Chapter I: DO HEREBY CERTIFY, upon my word and honor, as an officer and (17)

The wheelings of cavalry being more difficult than those of infantry, we have, on that account, been more particular; but the subject is handled more amply in the _American Military Library_. The French do not make use of any word that immediately corresponds with _Wheel_, as a term of command. They say briefly, by platoons, &c. To the right or left into line, march. _Par pelotons, àdroite ou à gauche en bataille, marche._ The act of wheeling in general is expressed by quarter or half-quarter wheel.

WHEELINGS. Are different motions made by horse and foot, either to the right or left, or to the right and left about, &c. forward or backward.

WHEELING. The old aukward method of oblique moving and wheeling, is now superceded by _half_ and _quarter_ wheeling.

_General rules for_ WHEELING. The circle is divided into four equal parts: thence, wheeling to the right or left, is only a quarter of the circle; wheeling to the right or left about, is one half of the circle.

When you wheel to the right, you are to close to the right, so near as to touch your right hand man, but without pressing him; and to look to the left, in order to bring the rank about even.

When you wheel to the left, you are to close to the left, and look to the right, as above directed. This rule will serve for all wheeling by ranks; as when a battalion is marching by subdivisions with their ranks open, then each rank wheels distinctly by itself, when it comes to the ground on which the ranks before it wheeled, but not before.

In wheeling, the men are to take particular care, neither to open nor close their ranks, and to carry their arms well.

In wheeling, the motion of each man is quicker or slower, according to the distance he is from the right or the left: thus, when you wheel to the right, each man moves quicker than his right-hand man; and, wheeling to the left, each man moves quicker than his left-hand man; the circle that every man wheels being larger, according to the distance he is from the hand he wheels to; as may be seen by describing several circles within one another, at two feet distance from each, which is nearly the space every man is supposed to take up.

WHEEL-_carriages_. In artillery, &c. The whole doctrine thereof, as it stands on a mathematical theory, may be reduced to the following particulars, viz.

1. WHEEL-_carriages_ meet with less resistance than any other kind of carriage.

2. The larger the wheels, the easier is the draught of the carriage.

3. A carriage, upon four wheels of equal size, is drawn with less force than with two of those wheels, and two of a lesser size.

4. If the load be all on the axle of the larger wheels, it will be drawn with less force than if laid on the axis of the lesser wheels; contrary to the common notion of loading carriages before.

5. Carriages go with much less force on friction-wheels, than in the common way.

WHEELBARROW. A small carriage of burthen, pushed forward by the hands on one wheel; a certain number are always attached to the artillery.

WHINYARD. A sword, so called by Butler in his Hudibras.

WHIPCORD. A tight spun cord, with which the cat-o-nine-tails is made.

WHOLE. All, total, containing all.

_Take care the_ WHOLE. A cautionary word which was formerly used in the British service, and is sometimes, but improperly, given now. The term _Attention_ is adopted in its room.

WHOOP. A shout; a loud noise which soldiers make in charging, &c. It is a natural though a barbarous habit, and has been preserved in civilized armies from a prevailing custom among savages, particularly the wild Indians of America.

WICKET, (_guichet_, _Fr._) A small door in the gate of a fortified place, through which people go in and out, without opening the great gate.

WIDERZOUROUK. A compound word from the German, which signifies back again. The French pronounce it _Vuiderzourouk_. It means a movement which is made to the rear, in order to bring a squadron to the right about, in the same manner that a battalion is faced about. Marshal Puysegur remarks, that the French adopted this movement from the Germans, in the year 1670. He is of opinion, that previous to this epoch, squadrons were faced to the rear by means of a double caracol, describing a half-circle, the extent of whose front was equal to half of its diameter; on which account, the general order of battle in those days had considerable intervals, and great loss of time and space of course.

WIG. A Saxon termination of the names of men, signifying war.

WIGWAM. A hut used in America by the Indians.

WILBE, _Ind._ Guardian; protector.

WILDFIRE. A composition of firework, so called from its ready ignition and rapid combustion.

WINCH, (_Manivelle_, _Fr._) The handle or lever by which a jack, windlass, &c. is turned.

WINDAGE _of a gun, mortar, or howitzer_. The difference between the diameter of the bore, and the diameter of the shot or shell. In England the diameter of the shot is supposed to be divided into 20 equal parts, and the diameter of the bore into 21 of those parts. The French divide the shot into 26, and the bore into 27. The Prussians divide the shot into 24, and the bore into 25. The Dutch nearly the same as the English. The general windage of shells in England is ¹⁄₄ of an inch, let them be large or small, which is contrary to all reason. It is evident, that the less windage a shot or shell has, the farther and truer it will go; and having less room to bounce from side to side, the gun will not be spoiled so soon.

It is true that some artillery officers say, that the windage of a gun should be equal to the thickness of the ladle; because, when it has been loaded for a while, the shot will not come out, without being loosened thereby, in order to unload it--and when this cannot be done, it must be fired away, and so lost: but the most advantageous windage should be in dividing the shot into 24 equal parts, and the bore into 25, on account of the convenient scale it affords, not only to construct guns thereby, but also their carriages. Hence, agreeable to this plan, the windage of a nine-pounder will be 166 of an inch, consequently a sufficient thickness for a ladle; and those of a higher calibre become still thicker in proportion: but suppose this thickness is not enough, the loss of a shot is a mere trifle, in respect to the advantage gained thereby.

WINDAGE. The usual windage of English guns is ¹⁄₂₀ of the calibre. It appears by experiments, that ¹⁄₄, or nearly ¹⁄₃ of the force of the powder is lost by this windage. See VELOCITY.

_Windage of Mortars and Howitzers._

From the 13 to 5¹⁄₂ inch the windage is ·15 of an inch, and that of the 4²⁄₅ is ·2 of an inch.

_Windage of Guns and Carronades._

+--------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|Kind. | 68| 42| 32| 24| 18| 12| 9 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
+--------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|Guns. | --|·33|·30|·27|·25|·22|·20|·17|·15|·14|·12|·09|
|Carrona.|·15|·15|·15|·14|·12|·12| | | | | | |
+--------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

_Windage of French Guns._

_Field Guns._--All one line of windage; about ¹⁄₅₀ in an 8 pounder.

_Siege Guns._--All 1¹⁄₂ line; about ¹⁄₄₈ in a 24 Pr.

_Mortars._--12 inch; 4 lines of windage.
10 inch; 1 line, 5 points do.
8 inch; 1 line, do.
_Howitzers._--All; 2 lines do.

WIND-GUN. See AIR-GUN.

WINDLASS, (_Vindas_, _Fr._) Is a roller of wood, square at each end, through which are either cross holes for handspikes or staves across to turn it round: by this means it draws a cord, one end of which is fastened to some weight which it raises up. They are used in gins, and about Dutch mortars, to help to elevate them. The French say _Vindas ou Cabestan horizontal_, the latter being a sea term.

WINDSAILS, (_Manches à vent_, _Fr._) Large pieces of canvas, which are used in ships at sea for the purposes of ventilation, &c. During voyages in hot climates, the most beneficial effects are derived from the use of windsails. The master of the vessel should be desired to have them made immediately as troops are embarked, if not already provided, and they should be constantly hung up.--These sails throw a stream of cold air between decks, and it is not an unusual practice among the men, at least among the unexperienced soldiers, to tie up the bottom of them, by which this salutary purpose is defeated. The serjeant of the watch must be responsible that this irregularity is never committed.

_To_ WINDWARD, (_Au Vent_, _Fr._) As St. Domingo is to the windward of Jamaica.

WINGS _of an army_. When drawn up in battle, are the right and left parts counting from the centre; when a battalion is drawn up, the divisions on the right and left of the centre are called the wings. The word wing is sometimes used to denote the large sides of horn-works, crown-works, tenailles, and other out-works, &c.

WINTER-_Quarters_. See QUARTERS.

WITHERBAND. A piece of iron laid under a saddle, about three inches above the withers of the horse, to keep tight the two pieces of wood.

WITNESSES. In fortification. See TEMOINS.

WITNESSES. In a military judicial sense, persons summoned by the judge-advocate, or any of his deputies, to attend at a general court-martial, there to speak to facts which they know of their own knowlege, and to which they can bona fide swear, from having been present at the transaction, &c. See _Macomb on Court-Martials_.

According to the articles of war, witnesses attending courts-martial are to be privileged from arrests, and not attending are liable to be attached.

WOHKEELE, _Ind._ An ambassador.

WOLF-_Holes_. In the defence of places, are round holes, generally about two or three feet in diameter at the top, one at bottom, and two and an half deep, dug in the front of any work. Sometimes a sharp-pointed stake or two are fixed at the bottom, and covered with very thin planks, and green sods; consequently the enemy, on advancing, fall in, and are put into confusion.

WOOD. Artillery carriages are generally made of elm, ash, and oak. The bed and house of a sea mortar are made of oak, and the bolster of elm. The bottoms of land mortar beds are of oak, and the upper parts of elm.

_Carriages_--_Ship_.--The cheeks, transoms, and trucks of elm; the axle trees of live oak.

---- _Garrison_.--The whole of oak; trucks, iron.

---- _Field_.--Heavy 24 and 12 Pr. the cheeks and transoms of elm; the axle trees of ash or hickory. In the wheel the nave and fellies are of elm; the spokes of ash; limber shafts, bars, and axle trees are of ash. Light guns, from 3 to 12 prs. the cheeks and transoms are of elm: the ammunition boxes are of sycamore. In the wheels, the nave is of elm, the spokes of oak, and the fellies of ash. In the limber the shafts and bars of ash.

WOOD _Matches_. See PORTFIRE.

WOODEN-_Bottoms_. In laboratory works, are cylindrical pieces of wood, of different lengths and diameters, agreeable to the size of the gun. They are hollowed at one end to receive the shot, and the flannel cartridge is fastened to the other end: the whole forming one cartridge, which is put into the piece at one motion. Iron bottoms are to be preferred.

WOOL-_Packs_. Bags of wool. They are frequently ranged in form of a breastwork, because they resist cannon-shot. See SIEGE.

WORD (_Mot_, _Fr._) A single part of speech, consisting of one or more syllables, for the purpose of expressing ideas; In a military sense, it signifies signal, token, order; as watch-word, &c.

_The_ WORD, _Watch_ WORD, Is a peculiar word that serves for a token and mark of distinction, given out in the orders of the day in times of peace, but in war every evening in the field, by the general who commands, and in garrison by the governor, or other officer commanding in chief, to prevent surprise, and hinder an enemy, or any treacherous person, to pass backwards and forwards. This watchword is generally called the _parole_, and to which is added the _countersign_. The first is known to all officers and non-commissioned officers, the latter only to the centinels. The officers that go the rounds, or patroles, exchange the word with the officers on duty; nor must the centinels let any one pass who has not got the countersign.

WORDS _of command_, (_Mots de commandement_, _Fr._) Certain terms which have been adopted for the exercise and movement of military bodies, according to the nature of each particular service. Words of command are classed under two principal heads, and consist of those which are given by the chief or commander of a brigade, battalion, or division, and of those which are uttered by the subordinate leaders of troops or companies, &c.

_Cautionary_ WORDS, (_Commandement d’advertissement_, _Fr._) Certain leading instructions which are given to designate any particular manœuvre. The cautionary words precede the words of command, and are issued by the chiefs of corps.

WORKMEN. Are persons that attend the ammunition, boatsmen, carpenters, smiths, millers, bakers, waggoners, miners, pioneers, &c.

When soldiers are employed upon fatigue, or working parties, the drums and fifes, &c., should invariably play to time and measure. According to marshal Saxe, they should be relieved at the expiration of two hours and an half; by which means the individuals are less harrassed, and all the troops share alike. With regard to accompanying them in their labor with music, the policy of it is warranted by antiquity. The Lacædemonians, with a detachment of only three thousand men, under the command of Lysander, destroyed the famous Pyræus of Athens in less than six hours. During the whole of the operation, the flutes were playing, to enliven and encourage the troops. This custom existed in France to a late period among the galley-slaves at Marseilles; who, whilst they were employed in removing enormous loads of rubbish, &c. were constantly accompanied by musical instruments and drums. Marsh. Saxe’s Reveries, pages 157 and 158.

WORKS. This term is generally understood to comprehend the fortifications about the body of a place; as by outworks are meant those without the first inclosure. The word is also used to signify the approaches of the besiegers, and the several lines, trenches, &c. made round a place, an army, or the like, for its security.

_To_ WORM _a Gun_, (_Décharger un canon avec la tire-bourre_, _Fr._) To take out the charge of a firearm by means of a worm.

_Worm of a_ GUN, (_Tire-bourre_, _Fr._) An instrument vermiculated or turned round, that serves to extract any thing into which it insinuates itself by means of a spiral direction. It is much the same as wad-hook, with this difference, that the one is more proper for small-arms, and the other for ordnance.

_To_ WORST. To defeat, to overthrow.

WORSTED. Defeated; put to the rout.

WORTHY. A man particularly distinguished, more especially for his valor, as the worthies of antiquity.

WREATH _of victory_. The garland or chaple, of triumph. See TRIUMPH.

WRESTLER. One who contends in wrestling.

WRESTLING. A contest for ascendancy of bodily strength; as when two wrestlers attempt to throw each other down. It was in great vogue among the Olympic games.

WRONG. An injury; a designed or known detriment; not right, not justice.

WRONGS. We have already observed under the article _Rights_, that although they are not specifically mentioned or described in the mutiny bill, they nevertheless exist in military life. Every officer and soldier possesses rights, and when either is wronged he is authorized to seek for redress. In the articles of war, it is expressly laid down, that if any officer shall think himself to be wronged by his colonel, or the commanding officer, of the regiment, and shall upon due application made to him, be refused to be redressed, he may complain to the general commanding, in order to obtain justice; who is required to examine into such complaint; and either by himself or by the secretary at war, to make his report. It will be observed, that officers may be peremptorily dismissed the service without trial or investigation.

If any inferior officer, non-commissioned officer, or soldier shall think himself wronged by his captain, or other officer commanding the troop or company to which he belongs, he is to complain thereof to the commanding officer of the station or regiment.

WUHAH, _Ind._ Sandals.

WULANDA, or WULANDEZ, _Ind._ The Dutch are so called in India.

X.

XEBEC, (_Chébec_, _Fr._) A sort of armed vessel, with lateen sails, which is used in the Mediterranean.

XENOPHON. A Greek general who has rendered his name immortal by a well-conducted retreat; and is equally celebrated for good military maxims, which are still extant in his Cyropœdia.

XERIFF. A prince, or chief ruler in Barbary is so called.

XERXES. A king of Persia, son of Darius, and grandson of Cyrus. This monarch has been rendered notorious in history, by the extravagance of his preparations to invade Greece, and his ultimate failure; which latter may be attributed to the undisciplined state of his army, and to the presumption of his general Mardonius. He entered the Hellespont with so numerous a fleet, that it covered its surface between the two lands. The number he embarked exceeded 1,000,000 men, who were entirely defeated by 40,000 well-disciplined troops from Greece.

XYSTARCHA. In antiquity, the master and director of the Xystus.

In the Greek Gymnasium, the Xystarcha was the second officer, and the Gymnasiarcha the first; the former was his lieutenant, and presided over the two Xysti, as well as over every species of exercise that was practised therein.

XYSTER. An instrument used by surgeons to scrape and shave bones with.

XYSTUS. Among the ancients, a long portico, open or covered at the top, where the athletæ practised wrestling and running: the gladiators who exercised therein, were called Xystici.

Among the Romans, the xystus was only an alley, or double row of trees, meeting like an arbor, and forming a shade to walk under; so that, in this sense, it might be considered as an open walking place, where the Romans entertained one another.

Y.

YACHT, (_Yacht_, _Fr._) This word is taken from the Dutch. It is a small ship with one deck, carrying four, eight, or twelve guns, and thirty or forty men. Yachts, in general, are from 30 to 160 tons; contrived and adorned both within side and without, for carrying state passengers. They answer the purposes of business as well as pleasure, being remarkable good sailers.

YADDASHT, _Ind._ A memorandum.

YEHOODY, _Ind._ A Jew.

YEOMAN. The French use this word when they allude to the yeomen of the guards. In a general acceptation of the word among us, yeoman signifies a free man, who has land of his own.

YEOMAN _of the guard_. One belonging to a sort of foot guards, who attend at the British king’s palace. The yeomen were uniformly required to be six feet high. They are in number 100 on constant duty, and 70 off duty. The one half wear arquebuses, and the other pertuisans. Their attendance is confined to the king’s person, both at home and abroad. They are clad after the manner of king Henry VIII., and are commonly known by the name of the _beefeaters_.

The yeomen of the guards were anciently 250 men of the next rank under gentry. This corps was first instituted by king Henry VII. anno. 1486.

YEOMANRY. The collective body of yeomen. In this class may be considered men of small landed property, independent farmers, &c.

YESAWUL, _Ind._ A state messenger; a servant of parade, who carries a gold or silver staff; an aid-de-camp.

YETESAB, _Ind._ An officer who regulates the weights.

YOG, _Ind._ Junction, or union.

YIELD. See SURRENDER.

YOUNGER _regiment_, is that which was last raised. See SENIORITY.

YOUNGER _officer_, is he whose commission is of the latest date; and according to these rules, regiments and officers are posted and commanded. See SENIORITY.

YOUNGSTERS. A familiar term to signify the junior officers of a troop or company. The word youngster is likewise used in the navy. The French say _mousse_ in naval phraseology.

Z.

ZAAT, _Ind._ Division of people into tribes or sects.

ZAGAIE, _Fr._ A weapon made in the form of a long dart, which the Moors make use of in battle, and which they cast with extreme dexterity.

ZAIMS. Principal leaders or chiefs; after whom a mounted militia which they support and pay is called among the Turks.

ZAYM, _Ind._ A feudal chief, or military tenant.

ZEAL. More than common ardor for the good of the service.

ZEBANBUNDY, _Ind._ A deposition.

ZEINAUB, _Ind._ A term of distinction used to persons of rank or eminence.

ZEMEEN, _Ind._ Ground.

ZEMEENDAR, _Ind._ A person who holds a tract of land in his own right.

ZEMEENDARY, _Ind._ The lands of a zemeendar.

ZENITH, _Zenith_, _Fr._ The point or vertex in the heavens directly over one’s head. If we conceive a line drawn through the observer and the centre of the earth, which must necessarily be perpendicular to the horizon, it will reach to a point among the fixed stars called the zenith.

The zenith is directly opposite to the Nadir; one above our heads, and the other below our feet.

ZERAKET, _Ind._ Agriculture.

ZERB, _Ind._ A blow; a stroke.

ZERB SHALLAAK, _Ind._ A blow given with a stick.

ZIG-ZAG, _Fr._ A term used in mechanics. The working beams or balances which give motion to the several pumps to throw the water up from the river to the hill at Marly, near Paris, form a sort of zig-zag.

ZIG-ZAGS, in fortification, are trenches or paths with several windings, so cut, that the besieged are prevented from enfilading the besieger in his approaches.

ZIMRA, _Ind._ A certificate.

ZINDIGEE, _Ind._ Grain, cattle, lands, plantations.

ZIYAMUT, _Ind._ A fief bestowed for military services.

ZULLUM, _Ind._ Violence; oppression.

ZUROOREAT, _Ind._ Necessaries.

THE END.

Transcriber’s Notes

General

Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text and their
settings, not all elements may display as intended.

The text in this e-text is that used in the source document. English
nor non-English words and phrases have been corrected, unless
mentioned under Changes below. This also applies to misspellings,
unusual, archaic and obsolete spellings (of proper and geographical
names as well), the mixing-up of languages, dubious and wrong
translations, and to the use (or absence) of accents and diacriticals
in French and German words. Inconsistencies in capitalisation and
typography (also of keywords) have not been rectified, except as
listed below. Missing words have been added only when indicated
below. Errors (also in calculations), repetitions, contradictions
and inconsistencies in contents, data, definitions, etc. have not
been corrected or otherwise addressed, unless mentioned below. Errors
and inconsistencies in the alphabetical order of (sub-)keywords have
not been corrected; for the alphabetical sort order, I and J, and
occasionally Y, appear to be considered the same letters, as are U
and V. The book uses decimal commas, (high and low) decimal points
and spaces to separate integers and decimals. The use of multiple
quote marks in multi-paragraph quotes has not been standardised.

In some tables dashes may indicate lack of data and/or they may
be used as a ditto symbol: it is not always clear what the author
intended. The author or printer have abbreviated many words and
phrases in the tables to fit the width they had available (the
source document was printed in two rather narrow columns); these
abbreviations have been kept unchanged (apart from the insertion of
periods or apostrophes etc.) unless mentioned below. Where column
headers, units etc. are not present in this e-text, they were lacking
in the source document as well. Some digits have been replaced with
a question mark ? because the data were illegible in the source
document and could not be verified through other sources.

Internal references

Internal references (for example, See ...) do not always provide
relevant or additional information. Some articles that are not
referred or linked to may provide more information than the articles
that are referred to. Some of the text contains reference letters
that appear to refer to illustrations; such illustrations are not
present in the source document, with the exception of those on pages
123 and 124.

The source document contains the following references to non-existing
or irrelevant articles: Page 54, See Curb; Page 79, See Instruments;
Pages 110 and 112, See Cutlass; Pages 112, 145, 203, 276, See
Sword Exercise and page 333, See Sword-Exercise; Page 113, See
Encyclopoedia; Page 116, see Drum-Out; Page 117, See Spoils;
Page 119, See Disorder; Page 136, See Enlistment; Page 138, See
Contractor; Page 139, reference to Conserves; Page 140, see Spy;
Page 149, See Atchievement; Page 154, See Lights; Pages 229, 472,
528, See Jets de Feu; Page 254, See Acid (Muriatic, oxigenized);
Page 263, See Border la Haye; Page 266, See Ginguet; Page 289, See
Inclination; Page 308, See Articles of War, section XIX; Page 310,
See Junction and See Priming Irons; Pages 313, 559, See Quay; Page
368, See Plotting; Page 467, See Mute; Page 470, See Livery; Page
497, See Fleece; Page 505, See Parabolic Conoid; Page 507, See Park;
Page 509, See Watering; Page 537, See Polygraphy; Page 564, reference
to exterior ... radius; Page 583, See Bond; Page 649, See Intrenching
Tools; Page 702, See Spun Hay; Page 705, See Waggon-Master; Page 708,
See Avant courier; Page 718, See Sonnette.

Other remarks

Various pages, Durtubie: probably (Théodore) d’Urtubie, author of the
Manuel de l’Artilleur.

Page 43, Gros Jegerndorff: probably Groß Jägerndorff.

Page 51, Battle of Spaudau: possibly an error for Battle of Spanden.

Page 90, Thus -3, is 8 times less than nothing: possibly an error for
Thus -8, is 8 times less than nothing.

Page 91, < or ⫎ are signs of minority: the symbol ⫎ as given in this
e-text is an upside-down rendition of the symbol as printed in the
source document.

Page 91, Characters in fire-works: the characters as given in this
text are used to represent the shape of the characters in the source
document rather than the actual characters.

Page 91, Thus 40°, 55′, 18″, 55‴, is read 40 degrees, 35 minutes: as
erroneously printed in the source document.

Page 116, being divided into 60″ seconds: the repeated units (″ and
seconds) are as printed in the source document.

Page 120, table Diameters of the shots ...: the missing digit (second
row 3, column 4) is probably 5 (6.541).

Page 121, table Diameters of the bullets ..., row 1, column 0: the
value .715 is likely to be incorrect; the missing digit in row 1,
column 1 is probably 7 (.751).

Page 185, Alain Marrison Mallet: probably Alain Manesson Mallet.

Page 224, Supplément aux Rêveries de ce Mar: the title of the work is
Supplément aux rêveries du Maréchal de Saxe.

Page 318, 2 sticks of about 5.5 feet long, and 1-5 inches square: the
author may have intended 1 to 5 inches square or ¹⁄₅ inches square.

Page 323, Maria Parcia lex appeared in 1691: probably an error for
... appeared in 691 (see the other years mentioned in this context).

Page 338, “At the same time of the year: the closing quote mark is
lacking.

Page 396, “It has already been shewn with what obstinacy: there is no
closing quote mark.

Page 414, Grouda: probably an error for Gouda.

Page 417, kanen (two bottom rows Dresden in table Liquid Measure):
probably an error for kanne; 953 (same table, row Florence, barile
wine measure) possibly an error for 9,53.

Page 439, Table of the quantity of powder required ..., bottom line
(Rock): item number 9 is probably an error for item number 6.

Page 446-447, In order to the attainment ... the following tables are
subjoined: the fourth through tenth tables are not included under
this keyword; the tables referred to appear to be present elsewhere
in the book (under Weights and under Measures).

Page 450, table Gold Coins, entries France (40 and 20 franc piece)
and Geneva: the two values 2²⁄₅ cover three rows (the last two rows
for France and the row for Geneva), but are assumed to belong to the
rows for France’s 20 and 40 franc pieces.

Page 474, entry Naumachiæ, ... may probably lead to great na-
exertions: some text appears to be missing. A contemporary book
(Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary ..., 2nd
Edition, London 1805) has ... may probably lead to great naval
exertions.

Page 496-497, Brigade Orders, orders which are issued by the generals
commanding, through the brigade majors, to the several adju- corps
that do duty together, or are brigaded: there is some text missing.
Contemporary books (e.g., Charles James, An Universal Military
Dictionary, London, 1816) have ... Brigade Orders, orders which are
issued by the generals commanding, through the brigade majors, to the
several adjutants of regiments, for the government of corps that do
duty together, or are brigaded.

Page 499: Keyword Ostage: possible error for Otage.

Page 509, Hâter le Pas, Fr. to slacken your pace; to go slower:
actually means the opposite: to increase your speed; to go faster.

Page 518, Penal, (Pénale, ale, Fr.): possibly intended to read Penal,
(Pénal, -ale, Fr.).

Page 524, Pied de Roi and Pied Quarré, one hundred and forty lines
and one hundred and forty inches errors for one hundred and forty
four lines and inches respectively.

Page 525, a triangular square, or a rectangle: probably an error for
a triangle, a square, or a rectangle;

Page 525, table Triangular Piles of Shot: as printed in the source
document, though there are several mistakes in the numbers given,
nor do the numbers agree with the formula as given in the text that
follows the table.

Page 532, Il lui planter sa poltronnerie au nez: planter is an error
for a past or perfect tense.

Page 537, polkowink: possibly an error for pułkownik.

Page 539, Porstick method: possibly an error for Poristic method.

Page 554: the symbol ╳ has been used merely to represent the shape of
a large cross.

Page 600, given for good performed: one or more words appear to be
missing.

Page 606, General Table of Sky Rockets: the meaning of the values in
the row Mallet for driving may be intended to read 3lb. 8oz. etc.

Page 629, “This term does not come from serviens: the closing quote
mark is absent.

Page 646, A five heures Sonnantes, Fr.: as printed in the source
document.

Page 692, exercise of mock battle formerly practised: possibly an
error for exercise or mock battle formerly practised.

Page 698, Where such barbarity is the costume: probably an error for
Where such barbarity is the coutume or coûtume.

Page 704, “The Turks are a nation: there is no closing quote mark.

Page 705/706, We have already remarked under Table d’Officiers, ...
it was strictly forbidden: the prohibition is not mentioned in the
article referred to.

Page 745, the windage of a nine-pounder will be 166 of an inch: as
printed; 166 is possibly intended to be a fraction (¹⁄₆?).

Changes made to the text

General remarks

Footnotes, tables and illustrations have been moved outside text
paragraphs.

Several obvious minor typographical and punctuation errors (including
missing and incorrect punctuation) have been corrected silently when
this correction would not change the meaning of the text. Some dashes
that were used to fill out justified text in the source document’s
narrow columns have been removed. Several erroneously repeated words
have been deleted.

In some of the tables, ditto marks (or blank spaces, periods and
dashes etc. acting as such) have been replaced with the dittoed text
or data. Some tables and table entries have been split or otherwise
re-arranged for better readability.

Global changes and standardisations

In the source document some of the keywords are printed on top of
each other, with braces combining them:

KEYWORD1,} Explanatory text.
KEYWORD2,}

Where possible, this presentation has been standardised to the usual
in-line lay-out for this text document:

KEYORD1, KEYWORD2, Explanatory text.

The indications of the source language and their italics mark-up have
been standardised (Fr. to _Fr._, etc.); cheval- and chevaux-de-frize
(and variants) have been standardised to cheval-de-frize and
chevaux-de-frize (with otherwise unchanged spelling); seige(s)
has been standardised to siege(s); frustrum(s) was standardised
to frustum(s). A period has been added after the Roman ordinal in
regnal names etc. where this was not present. Various ways in which
numerical fractions (for example, 1/2, 1-2, ½) were printed have been
standardised to ¹⁄₂.

Individual changes

Page
etc. Source document This text

v a class of beings which a class of beings of which

1 ---- Start letter A inserted

20 translated from the Aide Momoire translated from the Aide Mémoire

29 The piece itself weighs 42 50 The piece itself weighs 42-50
pounds pounds

39 exigencies of state they require exigencies of state that require

47 Battle of Maubege, Cobourg Battle of Maubeuge, Cobourg
Austrian Austrian

48 1795. Battle of Bonnel 1795. Battle of Bommel

51 Action at Unberhausen Action at Ungerhausen

52 Battre de’écharpe Battre d’écharpe

59, table Weight when filled
---- footnote anchor [7] inserted in
bottom row of table

68 3597270 .3597270

one-twenty-eighth of a pound one twenty-eighth of a pound

70 by the testimony of four by the testimony of four
gentlemen! officers’ sons, gentlemen. Officers’ sons,
however, however,

Caisson, in military affairs, as Caisson, in military affairs, is
a wooden frame or chest a wooden frame or chest

battre la Tambour battre le Tambour

72, table Distribution of the depth of a camp
brace covers rows To the staff brace covers rows To the first
officers through To the front of row of batmen’s tents through To
the grand sutler’s tent the front of the grand sutler’s
tent

81 See Aigremone See Aigremore

83 2 spare skafts 2 spare shafts

84, table Wood axletrees
---- sub-group column heading Di. of
arm. inserted under Limber

85, table Ranges with carronades 1798
---- column heading Yards inserted
above all but the column Charge

---- table Diameter of the wheels of
the field carriages moved from
keyword Carronades to keyword
Carriages.

91 chargez vos arms, un, deux, chargez vos armes, un, deux,

92, tables Charges for medium and light guns
---- column heading Kinds inserted
cf. table Charges for heavy guns
....

99 Commissaire-général de la Commissaire-général de la
cavalerie degére cavalerie légère

Commissaire provinciaux Commissaires provinciaux
d’artillerie d’artillerie

Commissaire ordinaires Commissaires ordinaires
d’artillerie d’artillerie

Commissaire géneral des poudres Commissaire général des poudres
et saltpetres et salpêtres

Commissaire provinciaux et Commissaires provinciaux et
ordinaires des guerres ordinaires des guerres

105 the pallisade on the the pallisade on the
counterscrap counterscarp

110 from nose to croop from nose to croup

112 x y 2 = a x y² = a

Cunette. See Culvette Cunette. See Cuvette

115 être en de défense être en défense

116 Denonciateur d’un désertur Denonciateur d’un déserteur

119 Desorde, Fr. See Disorder Desordre, Fr. See Disorder

Developpe, Fr. to unfold Developper, Fr. to unfold

120 and the number 58.24, under the and the number 5.824, under the
first first

123 in the memoirs of general in the memoirs of general
Montecuculi Montecuculli

140 See Armicer See Armiger

151 La-mer falaise La mer falaise

153 On these tresles On these tressels

155 Their corps d’armie or legion Their corps d’armée or legions

158 _asnaphaan_, which being a low a _snaphaan_, which being a low
Dutch word Dutch word

162 From Sadan down the Meuse to From Sedan down the Meuse to
Charlemont Charlemont

164, paragraphs Square foot and Cubic foot:
... + 12 = ... × 12 = (three occurrences)

184 In the first vertical column In the first horizontal row (for
this e-text the table has been
rotated by 90°)

187 Minno, Baron of Coehorn Menno, Baron of Coehorn

192 The author of Oeuvres Militares The author of Oeuvres Militaires

201 Mr. Emerson, in his principles Mr. Emerson, in his Principles
of Mechanics of Mechanics

217 Every timarist in Turkey Every timariot in Turkey

219 General de bettaile General de bataille

237 grenadiers posteiches grenadiers postiches

242 Exploits Guerrieres Exploits Guerriers

Délcarer la Guerre Déclarer la Guerre

249, table Length and weight of English Brass guns
---- column Kind aligned with other
columns (misprint in source
document)

---- 5th group in column Kind: poorly
aligned 1 and 2 in left-most
column combined to 12 (pounders)

table Ranges of brass guns with one shot
two-column header lbz. two headers lbs. and oz.

---- braces added to grouped rows for
24 and 12 (pounders) as with 6
(pounders)

250, table Effects of case shot from a battalion gun
8z. 8 oz.

3z. 3 oz.

---- column Kind of charge: direction
of braces standardised

There were three rounds fired at There were three rounds fired at
each change each charge

251 Table heading Ranges with 5¹⁄₂ Table heading _Ranges with 5¹⁄₂
inch shells ... inch shells ..._

255 mud forts made in India so called mud forts made in India are so
called

259 preserved by Boxhoom preserved by Boxhoorn

261 Harquebuseir, a soldier Harquebusier, a soldier

272 likewise terminated without likewise terminated without
bloodshead bloodshed

280 compagnies de bas-officers compagnies de bas-officiers

292 100 of the garrison of 100 of the garrison of
Tritchinoply Tritchinopoly

304 1 catlin, 2 tenaculems 1 catlin, 2 tenaculums

1 elevator, 1 lanticular, a 1 elevator, 1 lenticular, a
brush brush

a tenaculem, thread for a tenaculum, thread for
ligatures ligatures

321 the chevaliers and gens darmes the chevaliers and gens d’armes
fought on foot fought on foot

333 The French armies now form corps The French armies now form corps
d’armie d’armée

336 in the verticle plane of the in the vertical plane of the
mortar’s axis mortar’s axis

351 Longrinis Longrines

353 may be posted in the several may be posted in the several
machicoulies machicoulises

357 in a semicular form in a semicircular form

360 le Service des Armées contenant le Service des Armées contenant
sur organasion son organisation

366 être mener à la promenade être mené à la promenade

to make solders go through to make soldiers go through

399 bôete aux rondes boîte aux rondes

400 viv. Les travaux de Mars viz. Les travaux de Mars

407 differing from the pallaisse differing from the paillasse

426, last two tables (Jewish and Roman long measures)
---- right-hand side of tables
(English measures) aligned with
the left-hand side

table Jewish Long or Itinerary Measure
cubic cubit

Roman long Measure, deduced to Roman long Measure, reduced to
English English

430-431, There are four kinds of levers ... Inclined plane.
Several paragraphs and lines in Re-arranged to form a more
the source document were mixed coherent text
up

435 The hyperbola too in all The hyperbola too in all
probability be attempted probability he attempted

The first material deviations The first material deviation

436 from some of these series’s the from some of these series the
area hath been computed area hath been computed

the area will be 7853981633, the area will be .7853981633,

451, first row Hamburgh
rixdoller banco rixdollar banco

454 those who have not professed those who have not professed
mehomedanism mahomedanism

456, Table Medium Ranges with Land Service ... 1798, row 3lbs. 4 oz.,
column 13 Inch, Range
244 yards 1244 yards

457 are erroneously fix-to an angle are erroneously fixed to an
of 45 degrees angle of 45 degrees

460 movement égal, ou uniforme mouvement égal, ou uniforme

Rejecter la motion Rejeter la motion

466 called officires a husse-col called officiers a hausse-col

468 Mur de pierres léches Mur de pierres sèches

469 ---- closing quote mark inserted
after ... they endeavored to
undermine the foundations

471 Nobobs, however, often kept Nabobs, however, often kept
possession possession

474 the art of was carried on by the art of war carried on by
ships at sea ships at sea

and of the Nile and Trafalgar and of the Nile and Trafalgar
where fought were fought

479 Niveau de la campaign Niveau de la campagne

482 ---- closing quote mark inserted
after The same by me

486 Otoedrical, having eight sides Octoedrical, having eight sides

489 ---- closing quote mark inserted
after ... or in covers open at
the sides

493 Il se sont offusqué Il se sent offusqué

496 and the Spanish South America and the Spanish in South America

497 Fortitudoe jus Rhodum tenuit Fortitudo ejus Rhodum tenuit

505 xy = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d xy = ax³ + bx² + cx + d

yy = ax3 + bx2 + cx + a yy = ax³ + bx² + cx + d

according to senority according to seniority

in fencing, to miss one’s party in fencing, to miss one’s parry

Parallelipiped, Parallelepiped,
(Parallelopepide, Fr.) (Parallelepipede, Fr.)

507 Parc d’Höpital Parc d’Hôpital

508 Se delarer d’un Parti Se declarer d’un Parti

509 Returner sur ses Pas Retourner sur ses Pas

513 mais sont fruit est doux mais son fruit est doux

518 Penal, (Pénale, ale, Fr.) Penal, (Pénal, ale, Fr.)

519 and of one half-second pendulum and of one half-second pendulum
⁹⁄₈ inches 9.8 inches

527 instead of the two statutes of instead of the two statues of
the emperors the emperors

528 and the but end so sharped, that and the but end so shaped, that
when fired when fired

535 Ette de poids Etre de poids

536 Poix refine, Fr. Rosin Poix résine, Fr. Rosin

537 Polynomial, (Polyname, Fr.) Polynomial, (Polynôme, Fr.)

539 haut les armes, corresponds haut les armes, corresponds
with out recover with our recover

540 _as porter toutes ses voiles_ as _porter toutes ses voiles_

544 Poudrier, Fr. a gunpowder make Poudrier, Fr. a gunpowder maker

547 Il voulut tiret, mais son Il voulut tirer, mais son
pistolet pris qu’un rat pistolet ne prit qu’un rat

548 discover- a promptitude of discovered a promptitude of
conception conception

550 Prisonners de guerre Prisonniers de guerre

551 Program, a word derived ... Program, (Programme, Fr.) a
Projectiles (Programme, Fr.) are word derived ... Projectiles,
such bodies ... are such bodies ...

552 Project, Fr. Project, (Projet, Fr.)

556 être énvoyer en garnison être envoyé en garnison

559 Batalion Quarre d’hommes Bataillon Quarre d’hommes

572 _Recoil of Sea Service, ..._ RECOIL _of Sea Service, ..._

576
100
DOLLS. --- DOLLS. ---
100

579 Redoubter, Fr. To be alarmed at Redouter, Fr. To be alarmed at

604 in a virmicular direction in a vermicular direction

606 tables Composition and Composition for the Stars
Salpetre, Seltpetre Saltpetre

608 ronde de governeur ronde de gouverneur

609 Roulemens, Fr. The several ... Roulements, Fr. The several ...

613 Sachets de ballas de plomb Sachets de balles de plomb

616 whose three sides and three whose three sides and three
angels are unequal angles are unequal

625 the neglect or military science the neglect of military science

626 de côté et d’autre se son tués de côté et d’autre se sont tués

627 and was styled Musterschriéber and was styled Musterschreiber

631 Capitaines de Serre-Files Capitaine de Serre-File

632 To Set a sentry. Poser une To Set a sentry, (Poser une
sentinelle. sentinelle, Fr.)

641 signaux mutes signaux muets

660 Regiments, not having Regiments, not having paillasses
paillaisses

664 Surintendant général des poudres Surintendant général des poudres
et saltpêtres de France et salpêtres de France

679 De taper un Canon Détaper un Canon

688 Tocsin, Fr. An alarm ball Tocsin, Fr. An alarm bell

689, table
5¹⁄₂ howitzer of 10 cwt. 5¹⁄₂ inch howitzer of 10 cwt.

694 Belidor’s Architecture Hydraulic Belidor’s Architecture
Hydraulique

698 Hair Trigger, (détente à Hair Trigger, (détente à
chevaux, Fr.) cheveux, Fr.)

702 which project pieces of ordnance which project from pieces of
ordnance

706 in the abbey church of St. in the abbey church of _St.
Germain, _des Prés des Paris_ Germain des Prés de Paris_

714 Rer Polic Rer. Polic.

Traites des Subsistances Traité des Subsistances
Militaires Militaires

718 Voil, Fr. Theft Vol, Fr. Theft

tête et queue piece tête et queue d’une piece

738 rotolo peso dicassa rotolo peso di cassa