Chapter I: DO HEREBY CERTIFY, upon my word and honor, as an officer and (16)

Art. 94. When any commissioned officer shall die or be killed in the service of the United States, the major of the regiment, or the officer doing the major’s duty in his absence, or in any post or garrison, the second officer in command, or the assistant military agent, shall immediately secure all his effects or equipage, then in camp or quarters, and shall make an inventory thereof, and forthwith transmit the same to the office of the department of war, to the end that his executors or administrators may receive the same.

Art. 95. When any non-commissioned officer, or soldier, shall die, or be killed in the service of the United States, the then commanding officer of the troop, or company, shall, in the presence of two other commissioned officers, take an account of what effects he died possessed of, above his arms and accoutrements, and transmit the same to the office of the department of war; which said effects are to be accounted for, and paid to the representatives of such deceased non-commissioned officer or soldier. And in case any of the officers, so authorised to take care of the effects of deceased officers and soldiers, should, before they have accounted to their representatives for the same, have occasion to leave the regiment, or post, by preferment, or otherwise, they shall, before they be permitted to quit the same, deposit in the hands of the commanding officer, or of the assistant military agent, all the effects of such deceased non-commissioned officers and soldiers, in order that the same may be secured for, and paid to, their respective representatives.

Art. 96. All officers, conductors, gunners, matrosses, drivers, or other persons whatsoever, receiving pay, or hire, in the service of the artillery, or corps of engineers of the United States, shall be governed by the aforesaid rules and articles, and shall be subject to be tried by courts-martial, in like manner with the officers and soldiers of the other troops in the service of the United States.

Art. 97. The officers and soldiers of any troops, whether militia or others, being mustered and in pay of the U. States, shall, at all times, and in all places, when joined, or acting in conjunction with the regular forces of the U. States, be governed by these rules and articles of war, and shall be subject to be tried by courts-martial, in like manner with the officers and soldiers in the regular forces, save only, that such courts-martial shall be composed entirely of militia officers.

Art. 98. All officers, serving by commission from the authority of any particular state, shall on all detachments, courts-martial, or other duty, wherein they may be employed in conjunction with the regular forces of the U. States, take rank, next after all officers of the like grade in said regular forces, notwithstanding the commissions of such militia or state officers may be elder than the commissions of the officers of the regular forces of the U. States.

Art. 99. All crimes not capital, and all disorders and neglects which officers and soldiers may be guilty of, to the prejudice of good order and military discipline, though not mentioned in the foregoing articles of war, are to be taken cognizance of by a general or regimental court-martial, according to the nature and degree of the offence, and be punished at their discretion.

Art. 100. The president of the United States, shall have power to prescribe the uniform of the army.

Art. 101. The foregoing articles are to be read and published once in every six months, to every garrison, regiment, troop or company, mustered or to be mustered in the service of the U. States, and are to be duly observed and obeyed, by all officers and soldiers who are or shall be in said service.

SECT. II. _And be it further enacted_, That in time of war, all persons not citizens of, or owing allegiance to the U. States of America, who shall be found lurking as spies, in or about the fortifications or encampments of the armies of the U. States, or any of them, shall suffer death, according to the law and usage of nations, by sentence of a general court-martial.

SECT. III. _And be it further enacted_, That the rules and regulations, by which the armies of the U. States have heretofore been governed, and the resolves of Congress thereunto annexed, and respecting the same, shall, henceforth be void and of no effect, except so far as may relate to any transactions under them, prior to the promulgation of this act, at the several posts and garrisons respectively, occupied by any part of the army of the U. States. _April 10, 1806._

_Council of_ WAR, is an assembly of great officers called by a general, or commander, to deliberate with him on enterprizes and attempts to be made. On some occasions, council of war is also understood of an assembly of officers, sitting in judgment on delinquent soldiers, deserters, coward officers, &c.

WAR. This word is frequently prefixed or attached to things or persons, in order to distinguish their particular state or functions, viz.

WAR _establishment_. See ESTABLISHMENT.

WAR _minister_. See SECRETARY.

_Secretary at_ WAR. An efficient character at the head of the war office, with whom all matters belonging to the army _rest_. See OFFICE.

WAR-_Cry_, was formerly customary in the armies of most nations, when they were just upon the point of engaging. Sometimes it consisted of tumultuous shouts, or horrid yells, uttered with an intent to strike terror into their adversaries; such as is now used by the Indians in America, called the _war-whoop_.

WARASDINS, a kind of Sclavonian soldiers, clothed like the Turks, with a sugar-loaf bonnet instead of a hat. Their arms are a fusee and pistols; the butt end of their fusee serves for a spade, when they have occasion to throw up earth.

_To_ WARD. To guard; to watch; to defend; to parry any attack.

WARD. Watch; the act of guarding. A garrison or party stationed for defence of any place; a position of defence, or guard made by a weapon in fencing. That part of a lock, which, corresponding to the proper key, hinders any other from opening it. A district of a town; division of a building, &c. It is also used to denote one under the care and subject to the control of a guardian.

WARDEN. A keeper; a head officer.

WARDEN, _or lord Warden of the Cinque ports_. A magistrate that has the jurisdiction of those havens in the east part of England, commonly called the cinque ports, or five havens, where he is invested with all that jurisdiction which the admiral of England has in places not exempt. According to Cowel, from whom this explanation is taken, the reason why one magistrate should be assigned to these havens seems to be, because, in respect to their situation, they formerly required a more vigilant care than other havens, being in greater danger of invasion. On this account the lord chief warden of the cinque should be an officer of some experience, well skilled in the art of defence, and equal to the superintendance of so important a range of coast, upon which France had cast a jealous eye from time immemorial, and where Cæsar made a successful landing. It is, however, little more than a sinecure situation, and a snug retreat for ex-ministers.

By act the 26th of Geo. III. it has been enacted, that the warden of the cinque ports, two ancient towns, and their members, and in his absence his lieutenant or lieutenants, may put in execution, within the said ports, towns and members, all the powers and authorities given and granted by this act, in like manner as lieutenants of counties and their deputy lieutenants, may do, and shall keep up and continue the usual number of soldiers in the said ports, towns and members, unless he or they find cause to lessen the same. The militia of the ports is, according to this act, to remain separate from the militia of the counties, and may be called out, pursuant to an act passed in the 13th and 14th years of king Charles the Second, notwithstanding the pay advanced may not have been reimbursed.

WARDER. A guard; a truncheon by which an officer at arms forbade fight.

WARFARE. Military service, state of war.

_To_ WARFARE. To lead a military life.

WARHABLE. WARLIKE. Military; fit for war.

WARLIKE _virtues_, are, love of our country, courage, valor, prudence, intrepidity, temperance, disinterestedness, obedience, wisdom, vigilance, and patience. In the last celebration of the anniversary of the destruction of the Bastille, which took place at Paris on the 14th of July, 1789, the French characterized these eleven virtues by the following emblems:--a pelican, a lion, a horse, a stag, a wolf, an elephant, a dog, a yoked ox, an owl, a cock, and a camel.

WARNED. Admonished of some duty to be performed at a given time or place. Thus officers and soldiers are warned for guard, &c.

WARRANT. A writ of authority inferior to a commission: thus quarter-masters are warrant officers.

_To_ WARRAY. To make war upon any state or body of men. An obsolete word.

WARREN. A kind of park for rabbits.

WARREN, at Woolwich, England, so called from the spot having formerly been stocked with rabbits. It now comprehends the head-quarters for the royal artillery, the royal foundery, the royal laboratory, and royal military academy; also famous for proofs and experiments of artillery, and great apparatus of war.

WARRIOR. A soldier; one who fights in war.

WAR-_Whoop_. A signal of attack among the Indians. See WHOOP.

WARWOLF. In ancient military history, an engine for throwing stones and other great masses.

WAR-WORN. Worn out in the service.

WASELAAT, _Ind._ Collections made.

WASEL _Baky_, _Ind._ Collections made, and balances struck.

WASHER. A flat circular ring put on the axle-tree, between the linch-pin and small end of the nave, to prevent the nave rubbing against the linch-pin and wearing it, as likewise to diminish the friction of the nave.

WASSYOUT _Nama_, _Ind._ A will or last testament

_To_ WATCH. To keep guard; to be attentive and vigilant; to observe the conduct of any one.

WATCH. A duty performed on board of ship. It likewise means the person who performs that duty.

_Serjeant of the_ WATCH. A non-commissioned officer belonging to the marines or other troops on board, who does duty for a stated period. At sea, the term watch denotes a measure or space of four hours, because half the ship’s company watch and do duty in their turns, so long at a time: and they are called the starboard watch and larboard watch.

The following instructions have been published respecting the watch duty which is to be done by troops embarked in transports, &c.

At eight o’clock in the evening, every man is to be in his birth, except the men on watch: the officer of the watch to go round with a lanthorn, to see that the above has been complied with.

The whole to be divided into three watches, both subaltern officers and men; the watch gives all the sentries, &c. &c.

A captain of the day to be appointed, to whom the subaltern of the watch will make his reports; and the captain to the commanding officer; if there be a superior officer on board.

The whole watch to be always on deck, except when rain obliges them to go down for shelter; and, in fine weather, every man should be upon deck the whole day.

WATCHMAN. A centinel, one set to keep guard.

WATCHTOWER. A tower on which a centinel was posted to keep guard against an enemy.

WATERING-_Call_. A trumpet sounding, on which the cavalry assemble to water their horses.

WATER-_Rocket_. A kind of firework made to burn in the water.

WATERING-_Cap_. A cap, made of leather or cloth, which dragoons wear when they water their horses or do stable-duty.

WATERING-_Jacket_. A waistcoat with sleeves, which dragoons wear on the above occasions.

WATREGANS, _Fr._ This word is pronounced _outregans_, there being no W in the French alphabet. It is a Flemish term which is generally used in France, and signifies a ditch full of water, that has been made for the purpose of separating lands and inheritances. These ditches are sometimes large enough to receive small boats or barges, and run through a whole village.

WATTLE. A hurdle made by entwining twigs together.

WAY. A military road among the Romans and Saxons.

WAY _of the rounds_, in fortification, is a space left for the passage of the rounds, between the rampart and the wall of a fortified town. This is not much in use at present. See BERME.

_To_ WAYLAY. To beset by ambush.

WAYWODE, _Ind._ A prince; a chieftain.

WEAPON. An instrument of offence.

WEAPONED. Armed; furnished with arms of offence.

WEAPONLESS. Unarmed; having no weapon.

WEAR. A sluice-gate, or dam to shut up the water.

WEDGE. See COINS, MECHANIC POWERS, &c.

WEDGE. In a work translated from the French, and which is entitled, Observations on the Military Art, we find the following description of this instrument. It is composed of five surfaces, two of which are triangular, two long squared, and the fifth arbitrary. The two oblong surfaces, by their inclination to each other, form the point that insinuates itself into the wood, &c. that is to be split, as well as the sides or triangular surfaces, if the triangle, as it is driven, lengthens the slit or opening. They are the square surfaces that first insinuate themselves into the body to be cleft; and what are called triangular surfaces, are only what fill the space that separates the two quadrangular sides. After this reflection it appears, that the column has, at least, as just a claim as the triangle, to the term or word wedge. We may even say, with confidence, it has a much better; for a triangle of men ranged according to the same proportion as the triangle of the mechanic wedge, would be of very little force; and a mechanic wedge, of which the incisive angle was as great as that of a triangle of men, would be too large to enter those bodies we should want to cleave or split.

The double phalanx amphistome, of which Epaminondas formed the wedge, contained 3000 men, who were ranged, in Bouchaud’s opinion, one hundred in front, and 30 deep. This opinion, according to some is erroneous. Among the different evolutions of the ancients, the wedge was frequently resorted to, and was in some degree connected with the lozenge, which is a figure in geometry composed of four sides and four angles: of the four angles two are always obtuse, and two acute. The angles, that are alike, are always opposed one to the other, and always in the same number of degrees. According to Ælian, there are many ways of ranging squadrons in a lozenge: in the first, they have ranks and files; in the second, neither; in the third, they have files, but no ranks; lastly, in the fourth, they have ranks alone without files. With regard to the wedge, it was a formation which the ancients adopted both in cavalry and infantry evolutions, and was variously used, viz:--

_The_ WEDGE _of Cavalry_. This figure was formed on the same principles and movements as the lozenge, as far as the greatest rank of the latter, which served as a base to the triangular wedge. It was therefore as the half of a lozenge, cut and divided at its obtuse angles.

_The Triangular_ WEDGE _of Infantry_.--Some people pretend, that there were two sorts of triangular wedges in use among the ancients. The first was full, and formed after the same manner as the lozenge, and the wedge of the cavalry. The second was open at the base, and ranged differently from that of the first.

_Triangular_ WEDGE _with a full centre_. The Greek soldier occupied, at all times, a square space greater or less in proportion to the requisite order, either at a review, advancing towards the enemy, or standing in a position to receive him. This wedge was formed according to the arithmetical progression ÷ 1, 3, 5, 7, &c.

_The open_ WEDGE. This species of wedge was formed two different ways, with the Greeks and Romans. Bouchaud de Bussy, who takes them, one from _Ælian_, whom he translates, and the other from _Vegetius_, gives us a third, which appears to be of his own invention, and is very much superior to the other two. According to Ælian, Epaminondas the Theban general employed the open wedge at the battle of Leuctra, and overthrew the Lacedemonians, whose army was much superior to the one he commanded. To form this wedge, the two divisions of a double phalanx amphistome, are to unite together at the head, being separate or open at the tail or rear; which gives them a near resemblance of the Greek letter Λ. Bouchaud de Bussy formed the wedge in the following manner:

“The same body of troops being in array, may likewise, says he, form the wedge in marching forward, and this manœuvre requires no preliminary movement. The three divisions being marked, as well as the three files of the centre which compose the head of the wedge, the following words of command are given. _Marked divisions, prepare to form the wedge in advancing: march._ At the first notice, the files and ranks close suddenly; at the second, the three files of the centre, which will be the two first left files of the division on the right, and the first right file in the division on the left, march straight forward; at their second pace, the first file, that is contiguous to them on the right, and that which is equally contiguous on the left, move in their turn, so as to have their chiefs or leaders on a line, and in a rank, as it were, with the second soldiers of the three files of the centre; at the second pace of the files, who have made the second motion, the files that touch them march immediately likewise, and the same manœuvre is to continue successively; each head of a file taking notice not to move, until the moment he finds himself on a line with the second man of the file contiguous, &c.”

This method is beyond dispute the most simple, short, and secure that can be devised. The men occupy necessary and proper spaces, and if the enemy’s resistance should stop their head, the rest of the files, continuing their movements, would all arrive on the same front to engage together, that is, they would be in their primitive order of the phalanx. This author, to whose observations we refer from page 170 to page 203, thus concludes: we shall only remark, that all terms, metaphorically applied, sooner or later produce doubts and uncertainty. Neither a column or triangle of men should have ever been denominated a wedge; for a line of troops is not formed to be split like a piece of timber; it may be opened, broken through, or divided into as many parts as possible.

WEIGHTS, in military matters, are those in general use, except in artillery, where hundreds are made use of, each of 112lb. quarters, each of 28lb, and pounds, each of 16 ounces.

Every officer should know the weight of the ordinary musquet, rifle, carbine, and musquetoon; the weight of ball carried by each, for proof and service; the weight of powder according to quality required for each gun, and for practice and service, as well as the range of each weapon.

Artillery officers should know the weight of metal in iron and brass guns of every calibre: they should know the difference between the weight of metal in guns formerly and at present, and the reasons for the reduction of the weight of metal; they should know the length as well as weight of guns, and the weight of cannon ball, and the windage allowed for cannon shot; they should know the weight allowed for case, cannister, and grape shot; and the weight of powder in every case. They should know the weight of mortars of every dimension, and of the shells which they throw, and the powder necessary for every elevation and use.

The weight which horses and waggons can bear and draw on given kinds of roads. The burdens which boats, barges, and water craft can bear and carry on streams or rivers; and the expence of carriage by weight or measure in every situation. Military men should know the weight of men, horses, and every description of matter used or liable to be moved in service.

TABLE OF TROY-WEIGHT,

_Shewing the quantity of grains Troy-Weight contained by each of the weights used in the trade of precious metals, and the relation of foreign weights to 100 pounds Troy-Weight_.

| |Contents| Equiv.
| | of each| to 100
| | weight | pounds
Countries and | | ---- | ----
Places. |Names of the Weights. | grains |num. 100
---------------+----------------------+--------+--------
Amsterdam |marc | 3798 | 151,66
Antwerp |marc | 3798 | 151,66
Augsburgh |marc | 3043 | 158,09
Basil |marc | 3612 | 159,46
Berlin |marc | 3616 | 159,30
Bern |marc | 3813 | 151,06
Bombay |tola | 178¹⁄₄ |3231,25
Bonn |marc | 3609 | 159,62
Botzen |marc | 4330 | 133,04
Bremen |marc | 3612 | 159,46
Breslaw |marc | 3016 | 199,99
Brunswick |marc | 3603 | 159,85
Brussels |marc | 3798 | 151,66
Cairo |rotolo | 6887 | 83,64
China |tale | 579 | 994,81
Cologne |marc | 3612 | 159,46
Constantinople |cheky | 4926 | 116,93
Copenhagen |marc | 3641 | 158,19
Coromandel |seer | 4293 | 134,16
Cracow |marc | 3069 | 187,68
Damascus |rotolo |34432 | 16,73
Dantzic |marc | 3605¹⁄₂| 159,75
Dresden |marc | 3605¹⁄₂| 159,75
England {|pound | 5760 | 100,00
{|ounce | 480 |1200,00
Florence |pound | 5244 | 109,84
France {|marc | 3780 | 152,33
{|kilogramme |15446 | 37,29
Francfort |marc | 3612 | 159,46
Geneva |marc | 3787³⁄₄| 152,07
Genoa |pound | 4897²⁄₃| 117,61
Hamburgh |marc | 3608 | 159,64
Hanover |marc | 3608 | 159,64
Holland |marc | 3798 | 151,66
Japan |tale | 580⁵⁄₈| 992,02
Konigsberg {|marc | 3023 | 190,52
{|idem Berlin weight | 3616 | 159,30
Leghorn |pound | 5244 | 109,84
Leipsic |marc | 3606 | 159,75
Liege |marc | 3800 | 151,58
Lubec |marc | 3608 | 159,64
Magdeburg |marc | 3607 | 159,68
Malabar |seer | 4293 | 134,16
Manheim |marc | 3611 | 159,49
Milan |marc | 3631 | 158,63
Munich |marc | 3612 | 159,46
Naples |pound | 4954 | 116,27
Nuremberg |marc | 3688 | 156,19
Pegu |tical | 237¹⁄₄|2427,80
Persia |mitigal | 71³⁄₄|8027,90
Pisa |pound | 5237 | 110,00
Pondicherry |seer | 4293 | 134,16
Portugal |marc | 3542¹⁄₂| 162,60
Prague |marc | 3916 | 147,08
Ratisbon |marc | 3800 | 151,58
Riga |marc | 3227 | 178,50
Rome |pound | 5239 | 109,95
Russia |pound | 6314 | 91,23
Sienna |pound | 5179 | 111,22
Spain |marc | 3551 | 162,21
Sweden |marc | 3252 | 177,12
Surat |tola | 187¹⁄₂|3066,35
Tripoli |mitical | 73³⁄₄|7810,16
Tunis |ounce | 486¹⁄₂|1183,96
Turin |marc | 3799 | 151,62
Venice {|marc | 3686 | 156,26
{|ounce | 460³⁄₄|1250,12
Vienna |marc | 4333 | 132,93
Warsaw |marc | 3114 | 184,97
Wilna |marc | 3006 | 191,62
Wirtemburg |marc | 3612 | 159,46
Zurich |marc | 3615 | 159,34

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the weights of any two given countries may be ascertained.

_Examples._

It is required to reduce 100 marcs of Hamburgh into marcs of France.

The marc of Hamburgh weighing 3608 grains, and the marc of France 3780, according to the table prefixed, state the following equation:

100 marcs of Hamb. = _x_
1 marc of Hamb. = 3608 grains
3780 grains = 1 marc of France
Result 95,45 marcs of France.

Reduce 100 marcs of France into marcs of Hamburgh.

100 marcs of France = _x_
1 marc of France = 3780 grains
3608 grains = 1 marc of Hamb.
Result 104,76 marcs of Hamburgh.

TABLE OF AVOIRDUPOIS-WEIGHT,

_Shewing the quantity of grains Troy-weight contained by each of the weights used in the sale of merchandize, and the relation of foreign weights to 100 pounds and 112 pounds Avoirdupois-weight_.

| | Contents|Equiv. |Equiv.
| | of each|to 100 |to 112
| | weight |pounds |pounds
Countries and | Names of | -- | -- | --
Places. | the Weights. | Grains |num. 100|num. 100
------------------+-----------------------+---------+--------+--------
Achem |catti |14675 | 47,70 | 53,42
Aix in France |pound | 6310 | 110,94 | 124,25
Aix la Chapelle |pound | 7235 | 96,75 | 108,26
Algiers |rotolo | 8345 | 83,89 | 93,95
Aleppo |idem of 720 drams |35190 | 19,89 | 22,28
|idem of 700 |34213 | 20,46 | 22,92
|idem of 680 |33235 | 21,06 | 23,59
|idem of 600 |29315 | 23,87 | 26,73
|idem of 400 |19550 | 35,81 | 40,10
Alexandria |rotolo zauro |14579 | 48,01 | 54,77
|idem zaidino | 9346 | 74,90 | 83,89
|idem forforo | 6579 | 106,40 | 119,16
Alexandretta |mine |11663 | 60,02 | 67,22
Alicante |libra mayor | 8004 | 87,45 | 97,95
|libra menor | 5336 | 131,18 | 146,93
Altona |pound | 7477 | 93,62 | 104,86
Amberg |pound | 9257 | 75,62 | 84,70
Amsterdam |pound commercial weight| 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
|pound apothecary weight| 5696 | 122,88 | 137,63
Ancona |pound | 5183 | 135,05 | 151,26
Anspach |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Antwerp |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Archangel |pound | 6314 | 110,87 | 124,18
Arragon |libra pensil | 5326 | 131,43 | 147,20
Augsburgh |pfund frohngewicht | 7580 | 92,34 | 103,42
|pfund kramgewicht | 7295 | 95,95 | 107,46
Avignon |pound | 6084 | 115,05 | 128,85
Bamberg |pound | 7494 | 93,41 | 104,62
Barcelona |pound | 6214 | 112,65 | 126,16
Basil or Basle |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Batavia |catti | 9450 | 74,08 | 82,96
Bautzen |pound | 6690 | 104,63 | 117,18
Bayonne |livre | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Bayreuth |pound | 7989 | 87,63 | 98,14
Beetlefakee |maund |11773 | 59,46 | 66,59
Bengal |factory maund | | 1,34 | 1,50
|bazar maund | | 1,22 | 1,36
Bergamo |pound peso forte |12581 | 55,64 | 62,31
|pound light weight | 5033 | 139,09 | 155,78
Bergen |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60
Bergen op Zoom |pound | 7343 | 95,33 | 106,77
Berlin |pound | 7233 | 96,78 | 108,40
Bern |pound | 8068 | 86,76 | 97,18
Bilboa |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Bois-le-Duc |pound | 7196 | 97,27 | 108,95
Bologna |pound | 5590 | 125,21 | 140,24
Bolzano |pound | 7733 | 90,52 | 101,38
Bombay |maund | | 2,63 | 2,95
Bordeaux |pound city weight | 7637 | 91,66 | 102,66
|pound poids de marc | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Bremen |pound | 7700 | 90,92 | 101,83
Breslaw |pound | 6256 | 111,90 | 125,33
Bruges |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Brunswick |pound | 7207 | 97,13 | 108,79
Brussels |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Bussorah |maund seffi | | 1,11 | 1,24
|maund a tara | | 3,51 | 3,93
Cadiz |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Cairo |rotolo | 6665 | 105,04 | 117,64
Calais |pound heavy weight | 7870 | 88,95 | 99,62
|pound light weight | 6501 | 107,67 | 120,59
Calicut |maund | | 3,33 | 3,73
Canary Islands |pound | 7094 | 98,67 | 110,52
Canea |rotolo heavy weight | 8127 | 86,13 | 96,47
|rotolo light weight | 5277 | 132,64 | 148,56
Canton |catti | 8640 | 81, | 90,72
Carthagena |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Cassel |pound | 4887 | 143,23 | 160,42
Castille |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Cephalonia |pound | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18
Chambery |pound | 6621 | 105,72 | 118,40
Civita Vecchia |pound | 5267 | 132,90 | 148,85
Coburg |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Cologne |pound | 7225 | 96,89 | 108,52
Como |pound | 4789 | 146,18 | 163,72
Constance |pound | 7285 | 96,08 | 107,61
Constantinople |rotolo | 8670 | 80,74 | 90,43
Copenhagen |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60
Corfu |pound | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18
Coromandel |vis |23333 | 30, | 33,59
Corsica |pound | 5315 | 131,70 | 147,50
Corunna |pound | 8877 | 78,85 | 88,31
Courtray |pound | 6749 | 103,58 | 116,
Cracow |pound | 6271 | 111,63 | 125,02
Cremona |pound | 5060 | 138,34 | 154,94
Culmbach |pound | 7989 | 87,63 | 98,14
Cyprus |rotolo |36710 | 19,07 | 21,36
Damascus |rotolo |27691 | 25,28 | 28,31
Dantzic |pound | 6722 | 104,15 | 116,66
Denmark |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60
Delft |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
Deventer |pound | 7259 | 96,42 | 108,
Dieppe |pound | 7630 | 91,75 | 102,76
Dixmude |pound | 6639 | 105,43 | 118,09
Dordrecht |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
Dresden |pound | 7211 | 97,07 | 108,72
Dublin |pound | 7000 | 100, | 112,
Dunkirk |pound | 6615 | 105,81 | 118,52
Elbing |pound | 6558 | 106,74 | 119,55
Elsinore |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60
Embden |pound | 7666 | 91,31 | 102,27
England |pound avoirdupois | 7000 | 100, | 112,
|pound apothecary weight| 5760 | 121,53 | 136,11
Erfurt |pound | 7285 | 96,08 | 107,61
Ferrara |pound | 5237 | 133,67 | 149,71
Ferrol |pound | 8877 | 78,85 | 88,31
Fez |rotolo | 7259 | 96,42 | 108,
Flensburg |pound | 7461 | 93,82 | 105,08
Florence |pound | 5401 | 129,60 | 145,15
Forli |pound | 5084 | 137,69 | 154,22
France |pound poids de marc | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
|pound apothecary weight| 5568 | 123,51 | 138,33
|kilogramme |15446[17]| 45,32 | 50,76
|hectogramme | 1544³⁄₅ | 453,20 | 507,60
Francfort on the | | | |
Maine |pound heavy weight | 7841 | 89,28 | 100,
|pound light weight | 7210 | 97,09 | 108,74
Francfort on the | | | |
Oder |pound | 7232 | 96,80 | 108,42
Freyberg |pound | 7210 | 97,09 | 108,74
Flushing |pound | 7189 | 97,37 | 109,06
Gaeta |pound | 4553 | 153,75 | 172,20
Galicia |pound | 8877 | 78,85 | 88,31
Gallipoli |rotolo | 6978 | 100,31 | 112,35
Gand |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Geneva |pound heavy weight | 8502 | 82,34 | 92,22
|pound light weight | 7085 | 98,70 | 110,66
Genoa |Custom-House rotolo | 8258 | 84,77 | 94,94
|rotolo peso di cassa | 7506 | 93,25 | 104,45
|rotolo cantaro weight | 7360 | 95,11 | 106,52
|pound peso grosso | 4907 | 142,65 | 159,77
|pound peso sottile | 4898 | 142,92 | 160,07
Germany |pound apothecary weight| 5527 | 126,64 | 141,84
Gibraltar |pound | 7215 | 97,01 | 108,55
|pound Cadiz weight | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Gottenburg |pound victualie weight | 6563 | 106,66 | 119,46
|pound for weighing iron| 5250 | 133,33 | 149,33
Grenada |pound heavy weight | 7707 | 90,82 | 101,72
|pound light weight | 6860 | 102,05 | 114,30
Groningen |pound | 7552 | 92,69 | 103,81
Gueldres |pound | 7205 | 97,15 | 108,81
Hamburg |pound commercial weight| 7481 | 93,57 | 104,80
|pound Cologne weight | 7224 | 96,89 | 108,52
Hanover |pound | 7494 | 93,40 | 104,61
Harburg |pound | 7494 | 93,40 | 104,61
Harlem |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
Havre de Grace |pound | 8161 | 85,77 | 96,06
Hague |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
Heidelberg |pound | 7788 | 89,88 | 100,67
Hildesheim |pound | 7207 | 97,13 | 108,79
Japan |catti | 9100 | 76,92 | 86,15
Java |catti | 9247 | 75,70 | 84,79
Kiel |pound | 7355 | 95,17 | 106,69
Kintzingen |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Konigsberg |pound old weight | 5869 | 119,27 | 133,58
|pound new weight | 7233 | 96,78 | 108,50
Krems |pound | 8743 | 80,37 | 89,67
Leghorn[18] |pound | 5296 | 132,17 | 148,03
Leipsic |pound butchers’ weight | 7772 | 90,07 | 100,88
|pound commercial weight| 7207 | 97,13 | 108,79
|pound miners’ weight | 6954 | 100,66 | 112,75
|pound for weighing | | |
|steel | 6718 | 104,20 | 116,70
Leyden |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Liebau |pound | 6378 | 109,76 | 122,92
Liege |pound | 7331 | 95,48 | 106,94
Lindau |pound | 7089 | 98,74 | 110,59
Lintz |pound | 8743 | 80,07 | 89,67
Lisbon |pound | 7085 | 98,80 | 110,66
Lisle |pound heavy weight | 7164 | 97,72 | 109,44
|pound light weight | 6615 | 105,81 | 118,52
London |pound avoirdupois | 7000 | 100, | 112,
Louvain |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Lubec |pound | 7461 | 93,86 | 105,08
Lucca |pound commercial weight| 5745 | 121,84 | 136,45
|pound for weighing silk| 5150 | 135,93 | 152,24
Lucern |pound | 7707 | 90,82 | 101,72
Lunenburg |pound | 7494 | 93,40 | 104,61
Lyons |pound for weighing silk| 7088 | 98,77 | 110,62
|pound city weight | 6615 | 105,81 | 118,52
Madeira |pound | 6725 | 104,10 | 116,59
Madras |maund | | 4, | 4,48
Madrid |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Magdeburg |pound | 7232 | 96,80 | 108,42
Mahon |pound | 6865 | 101,97 | 114,21
Majorca |rotolo | 6486 | 107,92 | 120,87
Malabar |vis |23333 | 30, | 33,59
Malacca |vis | 9450 | 74,08 | 82,96
Malaga |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Malta |rotolo |11901 | 58,82 | 65,88
Manheim |pound | 7639 | 91,63 | 102,63
Mantua |pound | 5083 | 137,71 | 154,24
Marseilles |pound poids de table | 6203 | 112,85 | 126,39
Masulipatam |seer | 4293 | 163,05 | 182,62
Mecca |rotolo | 7144 | 97,98 | 109,74
Medina |rotolo | 7144 | 97,98 | 109,74
Memel |pound | 6378 | 109,76 | 122,92
Memmingen |pound | 7903 | 88,57 | 99,20
Messina |pound of twelve ounces | 4903 | 142,77 | 175,34
|rotolo of thirty ounces|12257 | 57,11 | 63,96
|rotolo of thirty-three | | |
|ounces |13483 | 51,92 | 58,15
Middleburg |pound | 7225 | 96,89 | 108,52
Milan |pound heavy weight |11807 | 59,29 | 66,40
|pound light weight | 5060 | 138,34 | 154,94
Minorca |libra mayor |18480 | 37,88 | 42,43
|libra menor | 6160 | 113,65 | 127,28
Mocha |maund |21000 | 33,33 | 37,33
Modena |pound | 4971 | 140,82 | 157,71
Monaco |pound | 5113 | 136,89 | 153,32
Montpellier |pound | 6282 | 111,42 | 124,89
Morea |pound commercial weight| 6168 | 113,49 | 127,10
|pound for weighing silk| 7710 | 90,79 | 101,68
|oke |18463 | 37,92 | 42,47
Morocco |pound of Castille | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Morlaix |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Muscovy |pound | 6314 | 110,87 | 124,18
Munich |pound | 8657 | 80,86 | 90,57
Munster |pound | 7355 | 95,17 | 106,60
Namur |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Nancy |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Nantes |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Naples |pound | 4954 | 141,30 | 158,26
|rotolo |13761 | 50,87 | 56,97
Narva |pound | 7225 | 96,89 | 108,52
Navarre |pound of Castille | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Naumburg |pound | 7207 | 97,13 | 108,79
Negroponti |rotolo | 8261 | 84,73 | 94,90
Neufchatel |pound | 8029 | 87,18 | 97,64
Neustadt |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Nice |pound | 4786 | 146,25 | 163,80
Nimeguen |pound | 7639 | 91,63 | 102,63
Nordlingen |pound | 7566 | 92,52 | 103,62
Norway |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60
Novi |pound | 5113 | 136,89 | 153,32
Nuremberg |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Oporto |pound Lisbon weight | 7085 | 98,80 | 110,66
|pound according to | | |
|Kruse | 6646 | 105,33 | 117,97
Oran |rotolo | 7776 | 90,02 | 100,83
Orient |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Ormus |seer | 4676 | 149,70 | 167,67
Osnaburg |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
Ostend |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Oudenard |pound | 6758 | 103,58 | 116,
Oviedo |pound of Asturias |10653 | 65,71 | 73,60
|pound of Castille | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Paderborn |pound | 7355 | 95,17 | 106,60
Padua |pound | 5157 | 135,75 | 152,04
Palermo |pound of 12 ounces | 4903 | 142,77 | 175,34
|rotolo of 30 ounces |12257 | 57,11 | 63,96
|rotolo of 33 ounces |13483 | 51,92 | 58,15
Paris |pound poids de marc | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Parma |pound | 5234 | 133,75 | 149,80
Passau |pound | 7414 | 94,41 | 105,74
Patras |pound commercial weight| 6168 | 113,49 | 127,10
|pound for weighing silk| 7710 | 90,79 | 101,68
Pegu |vis |23333 | 30, | 33,59
Pernau |pound | 6431 | 108,85 | 121,91
Piedmont |pound | 5749 | 121,77 | 139,39
Pisa |pound | 5028 | 139,21 | 155,92
Placenza |pound | 4980 | 140,56 | 157,43
Pondicherry |vis |22683 | 30,86 | 34,56
Portugal |pound | 7085 | 98,80 | 110,66
Posen |pound | 6158 | 113,87 | 127,53
Prague |pound | 7929 | 88,28 | 98,88
Presburg |pound | 8616 | 81,24 | 91,
Ragusa |pound | 5607 | 124,84 | 139,82
Ratisbon |pound | 8777 | 79,75 | 89,32
Ravenna |pound | 4623 | 151,41 | 169,58
Reggio |pound | 5093 | 137,45 | 153,95
Revel |pound | 6646 | 105,33 | 117,97
Rhodes |rotolo |36922 | 18,96 | 21,24
Riga |pound | 6454 | 108,40 | 121,48
Rochelle |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Rome |pound Roman | 5239 | 133,61 | 149,65
|pound public scale | 5344 | 131, | 146,71
Rostock |pound | 7888 | 88,75 | 99,40
Rotenburg |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Rotterdam |pound heavy weight | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
|pound light weight | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Rouen |pound poids de marc | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
|pound poids de vicomté | 8015 | 87,34 | 97,82
Roveredo |pound | 5257 | 133,15 | 149,13
Russia |pound | 6314 | 110,87 | 124,18
St. Ander |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
St. Croix |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60
St. Eustatia |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
St. Gall |pound heavy weight | 9823 | 77,58 | 86,89
|pound light weight | 7179 | 97,51 | 109,21
St. Lucar |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
St. Malo |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
St. Petersburg |pound | 6314 | 110,87 | 124,18
St. Sebastian |pound | 7524 | 93,04 | 104,20
Sallee |pound | 7215 | 97,01 | 108,66
Saltzburg |pound | 8643 | 81, | 90,71
Saragossa |pound of 12 ounces | 5326 | 131,43 | 147,20
Sardinia |pound | 6188 | 113,12 | 126,69
Sayd |rotolo of Acre |36776 | 19,04 | 21,32
|rotolo of Damascus |28755 | 24,34 | 27,27
Schafhausen |pound | 7094 | 98,68 | 110,52
Schweinfurt |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Scio |rotolo | 7647 | 91,54 | 102,52
Scotland |pound old weight | 7616 | 91,91 | 102,94
|pound new weight | 7000 | 100, | 112,
Seville |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Siam |catti | 9030 | 77,52 | 86,82
Sicily |pound of 12 ounces | 4903 | 142,77 | 175,34
|rotolo of 30 ounces |12257 | 57,11 | 63,96
|rotolo of 33 ounces |13483 | 51,92 | 58,15
Sienna |pound | 6905 | 101,38 | 113,55
Smyrna |oke |19420 | 36,05 | 40,37
|rotolo | 8739 | 80,10 | 89,71
Spain |pound of 16 ounces | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Stade |pound | 7333 | 95,46 | 106,92
Stettin |pound | 7232 | 96,80 | 108,42
Stralsund |pound | 7461 | 93,82 | 105,08
Strasburg |pound heavy weight | 7557 | 92,63 | 103,75
|pound light weight | 7277 | 96,19 | 107,74
Sweden |pound victualie weight | 6563 | 106,66 | 119,46
|pound miners’ weight | 5802 | 120,65 | 135,12
|pound cities weight | 5526 | 126,68 | 141,88
|pound for weighing iron| 5250 | 133,33 | 149,33
|pound apothecary weight| 5501 | 127,26 | 142,53
Sumatra |catti |19684 | 35,56 | 39,83
Surat |seer | 6556 | 106,78 | 119,60
Surinam |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
Syracuse |pound | 5044 | 138,78 | 155,44
Syria |mina | 9117 | 76,78 | 85,99
Tangier |rotolo | 7426 | 94,27 | 105,58
Teneriffe |pound of Castille | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Tetuan |rotolo |10945 | 63,96 | 71,63
Thorn |pound | 6502 | 107,66 | 120,58
Toulon |pound | 6633 | 105,54 | 118,20
Toulouse |pound | 6418 | 109,07 | 122,15
Tournai |pound | 6721 | 104,15 | 116,65
Treves |pound heavy weight | 7975 | 87,77 | 98,31
|pound light weight | 5247 | 133,41 | 149,42
Trieste |pound Vienna weight | 8650 | 80,92 | 90,64
|pound Venice great | | |
|weight | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18
|pound Venice small | | |
|weight | 4673 | 149,80 | 167,78
Tripoli in Barbary|rotolo | 7850 | 89,17 | 99,87
Tripoli in Syria |rotolo |28037 | 24,97 | 27,96
|oke |18692 | 37,45 | 41,94
Tunis |rotolo | 7661 | 91,37 | 102,34
Turin |pound | 5696 | 122,89 | 137,63
Valencia |pound of 12 oz. | 5498 | 127,32 | 142,60
|pound of 16 oz. | 7331 | 95,48 | 106,94
|pound of 18 oz. | 8247 | 84,88 | 95,07
Valenciennes |pound | 7259 | 96,43 | 108,
Venice |pound great weight | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18
|pound small weight | 4673 | 149,80 | 167,78
Verona |pound great weight | 7677 | 91,18 | 102,12
|pound small weight | 5136 | 136,30 | 152,65
Vicenza |pound great weight | 7523 | 93,05 | 104,21
|pound small weight | 5247 | 133,41 | 149,42
Vienna |pound | 8650 | 80,92 | 90,64
Ulm |pound | 7234 | 96,76 | 108,37
United States of | | | |
America |pound | 7000 | 100, | 112,
Warsaw |pound | 5853 | 119,60 | 133,95
Wismar |pound | 7471 | 93,70 | 104,94
Windaw |pound | 6377 | 109,76 | 122,23
Wirtemberg |pound | 7225 | 96,89 | 108,52
Wurtzburg |pound | 7362 | 95,08 | 106,49
Ypres |pound | 6646 | 105,33 | 117,97
Zante |pound | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18
Zealand |pound | 7172 | 97,60 | 109,32
Zell |pound | 7494 | 93,40 | 104,61
Zittau |pound | 7221 | 96,94 | 108,57
Zurich |pound heavy weight | 8138 | 86,01 | 96,33
|pound light weight | 7234 | 96,76 | 108,37
Zutphen |pound | 7259 | 96,43 | 108,
Zwoll |pound | 7439 | 94,10 | 105,39

[17] The gramme, or the unit of French weights, is therefore
equivalent to 15,446 grains troy-weight.

[18] According to the prices current received from Leghorn, the
equivalent to 112 pounds is only 145.

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the weights of any two given countries may be ascertained.

EXAMPLES.

It is required to reduce 100 kilogrammes of France into pounds of Amsterdam.

The kilogramme of France weighing 15446 grains, and the pound of Amsterdam 7625, according to the table prefixed, state the following equation:

100 kilogrammes = _x_
1 kilogramme = 15446 grains
7625 grains = 1 pound
Result 202,57 pounds.

Reduce 100 pounds of Amsterdam into kilogrammes of France.

100 pounds = _x_
1 pound = 7625 grains
15446 grains = 1 kilogramme
Result 49,37 kilogrammes.

WEIGHT, (_poids_, _Fr._) Impression, pressure, burthen, overwhelming power. The great advantage which heavy cavalry has over the light horse, and particularly over infantry troops, consists wholly in its pressure and overwhelming power.

WELL. In the _military art_, a depth which the miner sinks under ground, with branches or galleries running out from it; either to prepare a mine, or to discover and disappoint the enemy’s mine. See SHAFT.

_To_ WET. In a sense of good fellowship and hilarity, and of course in a military one, to take a cheerful glass, or, speaking popularly, to “_moisten the clay_.”

_To_ WET _a Commission_. It has always been customary in the army, for every officer, when he obtains a commission, gets promoted, or exchanged, to afford some mark and acknowlegement to the corps he joins.

WERE. The preterite of I am.

_As you_ WERE. A word of command in the British service which corresponds with the French _remettez vous_. It signifies to return to the same position from which you had faced or wheeled, &c. and is generally used when any motion of the firelock or movement of the body has been done improperly.

WERST. A Russian measure in travelling. The Werst contains seven hundred and fifty geometrical paces.

WHEEL, in artillery. A circular body which turns round on its axis. The strength of these wheels is always, or should be, proportional to the weight they carry: the diameters of the wheels of heavy gun-carriages are 85 inches, and those for light field-pieces 52 only.

_To_ WHEEL, (_Faire conversion_, _Fr._) In a military sense, to move forward or backward in a circular manner, round some given point. See PIVOT. Wheeling is one of the most essential and important operations of the squadron, necessary in many changes of position, and in the formation of column and of the line.

WHEEL _of the squadron_. When the entire squadron is to wheel, a caution is given to that purport, and to which hand. At the word _March_, the front rank of the squadron remains dressed to the centre, the leader fixes his eye and makes his circle on the standing flank man; the standard follows him exactly, and the squadron wheels with the same uniform front, at such a pace as is requisite to keep every where dressed with the standard. The rear rank and the serrefiles look to the wheeling flank, and incline, at the same time that they wheel, so as always to cover their front leaders.

The standard must take care, never to oblige the wheeling man to exceed a moderate gallop, otherwise the rear rank, which has still more ground to go over, cannot keep up; the squadron will wheel loose and in disorder, and be longer in dressing than if it had come about at a slower pace, but close and connected.

The flanks must always conform to the centre, in case the leader does not take his ground as exactly as he ought. At any rate, the standard is the guide for the pace, and the point from which the distance of files is to be preserved.

The leader must take care to time his word _Dress_ the instant before the wheel is completed, otherwise an over wheel or reining back will be the consequence. The whole dress by the centre.

The squadron breaks into column of any of the divisions in which it is told off, by each of those divisions wheeling up the quarter circle. If the body is in motion (as in column) the wheels of the divisions all begin at the word _Wheel!_ If halted, they are begun at the word _March!_

In all division wheelings, the whole look to the wheeling hand. In all wheelings, the rear rank must rein back at the standing flank, and incline towards the wheeling hand, in order to cover.

At the word _mark time! halt!_ given when the wheel is completed, the whole turn eyes and dress to the standing flank, and remain so till a new direction is given.

Wheelings of the squadron, or its parts, from the halt, are made on the flanks, except those of ranks by threes, which are made on the middle man of each.

WHEEL _of divisions into squadron_. When the squadron is to be formed by the wheeling up of its divisions, there must not be any intervals, and the rear ranks must rein back, and incline so as not to interrupt the front ranks coming up together.

In division wheelings, the whole keep closed lightly towards the hand they wheel to, and must avoid pressing the pivot man off his ground. The outward man looks to his rank, he of course regulates the pace at which the wheel is made; he must not press in on his rank, nor turn his horse’s head towards the standing flank; all the horse’s heads must be kept rather outwards (for to attempt to bend them inwards, would certainly occasion a crowding on the standing flank) and the croupes lightly closed inwards with the leg. The pivot man of the wheel turns his horse on his fore-feet, keeps his ground, and comes gradually round with his rank.

WHEELS _of divisions made on a halted, or on a moveable Pivot_. Wheels of divisions of the squadron or line are made on a HALTED, or on a MOVEABLE pivot. When on a _halted_ pivot, they are made from line into column, or from column into line; and also generally by the column of manœuvre or march, when moving on a considerable front, and when the wheel by which its direction is to be changed, approaches to, or exceeds the quarter circle. When on a _moveable_ pivot, they are generally used and ordered when the front of the column is small, and its path winding and changeable.

Whenever the wheel, made on a halted pivot, is less than the quarter circle, the pause after the wheel will be considerable; should the wheel be greater than the quarter circle, it must be accelerated, otherwise more than one division will be arrived, and arrested at the wheeling point.

WHEEL _on a moveable pivot_. When wheels or changes of direction of bodies in column, are made on a MOVEABLE PIVOT, both flanks are kept in motion; the _pivot_ one always describing part of a circle, and the reverse flank, and intermediate men of the division, by a compound of inclining and wheeling, conforming to the pivot movement.

WHEEL _made to the pivot hand, and moveable_. When the change is made to the PIVOT hand, (the whole being in motion) the leader of the head division, when at the distance of twenty or thirty yards from the point of intersection of the old and new direction, will give the word, _right or left quarter wheel_, which is a caution for each man to give a small turn of his horse TOWARDS the pivot hand, and the leader himself carefully preserving the rate of march, without the least alteration of pace, will in his own person begin to circle BEFORE the line, from the old, so as to enter the new direction twenty or thirty yards from the point of intersection, which he in this case leaves at some distance WITHIN his pivot hand. When this is effected (the rest of his division having, during the transition, and on the principle of gradual dressing, conformed to the direction he is giving them) he will give the word _Forward!_ for the division to pursue the right line. The leader of the second, and of every other division, when he arrives on the ground on which the first began to wheel, will in the same manner follow his exact tract, always preserving his proper distance from him.

WHEEL _made to the reverse flank_. When the change is made to the REVERSE hand, the pivot leader having arrived as before, at the spot where he gives his word _right or left quarter wheel!_ for each man to give a small turn of his horse’s head FROM the pivot hand, will begin in his own person to circle BEHIND the line from the old, so as to enter the new direction twenty or thirty yards from the point of intersection, which, in this case, he leaves at some small distance WITHOUT his pivot hand. The rest of his division, by giving way, having gradually conformed to his movement, he will at the proper instant order _Forward!_ and resume a straight line.

During the change to either hand, the whole continue looking to the pivot flank, which never alters the rate of the then march; but the reverse flank is in the one case obliged to slacken, and in the other to quicken its movement.

In this manner, without the constraint of formal wheels, a column, when not confined on its flanks, may be conducted in all kinds of winding and changeable directions; for if the changes be made gradual, and circling, and that the pivot leaders pursue their proper path at the same uniform equal pace, the true distances of divisions will be preserved, which is the great regulating object on this occasion, and to which every other consideration must give way.