the rich vases and curiosities taken out of the temple of the Jews at Jerusalem. In this temple she was represented as a fine lady, endowed with a great deal of sweetness and good-nature, crowned with laurel interwoven, holding a caduceus in one hand, and a nosegay of roses and ears of corn, in the other.

The temple of peace, built by Vespasian, was 300 feet long, and 200 broad. Josephus says, that all the rarities which men travel through the world to see, were deposited in this temple.

PEACE, (_Paix_, _Fr._) rest, silence, quietness; the direct opposite to war; and when the latter prevails, the ultimate object of every contest. This word is frequently prefixed to the term establishment, to signify the reduced number of effective men, in the British army, according to the various formations of corps. Thus one regiment may be 1200 strong in time of war, and only 600 in time of peace. A regiment may also consist of several battalions, the 60th regiment for example has six battalions each of the strength of a regiment; that is from 1000 to 1200 men each. Whence arises the distinction between _war_ and _peace_ establishments. The standing army of Great Britain, according to law, consists of that force only which is kept up in time of peace, and which is confined to a specific number of regiments. Every regiment, beyond the regulated number, during a war is liable to be reduced; and all within it are said to be out of the break.

PEADA, _Ind._ a footman who carries a staff.

PECHE, _Fr._ Fishery.

PECTORAL, (_Pectoral_, _Fr._) a breast plate. This word is derived from the Latin, _Pectorale_. Among the Romans the poorer soldiers, who were rated under a thousand drachms, instead of the lorica or brigantine, (a leathern coat of mail) wore a pectorale, or breast-plate of thin brass, about 12 fingers square. Some modern troops, such as the cuirassiers, &c. wear pectorals for the direct purposes of defence and bodily protection; but in general small ornamental plates with clasps, have been substituted.

PECULAT, _Fr._ See PECULATION.

PECULATE, PECULATION, the crime of pilfering any thing, either sacred or public, particularly public money, by a person who has the management or custody thereof. This crime is punishable in the heirs of the original delinquent. Under peculation may be considered not only the monies which are embezzled or misapplied by commissioned, non-commissioned, and warrant officers, but the public stores, provisions, aims, and ammunition, &c. which may be sold for private emolument. Occasional examples have been made by government, of a crime that cannot be too scrupulously watched, or too heavily punished, ought to deter individuals from sacrificing public integrity to private views. They ought to remember, that like the sword of Damocles, public scorn hangs over the head of every man whose accounts have not been finally audited and passed.

PECUNIA. Money. A deity in the heathen mythology; (though not a goddess personified among them) the most powerful ascendant the moderns know. The Romans held that she presided over riches, and that she had a son named _Argentinus_, whom they adored in the hopes of growing rich.

PECUNIUS, a deity of the ancient Prussians, in honor of whom they kept a fire of oak perpetually burning. A priest constantly attended, and if the fire happened to go out by his neglect, he was instantly put to death. When it thundered, they imagined that their grand priest conversed with their god, and for that reason they fell prostrate on the earth, praying for seasonable weather.

PEDERERO, PATTARERO, a Portuguese term, signifying a small sort of cannon, which is particularly used on the quarter deck of ships, to fire or throw forth stones, or broken iron, upon hoarding parties. This word has been adopted both by the French and English.

PEDOMETER, (_Pedometre_, _Fr._) a mathematical instrument, composed of various wheels with teeth, which by means of a chain fastened to a man’s foot, or to the wheel of a chariot, advance a notch each step, or each revolution of the wheel, and the number being marked at the edge of each wheel, the paces may be numbered, or the distance from one place to another be exactly measured.

PEGS, pointed pieces of wood, used to fasten the cords of a tent.

PEIADAK, _Ind._ a guard to accompany a prisoner at large.

PEISA, _Ind._ Cash; or copper money.

PEER, _Ind._ Monday.

PELE-MELE, _Fr._ a French adverb, from which is derived the English term pellmell, signifying, confusedly, in disorder, in heaps, &c.

PELICAN, _Fr._ an ancient piece of artillery which carried a six pound weight of ball, and weighed two thousand four hundred pounds.

PELLE _de bois simple_, _Fr._ a wooden shovel.

PELOTE _à feu_, _Fr._ Pelote literally means the bottom of a pincushion, a ball, &c. It is here used to signify a species of combustible ball, which serves to throw light into a fosse or elsewhere. The composition is pitch one part, sulphur three parts, to one pound of saltpetre. The whole is well mixed together, and incorporated with tow, from which the pelotes are made.

PELOTON, _Fr._ Platoon.

_Rompre le_ PELOTON, _Fr._ A platoon being generally considered as a subdivision, _rompre le peloton_ signifies to break into sections.

_Former le_ PELOTON, _Fr._ to double up or form subdivision.

PELOTONNE, _ée_, _Fr._ formed into a platoon.

PELOTONNER, _Fr._ to gather together, to get into groupes.

_Se_ PELOTONNER, _Fr._ to form into a platoon.

PELTA, in antiquity, a kind of buckler, small, light, and more manageable than the Parma which was used by the Amazons, according to Virgil, and resembled the moon in his first quarter, according to Servius.

PENAL, (_Pénal_, _ale_, _Fr._) any decree or law which subjects individuals, &c. to penalties. Hence _code pénal_. _Les loix pénales._ The penal code, the penal laws. Thus in England a person professing the Catholic religion is not permitted to exercise his religion if a soldier; and a catholic cannot be a commissioned officer.

PENALTY. In a military sense, signifies forfeiture for non-performance, likewise punishment for embezzlement, &c. An officer found guilty of embezzling stores is cashiered; any person who harbors, conceals, or assists any deserter from the United States’ service, is liable to a heavy penalty.

PENDULUM, in _mechanics_, any heavy body suspended in such a manner that it may vibrate backwards, and forwards, about some fixed point, by the force of gravity.

A pendulum is any body suspended upon, and moving about, a point as a centre. The nature of a pendulum consists in the following particulars. 1. The times of the vibrations of a pendulum, in very small arches, are all equal. 2. The velocity of the bob in the lowest point, will be nearly as the length of the cord of the arch which it describes in the descent. 3. The times of vibrations in different pendulums, are the square roots of the times of their vibrations. 4. The time of one vibration is to the time of descent, through half the length of the pendulum as the circumference of a circle is to its diameter. 5. Whence the length of a pendulum vibrating seconds in the latitude of London, is found to be 39 inches and ²⁄₁₀ths; and of one half-second pendulum 9.8 inches. 6. An uniform homogeneous body, as a rod, staff, &c. which is ¹⁄₃d part longer than a pendulum, will vibrate in the same time with it.

From these properties of the pendulum we may discern its use as an universal chronometer, or regulator of time. By this instrument, also, we can measure the distance of a ship, of a battery, &c. by measuring the interval of time between the fire and report of the gun; also the distance of a cloud, by counting the seconds or half-seconds, between the lightning and the thunder. Thus, suppose between the lightning and thunder we count ten seconds; then, because sound passes through 1142 feet in one second, we get the distance of the cloud = 11420 feet. Again, the height of any room, or other object, may be measured by a pendulum vibrating from the top thereof. Thus, suppose a pendulum from the height of a room, or other object, vibrates once in three seconds; then say, as 1 is to the square of 3, viz. 9, so is 39.2 to 352.8 feet, the height required. Lastly, by the pendulum we discover the different force of gravity on divers parts of the earth’s surface, and thence the true figure of the earth.

PENDULUMS. Pendulums for military purposes are best made with a musquet ball, and a piece of silk, or other small line. Their length must be measured from the centre of the ball to the end of the loop on which they are to swing. In a cylinder, or other uniform prism or rod, the centre of oscillation, from whence they must be measured, is at the distance of one-third from the bottom, or two-thirds below the centre of motion.

Pendulum’s length in latitude of London, to swing

Seconds 39¹⁄₈th.
¹⁄₂ Seconds 9·8
¹⁄₄ Seconds 2·45

_Length of Pendulums to vibrate Seconds at every fifth degree of latitude._

+----------+---------+
|Degrees of|Length of|
| Latitude.|Pendulum.|
+----------+---------+
| | Inches.|
| | 39,027 |
| 5 | 39,029 |
| 10 | 39,032 |
| 15 | 39,036 |
| 20 | 39,044 |
| 25 | 39,057 |
| 30 | 39,070 |
| 35 | 39,084 |
| 40 | 39,097 |
| 45 | 39,111 |
| 50 | 39,126 |
| 55 | 39,142 |
| 60 | 39,158 |
| 65 | 39,168 |
| 70 | 39,177 |
| 75 | 39,185 |
| 80 | 39,191 |
| 85 | 39,195 |
| 90 | 39,197 |
+----------+---------+

Rule.--_To find the length of a pendulum to make any number of vibrations, and_ vice versa.

Call the pendulum making 60 vibrations the standard length; then say, as the square of the given number of vibrations is to the square of 60; so is the length of the standard to the length sought. If the length of the pendulum be given and the number of vibrations it makes in a minute be required; say, as the given length, is to the standard length, so is the square of 60, its vibrations in a minute, to the square of the number required. The square root of which will be the number of vibrations made in a minute.

PENNANT, PENNON, a small flag or color.

_Gentlemen_ PENSIONERS, (_Gentilshommes Pensionnaires_, _Fr._) a band of gentlemen, who guard the British king’s person in his own house, and for that end wait in the presence chamber. They were first instituted by Henry VII. They are usually forty in number. Their officers are, a captain, lieutenant, standard-bearer, and clerk of the cheque. Their ordinary arms are guilt pole-axes. Their pension is 100_l._ per annum; they are usually called _beef-eaters_, from their usually fat appearance and indolent habits.

PENTACAPSULAR, having five cavities.

PENTAEDROUS, having five sides.

PENTAGON, in _fortification_, a figure bounded by five sides, or polygons, which form so many angles, capable of being fortified with an equal number of bastions. It also denotes a fort with five bastions.

PENTAGRAPH, (_Pentagraphe_, _Fr._), An instrument whereby designs, &c. may be copied in any proportion, without the person, who uses it, being skilled in drawing.

PENTANGLE, A figure having five angles.

PENTANGULAR. See PENTAGON.

PENTAPOLIS, in geography, a country consisting of five cities. This name was given, particularly, to the valley wherein stood the five infamous cities destroyed by fire and brimstone in Abraham’s time. The most celebrated Pentapolis was the Pentapolis Cyrenica in Egypt, whose cities were Berenice, Arsinoe, Ptolemais, Cyrene, and Apollonia

PENTASPAST, (_Pentapaste_, _Fr._) An engine that has five pullies.

PENTATHLON. The five exercises performed in the Grecian games, viz. _leaping_, _running_, _quoiting_, _darting_, and _wrestling_.

PENTHOUSE, a shed hanging forward in a sloping direction from the main wall of a place.

PEONS, _Ind._ municipal foot soldiers. These men are chiefly employed to assist in collecting the revenues, and carry a pike or staff. Most persons in India keep servants, who wear a belt with the master’s name. These are likewise called Peadahs.

PEOPLE, _of color_. Blacks, Mulattoes, so called. They form part of the British territorial army, and are distributed, in corps, among the West India islands.

PERAMBULATOR. See PEDOMETER.

PERCH, in mensuration, is ten feet long. See MEASURE.

PERCUSSION. The impression which a body makes in falling or striking upon another, or the shock of two moving bodies. It is either direct or oblique.

_Direct_ PERCUSSION, is where the impulse is given in the direction of a right line perpendicular to the point of contact.

_Oblique_ PERCUSSION. When it is given in the direction of a line oblique to the point of contact.

_Centre of_ PERCUSSION. That point wherein the shock of the percutient bodies is the greatest.

PERCUTIENT, striking against or upon.

PERDU, a word adopted from the French, signifying to lie flat and closely in wait. It likewise means the forlorn hope.

_A corps_ PERDU, _Fr._ Desperately.

_A coup_ PERDU, _Fr._ At random.

_Coup_ PERDU, _Fr._ Random shot.

PEREMPTORY. Whatever is absolute and final, not to be altered, renewed, or restrained. _Peremptory execution_, what takes place immediately.

PERE, _Ind._ See PEER.

PERFIDIOUS. Treacherous, false to trust, guilty of violated faith. Hence _a perfidious foe_. War, however melancholy in its effects, and frequently unjustifiable in its cause and progress, is nevertheless, among civilized nations, so far governed by certain principles of honor, as to render the observance of established laws and customs an object of general acquiescence. When two or more countries are engaged in a hostile contest, whatever belligerent party grossly deviates from those rules, is deservedly stamped with infamy, and justly called “a perfidious foe.”

PERFIDIOUSLY, treacherously, falsely, without faith.

PERFIDY, want of faith, treachery.

PERGUNNA, _Ind._ A district.

PERIMETER, in geometry, the extent that bounds any figure or body. The perimeters of figures or surfaces, are lines; those of bodies are surfaces. In circular figures, &c. we use circumference or periphery instead of perimeter.

PERIOD. This word is frequently used in military accounts to express the intermediate time for which money has been issued to officers and soldiers.

_Broken_ PERIOD, a term used in the returns and financial statements of the British army, when the regular distribution of pay is interrupted, or the effective force is lessened by the absence of one or more individuals, or by any other cause. A correct and faithful statement of broken periods is essentially necessary in every well regulated regiment, as not only the service but the public purse may be materially injured by the neglect, or embezzlement of individuals. Adjutants and pay-masters cannot be too scrupulously minute on this important head.

PERIPHERY, the circumference--as of a circle.

PERISTYLE, a circular range of pillars for the support or ornament of any building, &c. used in the ancient amphitheatres.

PERKERNUCKA, _Ind._ Petty officers are so called in India.

PERMANENT _Fortification_, is defined to be the art of fortifying towns, &c. so as to resist the attacks of an enemy, that makes regular approaches.

PERMANENT _rank_, a rank in the army, which does not cease with any particular service, or locality of circumstances; in opposition to _local_ or _temporary rank_. See RANK.

PERPENDICULAR, (_Perpendiculaire_, _Fr._) According to Vauban’s system, it is a line raised in a perpendicular direction on the centre of the exterior side of any given polygon. In mean fortification, which prevails more than any other system, the perpendicular contains 30 toises in the exagon, and in polygons that have a greater number of sides; but it contains fewer when the polygons have a less number. The perpendicular is used by this engineer to determine the other lines and angles belonging to a fortification. In proportion as the perpendicular is increased, the extent of the flanks is augmented.

PERPENDICULAR _fortification_, is that in which all the component parts flank each other at straight angles. Pagan, and other engineers, made the flanks perpendicular to the lines of defence. This is also the denomination of the improved system of Montalembert, which has superceded in a great measure all others; the distinction between this and the old, would require a treatise to exemplify it.

PERPENDICULAR, (_Perpendiculaire_, _Fr._) When any star is vertical, it is said, in astronomy, to be perpendicular, because its beams fall directly upon us.

PERPENDICULAR, in geometry, when any right line is perpendicular to all the lines it meets with in a plane, it is said to be perpendicular to that plane.

PERPENDICULAR _direction_, in marching, is the regular and straight progress of one or more men over given points. Without the strictest attention is paid to this essential principal in all movements, the greatest irregularity, and, ultimately, the greatest confusion must ensue. Perpendicular and parallel movements, constitute, indeed, the whole system of good marching. When several columns, divisions, or companies, advance, the different pivots must be strictly perpendicular and parallel to each other, otherwise the distance will be lost, and the ultimate object of forming a correct line must be defeated.

PERPETUAL _screw_, a screw which is acted upon by the teeth of a wheel, and which continues its action for an indefinite length of time; or so long as the teeth of the wheel continue to act upon it.

PERQUISITES, all manner of profits arising from an office or place, independent of the actual salary or revenue. In a military sense no perquisites, advantages, or emoluments are allowed to persons in responsible situations.

PERSIAN _Language_, _Ind._ There are two sorts; the ancient, called Zebane-Pehlavy; the modern, called Zebaunedery.

PERSPECTIVE, is the art of drawing the resemblances or pictures of objects on a plane surface, as the objects themselves appear to the eye, &c.

PERSPECTIVE _Elevation_. See SCENOGRAPHY.

PERUST, _Ind._ A small weight or measure, equal to four koodups or puls.

PERWANNA, _Ind._ An order, warrant, or letter, signed by a Nawaub or Nabob, a passport; a custom-house permit, as in the case of the Neyau and vizier.

PESHWA, _or_ PAISHWA, _Ind._ Prime minister; the acting head of the Mahrattah states. Paishwa became the title of a sovereign, the head of the Mahrattahs.

PESTLE, an instrument used in the fabrication of gunpowder. See GUNPOWDER MILL.

PETARDEAUX, _Fr._ Pieces of wood, covered with wool and pitch, which are used to stop the holes that are made in the sides of a ship by cannonball, during an engagement.

PETARD, _or_ PETARDO, an engine to burst open the gates of small fortresses: it is made of gun-metal, fixed upon a board two inches thick, and about 2¹⁄₂ feet square, to which it is screwed, and holds from 9 to 20 pounds of powder, with a hole at the end opposite to the plank to fill it, into which the vent is screwed: the petard thus prepared is hung against the gate by means of a hook, or supported by three staves fastened to the plank: when fired it bursts open the gate. Its invention is ascribed to the French Huguenots in 1579, who, with them, took Cahors in the same year.

Petards are of four different sizes: the first contains 12lbs. 13oz. second 10lbs. 11oz. third 1lb. 10oz. fourth 1lb. The blind fuze composition for them is of mealed powder, 7lb. wood ashes 3oz.

_Stores for one Petard._

Hooks to hang the petard 2
Gimblets 2
Brass fuze 1
Wrench to screw the fuze 1
Blue paper portfires 6
Slow match yards 4
Props or forks 2
Copper funnels 1
Tallow ounces 8
Cartridges 1

PETARDER, _Fr._. to fire petards.

PETARDIER. The man who loads, fixes, and fires the petard. It likewise signifies among the French, the man who makes or throws a petard.

PETEL, _Ind._. The head of a village.

PETER, _Fr._. in a military sense, to explode, to make a loud noise.

PETEROLLES, _Fr._. Squibs, such as children make and use in the streets for their diversion.

PETITE-_Guerre_, _Fr._ See GUERRE, for its definition.

PETITE-_Guerre_, is carried on by a light party, commanded by an expert partisan, and which should be from 1000 to 2000 men, separated from the army, to secure the camp or cover a march; to reconnoitre the enemy or the country; to seize their posts, convoys, and escorts; to plant ambuscades, and to put in practice every stratagem for surprising or disturbing the enemy; which is called carrying on the _Petite-guerre_. The genius of these days, and the operations of the American war, have placed the service of such a corps in a most respectable light, as it is more fatiguing, more dangerous, and more desultory than any other.

To form a corps capable of carrying on the _Petite-guerre_ to advantage, prudence requires that it should consist of 1000 men at least, without which a partisan cannot expect to support the fatigues of a campaign, and seize the most important occasions that every where offer, and which a too great inferiority must make him forego.

It is no less important that this corps should be composed of light infantry and cavalry; and as it is most incontestible that the cavalry should be the most active in carrying on the _Petite-guerre_, it were to be wished that they were likewise the strongest, so as to have 600 cavalry and 400 infantry in a corps of 1000 men, making four companies of light infantry, and twelve troops of cavalry. Each company of infantry to consist of 1 captain, 1 first and 2 second lieutenants, 6 serjeants, and 100 men, including 6 corporals, 4 lance-corporals, and 2 drummers. Each troop of cavalry to consist of 1 captain, 1 first and 1 second lieutenant, 1 ensign, a quarter-master, 6 serjeants, and 100 horsemen; including 6 corporals, a trumpeter and 2 farriers.

The commanding officer should have the naming of the officers of this corps, or at least the liberty to reject such as he is convinced are not qualified for such service. To support the honor of this corps upon a solid and respectable footing, the strictest subordination must extend from the chief to all the officers, and the most rigid discipline, vigilance, patience, bravery, and love of glory, ought to pervade the whole corps.

PETITION. See MEMORIAL.

PETRE. See NITRE, SALTPETRE.

PETRINAL, _or Poitrinal_, _Fr._ a species of firearms between the arquebus and the pistol, which was used among the French, during the reign of Francis I. There is mention made of it in an account of the siege of Rouen, which was undertaken by Henry IV. in 1592. Being shorter than the musquet but of a heavier calibre, and not unlike our blunderbuss; it was slung in a cross belt, so as to rest upon the chest of the person who discharged it. From this circumstance it obtained the name of _Poitrinal_.

PETRONEL. See PISTOL.

PETTAH, _Ind._ the suburbs, or a town adjoining to a fort, which is in general surrounded by a stockade or fence of bamboos, a wall, and a ditch.

PEUPLER, _Fr._ literally means to people. This expression is used, in a military sense, by Belaire, author of _Elémens de Fortification_, in the following manner:--Il faut _peupler_ la surface d’un glacis _de Pierriers_. The surface of a glacis ought to be well covered with pedereros. See page 388.

PHALANGE, _Fr._ See PHALANX.

PHALANX, a word taken from the Greek, signifying the same as legion. In antiquity, a huge, square, compact battalion, formed of infantry, set close with their shields joined, and pikes turned across. It consisted of 8000 men, and Livy says, it was invented by the Macedonians; and hence called the Macedonian phalanx.

PHAROS, (_Phare_, _Fr._) a light-house or pile raised near a port, where a fire is kept burning in the night to direct vessels near at hand. The Pharos of Alexandria, built at the mouth of the Nile, was anciently very famous; whence the name was derived to all the rest. Ozanam says, Pharos anciently denoted a streight, as the Pharos or Pharo of Messina.

PHARSALIA, so called from Pharsalus, anciently a town in Thessaly, now Turkey in Europe, which lies a little to the south of Larissa. This spot was rendered memorable in history by the battle that was fought between Pompey and Cæsar, when they contended for the empire of the world. Plutarch has given the following account of the engagement:--

“Both armies were now arrived at the fields of Pharsalia, conducted by the two greatest generals alive; Pompey at the head of all the Roman nobility, the flower of Italy and Asia, all armed in the cause of liberty. Cæsar at the head of a body of troops firmly attached to his interests, men who had faced every appearance of danger, were long inured to hardships, and had grown from youth to age in the practice of arms. Both camps lay in sight of each other. In this manner they spent the night; when next morning, Cæsar’s army was going to decamp, word was brought him, that a tumult and murmur were heard in Pompey’s camp, as of men preparing for battle. Another messenger came soon after with tidings that the first ranks were already drawn out. Cæsar now seemed to enjoy the object of his wishes. _Now_, cried he to his soldiers, _the wished for day is come, when you shall fight with men, not with want and hunger_. His soldiers, with joy in their looks went each to his rank, like dancers on a stage; while Cæsar himself at the head of his tenth legion, a body of men that had never yet been broken, with silence and intrepidity waited for the onset. While Cæsar was thus employed, Pompey on horseback viewed both armies; and seeing the steady order of the enemy, with the impatience of his own soldiers, he gave strict orders, that the vanguard should make a stand, and keeping close in their ranks receive the enemy. Pompey’s army consisted of 45,000 men, Cæsar’s not quite half that number. And now the trumpet sounded the signal for battle on both sides, and both armies approached each other.

“While but yet a little space remained between either army, Caius Crastinus, a devoted Roman, issued from Cæsar’s army at the head of 120 men, and began the engagement. They cut through the opposite ranks with their swords, and made a great slaughter; but Crastinus still pressing forward, a soldier run him through the mouth, and the weapon came out at the back of his neck. In the mean time Pompey, designed to surround Cæsar, and to force his horse, which amounted to only one thousand, to fall back upon his infantry, gave orders that his own cavalry, consisting of 7000 men, should extend itself, and then attack the enemy. Cæsar expecting this, had placed 3000 foot in reserve, who rushed out fiercely, and attacked Pompey’s horse, letting fly their javelins in the faces of the young delicate Romans, who, careful of their beauty, turned their backs and were shamefully put to flight. Cæsar’s men, without pursuing them flanked the enemy, now unprotected by their horse, and soon a total rout began to ensue. Pompey, by the dust he saw flying in the air, quickly conjectured that his cavalry was overthrown, and overpowered by the event retired to his camp in agony and silence. In this condition he sat pondering in his tent, till roused by the shouts of the enemy breaking into his camp, he cried out: _What, into the very camp!_ and without uttering any thing more, but putting on a mean habit, to disguise his flight, he departed secretly.” During the seven years war Frederick the great, king of Prussia, was much in the same situation. He had retired to his tent, and had given up every thing for lost, when the daring enterprise of Ziethen, who commanded the Death Hussars, turned the fortune of the day; and though he lost an incalculable number of Prussians, he secured the victory, and thereby restored to his master both his kingdom and his crown.

PHATUK, _Ind._ a gaol or prison. It likewise means a gate.

PHAUGUN, _Ind._ a month, which in some degree agrees with February and March.

PHILEBEG, _or Kilt_, from the Gaelic, _Filleadh beg_, which signifies a little plaid. This part of the Highland dress corresponds with the lower part of a belted plaid, and is frequently worn as an undress by Highland officers and soldiers. The philebeg or kilt may be considered as a very good substitute for the belted plaid, as it is not, at present, thought necessary for the Highlander to carry his clothing for the night, as well as by day, about his person. This was the case in ancient times, when the _breachcan_ answered both purposes. The philebeg is a modern invention, and is the garment which some, who have endeavored to establish the antiquity of _Truis_, confound with the _breachcan filleadh_.

PHIRMAUND, _Ind._ This word is sometimes written _Firmaun_, and signifies a royal commission, mandate, charter, proclamation, or decree.

PHOUSDAR, _Ind._ The same as _Fousdar_, the superintendant of a large district. It more immediately signifies the officer in charge of the revenue.

PHOUS-DAN, _Ind._ The commander of a large body of forces.

PIAN, _Fr._ a term used in the West Indies, to signify a venereal taint.

PIANISTE, _Fr._ a person infected with the venereal disorder.

_A_ PIC, _Fr._ perpendicularly.

PICE, _Ind._ a copper coin, used in most parts of India, the value of which four pices make an anna, sixteen anna, a rupee; and a rupee is half of our dollar; so that there are 64 pices to a rupee or half a dollar.

PICAROON, a pillager, one who plunders; a smuggler, one who violates the laws.

PICKETS, in _fortification_, stakes sharp at one end, and sometimes shod with iron, used in laying out the ground, of about three feet long; but, when used for pinning the fascines of a battery, they are from 3 to 5 feet long.

PICKETS, in _artillery_, are about 5 or 6 feet long, shod with iron, to pin the park lines, and to lay out the boundaries of the park.

PICKETS, in the _camp_, are also stakes of about 6 or 8 inches long, to fasten the tent cords, in pitching the tents; also, of about 4 or 5 feet long, driven into the ground near the tents of the horsemen, to tie their horses to.

PICKET, an out-guard posted before an army, to give notice of an enemy approaching. See GUARD.

PICKET, a barbarian kind of punishment so called, where a soldier stood with one foot upon a sharp pointed stake: the time of his standing was limited according to the offence.

PICK, PICK-AXE, PICKER, A sharp pointed iron tool, used in trenching, &c. to loosen the ground.

PICKER likewise means a small pointed piece of brass or iron wire, which every soldier carries to clear the touch-hole of his musquet. The brass pickers are the best, because they are not liable to snap or break off.

PICOREE, _Fr._ an obsolete French term, signifying a party of soldiers who go out in search of plunder.

PICORER, _Fr._ to go out in search of plunder. Obsolete.

PICOREUR, _Fr._ a marauder.

PICQUEERING, PICKERING, PICKEROONING, a little flying skirmish, which maurauders make, when detached for pillage, or before a main battle begins.

PICS-_Hoyaux_, _Fr._ Different sorts of pick-axes used by the pioneers.

PIECE, (_Piéce_, _Fr._) This word is variously used, in a military sense, by the French and English, viz.

_Un homme armé de toutes_ PIECES, _Fr._ a man armed at all points, or cap-a-pied.

PIECES _d’honneur_, _Fr._ the insignia or marks of honor. These consist of the crown, sceptre, and sword.

PIECES _of Ordnance_ are all sorts of great guns and mortars.

_Battering_ PIECES are the large guns which serve at sieges to make breaches, such as the 24-pounder, and the culverin, which carries 18lb. ball.

_Garrison_-PIECES, are mostly heavy 12, 18, 24, 36, and 42-pounders, besides wall guns.

_Field_-PIECES are twelve pounders, demi-culverins, six pounders, sakers, minions, and three pounders, which move with an army, and are parked behind the second line when it encamps, but are advanced in front, in the intervals of battalions, &c. and on the flanks in the day of battle.

_Regimental_ PIECES, are light 6 pounders: each regiment has generally two of these pieces. See _Am. Mil. Lib._

PIECE is likewise used to express a soldier’s musquet.

PIECE _Goods_, in India, the various fabrics which manufacture cotton and silk, are distinguished by this term.

_Une_ PIECE _d’artillerie_, _une_ PIECE _de canon_, _Fr._ These terms are used by the French to signify cannon in general.

PIECES _de Battierie_, _Fr._ See BATTERING PIECES.

PIECES _de campagne_, _Fr._ See FIELD PIECES.

PIECES _de vingt-quatre_, _Fr._ 24 pounders.

PIECES _de trente-six_, _Fr._ 36 pounders. When pieces are not specifically named the term is used in the same general sense by the English, as, one hundred pieces of cannon, or artillery: _cent piéces d’artillerie_; but when the calibre is mentioned, it is usual in English to substitute the word pounder for piece, as _une piéce de vingt quatre_; four and twenty pounder.

_Démonter les_ PIECES, _Fr._ to dismount cannon.

_Enclouer les_ PIECES, _Fr._ to spike cannon.

_Rafraichir les_ PIECES, _Fr._ to spunge or clean out cannon.

PIECE _de canon brisé_, _Fr._ The French formerly made use of cannon that could be taken to pieces, and so rendered more portable. This species of ordnance was distinguished as above.

PIECE _versée en panier ou en cage_, _Fr._ a piece of ordnance is said to be in this situation, when it is so completely overturned, as to have the wheels of its carriage in the air. Various methods have been proposed by able engineers to raise cannon that have been overturned. See _Saint Remi_, _Manuel de l’artilleur_, and a late publication, intituled, _Aide Mémoire a l’usage des Officiers d’Artillerie de France_, by Gassendi.

PIECES _légeres_, _Fr._ light pieces. See FIELD PIECES.

PIECES _à la Suédoise_, _Fr._ field pieces originally invented, and since used among the Swedes.

PIECES _Nettes_, _Fr._ Artillery pieces that have no defect whatever.

PIECES _de Chasse_, _Fr._ a marine term, signifying the cannon that is placed on the stern and forecastle of a ship. We call them chase-guns.

PIECES _détachées_, _Travaux avancés en dehors_, _Fr._ Those works which cover the body of a fortified place, towards the country; of this description are ravelins, demi-lunes, hornworks, tenailles, crown works, queues d’hironde, enveloppes, &c.

_To be cut to_ PIECES, (_Etre écharpê_, _Fr._) The French say, _Un tel régiment, a éte écharpé_. Such a regiment was cut to pieces.

PIED _de Roi_, _Fr._ a measure containing twelve French inches, or one hundred and forty lines.

PIED _Quarré_, _Fr._ The French square foot contains the same dimensions in length and breadth, giving one hundred and forty inches of surface.

PIED _de toise quarrée_, _Fr._ the sixth part of a square toise. The square toise contains 36 feet, the square foot consequently comprehends six feet, and must be considered as a rectangle.

PIED _Cube_, _Fr._ the same measure according to three dimensions. It contains 1728 cubic inches.

PIED _Rhenan_ or _Rhinlandique_, _Fr._ the German foot. See MEASURE.

PIED _courant_, _Fr._ the extent of a foot considered as to length only.

PIED _Marin_, _Fr._ literally, sea-leg. See MARIN.

PIED _de mur ou de muraille_, _Fr._ that lower part of a wall which is otherwise called _Escarpe_, and is contained between its base and top.

PIED _de rampart_, _Fr._ that extent of ground which lies between the fosse and the houses in a fortified town or place.

A PIED, _Fr._ On foot.

PIED _à pied_, _Fr._ foot by foot, gradually. _Faire un logement pied à pied_; to establish a lodgement foot by foot. _Forcer les ouvrages pied à pied_; to make regular approaches, or to besiege a town by opening trenches, &c. instead of insulting it by a direct attack.

_Troupes retenues sur_ PIED, _Fr._ troops kept upon full pay.

_Etre en_ PIED, _Fr._ to be kept upon full pay, in contradistinction to _reformé_, or being reduced.

PIEDROIT, _Fr._ Pier.

PIEGE, _Fr._ Snare.

PIERRE, _Fr._ A stone.

PIERRE _à feu_, _Fr._ Flint.

PIERRE _à fusil_, _Fr._ A flint.

PIERREE, _Fr._ A drain, water-course.

PIERRIER, _Fr._ A swivel, a pederero.

PIERRIERE, _Fr._ A quarry.

PIERRIERES, _Fr._ Heaps of stones, which are designedly collected round fortified places to interrupt besiegers in their approaches. These heaps are covered over with earth to conceal the stratagem; and the spots on which they lie are frequently fortified with palisadoes, in the form of bonnets or saliant angles; so that when the besieger attempts to carry them, the artillery from the ramparts or neighboring places, may be fired amongst the heaps of stones, and considerable damage be done by the fragments that must necessarily fly about.

PIERS. The columns on which the arch of a bridge is raised.

PIES, _Fr._ Knights that were created by Pope Pius IV. in 1560, with the titles of counts Palatines. They took precedence, at Rome, of the knights of the Teutonic order, and of those of Malta.

PIETINER, _Fr._ to move the feet with great quickness. It likewise signifies to _mark time_, but not technically so.

PIETON, _Fr._ a foot soldier.

PIEU, _Fr._ a large beam, or stake.

PIEUX, _Fr._ This word is sometimes used in the plural number to signify palisades.

PIGNON, _Fr._ the gable end of a building.

PIKE, in _war_, an offensive weapon, consisting of a wooden shaft, from 6 to 20 feet long, with a flat steel head, pointed, called the spear. This instrument was long in use among the infantry; but now the bayonet, which is fixed on the muzzle of the firelock, is substituted in its stead. The Macedonian phalanx was a battalion of pikemen.

PIKEMEN, soldiers armed with pikes.

The utility of the Pike was pointed out by marshal Saxe, but until the French being destitute of firearms for their national guards, were forced to resort to it, the great value of the weapon was not well understood; although the bayonet, which is only a pike on the end of a firelock, was in general use. On an emergency, where arms are scarce, the pike may always be relied on against infantry or cavalry. See _Am. Mil. Lib._

PIKESTAFF, the wooden pole or handle of a pike.

PILE, _Fr._ A species of javelin which was used by the Romans. They darted these weapons with so much force, that, according to tradition, two men have been pierced through, together with their shields or bucklers.

PILES, strong pieces of wood, driven into the ground to make a firm foundation for any kind of work.

_To_ PILE or _stack arms_, to place three musquets with six bayonets in such a relative position, that the butts shall remain firm upon the ground, and the muzzles be close together in an oblique direction. This method has been adopted to prevent the injury which was formerly done to musquetry, when the practice of grounding the firelock prevailed. Every recruit should be taught how to pile or stack arms before he is dismissed the drill.

PILE, any heap; as a pile of balls, shells, &c.

PILES _of shot or shells_, are generally piled up in the magazines, in three different manners: the base is either a triangular square, or a rectangle; and from thence the piles are called triangular, square, and oblong.

TABLE, _of Triangular Piles of Shot_.

-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
| Con-| | Con-| | Con-| | Con-
Side.|tent.|Side.|tent.|Side.|tent.|Side.|tent.
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
2 | 4| 13 | 473| 24 | 437| 35 | 7486
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
3 | 10| 14 | 574| 25 | 751| 36 | 8184
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
4 | 20| 15 | 696| 26 | 3091| 37 | 9322
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
5 | 35| 16 | 731| 27 | 3458| 38 |10131
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
6 | 56| 17 | 883| 28 | 3853| 39 |10981
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
7 | 84| 18 | 1043| 29 | 4277| 40 |11871
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
8 | 120| 19 | 1222| 30 | 4731| 41 |12807
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
9 | 165| 20 | 1540| 31 | 5216| 42 |13730
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
10 | 220| 21 | 1641| 32 | 5733| 43 |14659
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
11 | 296| 22 | 1883| 33 | 6283| 44 |15585
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
12 | 384| 23 | 2148| 34 | 6867| 45 |16511
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----

_Explanation._ The numbers in the 1st, 3d, 5th, and 7th vertical columns, express the number of shot in the base or side of each triangular pile; and the numbers in the 2d, 4th, 6th, and 8th vertical columns, express the number of shot in each pile.

_Rules for finding the number in any_ PILE.

_Triangular_ PILE.

Multiply the base by the base + 1, this product by the base + 2, and divide by 6.

_Square_ PILE.

Multiply the bottom row by the bottom row + 1, and this product by twice the bottom row + 2, and divide by 6.

_Rectangular_ PILES.

Multiply the breadth of the base by itself + 1, and this product by three times the difference between the length and the breadth of the base, added to twice the breadth + 1, and divide by 6.

_Incomplete_ PILES.

Incomplete piles being only frustums, wanting a similar small pile on the top, compute first the whole pile as if complete, and also the small pile wanting at top; and then subtract the one number from the other.

TABLE, _of square Piles of Shot_.

+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| | con-| | con-| | | | | | |
|side| tent|side| tent|side|cont’t|side|cont’t|side|cont’t|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 2 | 5| 20 | 2871| 38 | 19019| 56 | 60116| 74 |137825|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 3 | 14| 21 | 3311| 39 | 20540| 57 | 63365| 75 |143450|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 4 | 30| 22 | 3795| 40 | 22140| 58 | 66729| 76 |149226|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 5 | 55| 23 | 4324| 41 | 23821| 59 | 70210| 77 |155155|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 6 | 91| 24 | 4900| 42 | 25585| 60 | 73810| 78 |161239|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 7 | 140| 25 | 5525| 43 | 27434| 61 | 77531| 79 |167480|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 8 | 204| 26 | 6201| 44 | 29370| 62 | 81375| 80 |173880|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 9 | 285| 27 | 6930| 45 | 31395| 63 | 85344| 81 |180441|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 10 | 385| 28 | 7714| 46 | 33511| 64 | 89440| 82 |187165|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 11 | 506| 29 | 8555| 47 | 35720| 65 | 93665| 83 |194054|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 12 | 650| 30 | 9455| 48 | 38024| 66 | 98021| 84 |201110|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 13 | 819| 31 |10416| 49 | 40425| 67 |102510| 85 |208335|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 14 | 1015| 32 |11440| 50 | 42925| 68 |107134| 86 |215731|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 15 | 1240| 33 |12529| 51 | 45526| 69 |111895| 87 |223300|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 16 | 1496| 34 |13685| 52 | 48230| 70 |116795| 88 |231044|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 17 | 1785| 35 |14910| 53 | 51039| 71 |121836| 89 |238965|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 18 | 2109| 36 |16206| 54 | 53955| 72 |127020| 90 |247065|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+
| 19 | 2470| 37 |17575| 55 | 56980| 73 |132349| 91 |255346|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+------+----+------+----+------+

_Explanation._ The numbers gradually increasing, from 2 to 91, express the number of shot at the base of each square pile; and the numbers opposite, the quantity of shot in each complete square pile. _Example._ No. 20 gives 2871, and No 30 gives 9455; and so of the rest.

PILIER, _Fr._ a buttress.

PILLAGE, (_pillage_, _Fr._) The act of plundering.

_To_ PILLAGE, to spoil, to waste, to plunder.

PILLAGER, a plunderer; one who gets a thing by violent or illegal means.

PILLAR, in a figurative sense, support. A well disciplined army may be called the pillar of the state; an ill disciplined one, the reverse.

PILLARS, _and_ ARCHES. It was customary among the ancients, particularly among the Romans, to erect public buildings, such as arches and pillars, for the reward and encouragement of noble enterprise. These marks were conferred upon such eminent persons as had either won a victory of extraordinary consequence abroad, or had rescued the commonwealth from any considerable danger. The greatest actions of the heroes they stood to honor, were curiously expressed, or the whole procession of a triumph cut out on the sides. The arches built by Romulus were only of brick, those of Camillus of plain square stones; but those of Cæsar, Drusus, Titus, Trajan, Gordian, &c. were all entirely marble. As to their figure, they were at first semicircular; whence probably they took their names. Afterwards they were built four square, with a spacious arched gate in the middle, and little ones on each side. Upon the vaulted part of the middle gate, hung little winged images, representing victory, with crowns in their hands, which when they were let down, they put upon the conqueror’s head as he passed under the triumph.--Fabricii Roma, cap. 15.

The columns or pillars were converted to the same design as the arches, for the honorable memorial of some noble victory or exploit, after they had been a long time in use for the chief ornaments of the sepulchres of great men, as may be gathered from Homer, Iliad 16.

The pillars of the emperors Trajan and Antoninus, have been extremely admired for their beauty and curious work. We find them thus particular described in page 53, of Kennett’s Roman Antiquities.

The former was set up in the middle of Trajan’s forum, being composed of 24 great stones of marble, but so curiously cemented, as to seem one entire natural stone. The height was 144 feet, according to Eutropius, (Hist. lib. 8.) though Martian (lib. iii. cap. 13.) seems to make them but 128. It is ascended by 185 winding stairs, and has 40 little windows for the admission of light. The whole pillar is incrusted with marble, in which are expressed all the noble actions of the emperor, and particularly the Dacian war. One may see all over it the several figures of forts, bulwarks, bridges, ships, &c. and all manner of arms, as shields, helmets, targets, swords, spears, daggers; belts, &c. together with the several offices and employments of the soldiers; some digging trenches, some measuring out a place for the tents, and others making a triumphal procession. (Fabricus, cap. 7.) But the noblest ornament of this pillar, was the statute of Trajan on the top, of a gigantic bigness, being no less than 20 feet high. He was represented in a coat of armor proper to the general, holding in his left hand a sceptre, in his right a hollow globe of gold, in which his own ashes were deposited after his death, (Casalius, par. I. c. 2.)

The column or pillar of Antoninus, was raised in imitation of this, which it exceeded only in one respect, that it was 176 feet high; (Martian, lib. vi. cap. 13.) for the work was much inferior to the former, as being undertaken in the declining age of the empire. The ascent on the inside was 106 stairs, and the windows in the inside 56. The sculpture and the other ornaments were of the same nature as those of the first; and on the top stood a colossus of the emperor naked, as appears from some of his coins. See Martian idem.

Both these columns are still standing at Rome, the former most entire. But Pope Sixtus I. instead of the two statues of the emperors, set up St. Peter’s on the column of Trajan, and St. Paul’s on that of Antoninus. Casal, part I. c. 11.

Among the columns and pillars we must not pass by, (to use Mr. Kennett’s words) the _Milliarium aureum_, a gilded pillar in the forum, erected by Augustus Cæsar, at which all the highways of Italy met, and were concluded. (Martian, lib. iii. cap. 18.) From this they counted their miles, at the end of every mile setting up a stone; whence came the phrase _Primus ab urbe lapis_, and the like. This pillar, as Mr. Lassels informs us, is still to be seen.

PILON, _Fr._ a weapon, the use of which has been recommended by marshal Saxe, in his plan forming several battalions four deep. The two first ranks are to be armed with musquets, the third and fourth with large half pikes or pilons, having their musquets slung across their shoulders.

PILUM. The head of an arrow was so called by the Romans.

PINASSE, _Fr._ a pinnace.

PINDAREES, _Ind._ plunderers and marauders, who accompany a Mahrattah army. The name is properly that of persons who travel with grain and merchandize; but war affording so many opportunities and creating so many necessities, the merchants as it is all over the world, became plunderers and the worst of enemies.

_To_ PINION, to bind the hands or arms of a person so as to prevent his having the free use of them.

PINK, a sort of small ship, masted and ribbed like other ships, except that she is built with a round stern, the bends and ribs compassing, so that her sides bulge out very much.

PIN, an iron nail or bolt, with a round head, and generally with a hole at the end to receive a key: there are many sorts, as axle-tree pins, or bolts, bolster pins, pole-pins, swing-tree pins, &c.

There are likewise _musquet pins_, which are small pieces of iron or wire that fasten the stock. Soldiers are very apt to take out these pins in order to make their pieces ring; but they should not on any account, be permitted so to do.

PINTLE in _artillery_, a long iron bolt, fixed upon the middle of the limber-bolster, to go through the hole made in the trail-transom of a field-carriage, when it is to be transported from one place to another.

PINTLE-_plate_, is a flat iron, through which the pintle passes, and nailed to both sides of the bolster, with 8 diamond headed nails.

PINTLE-_washer_, an iron ring through which the pintle passes, placed close to the bolster for the trail to move upon.

PINTLE-_hole_, is of an oval figure, made in the trail-transom of a field-carriage, wider above than below, to leave room for the pintle to play in.

PIOBRACH, the Gaelic word for a _piper_; also an air played upon the bagpipe. It is now more strictly applied to the ancient Highland martial music.

PIOBRACHS, are either simple or compound; some of them consist of a march, &c. and are beautifully varied, and highly characteristic.

PIOCHE, _Fr._ a mattock, pickaxe.

PIOCHER, _Fr._ to dig.

PIONEERS, in _war-time_, are such as are commanded in from the country, to march with an army, for mending the ways, for working on entrenchments and fortifications, and for making mines and approaches: the soldiers are likewise employed in all these things.

Most of the European artillery corps have a company of pioneers, well instructed in that important branch of duty. The regiments of infantry and cavalry have 3 or 4 pioneers each, provided with aprons, hatchets, saws, spades, and pick-axes. The French _sappers_ are the same kind of soldiers.

PIONIERS, _Fr._ pioneers.

PIPE, a tube; a musical instrument; a liquid measure, containing two hogsheads.

PIPE, from the Gaelic _piob mohr_, which signifies great pipe. The Highland bagpipe is so called, and is an instrument well calculated for the field of battle. When the bagpipe is skilfully performed, its martial music has a wonderful effect upon the native Scotch, particularly the Highlanders, who are naturally warlike.