Chapter D: Caldwell, (51)

PARAPETS _en forme de crémaillere_, _Fr._ Parapets which are so constructed within, in the form of a saw, that one of the faces of the redans, or teeth, is perpendicular and the other parallel to the capital. The chevalier Clariac, in his _Ingénieur de Campagne_, has given a particular account of these parapets. But the merit of having invented them does not entirely rest with him, since the Marquis de la Fond, director of the fortified places upon the coast of French Flanders, and M. de Verville, chief engineer at Rocroi, have likewise mentioned them.

PARASANG, (_Parasange_, _Fr._) an ancient Persian measure, being usually thirty, sometimes forty, and sometimes fifty stadia or furlongs.

PARC _d’artillerie_, _Fr._ See PARK OF ARTILLERY.

PARC, _Fr._ See PARK.

_Le Commissaire du_ PARC, _Fr._ The commissary belonging to the park.

_Le_ PARC _des munitions et des vivres_, _Fr._ The park of stores and provisions.

PARC _d’Hôpital_. See HOSPITAL.

PARC _des vivres ou quartier des vivres_, _Fr._ Park of provisions, which see.

PARCOURIR, _Fr._ in a military sense, to run over the ground during an action. This word is particularly applicable to those movements which are made by general officers, officers commanding brigades, &c. for the purpose of encouraging their soldiers in the heat of an engagement.

PARCOURIR _de rang en rang_, _Fr._ to run up and down the ranks, or from rank to rank.

PARDON, forgiveness, remission. In military matters this word must be understood in two senses, viz. in a limited one, when it affects a culprit who has been sentenced by a general court-martial, to receive punishment; and in a more extensive one, when the punishment is the consequence of a regimental decision. In the former case, the president only, through the war department, can pardon or remit the punishment; in the latter, the colonel, or commanding officer, has a discretionary power.

PARER, _Fr._ to parry,

PARER _à toutes feintes_, _Fr._ To parry to all feints.

PARK _of artillery_, should always be placed if possible within a short distance of water carriage; and have the most ready communication with every part of the line of the army. Its form must depend on its situation. Ten feet are usually allowed in front for one carriage and its interval, and near 50 feet from the hind wheels of the front row to the fore wheels of the second; this interval should allow sufficient room for putting the horses to the carriages, and for a free passage along the line. In parks not on immediate service, it is customary to arrange the guns with their muzzles to the front; but where the guns are likely to be wanted at a short notice, appearances must not be studied, and the gun carriages must be parked with their shafts to the front, ready to receive horses to them. A quarter guard is placed in front of the park, and the non-commissioned officers and gunners’ tents on the flanks, at about 20 paces distance; and 40 paces to the rear of the subaltern officers; at 10 more to the rear the captains, and 10 more the commanding officer. The mess tent is 15 in the rear of the officers. At a convenient distance, in the rear of the whole, are the horses, picketed in one or more lines, with the drivers on their flanks. The horses are sometimes picketed in lines perpendicular to the front, and on the flanks of the carriages, between the men and the carriages. See CAMP and ARTILLERY IN THE FIELD. _Am. Mil. Lib._

PARK _of provisions_, a place in a camp, on the rear of every regiment, which is taken up by the sutlers who follow the army with all sorts of provisions, and sell them to the soldiers.

PARLEMENTER, _Fr._ to parley. The French familiarly say, _Ville qui parlemente est à demi rendue_; a town whose governor parlies may be said to be half given up.

PARLEY, oral treaty, talk, conference, discussion by word of mouth.

_To_ PARLEY, in military matters, to enter into conference with your enemy. This is done by means of a flag of truce. See TRUCE.

_To beat a_ PARLEY, is to give a signal for holding such a conference, by beat of drum, or sound of trumpet. See CHAMADE.

PAROLE, in a _military sense_, the promise made by a prisoner of war, when he has leave to go any where, of returning at a time appointed, or not to take up arms, if not exchanged.

PAROLE, means also a word given out every day in orders by the commanding officer, both in camp and garrison, in order to know friends from enemies.

PARQUER, _Fr._ This word, which signifies to lodge and place any thing in a convenient and safe manner, is used by the French both in an active and passive sense.

_On_ PARQUERA _l’artillerie_, _ou l’artillerie fut parquée en tel endroit_, _Fr._ you will park the artillery in such a quarter, or the artillery will be parked in such a quarter.

_Les gens de l’artillerie se parquérent, ou furent parqués, du côté de la rivière_, _Fr._ The train of artillery parked itself on the banks of the river, or was parked upon the banks of the river.

_L’artillerie parquoit en tel lieu_, _Fr._ The artillery parked on such ground.

PARRAIN, _Fr._ means, literally, a godfather. In a military sense, it formerly signified a second or witness who attended at single combats to see fair play. _Les combattants se trouvérent dans le lieu du combat, chacun avec son parrain._ The combattants met upon the ground, each attended by his second or witness.

PARRAIN, _Fr._ in military orders, the person who introduces, or presents a newly elected knight. The term is also used to signify the comrade who is selected by a soldier that has been condemned to be shot, to bind the handkerchief over his eyes.

PARRYING, the action of warding off the push or blow aimed at one by another.

_Etre à la Part_, _Fr._ a marine term among the French, signifying, to share in the prizes which are made against an enemy.

PARTHENIÆ,a word derived from the Greek, signifying virginity. In military history it refers to a particular circumstance which occurred among the ancients. The Spartans having been at war with the Messenians for 20 years, and having by that means very much depopulated their country, and apprehending that if this war continued, it might eventually strip Sparta of all its male inhabitants, they sent some of their young men from the army into the city, with licence to be familiar with as many unmarried women as they would; and the children begotten by them in this manner were called Partheniæ, on account of the uncertainty who were their fathers. At the end of the war this brood were deemed bastards, and were denied the bearing of any office in the government, &c. This unjust exclusion enraged them so much, that they conspired with the slaves to destroy all the nobility; but on the discovery of their plot, they were driven out of the city. After which, being headed by Phalantus, a bold and enterprising son of chance, they travelled into _Magna Grecia_ in Italy, and built _Tarentum_.--_Bailey’s Dict._

PARTI, _Fr._ See PARTY.

PARTI-_Bleü_, _Fr._ any party of armed men who infest a country, and have no regular permission to act offensively.

_Prendre le_ PARTI, _Fr._ to take a part.

_Prendre son_ PARTI, _Fr._ to come to a determination.

_Prendre son_ PARTI _dans les troupes_, _Fr._ To list in a regiment.

_Tirer_ PARTI, _Fr._ to take advantage.

_Ne point prendre de_ PARTI, _Fr._ to remain neuter, or not to take any part.

_Esprit de_ PARTI, _Fr._ party spirit.

_Se declarer d’un_ PARTI, _Fr._ openly to avow some particular party. The French say figuratively, _Il faut être toujours du parti de la verité_; we should always side with truth.

PARTI, likewise signifies profession or employment, viz. _Le parti de l’èpée, le parti des armes_; the military profession.

_Prendre_ PARTI _dans l’épée_, _Fr._ to embrace a military life.

PARTIALITY. Unequal state of the judgment, and favor of one above the other, without just reason. If any member of a general court-martial expresses a previous judgment, in partiality either to the prisoner or prosecutor, before he is sworn, it is to be deemed a good cause of challenge; and he should not be allowed to sit in judgment on the case.

PARTISAN, has been applied to a halberd or pike, and to a marshal’s staff. See BATON.

PARTISAN, in the _art of war_, a person dexterous in commanding a party; who, knowing the country well, is employed in getting intelligence, or surprising the enemy’s convoy, &c. The word also means an officer sent out upon a party, with the command of a body of light troops, generally under the appellation of a partisan corps. It is necessary that this corps should be composed of infantry, light-horse, and riflemen.

PARTY, in a _military sense_, a small number or detachment of men, horse, or foot, sent upon any kind of duty; as into an enemy’s country, to pillage, to take prisoners, and oblige the country to come under contribution. Parties are often sent out to view the roads and ways, get intelligence, seek forage, reconnoitre, or amuse the enemy upon a march; they are also frequently sent upon the flanks of an army, or regiment, to discover the enemy, if near, and prevent surprise or ambuscade.

Parties escorting deserters in the British service receive the following allowances, being the same as have been granted to those of other forces, in consideration of the unavoidable extraordinary wear of their clothing and necessaries on that duty, viz.

Distances from For each man
quarters. --------------
------------------------- _£._ _s._ _d._
Between 8 and 20 miles 0 1 0
20 50 0 2 0
50 100 0 4 0
100 150 0 5 0
150 200 0 6 0
Above 200 0 7 6

In the like proportion, allowances are to be made for parties of four, five, and six men, but no higher. This is however to be understood as a regulation of allowance merely, it not being the intention of government thereby to restrain any commanding officer from employing larger parties on the escort duty, if he should think proper, but that whatever may be the actual number of the parties, the allowances are to be in the proportion of

Three men for an escort of from 5 to 8 deserters
Four ---- 9 to 12
Five ---- 13 to 16
Six ---- 17 to 20

Exact returns of the said duty, as performed by each corps, are to be made up, agreeable to a form annexed, as soon as may be after every 24th of June and 24th of December, for the half years immediately preceding, and are to be transmitted to the office of the secretary at war, in order that the allowances thereon may be settled and directed.

_Watering_ PARTY. See WATERING.

_Firing_ PARTY, those who are selected to fire over the grave of any one interred with military honors, if below the rank of brigadier-general; for the specific number of which the party is to consist, &c.--See BURIALS.

_Working_ PARTIES. These consist of small detachments of men under the immediate command and superintendance of officers who are employed on fatigues which are not purely of a military nature. They are generally called fatigue duties, being different from those of parade, or of exercise in the field. They principally consist in digging canals, repairing roads, working on fortifications, except such as may be constructed in the field, or upon actual service. An addition is made to their pay, as a reward for their labor, and a compensation for their extraordinary wear of necessaries: half of which should always be paid into the hands of the captains, and commanding officers of companies, for this latter purpose. It has been judiciously observed in a note to the treatise on Military Finance, that British troops might in time of peace, be employed much oftener than they are on works of this nature, with equal advantage to the public and to themselves. This remark becomes more forcibly apposite since the adoption of canals through the country.

PAS, _Fr._ Pace. A measure in fortification. The French divide their _pas_, or pace, into two kinds--_pas commun_, or ordinary pace, and _pas geometrique_, or geometrical pace. The ordinary pace consists of two feet; and the geometrical pace contains five royal feet, or five _pieds du roi_. The itinerary distance which the Italians call a mile, consists of one thousand geometrical paces; and three miles make a French league.

PAS _oblique_, _Fr._ Oblique step, now exploded.

PAS _ordinaire_, _Fr._ Ordinary time.

PAS _ordinaire direct_, _Fr._ Front step in ordinary time.

PAS _precipite_, _Fr._ Double quick time.

PAS _de charge_, _Fr._ Charging time.

PAS _cadencé_, _Fr._ Cadenced step.

_Doubler le_ PAS, _Fr._ to double your step or pace: to go faster.

_Forcer le_ PAS, _Fr._ to make a forced march.

PAS _alongé_, _Fr._ a lengthened step.

_Alonger le_ PAS, _Fr._ to step out.

_Diminuer le_ PAS, _Fr._ To step short.

_Hâter le_ PAS, _Fr._ to slacken your pace; to go slower.

_Marcher à grands_ PAS, _Fr._ To move rapidly.

_Marcher à petits_ PAS, _Fr._ to step short, or move leisurely.

_Retourner sur ses_ PAS, _Fr._ To go back.

_Avoir le_ PAS, _Fr._ To have the precedency.

PAS _de souris_, _Fr._ Degrees or steps which are made in different parts of the circumference of the counterscarp. They serve to keep up a communication between works when the ditch is dry, and are generally made in the rentrant angles of the counterscarp, and in the rentrant angles of the outworks. There are likewise steps or degrees of this sort at some distance from the glacis.

PAS, _Fr._ Any strait or channel of water between two separate lands.

PAS _de Calais_, _Fr._ The straits between Calais and Dover.

PAS, likewise signifies any narrow pass. _Le pas des Thermopyles._ The pass of Thermopylæ.

_Defendre le_ PAS, _Fr._ To defend the pass or strait.

_Francher le_ PAS, _Fr._ To determine upon a thing after some hesitation.

PAS _d’ane_, _Fr._ A sword-guard, which covers the whole hand, or basket hilt. _Une garde à pas d’ane._

PAS _d’ane_, _Fr._ This word likewise means a curb or snaffle.

PASS, in a _military sense_, a strait, difficult, and narrow passage, which shuts up the entrance into a country.

PASS, a voucher for the absence of a non-commissioned officer or soldier, in the following form:

By ---- commanding the ---- regiment of U. S. Infantry, stationed at ----.

Permit the bearer hereof ---- in ---- company of the abovementioned regiment, to pass from hence to ---- and to return to quarters at or before ---- o’clock.

Given under my hand at ---- this ---- day of ---- .

_To all whom it may concern._

PASS, PASSADO, in _fencing_, a push or thrust upon your adversary.

PASS, (_passade_, _Fr._) in fencing, a leap or advance upon the enemy.

_To_ PASS, to march by open order of columns, for the purpose of saluting a reviewing general. Each division or company (on its march) will open its ranks at 20 paces distance from the general, and again close them, after it has passed 15 paces. The whole march in slow time, till the leading division arrives at the spot where the left of the battalion originally stood. The commanding officer then halts the regiment, the music ceases to play, and the different divisions with supported arms march in quick time until they have completed the third wheel from the ground of original formation; when arms are ordered to be carried, the music plays, and as each division completes the third wheel, the officers shift to the right, and the whole pass the general.

PASS _of arms_. In ancient chivalry, a bridge, road, &c. which the knights undertook to defend, and which was not to be passed without fighting the person who kept it. He, who was disposed to dispute the pass, touched one of the armories of the other knight who held the pass, that were hung on pales, columns, &c. erected for the purpose; and this was a challenge which the other was obliged to accept. The vanquished gave the conqueror such prize as was agreed on.

PASS-_parole_, a command or word which is given out at the head of an army, and from thence passed from mouth to mouth, till it reach the rear.

PASS-_port_, a letter of licence which is given by a government, granting safe conduct to travel, enter, and go out of its territories without molestation; this is properly given to friends and neutral persons; and the safe conduct to enemies.

PASS, _All’s Well_, a term used by a British sentry after he has challenged a person that comes near his post, and has given him the proper parole, watchword, or countersign. See ROUNDS.

PASSADE, _Fr._ See PASS.

PASSADE, in the _manege_, is a horse’s walking or trotting in such a manner, that he raises the outward hind-leg and the inward fore-leg together; and, setting these two on the ground, raises the other two alternately, never gaining above a foot of ground at a time.

_Demander la_ PASSADE, _Fr._ This term is used among the French to express the act of soliciting charity out of the usual way of persons begging, or who have not been accustomed to ask alms. _Donner la passade a un pauvre soldat_; to give alms to a poor soldier. _Il y avoit sur le chemin beaucoup de soldats qui demandoient la passade_; there were many soldiers on the road who asked charity.

PASSAGE, (_passage_, _Fr._) This word, as to its general import, does not require explanation. It is familiar to everybody. In a military sense it may be variously understood for passages made over rivers or through defiles, which should always be secured when an army is on its march. Dragoons or light cavalry are generally employed upon this service, being, by the celerity of their motions, better calculated to get the start of an enemy. Passes through mountainous countries, and passages over rivers, may likewise be secured by means of light field pieces and flying artillery. The latter are particularly calculated for defiles. Intrenching tools, &c. must be carried with them.

If it be found expedient to cross a river, a sufficient number of pontoons, must accompany the detachment. Should the river be fordable, and a body of infantry have been brought up in time to act with the cavalry, the former must instantly make good its footing on the opposite side, carrying intrenching tools, &c. for the purpose of fortifying the _tête du pont_, and thereby securing the passage of the river. Rivers are crossed either by surprise, or by main force.

When the passage is to be effected by surprise, such movements and feints must be resorted to, as may induce the enemy to direct his means of opposition to a distant quarter from the one you have in contemplation. Every precaution must be taken to prevent him from getting the least intelligence respecting your boats of pontoons; and on this account you must frequently countermarch different bodies of troops to divert his attention. When the passage is to be effected by main force, you must take such a position as will enable you to command the one occupied by the enemy, and you must select that part of the river where there are small islands or creeks, under cover of which the boats and barges may ply.

Those spots upon the banks of a river are best calculated for this enterprise, where the stream forms a rentrant angle, because it is more easy, in cases of that sort, to plant your batteries in such a manner as to afford a cross fire against the opposite bank. The instant you have dislodged the enemy, by means of a superior force of artillery (which you must always provide for the purpose in question) a strong detachment composed of grenadiers, and other chosen troops, must cross in boats or barges, in order to stand the first shock of the enemy, under a well supported fire of artillery.

When this detachment has made good its footing, the boats or barges must instantly row back for fresh troops, whilst the pioneers, artificers, and workmen, who accompanied the grenadiers, throw up temporary redoubts, and are protected by the fire of the troops that have landed. As soon as the works are sufficiently advanced, and an adequate number of men has been distributed in them to secure the post, the bridge must be undertaken. Its head or tete must be made as strong as possible, to keep the enemy in check should he return, and endeavor to dislodge the advanced guard.

The main body must be put in motion shortly after the departure of the first detachment, in order to support the latter, should the enemy succeed in making a bold push to defeat it, and thereby prevent the numberless disadvantages which must ensue, if the army were permitted to cross the river, or to pass the defile without opposition.

When the passage of a large river can be happily effected by means of a bridge, considerable advantages may be derived from it; most especially when the army is thereby enabled to reach a defile or pass, the possession of which enables a general to distribute his troops in desultory quarters. Marshal Turenne, in his famous passage over the Wesel in 1672, has afforded us a strong instance of this advantage. Marshal Saxe has written largely upon this important operation; and every general officer ought to be thoroughly versed in the ways and means of executing it under all the various circumstances that occur in the locality of ground, the peculiar nature of rivers, and the possible resources of an enemy, that is determined to dispute his passage. But the most memorable of all that is recorded in history are the passages of the Danube below Vienna, in 1809, which merit the study of every military man.

Soldiers should be frequently practised in the different evolutions which are required to pass a bridge in a safe and military manner. Bridges, defiles, &c. being obstacles that retard the movements of an army, whose object is to advance, we refer our readers for a full elucidation of the subject, under the article OBSTACLE.

PASSAGE, _Fr._. a term which relates to the reception of a knight, in the order of Malta.

PASSAGE of bridges or defiles when a battalion or line stands on narrow ground.

A battalion, standing in narrow ground, may sometimes be ordered to march in file for the purpose of forming open column; and passing a defile, either before or behind that flank, before or behind the other flank, or before or behind any central point of that line.

_Received Rules._

1. _If before the right flank_--The right platoon will move on, the rest of the battalion will face to the right, and march in file, the divisions will successively front and follow the leading one, and each other.

2. _If behind the right flank_--The whole face to the right and _march_, the right division instantly countermarches to the rear, _fronts_, and moves forward, followed in the same manner by every other division, till the whole is in column.

But the following method of passing in open column, would save a great deal of time which is unnecessarily lost by countermarching each division separately, as they successively arrive on the ground where the right division stood before it marched off to the rear.

1st. Countermarch the whole of the divisions at the same time, and on the same ground which they severally occupy in the line.

2d. Face the whole (except the right division) to the left, which moves forward on the word _march_ from the chief. The divisions as they successively arrive on the ground from which the first division marched, will halt and _front_, follow the leading one and each other, till the whole are in column.

_Received Rules._

3. _If before any central point, or the left flank_--The battalion makes a successive _countermarch_ from the right flank towards the left, and when the right division arrives at the point from whence it is to advance, it again _countermarches_ to its right, a space equal to its front, then faces and moves on, and is thus successively followed by part of the battalion. The other part of the battalion beyond the point of advancing, _faces_ inwards, when necessary, makes a progressive march in file, then fronts, and follows by divisions as it comes to the turn of each, till the whole are in column.

_A different Method._

Instead of passing according to the above method, much time may be gained, by the divisions on the right of the defile facing to the left, (commencing with the right division) march in file till opposite, and in full front of the division which is opposite the defile, or where the column is to advance from, then front, march forward, followed by the other divisions; the divisions on the left of the defile will face inwards, and when necessary, make a progressive march in file, followed as before, till the whole are in column.

_Received Rule._

4. _If behind the centre or the left flank._--The right part of the battalion _countermarches_ from the right by files successively by the rear; and the other part of the battalion, as is necessary, makes a progressive march by files from its right to the central point, and there begins to countermarch at that point, the leading and each other division, fronts into column, and moves on.

_A different Method._

To avoid loss of time in countermarching the divisions on the left as they successively arrive at the point they march from. Countermarch those divisions first on the ground they severally stand on, then face to the _left_; and when it comes to their turn march in file, front, and following in column, as they progressively and successively arrive opposite the point where the right division entered the defile.

It must be observed that in all _countermarches_ of divisions on the ground they severally stand on, when passing to the rear, the division which stands opposite the point from which they are to march, must _countermarch_ at the same time with the other divisions. See _Am. Mil. Lib._

PASSAGE _of Lines_. In narrow grounds, where there are redoubled lines, and in many other situations, it becomes necessary for one battalion to _pass_ directly through another, in marching either to front or rear. This must particularly happen, when a first line, which has suffered in action, retires through, and makes place for a second line which has come forward to support it; or, the second line remaining posted, when the first falls back, and retires through it, and thus alternately, till a safe position is attained.

PASSAGE _of the Traverse_, an opening out in the parapet of the covert-way, close to the traverses, that there may be a ready communication with all parts of the covert-way.

PASSAGE, in the manege, an action wherein the horse raises a hind and fore leg together; then setting these two on the ground, he raises the other two: and thus alternately, never gaining above a foot of ground at a time.

PASSAGE, _Fr._. to passage, a term used in the manege.

PASSAGER _un cheval_, _Fr._ to make a horse passage. It is likewise used as a neutral verb, viz. _un cheval passage_, a horse passages.

PASSANDEAU, _Fr._. an ancient piece of ordnance, which carried an eight pound ball, and weighed three thousand five hundred pounds.

_Chemin_ PASSANT, _Fr._. a thoroughfare.

PASSAVANT, _Fr._. a pass. This term is not used in a military sense, but relates chiefly to commercial matters.

PASSE, _Fr._. See PASS.

PASSES-_Balles_, _Fr._ boards or machines made of iron or brass, used in disparting cannon, and fitted to every species of calibre.

PASSE-_Mur_, _Fr._ a piece of ordnance formerly so called, which carried a sixteen pound ball, and weighed four thousand two hundred pounds.

PASSE-_par-tout_, _Fr._ a large saw, the teeth of which are irregularly made, for the purpose of cutting forest trees asunder.

PASSE-_par-tout_, _Fr._ a master key.

PASSE-_vogue_, _Fr._ Any extraordinary effort that is made in rowing is so called.

PASSE-_Parole_, _Fr._ This expression is used among the French in an absolute sense, and signifies to give the parole, order, or countersign. When troops are on service, or upon duty, they have frequent occasion to adopt it, especially during the rounds. _Avance passe-parole_. Advance, and give the parole or countersign.

PASSE-_Volant_, _Fr._ any man that is not really in the service, and who stands to be mustered for the purpose of completing the supposed number of effectives in a regiment, or on board a ship of war. They are likewise called _soldats prêtés_, _Borrowed soldiers_. During the existence of the old French government, the strictest regulations were made to prevent the gross impositions that were sometimes practised by means of _passe-volans_ or faggots.

PASSE-_Volans_ likewise means those wooden pieces of ordnance which are made to resemble real artillery, and fill up the vacant places in a ship. They were first adopted by the French, in consequence of a regulation which was made by M. de Pontchartrain, when he became minister of the marine department. He gave orders, that no vessels, except such as carried 16 guns, should sail to and from America. In order to comply, at least in outward appearance, with this regulation, the merchants had recourse to _pass-volans_, or wooden substitutes, they are called by us _quaker guns_. More advantages than one are indeed derived from this invention, which has been adopted in every civilized country.

PASSE-_chevaux_, _Fr._ ferry for horses.

PASSER, _Fr._ to pass. This word has various significations both in French and English, but chiefly in the former language.

PASSER _en revue_, _Fr._ to muster.

PASSER _à compte_, _Fr._ to allow in reckoning.

PASSER _au fil de l’épée_, _Fr._ to put to the sword.

PASSER _par les baguettes_, _Fr._ to run the gauntlet.

PASSER _par les armes_, _Fr._ to be shot.

PASSER _à la montre_, _Fr._ to pass muster.

PASSER _par la main du bourreau_, _Fr._ to be flogged, or otherwise punished, by the public hangman.

PASSER _la riviére_, _passer la ligne_, _Fr._ to cross the river, to cross the line.

PASSER _par les courroies_, _Fr._ to be picketed.

PASSER _un homme à un officier_, _Fr._ to allow an officer the pay and subsistence of a private soldier for the maintenance of a servant. The term is also used to express the receipt of any public allowance for sinecure places.

PASSER _sur le ventre à une armée_, _Fr._ to defeat an army.

PASSEUR, _Fr._ a ferryman.

PATACHE, _Fr._ This word sometimes means an advice boat; but it more generally signifies an armed tender, or a revenue cutter.

PATE, _Fr._ in fortification, a sort of horse-shoe, that is, a platform, or terre-pleine, irregularly built, yet generally constructed in an oval form. It is surrounded by a parapet, without any thing to flank it, and having no other defence than what is front or fore-right. _Pates_ are usually erected in marshy grounds to cover the gate of a fortified town or place.

PATERERO, a small cannon managed by a swivel.

PATIENCE, the power or faculty of suffering; indurance; the power of expecting long, without rage or discontent; the power of supporting faults or injuries, without revenge; long suffering. In military life patience is an essential requisite. Without patience half the toils of war would be insupportable; with patience there are scarcely any hardships but what coolness, courage, and ability may overcome. It is one of the greatest virtues, indeed, in an officer or soldier patiently to support, not only the rigor of discipline, but the keen and vexatious circumstances of disappointment. Rousseau says, _La patience est amêre, mais son fruit est doux_. Patience is a bitter root, but its fruit is sweet.

PATOMAR, _Ind._ a two mast vessel: each mast carries one sail of four unequal sides. It likewise means a messenger.

PATRICIAN, from the Latin _Patricius_, one descended from a noble family. The term was used among the Romans, to distinguish the higher class of the inhabitants of Rome from the lower, who were called plebeians. Romulus, as soon as the city of Rome was tolerably well filled with inhabitants, made a distinction of the people. The names Peter, Patrick, are from _pater_ a father; the Roman senate were called _Patres_ conscripti. See PATRON.

_Order of St._ PATRICK. There is only one order of knighthood which belongs to Ireland; it is that of St. Patrick, and was created by Geo. III. for corrupt purposes.

PATRIOT, a sincere and unbiassed friend to his country; an advocate for general civilization, uniting, in his conduct through life, moral rectitude with political integrity. Such a character is seldom found in any country; but the specious appearance of it is to be seen every where, most especially in Europe. It is difficult to say, how far the term can be used in a military sense, although it is not uncommon to read of a _citizen soldier_, and a _patriot soldier_. Individually considered the term may be just, but it is hardly to be understood collectively.

PATROL, any party or round of soldiers, to the number of five or six, with a serjeant to command them. These men are detached from the main guard, picquet, or quarter-guard, according to circumstances, to walk round the streets of a garrison town, &c. for the purpose of taking up disorderly persons, or such as cannot give an account of themselves. It is their duty to see, that the soldiers and inhabitants of the place repair to their quarters and dwelling-houses, (in conformity to specific directions which are given out to that effect) and that alehouses and sutlers’ booths are shut up at a seasonable hour. They are likewise to take up every person they meet without a light, and that cannot give the watchword or countersign when he is challenged. All such persons must be conducted to the guard-house, and a report made of them to the commandant or governor of the place, by the town-major.

PATROLES are formed out of the infantry as well as the cavalry. When a weak place is besieged, and there is reason to apprehend an assault, strong patroles are ordered to do duty; these on foot keep a good look out from the ramparts, and those that are mounted take care of the outworks.

PATRON, one who countenances, supports, or protects. Every superior officer, from the commander in chief to the lowest non-commissioned officer, may, in a military sense, be called a patron; for it is the duty of all persons, in authority, to countenance, support, and protect every executive member in the service. Partialities on the other hand, (whatever may be their sources) are the bane of order and good discipline. In proportion as merit finds patrons among the good and great, indolence and inability should be discountenanced and degraded.

Kennett in his Roman Antiquities, page 97, has the following passage, on the origin of the word:--

Romulus, as soon as his city was tolerably well filled with inhabitants, made a distinction of the people according to honor and quality; giving the better sort the name of Patres or Patricii, and the rest the common title of Plebeii. To bind the two degrees more firmly together, he recommended to the patricians some of the plebians, to protect and countenance; the former being stiled _Patroni_, and the latter _Clientes_. The patrons were always their clients’ counsellors in difficult cases; their advocates in judgments; in short, their advisers and overseers in all affairs whatever. On the other side, the clients faithfully served their patrons, not only paying them all imaginable respect and deference, but if occasion required, assisting them with money towards the defraying of any extraordinary charges. But afterwards when the state grew rich and great, though all other good offices continued between them, yet it was thought a dishonorable thing for the better sort to take any money of their inferiors. (_Vide_ _Dionys. lib. 2_, _Liv. lib. 1._ _Plutarch in Romulo_.) Hence the origin of patrons. But the case is altered in modern times with respect to pecuniary interest. Gold, or something more solid in the sale of liberty and good sense, buys a patron now.

PATRON, _Fr._ Among the French the captain of a trading vessel is so named. There were likewise sea-faring men called _officiers mariniers_, who served on board the French ships of war, and who were entrusted with the management of sloops and barges. These were generally called patrons.

PATRONS, (_Galére patrons_, _Fr._) The galley which was second in rank at Marseilles, was so called. It was commanded by the lieutenant-general of the gallies, who took precedence in that line in the same manner that the vice-admiral of the French fleet did among ships of war.

PATROUILLE. See PATROL.

PATTE, _Fr._ a term used in mining. When a well or excavation is made in loose or crumbling earth, and it becomes necessary to frame it in, the rafters must be laid horizontally to support the boards in proportion as the workmen gain depth. The ends of the rafters that are first laid, run ten or twelve inches beyond the borders of the well, for the purpose of sustaining the platform. These supports are called _Oreilles_; consequently, that every subsequent frame may be supported, the second is attached or made firm to the first by means of the ends of boards which are nailed together. In this manner the third is joined to the second, and the fourth to the third. These ends are called _pattes_ or handles.

PATTE _d’Oie_, _Fr._ a term used in mining to describe three small branches which are practised, or run out at the extremity of a gallery. They are so called from their resemblance to the foot of a goose.

PATTERN, a part shewn as a sample for the rest. In a late regulation relative to the inspection of the clothing of the British army in general, it is particularly directed, that regular inspectors, or the inspectors for the time being, do view and compare with the sealed patterns the clothing of the several regiments of cavalry and infantry, as soon as the same shall have been prepared by the respective clothiers; and if the clothing appear to be conformable to the sealed patterns, the said inspectors are to grant two certificates of their view and approval thereof, one of which certificates is to be delivered to the clothier, to be sent with the clothing to the head quarters of the corps; and the other to be lodged with the clothing board, as the necessary voucher for passing the assignment of the allowance for the said clothing.

_A_ PATTERN _Regiment_, a phrase of distinction, which is applied to a corps of officers and soldiers, who are remarkable for their observance of good order and discipline.

PATURE, _Fr._ See FORAGE.

PATUREUR, _Fr._ _Forager_, one who goes on a foraging party.

PAVALUNGE, _Ind._ the name of a year.

PAUDSHAU, _Ind._ King.

PAVESSADES, _Fr._ large portable hurdles, behind which the archers and bowmen were formerly posted. According to Froissart, these hurdles were used long before the reign of Philip Augustus, king of France. Father Daniel, the Jesuit, in his _Histoire de la Milice Francoise_, describes them as bearing the figure of a shield; but the chevalier Folard, in his _Commentaire sur Polybe_, informs us, that they were mantlets which were disposed in parallel or oblique lines, from the camp to the nearest works belonging to the _Corps de Place_, behind which the soldiers and artificers, &c. could in safety, make a small fosse or ditch that was sufficiently deep to preserve them strait and firm. Hurdles, constructed in this manner, were used during the operations of a regular siege; but when it was found expedient to insult a place, those of less dimension were adopted. Father Daniel describes the _Retranchment Portatif_, which was used many centuries before the days of Philip Augustus, under the latter head.

PAVILION, in _military affairs_. See TENT.

PAVILLON, _Fr._ See TENT.

PAVILLON, _Fr._ Flag, standard, or colors.

_Vaisser le_ PAVILLON, _Fr._ to strike, to yield.

_Vaisseau_ PAVILLON, _Fr._ Flag ship.

PAVILLON, _Fr._ This word likewise signifies the swell or broad part of a speaking trumpet.

PAULETTE, _Fr._ a certain tax or pecuniary consideration which all persons who held public situations under the old government of France, were obliged to pay at the commencement of every year, to the king. This enabled them to sell or dispose of their appointments, and to leave the amount to their heirs, if they happened to die in the course of the year. It is so called from _Paulet_, the name of the person who first suggested the measure.

PAVOIS, _Fr._ an ancient weapon of defence. It was the Clypeus or broad shield of the Greeks and Romans.

PAUSE, a stop, cessation, or intermission. It is essentially necessary for all officers to accustom themselves to a most minute observance of the several pauses which are prescribed during the firings. Accordingly the pause betwixt each of the firing words, _make ready_--_aim_,--_fire_, is the same as the ordinary time, viz. the 75th part of a minute, and no other pause is to be made betwixt the words.

In firing by _companies by wings_, each wing carries on its fire independent, without regard to the other wing, whether it fires from the centre to the flanks, or from the flanks to the centre. If there are five companies in the wing, two _pauses_ will be made betwixt the fire of each, and the _make ready_ of the succeeding one. If there are four companies in the wing, three _pauses_ will be made betwixt the fire of each, and the _make ready_ of the succeeding one. This will allow sufficient time for the first company to have again loaded, and shouldered at the time the last company fires, and will establish proper intervals betwixt each.

In firing by grand divisions, three pauses will be made betwixt the fire of each division, and the _make ready_ of the succeeding one.

In firing by _wings_, one wing will make ready the instant the other is shouldering. The commanding officer of the battalion fires the wings.

In firing companies by _files_ each company fires independent. When the right file presents, the next makes ready, and so on. After the first fire, each man as he loads comes to the recover, and the file again fires without waiting for any other; the rear rank men are to have their eyes on their front rank-men, and be guided by, and present with them.

When troops march to music, a _pause_ in the mind before the latter strikes off, will contribute greatly to that uniformity of step, without which no line can move correctly. In some regiments the music does not play until one step has been taken. See STEP OFF.

PAY, or _pay of the army_, is the stipend or salary allowed for each individual serving in the army; first established by the British government in the year 1660.

_FULL PAY_

_Of the Officers, Non-commissioned Officers, and Privates in the British army._

-------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| | | |
| Life | | Foot |
Rank. | Guards. | Cavalry. | Guards. |
-------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|_£._ _s._ _d._|_£._ _s._ _d._|_£._ _s._ _d._|
Colonel | 1 16 -- | 1 12 10 | 1 19 -- |
Colonel en Second | ---- | ---- | -- |
1st. Lieut. Colonel| 1 11 -- | 1 3 -- | 1 8 6 |
2d. Lieut. Colonel | ---- | ---- | -- |
1st. Major | 1 6 -- | -- 19 3 | 1 4 -- |
2d. Major | ---- | -- | -- |
Captain | -- 16 -- | -- 14 7 | -- 16 6 |
Captain Lieutenant | }0 11 -- | -- 9 -- | -- 7 10 |
1st. Lieutenant | } | | |
2d. Lieutenant | ---- | -- | -- |
Cornets | -- 8 6 | -- 8 -- | -- |
Ensigns | ---- | -- | -- 5 10 |
Pay-Master | ---- | -- 15 -- | -- |
Quarter-Master | -- 6 | -- 5 6 | -- 5 8 |
Adjutant | -- 11 -- | -- 5 -- | -- |
Surgeon | -- 12 -- | -- 12 -- | -- 12 -- |
Assistant Surgeon | ---- | -- 5 -- | -- 7 6 |
Veterinary do. | ---- | -- 8 -- | ---- |
Serjeant-Major | ---- | ---- | ---- |
Quarter-Master do. | ---- | ---- | ---- |
Serjeant | ---- | -- 2 -- | -- 1 10³⁄₄|
Corporal | -- 2 6¹⁄₄| -- 1 7¹⁄₄| -- 1 4³⁄₄|
Bombardier | ---- | ---- | ---- |
1st. Gunner | ---- | ---- | ---- |
2d. Gunner | ---- | ---- | ---- |
Private | -- 1 11¹⁄₄| -- 1 3 | -- 1 1 |
Farrier and Smith | ---- | ---- | ---- |
Collar Maker} | | | |
Wheeler } | ---- | ---- | ---- |
Trumpeter} | | | |
Drummer } | -- 2 6 | -- 1 7 | -- 1 2¹⁄₄|
-------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+

-------------------+--------------+-----------------------------
| | Artillery.
| Infantry +--------------+--------------
Rank. | of the line. | Horse. | Foot.
-------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------
|_£._ _s._ _d._|_£._ _s._ _d._|_£._ _s._ _d._
Colonel | 1 2 6 | -- | 2 3 6
Colonel en Second | -- | 1 9 8 | 1 3 9
1st. Lieut. Colonel| 0 15 11 | 1 5 8 | -- 19 9
2d. Lieut. Colonel | 0 15 11 | -- | -- 16 10
1st. Major | }0 14 1 | {1 -- 9 | -- 14 10
2d. Major | } | { -- | --
Captain | 0 9 5 | -- 15 4 | -- 9 11
Captain Lieutenant | 0 5 8 | {0 10 -- | -- 7 --
1st. Lieutenant | | {0 9 -- | -- 6 --
2d. Lieutenant | -- | -- 8 -- | -- 5 --
Cornets | -- | -- | --
Ensigns | -- 4 8 | -- | --
Pay-Master | -- 15 -- | -- | --
Quarter-Master | -- 5 8 | -- 6 -- | -- 6 --
Adjutant | -- 5 -- | -- 5 -- | -- 5 --
Surgeon | -- 9 5 | -- 11 10 | -- 9 11
Assistant Surgeon | -- 5 -- | -- 6 -- | -- 5 --
Veterinary do. | ---- | ---- | ----
Serjeant-Major | ---- | -- 3 4 | -- 3 2
Quarter-Master do. | ---- | -- 2 10 | ----
Serjeant | -- 1 6³⁄₄| -- 2 4 | -- 2 2
Corporal | -- 1 2¹⁄₄| -- 2 2¹⁄₄| -- 2 ¹⁄₄
Bombardier | ---- | -- 2 ¹⁄₄| -- 1 10¹⁄₄
1st. Gunner | ---- | ---- | -- 1 7
2d. Gunner | ---- | -- 1 5¹⁄₄| -- 1 3¹⁄₄
Private | -- 1 -- | ---- | ----
Farrier and Smith | ---- | -- 3 4³⁄₄| ----
Collar Maker} | | |
Wheeler } | ---- | -- 2 ³⁄₄| ----
Trumpeter} | | |
Drummer } | -- 1 1¹⁄₄| -- 2 1³⁄₄| -- 1 3¹⁄₄
-------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------

_Full_ PAY. The pecuniary allowance which is made to officers and non-commissioned officers, without any deduction whatsoever. Since the abolition of arrears in the British service, which took place in 1797, commissioned and warrant officers, &c. receive their full pay, or daily subsistence. The private soldiers are subject to temporary deductions, for the purpose of appropriating part of their pay and allowances to the expence of their messes, including vegetables, &c. and to a stoppage not exceeding 1_s._ 6_d._ per week, for necessaries; which stoppage is to be accounted for monthly, as stated in their regulations of 1st September, 1795, and the remainder being 1_s._ 6_d._ must be paid, weekly to each soldier, subject to the accustomed deduction for washing, and for articles to clean his clothing and appointments.

The full pay of the British army is given in advance on the 25th of every month, and accounted for to government by the several district and regimental paymasters, through army agents appointed for that purpose. For further particulars, see _Military Finance_, page 48, &c. Non-commissioned officers and private soldiers serving as marines, are not liable to any deduction whatsoever from their full pay, on account of provisions. It will be further observed, that although the British army is now paid its full pay, in consequence of the abolition of the distinction between subsistence and arrears, that pay is nevertheless subject to the usual deductions on account of poundage, hospital, and agency. This will explain the mutilated appearance of the different rates of pay. Thus a captain of infantry, who is nominally supposed to receive 10_s._ per diem, gets only 9_s._ 5_d._ the 7_d._ going for the above deductions. The full pay of the subaltern officers has been very judiciously increased, but that of the captains, &c. remains as it was in the reign of Queen Anne. For the several rates of full pay, see _Military Finance_, page 66, &c.

_Half_ PAY, (_Demi solde_, _Fr._) a compensation or retaining fee which is given to officers who have retired from the service through age, inability, &c. or who have been placed upon that list in consequence of a general reduction of the forces, or a partial drafting, &c. of the particular corps to which they belonged. The half pay becomes due on the 25th of June, and on the 25th of December in each year, but it is seldom issued until three months after the expiration of each of those periods. The only deduction from the half pay is the poundage, two and an half per cent. See _Military Finance_, page 113.

_Irish_ HALF-PAY. Every officer upon the Irish establishment, when reduced to half pay, must swear to, and sign the following certificate:

County of ------ ------ of foot, came this day before me, and made
oath, that he is no otherwise provided for by any commission or
employment, civil or military, in his majesty’s service, than by half
pay on the establishment of Ireland, and is on no other establishment
of half pay.

Officer’s Name.

Sworn before me this day of

N. B. To be sworn in January, April, July, and October, in every year.

PAY-MASTER, is he who is intrusted with the money, and has the charge of paying the regiment. He has no other commission in the line. His pay is 15_s._ per day.

_District_ PAY-MASTER, an officer appointed for the better management of the interior concerns of the army, when the corps are detached in garrisons on duty, in several districts.

PAY-_Bills_. in the British army these bills are distinguished according to the nature of the service for which they are given. Every captain of a troop or company receives a regular weekly account from his Serjeant, of money to be advanced for the effectives of such troop or company; and on the 24th day in each month he makes out a monthly one for the paymaster, who makes out a general abstract for the agent. The paymaster-general’s estimate is likewise called the pay bill.

PAY-_Lists_. The monthly accounts, which are transmitted by the several regimental and district paymasters to their agents on the 25th of each month, are so termed.

PAY-_Rolls_, the same as pay-lists.

PAY-_Serjeant_. See _Serjeant_.

PAYE, _Fr._ the pay of the troops.

PAYEN-_Ghaut_, _Ind._ the lower mountain Ghaut is the general term for mountain.

PAYS, _Fr._ This word is variously applied by the French in a figurative sense: _Parler, ou juger a vue de Pays._ To speak or decide at random.

_Gagner_ PAYS, (_vuider le pays_, _Fr._) To leave a country. To go voluntarily into exile. _Gagner pays_ likewise means to gain ground. _Avancer pays_ may be used in the same sense.

_Battre_-PAYS, _Fr._ to speak wide of the subject.

_Tirer_-PAYS, _Fr._ a familiar phrase among the French, signifying to escape.

PAYS, _Fr._ country, locality, ground.

PAYS-_conquis_, _Fr._ This term was applied by the French to those countries and tracts of territory which had been ceded to France by treaty; as Lorraine; or had been conquered by force of arms; as Ypres, Tournay, Ghent, Ostend, and several other towns, from the reign of Louis XIII.