Chapter D: Caldwell, (42)

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There were three sorts of _masses_, or regimental stock-purses in the old French service; two of which were sanctioned by authority, or the king’s order. The third was confined to the interior management of each corps, but never appeared in any public regulation. On this account it obtained the appellation of _masse noire_, or _dark_ and _unknown_.

The first _masse_ directed by government to be attended to in every regiment, was called _masse_ de _linge et chaussure_, or stock of necessaries, such as linen, shoes, &c. This masse was made up by means of a certain proportion of the recruit’s bounty (amounting to 15 livres) which was kept in hand, and by the retention of a part of the daily pay of each soldier. The money, thus stopped, was destined to keep up the soldier’s regular stock of shoes and breeches, as the king only allowed him one pair of each of those articles every year. He was likewise enabled thereby to provide himself with stockings, shirts, cravats or stocks, handkerchiefs, and gaiters; for every French soldier was obliged to produce at each monthly inspection of necessaries, one good pair of shoes, two shirts, two stocks or cravats, (one white and the other black,) two handkerchiefs, three pair of gaiters; one of which was to be white for parade duty, one of black worsted to mount ordinary guards, and one of black canvas for marching.

At the expiration of three months a regular account was made out of what remained unappropriated of the 15 livres, and of the masse in general, after the soldier had been supplied with the above specified articles. This statement was stuck up in every barrack-room, exhibiting the balance due to each man, who, on his side, was obliged to have a written counterpart, or schedule, of all the different articles, and of the exact sum in hand. When the captain of the company inspected the necessaries, each soldier was directed to produce this schedule, and to repeat its contents by heart.

Whenever it so happened, that 15 livres could not be kept in hand out of the soldier’s bounty, he was permitted to work, the instant he could, with propriety, be dismissed the drill; for which indulgence, and in order to keep his firelock and accoutrements in good condition, he was obliged to pay six livres.

The second _masse_ was for purposes of cleanliness and military appearance. This _masse_ grew out of the surplus of two or three livres, which was stopped out of the pay of the men that were permitted to work; and from a further stoppage of two deniers out of the daily pay of each soldier. Out of this _masse_ the soldier was obliged to supply himself with pipe-clay or whiting, clothes brushes, shoe brushes, blacking, bees wax, emery, and hair powder, and powder bag, and to defray the expence of washing. He was likewise enabled thereby to pay a man for shaving. This man was attached to the company, and was called _Frater_, or Brother. The same practice prevails in most regiments belonging to the British service, with this difference, that there is not any direct authority to enforce the observance of it as a regulation.

In cavalry regiments, as in the infantry, the _masses_ were formed by a stoppage of two or three livres out of the pay of those men that were allowed to work, and by the produce of the dung which was valued at two sols per day. There was likewise a further stoppage of two deniers out of the daily subsistence of each dragoon, by means of which he was regularly furnished with shovels, beesoms, and pitchforks for the stables.

The third _masse_ (which, as we have already remarked, although distinguished by the appellation of _masse noire_, or dark and unknown, was still found indispensibly necessary for the interior management of each regiment) grew out of the surplus money that was given for discharges, (it being only required of each regiment to account to government for 100 livres per man) out of deaths and other casualties, and out of the money which had accumulated from men struck off the sick list. The regiment by means of this fund, (which may in some degree be considered in the same light that the stock-purse of a British regiment is,) made up the deficiency of the king’s bounty, which was seldom or ever found enough to answer the purposes of recruiting. The persons employed upon this service were accordingly paid out of the _masse noire_; which was further increased by certain contributions that the men, who were permitted to work, voluntarily gave, in addition to the six or seven livres already mentioned.

MASSE _d’armes_, _Fr._ a warlike weapon, which was formerly used. It consisted of a long pole with a large iron head.

MASSELOTTE, _Fr._ A French term which is used in foundery, signifying that superfluous metal which remains after a cannon or mortar has been cast, and which is sawed or filed off, to give the piece its proper form.

MASSIF, _Fr._ A short stick or rod, used by artificers in making cartridges.

MASSOOLAS, _Ind._ The most common and slightest boats made use of on the Coromandel coast.

MASSUE, _Fr._ a club.

MASTER _at arms_, in the _marine_, an officer appointed to teach the officers and crew of a ship of war the exercise of small arms; to confine prisoners, and plant centinels over them, and to superintend whatever relates to them during their confinement. He is also to observe, that the fire and lights are all extinguished, as soon as the evening gun is fired, except those that are permitted by proper authority, or under the inspection of centinels. It is likewise his duty to attend the gangway, when any boats arrive aboard, and search them carefully, together with their rowers, that no spirituous liquors may be conveyed into the ship, unless by permission of the commanding officer. In these several duties he is assisted by proper attendants, called his corporals, who also relieve the centinels, and one another, at certain periods.

MASTER _gunner_, in a _ship of war_, an officer appointed to take charge of the artillery and ammunition aboard, and to teach the men the exercise of the great guns. See GUNNER.

MASTER _general of the ordnance_. See ORDNANCE.

_Baggage_-MASTER _and inspector of roads_, an appointment in the British service.

_Barrack_-MASTER-_general_, an officer with the rank of a major general in the British army, vested with considerable powers. These powers were formerly exercised by the board of ordnance, but they were transferred to the barrack-master-general by the secretary at war on the 30th day of May, 1794. In 1795 the two warrants, whereby all matters relative to the government of barracks had been partially entrusted to the board of ordnance, and a barrack-master-general, were revoked, and the following rules, orders, powers, and directions were established in lieu thereof, in as much as regards the duties of the department entrusted to the barrack-master-general to the British forces.

It is the duty of the barrack-master-general to erect and keep in repair all barracks that are not in fortified places; and all supplies of barrack furniture, utensils, and other stores for the troops, are to be furnished by him. The accommodation for royal artillery in barracks is under the direction of the barrack-master-general, excepting at Woolwich, or wherever there may be a separate barrack for the artillery, or a fixed station for that corps.

The commanding officers in barracks are, in all matters relative to the accommodation, disposition, and supply of the troops stationed therein, to be under the direction of the barrack-master-general; and all applications and requisitions are to be made to him.

Whenever any damage, except from fair wear and tear, has been done to barrack buildings, or any of the furniture or utensils have been injured, destroyed, or embezzled, a just estimate must be formed by the barrack-master; and if his demand be not immediately paid by the commanding officer, it shall be verified by affidavit of the barrack-master, submitted to the commanding officer, and if the answer be not satisfactory, the barrack-master-general is to certify the amount of the expence of making good the said injury to the secretary at war, in order that he may direct the same to be charged against the regiment, or detachment concerned.

In order to prevent the inconveniencies and injury which might arise from officers making alterations in the barrack-rooms, &c. the barrack-master-general is directed to have the use, for which each room is intended, lettered on the door; and if any officer shall attempt to make any alteration in any room, or convert it to any purpose, other than is so specified, or remove any of the furniture belonging thereto, the barrack-master (who shall always be permitted to visit the rooms at seasonable hours, whenever he desires so to do,) shall represent the same to the commanding officer, and in case immediate attention is not paid thereto, the barrack-master is strictly commanded immediately to report it to the barrack-master-general. And when any room shall not be occupied, the same shall be locked up, and no part of the furniture be removed therefrom.

No officer, or barrack-master, is, upon any account, to make any alteration or repairs at any barrack, or cause any expence to be incurred in providing any article relative thereto, without the direction of the barrack-master-general first obtained for that purpose.

On the 25th of March, 24th of June, 23d of September, and 24th of December, in every year, regular returns are to be transmitted by the barrack-masters to the barrack-master-general, of the state of the barracks, and of the furniture and utensils, both in use and store, specifying the actual condition of each, and the manner in which the apartments of the barrack or barracks, under their care have been occupied for the three months preceding; which return shall be countersigned by the commanding officers, who are directed personally and diligently to inspect the same.

The barrack-master-general is to take care, that a proper quantity of good and sufficient firing, candles, and other stores, be provided for each barrack every year. And the same is to be duly delivered out to the troops by the respective barrack-masters, at such times, and in such proportions, as are specified in the general regulations. The deliveries are to be vouched, not only by certificates of the actual amount, but also by accurate returns, stating the number in every troop, company or detachment, present at each weekly delivery. The said certificates and returns are to be given under the hand of the commanding officer in the barracks, and to be transmitted with the accounts. And a return thereof is without delay to be transmitted by the several barrack-masters, who from thenceforth are to remain accountable for the same to the barrack-master-general.

Half-yearly accounts of expenditures, with general returns of the receipts and issues, and the necessary vouchers for the same, are to be made up to the 24th of June, and 24th of December, in each year, and to be transmitted, within fourteen days after the said periods, to the barrack-master-general, who is to examine and settle the same without delay.

The issue of forage to the cavalry, is to be made according to a prescribed regulation. The officer commanding in each of the cavalry barracks, where forage shall be issued, is to transmit to the barrack-master-general a weekly return of the number of horses for which it has been delivered; and also the name and rank of each officer, with the number of horses for which he has received rations of forage. And at such periods as shall be required, by the barrack-master-general, the said commanding officer shall transmit to him, a general statement of the quantity of forage received and actually issued to the troops, the said certificate to be according to such form as shall be prescribed by the barrack-master-general.

Whenever small beer is to be issued to troops in barrack, it can only be supplied by such persons as shall have been approved by the barrack-master-general; and the delivery is to be vouched by a weekly return from the commanding officer, stating the number to whom it has been issued. And at such periods as shall be required by the barrack-master-general, the said commanding officer is to transmit to him a general statement of the quantity of small beer actually issued to the troops; the said certificate to be according to such form, as shall be prescribed by the barrack-master-general.

Every instance of neglect or misconduct which may occur in the management of barracks, must be reported to the barrack-master-general by the several officers commanding in barracks; and on the representation being judged sufficiently weighty, an inspector is to be sent down for the specific purpose of seeing every matter of complaint removed.

The barrack-master-general is authorised to take cognizance of all matters relative to accommodation, disposition, and supply, of the troops stationed in barracks, reporting thereupon, whenever it may be requisite, to the secretary at war, for the king’s information. And all officers, and barrack-masters, are directed and enjoined to obey such orders and directions as the barrack-master-general shall find necessary to be given thereon.

The barrack-master-general is from time to time to receive imprests of money, for the current services of each year, upon estimates signed by him, and delivered into the office of the secretary at war. And at the end of each year, he shall make up and deliver into the said office, a general account of barrack expenditures for the preceding twelve months. The half-yearly accounts of the several barrack-masters, and the accounts of other persons to whom monies shall have been paid within the period on behalf of the barrack department (for the propriety, justness, and accuracy of which, as also for their strict conformity to the regulations, he shall be held responsible,) together with their acquittances, shall be the vouchers upon which the said general accounts shall be passed, and warrants shall be made out according to the royal sign manual. See pages 69 to 80, General Regulations.

_Quarter_-MASTER _of the victuals_. The person who had the chief care and management of the provisions belonging to an army was formerly so called. See PURVEYOR.

_Scout_-MASTER-_general_. A person, formerly so called, under whose direction all the scouts and army messengers were placed. The appointment does not exist at present.

MASULIT, a boat used in the East Indies, which is calked with moss.

MATCH, _in artillery_, a kind of rope slightly twisted, and prepared to retain fire for the use of the artillery, mines, fireworks, &c. Slow match is made of hemp or tow, spun on the wheel like cord, but very slack; and is composed of three twists, which are afterwards again covered with tow, so that the twists do not appear: lastly, it is boiled in the lees of old wine. This, when once lighted at the end, burns on gradually, without ever going out, till the whole be consumed. It is mounted on a lint stock.

_Quick_ MATCH, used in _artillery_, made of three cotton strands drawn into lengths, and put into a kettle just covered with white wine vinegar, and then a quantity of saltpetre and mealed powder is put in it, and boiled till well mixed. Others put only saltpetre into water, and after that take it out hot, and lay it into a trough with some mealed powder, moistened with some spirits of wine, thoroughly wrought into the cotton by rolling it backwards and forwards with the hands; and when this is done, they are taken out separately, drawn through mealed powder, and dried upon a line. See LABORATORY.

MATCH.--The slow match used by the English is made by contract; one yard of it will burn about 8 hours. The French slow match is usually made by soaking light twisted white rope for three days in a strong lye. It burns about 3 feet in 6 hours.

Slow match was made at Gibraltar, during the last siege, in the following manner: eight ounces of saltpetre were put into a gallon of water, and just made to boil over a slow fire; strong blue paper was then wetted with the liquor, and hung to dry. When dry, each sheet was rolled up tight, and the outward edge pasted down, to prevent its opening: half a sheet, thus prepared, will burn 3 hours.

_Quick_ MATCH _Compositions_.

_Worsted Match._

Worsted 10 oz.
Mealed powder 10 lbs.
Spirits of wine 3 pints.
Water 3 do.
Isinglass ¹⁄₂ pint.

_Cotton Match._

Cotton 1 lb. 12 oz.
Saltpetre 1 8
Mealed powder 10 --
Spirits of wine 2 quarts.
Water 3 pints.

The worsted or cotton must be laid evenly in an earthen or other pan, and the different ingredients poured over it, and about half the powder being left a short time to soak, it is afterwards wound smoothly on a reel, and laid to dry, the remaining half of the powder is then sifted over it; and it is ready for use when dry.

The French have lately made their slow match by soaking the rope in a solution of sugar of lead and rain water: in the proportion of ³⁄₄ths of an ounce of sugar of lead to one pint of water; and this they esteem as preferable to the old sort.

MATHEMATICS, originally signified any kind of discipline or learning; but, at present, denotes that science which teaches, or contemplates, whatever is capable of being numbered or measured; and accordingly is subdivided into arithmetic, which has numbers for its object; and geometry, which treats of magnitude.

MATHEMATICS are commonly distinguished into pure and speculative, which consider quantity abstractedly; and mixed, which treat of magnitude as subsisting in material bodies, and consequently are interwoven every where with physical considerations.

_Mixed_ Mathematics are very comprehensive, since to them may be referred astronomy, optics, geography, hydrography, hydrostatics, mechanics, fortification, gunnery, projectiles, mining, engineering, and navigation.

Pure mathematics have one peculiar advantage, that they occasion no disputes among wrangling disputants, as in other branches of knowlege; and the reason is, because the definitions of the terms are premised, and every one that reads a proposition has the same idea of every part of it. Hence it is easy to put an end to all mathematical controversies, by shewing, that our adversary has not stuck to his definitions, or has not laid down true premises, or else that he has drawn false conclusions from true principles; and, in case we are able to do neither of these, we must acknowlege the truth of what he has proved.

It is true, that in mixed mathematics, where we reason mathematically upon physical subjects, we cannot give such just definitions as the geometricians; we must therefore rest content with descriptions; and they will be of the same use as definitions, provided we are consistent with ourselves, and always mean the same thing by those terms we have once explained.

Dr. Barrow gives a most elegant description of the excellence and usefulness of mathematical knowlege, in his inaugural oration upon being appointed professor of mathematics at Cambridge.

The mathematics, he observes, effectually exercise, not vainly delude, nor vexatiously torment studious minds with obscure subtleties; but plainly demonstrate every thing within their reach, draw certain conclusions, instruct by profitable rules, and unfold pleasant questions. These disciplines likewise enure and corroborate the mind to constant diligence in study; they wholly deliver us from a credulous simplicity, most strongly fortify us against the vanity of scepticism, effectually restrain us from a rash presumption, most easily incline us to a due assent, perfectly subject us to the government of right reason. While the mind is abstracted and elevated from sensible matter, distinctly views pure forms, conceives the beauty of ideas, and investigates the harmony of proportions; the manners themselves are sensibly corrected and improved, the affections composed and rectified, the fancy calmed and settled, and the understanding raised and excited to nobler contemplations.

MATRAS, _Fr._ a sort of dart which was anciently used, and which was not sufficiently pointed to occasion any thing more than a bruise.

MATRON, a woman, generally the wife of some well behaved and good soldier, who is employed to assist in the regimental hospital. She is under the direction of the surgeon, by whom she is originally appointed to the situation. See NURSE.

MATROSSES, are properly assistants to the gunner, being soldiers in the British regiments of artillery, and next to them: they assist in loading, firing, and spunging the great guns. They carry firelocks, and march along with the guns and store-waggons, both as a guard, and to give their assistance on every emergency.

MATTER _of Deed_, in law, denotes something to be proved by witnesses, in contradistinction from _matter of record_, which may be proved by some process, &c. appearing in any court of record.

MATTER, in a military sense, especially with regard to courts-martial, consists of the specific charges which are brought against a prisoner, and to which the president and members most strictly confine themselves. It has been very properly observed, in a small pamphlet upon martial law, that unacquainted with the serious consequence of a strict attention to the minutiæ of form in criminal proceedings, general courts-martial have looked upon the first swearing in of the court, as a sufficient authority to warrant their proceeding on the trial of a variety of offences; whereas, in propriety, the court should be sworn afresh at the commencement of every new prosecution: for though, as judges, (in the manner of a court of common law) once swearing would be sufficient; yet, as jurors, who are sworn on every different trial, though identically the same men, so are the members of general courts-martial to be considered, when a new criminal and fresh _matter_ are brought before them. Lest, however, an established, and therefore an undisputed practice, should have acquired a force still difficult to be eradicated, we shall endeavor to point out those reasons which induce us to maintain this opinion. In the oath which is taken by each of the several members of a general court-martial, the words _matter_ and _prisoner_, are cautiously inserted. These words, therefore, being absolutely confined to a single matter, and a single prisoner, and _matters_ and _prisoners_ not being subjected to their jurisdiction, how is it possible that men, with propriety, can proceed upon a trial which they are not warranted by law to decide upon? Were the obligation in the Articles of War decisive as to the trial of all matters, and all persons, and in all cases; or were the court possessed of the authority of extending the meaning of the oath, once swearing would undoubtedly be sufficient; but, as in every respect, the contrary is evident, as the very words of the oath express that “_they shall well and truly try and determine according to their evidence, in the matter before them, &c._” How can it be otherwise than an unwarrantable irregularity in them, to proceed upon the trial of offenders, who, in the eye of the law, are not amenable to their authority? For, if the _first_ prisoner to be tried, has a right to challenge an officer, who may be appointed to sit on an investigation of his offence, as a member of a court of enquiry, or who may be liable to any exceptions, why shall not the _second_ and _third_ prisoner be entitled to the same merciful indulgence? See Thoughts on Martial Law, pages 25, 26, 27, 28.

_Combustible_ MATTER, _and_ MATTER _of composition_. All solids and fluids are so called which are of an inflammable nature themselves, and can communicate fire to other substances.

MATTUCASHLASH, an ancient Scotch weapon, sometimes called armpit dagger, which was worn there, ready to be used on coming to close quarters. This, with a broad sword and shield, completely armed the highlanders. Since the use of fire arms, this weapon has been laid aside.

MATTOCK. An instrument somewhat resembling a pickax, but having two broad sharp edges instead of points.

MATTRESS, a sort of quilted bed of straw, used by officers on service, instead of the feather bed, differing from the paillasse in one particular only; the straw in the latter being loose, whereas that of the mattress is quilted in.

MAUG, _Ind._ The name of a month which partly agrees with our January and February.

MAUL, a heavy beater or hammer, generally shod with iron, used in driving piles, &c.

MAWANY, _Ind._ See KISTBUNDY.

MAXIMS, in _fortification_. See FORTIFICATION.

MEALED, pulverized, or reduced to powder.

MEAN _Fortification_. See FORTIFICATION.

MEANA, _Ind._ A machine or vehicle, a species of palankeen, but only used for carrying one person. It is borne by four men, and supported by means of a bamboo extended from the ends; being generally seven feet long, and three wide, with Venetian blinds, which slide and act as doors. Persons in India sometimes travel to a considerable distance in these vehicles; the number of bearers being increased, and successively relieved. It is computed that they will easily go at the rate of six miles in the hour.

MEASURE, in _geometry_, any quantity assumed as one, to which the ratio of other homogeneous or similar quantities is expressed.

MEASURE _of an angle_, the length of an arch described from the vertex to any place between its legs: hence angles are distinguished by the ratio of the arches between the legs to the peripheries. See ANGLE.

MEASURE _of a figure_, is a square, whose side is an inch, foot, yard, or other determinate measure. Hence square measures.

Among geometricians it is usually a square rod, called _decempeda_, divided into 10 square feet, and those into square digits, and those again into 10 lines, &c.

MEASURE _of a line_, any right line taken at pleasure, and considered as unity.

MEASURE _of the mass or quantity of matter_, in _mechanics_, is its weight: it being apparent that all the matter which coheres with a body, gravitates with it; and it being found by experiment, that the gravities of homogeneal bodies are in proportion to their bulks: hence while the mass continues the same, the absolute weight will be the same, whatever figure it puts on; for as to its specific weight, it varies as the quantity of its surface does.

MEASURE _of a number_, in _arithmetic_, such a number as divides another without leaving a fraction: thus 9 is a measure of 27.

MEASURE _of a solid_, is a cube, whose side is an inch, foot, yard, or other determinate length: in geometry, it is a cubic perch, divided into cubic feet, digits, &c. Hence cubic measure, or measures of capacity.

MEASURE _of velocity_, in _projectiles_, and _mechanics_, the space passed over by a moving body in any given time. The space therefore must be divided into as many equal parts, as the time is conceived to be divided into: the quantity of space answering to such portion of time, is the measure of the velocity.

_Measures_ then are various, according to the different kinds and dimensions of things measured. Hence arise lineal and longitudinal measures for lines or lengths; for square areas; and solid or cubic, for bodies and their capacities: all which again are very different in different countries and ages, and even many of them for different commodities. Hence also arise other divisions, of domestic and foreign, ancient and modern, dry and wet (or liquid) measures, &c.

_Long_ MEASURE. The English standard long measure, or that whereby the quantities of things are ordinarily estimated, is the yard containing three English feet, equal to three Paris feet one inch and ³⁄₁₂ths of an inch, or ⁷⁄₉ths of a Paris ell. Its subdivisions are the foot, span, palm, inch, and barley-corn: its multipliers are the pace, fathom, pole, furlong, and mile.

TABLE, _which shews the length in English lines of the several long measures, and the relation of foreign measures to 100 English feet_.

LONG MEASURE.

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the long measures of any two given countries may be ascertained.

_Examples._

It is required to reduce 100 metres new measure of France into feet of Hamburgh.

The French metre measuring 472,27 English lines, and the Hamburgh foot 135,30, according to the table prefixed, I state the following equation:

100 metres = _x_
1 metre = 472,27 lines
135,30 lines = 1 foot
Result 349,05 feet.

Reduce 100 feet of Hamburgh into metres of France.

100 feet = _x_
1 foot = 135,30 lines
472,27 lines = 1 metre
Result 28,65 metres.

TABLE, _which shews the contents in English square feet of the several land measures, and the relations of foreign measures to 100 acres English measure_.

LAND MEASURE.

| | Con- |
| | tents |Equiv.
| |of each|to 100
| |measure|acres.
| | -- | --
| | squ. | num.
Places. | Measures. | feet.| 100
-----------------+---------------------------+-------+------
Amsterdam |morgen | 87630| 49,71
Basil |juchart | 34368|126,75
Berlin |great morgen | 61182| 71,20
|little morgen | 27531|158,22
Bern |juchart field measure | 28979|150,32
|juchart forest measure | 41729|104,39
Dantzic |morgen | 59927| 72,69
Denmark |tœnde-hart-korn | 118715| 36,69
England |acre | 43560|100,
Florence |soccate | 53461| 81,48
France |arpent _de Paris_ | 36865|118,16
|arpent _des eaux et forêts_| 55071| 79,10
|hectare | 107830| 40,40
Franconia |morgen | 39157|111,25
Geneva |journée | 55707| 80,02
Hamburgh |morgen | 135941| 32,04
Hanover |morgen | 28050|155,29
Ireland |acre | 70560| 61,73
Rhine |morgen land measure | 18354|237,33
|ditto for forests | 24472|178,
|ditto for vineyards | 16994|256,32
|thauen | 13767|316,40
|juchart | 9178|474,60
Russia |dessaetina | 124620| 34,95
Saxony |acker | 59450| 73,27
|morgen, Dresden measure | 29725|146,54
Schleswig |pfluge | 190350| 22,88
Scotland |acre | 55354| 78,70
Spain |fanegada | 48215| 90,35
|aranzada | 40514|107,52
Sweden |tuna land measure | 53218| 81,58
Switzerland |fauxe | 70818| 61,51
|morgen | 35409|123,02
Vienna |jochen | 63728| 68,35
Wirtemburg |great morgen | 61182| 71,20
|little morgen | 35849|121,51
Zurich |juchart | 34941|124,67
|ditto for forests | 38823|112,20

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the land measures of any two given countries may be ascertained.

_Examples._

It is required to reduce 100 dessaetinas of Russia into fanegadas of Spain.

The dessaetina measuring 124620 square feet of England, and the fanegada 48215, according to the table prefixed, I state the following equation:

100 dessaetinas = _x_
1 dessaetina = 124620 square feet
48215 square ft. = 1 fanegada
Result 258,47 fanegadas.

Reduce 100 fanegadas into dessaetinas.

100 fanegadas = _x_
1 fanegada = 48215 square feet
124620 square ft. = 1 dessaetina
Result 38,69 dessaetinas.

TABLE, _which shews the length in English feet of the several
itinerary measures, and the relation of those measures to 1 degree of
the terrestrial meridian, equal to 364420 English feet_.

ITINERARY MEASURE.

| | Length |Equiv.
| | of each| to 1
| | measure|degree
| | -- | --
| | | num.
Places. | Measures. | Feet. | 100
-----------+------------------+--------+------
Arabia |milla | 6441 | 56,58
Brandenburg|meile |34725 | 10,50
Denmark |mil |24704 | 14,75
England |mile by land | 5280 | 69,02
|mile by sea | 6073²⁄₃| 60,
|league marine |18221 | 20,
Flanders |mille |20587 | 17,70
France |lieue terrestre |14576⁴⁄₅| 25,
|lieue moyenne |16398 | 22,22
|lieue de poste |12784 | 28,50
|lieue marine |18221 | 20,
|myriametre |32797 | 11,11
Germany |meile |20587 | 17,70
|meile geographical|24294²⁄₃| 15,
Hamburgh |meile |24704 | 14,75
Holland |meile |19212 | 18,97
Hungary |meile |27378 | 13,31
India |parasang |12147¹⁄₃| 30,
Ireland |mile | 9110¹⁄₂| 40,
Italy |milla | 6073²⁄₃| 60,
Lithuania |meile |29336 | 12,42
Persia |parasang |16356 | 22,28
Poland |meile |18221 | 20,
Portugal |legua |20245⁵⁄₉| 18,
Prussia |meile |25409 | 14,34
Russia |werste | 3500 |104,12
Saxony |meile |29700 | 12,27
Scotland |mile | 5952 | 61,23
Silesia |meile |21250 | 17,15
Spain |legua of Castille |21958 | 16,60
|legua juridica |13724 | 26,55
|legua maritima |18221 | 20,
|milla maritima | 6073²⁄₃| 60,
Sweden |mile |35050 | 10,40
Switzerland|meile |27450 | 13,28
Turkey |berri | 5476 | 66,55

The following example will shew in what manner the proportion between
the itinerary measures of any two given countries may be ascertained.

Reduce 1 myriametre new French measure into miles of England.

The length of the myriametre being 32797 English feet, and that of
the mile 5280, I state the following equation:

1 myriametre = _x_
1 myriametre = 32797 feet
5280 feet = 1 mile
Result 6,21 miles.

TABLE, _which shews the quantity of English cubic inches contained by each of the corn measures, and the relation of foreign measures to 10 quarters Winchester measure_.

CORN MEASURE.

[12] The litre, or the unit of French measures of capacity, is
therefore equivalent to 61 English cubic inches.

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the measures of any two given countries may be ascertained.

_Examples._

It is required to reduce 100 alquiers of Lisbon into fanegas of Cadiz.

The alquier containing 824 cubic inches, and the fanega 3311, according to the table prefixed, I state the following equation:

100 alquiers = _x_
1 alquier = 824 cubic inches
3311 cubic inches = 1 fanega
Result 24,89 fanegas.

Reduce 100 fanegas of Cadiz into alquiers of Lisbon.

100 fanegas = _x_
1 fanega = 3311 cubic inches
824 cubic inches = 1 alquier
Result 401,82 alquiers.

TABLE, _which shews the quantity of English cubic inches contained by each of the measures used in the sale of liquids, and the relation of foreign measures to 100 English gallons wine measure_.

LIQUID MEASURE.

| | Contents| Equiv.
| | of each | to 100
| | measure |gallons
| | -- | --
| | cubic | num.
Places. | Measures. | in. | 100
----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------
Alicante |cantara | 622 | 37,14
Altona |tonne of 32 stubgens | 7067 | 3,27
Amsterdam |steken | 1160 | 19,91
|virtel | 442¹⁄₂ | 52,20
|stoopen | 145 |159,31
|mingel | 72¹⁄₂ |318,62
Ancona |boccale | 87 |265,51
Antwerp |stoopen | 192¹⁄₄ |120,15
Arragon |cantara | 585 | 39,49
Augsburg |maas | 90¹⁄₃ |255,72
Barcelona |carga wine measure | 7599 | 3,04
|carga oil measure | 7394 | 3,12
Bari |salm oil measure |10086 | 2,29
Basil |pot new measure | 76¹⁄₅ |303,15
Berlin |nass or maas | 70¹⁄₂ |329,41
Bern |maas | 100¹⁄₂ |229,85
Bologna |corba | 4450 | 5,13
Bordeaux |velte | 453 | 51,
Bremen |stubgen | 193¹⁄₂ |119,38
Breslaw |quart | 42¹⁄₃ |545,67
Brunswick |stubgen | 223³⁄₄ |103,24
Cadiz |see Spain | |
Canary Islands |pipa |26794 | ,86
Canea |miscala oil measure | 686 | 33,67
Cassel |viertel | 499¹⁄₂ | 46,25
Cognac |velte | 447¹⁄₂ | 51,62
Cologne |viertel | 365 | 63,29
Constantinople |almud | 319¹⁄₄ | 72,36
Dantzic |stof wine measure | 104³⁄₅ |220,84
|stof beer measure | 140¹⁄₄ |164,70
Denmark |ahm | 9128 | 2,53
|kanne wine measure | 117³⁄₄ |196,18
|tœnde beer measure | 8011 | 2,88
|tœnde pitch measure | 7067 | 3,27
Dijon |quartaut | 6176 | 3,74
Dresden |anker regular measure | 2055 | 11,24
|tonne beer measure | 5993 | 3,85
|kanen great measure | 85³⁄₈ |269,79
|kanen small measure | 57 |405,27
Dunkirk |pot | 138 |167,39
England |gallon wine measure | 231 |100,
|gallon beer measure | 282 | 81,91
Ferrara |secchia | 624 | 37,02
Florence |barile oil measure | 1940 | 11,91
|barile wine measure | 2425 |953
|fiascho | 121 |190,90
|boccale | 60¹⁄₂ |381,80
France |hectolitre | 6100 | 3,79
|litre | 61 |378,69
Francfort on the Maine|viertel | 450 | 51,33
Gallipoli |salma | 9392 | 2,46
Geneva |pot | 58 |398,27
Genoa |rubbo oil measure | 521 | 44,34
|pinta wine measure | 105 |220,
Gotha |stubgen | 206³⁄₄ |111,73
Hamburgh |viertel | 442 | 52,26
|stubgen | 221 |104,52
|kanne | 110¹⁄₂ |209,05
|tonne beer measure |10594 | 2,18
|tonne fish oil measure| 7062 | 3,27
Hanover |stubgen | 237 | 97,47
|tonne beer measure | 6163 | 3,75
|tonne honey measure | 6044 | 3,82
Heidelberg |viertel | 562¹⁄₄ | 41,08
Hungaria |eimer | 4470 | 5,17
Königsberg |stof | 87¹⁄₂ |264,
Leghorn |barile oil measure | 1940 | 11,91
|barile wine measure | 2425 | 9,53
|fiascho | 121 |190,90
|boccale | 60¹⁄₂ |381,80
Leipsic |eimer | 4625 | 5,00
|kanne | 73²⁄₅ |314,71
Lisle |lot | 128 |180,47
Lisbon |almude | 1040 | 22,21
|alquier | 520 | 44,42
|canhada | 86²⁄₃ |266,54
Lubec |stubgen | 220³⁄₄ |104,65
Lucca |copa oil measure | 6088 | 3,79
Lyons |pot | 58¹⁄₁₀|397,62
Majorca |cortan oil measure | 251⁵⁄₈ | 91,80
Malaga |arroba | 947 | 24,39
Mantua |moggio oil measure | 6789 | 3,40
Marseilles |millerolle | 3640 | 6,35
|scandal | 910 | 25,38
Massa |barile oil measure | 2160 | 10,69
Mentz |maass | 113³⁄₄ |203,08
Messina |salma wine measure | 5270 | 4,38
|caffise oil measure | 527 | 43,83
Minorca |quartillo | 349¹⁄₂ | 66,09
Montpellier |pot wine measure | 64¹⁄₈ |360,23
|pot oil measure | 71³⁄₈ |323,64
Naples |stara oil measure | 3407 | 6,78
|barile wine measure | 2541 | 9,09
Narva |stof | 78³⁄₅ |293,90
Nice |rubbo oil measure | 515 | 44,85
North |barrel pitch measure | 7067 | 3,27
Nuremberg |maas tavern measure | 60¹⁄₂ |381,81
Oneglia |barile oil measure | 3783 | 6,11
Oporto |aliquer | 675³⁄₄ | 34,18
|canhade | 112⁵⁄₈ |205,10
Osnaburg |kanne | 74³⁄₈ |310,58
Ovieda |quartillo | 34¹⁄₂ |669,56
Paris |setier | 464⁴⁄₅ | 49,70
|pinte | 58¹⁄₁₀|397,62
|litre new measure | 61 |378,69
Pernau |stof | 78³⁄₅ |293,90
Pola |salma | 9196 | 2,51
Prague |pint | 116 |199,14
Puglia |staja | 940 | 24,57
Ratisbon |viertel | 216¹⁄₂ |106,70
Revel |stof | 72¹⁄₂ |318,62
Riga |stof | 75 | 308,
Rochelle |velt | 447¹⁄₂ | 51,62
Rome |boccale | 79⁴⁄₅ |289,47
Rotterdam |stoopen | 156 |148,08
Russia |wedra | 751 | 30,76
|kruska | 93⁷⁄₈ |246,07
Saragossa |cantara | 584 | 39,55
Schafhausen |maas | 79⁴⁄₅ |289,47
Scotland |pint old measure | 103²⁄₅ |223,40
Sicily |caffise | 695 | 33,24
Spain |moyo wine measure |15152 | 1,52
|cantara ditto | 947 | 24,39
|azumbre ditto | 118³⁄₈ |195,14
|quartillo ditto | 29³⁄₅ |780,40
|arroba oil measure | 740 | 31,22
|quartilla ditto | 185 |124,86
|libra ditto | 29³⁄₅ |780,40
Stettin |nœssel | 44³⁄₄ |516,20
Stralsund |stubgen | 237 | 97,47
Strasburg |schoppen | 29³⁄₅ |780,40
Sweden |kanna | 159⁵⁄₈ |144,71
Toulon |millerolle | 3927 | 5,88
Trieste |orna oil measure | 4003 | 5,77
|barile wine measure | 4158 | 5,56
Tripoli |mataro | 1375 | 16,80
Tunis |mataro oil measure | 1155 | 20,
|mataro wine measure | 577¹⁄₂ | 40,
Turin |pint | 95¹⁄₂ |241,89
Valencia |cantara | 775⁵⁄₈ | 29,78
Venice |miro oil measure | 962 | 24,
|secchia wine measure | 602¹⁄₄ | 38,36
Verona |basso | 275³⁄₄ | 83,77
Vienna |eimer | 3614 | 6,39
|maas | 90¹⁄₃ |255,72
Zell |stubgen | 237 | 97,47
Zurich |maas | 111¹⁄₄ |207,64

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the liquid measures of any two given countries may be ascertained.

_Examples._

Let it be required to reduce 100 litres new French measure into Spanish quartillos wine measure.

The French litre measuring internally 61 English cubic inches, and the Spanish quartillo 29³⁄₅, according to the table prefixed, I state the following equation:

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A military dictionaryChapter D: Caldwell, (42)

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