Chapter I: O U, =i'=o'=u', n. a memorandum of debt given by a borrower to a (1)

lender, requiring no stamp, but to be holograph, dated, and addressed to some person.

IPECACUANHA, ip-e-kak-[=u]-an'a, _n._ the name both of a very valuable medicine and of the plant whose root produces it--used as an emetic. [Brazilian, 'smaller roadside sick-making plant.']

IPOMÆA, ip-[=o]-m[=e]'a, _n._ a genus of nat. ord. _Convolvulaceæ_. [Gr. _ips_, a worm, _homoios_, like.]

IRACUND, [=i]'ra-kund, _adj._ (_Carlyle_) angry. [L.]

IRADE, i-rä'de, _n._ a written decree of the Sultan of Turkey.

IRANIAN, [=i]-r[=a]n'i-an, _adj._ and _n._ of or pertaining to _Iran_, Persia: a branch of the Indo-European or Aryan tongues, including Persian, Zend, Pehlevi, and Parsi: an inhabitant of Iran.--Also IRAN'IC.

IRASCIBLE, [=i]-ras'i-bl, _adj._ susceptible of ire or anger: easily provoked: irritable.--_n._ IRASCIBIL'ITY.--_adv._ IRAS'CIBLY. [Fr.,--L. _irascibilis_--_irasci_, to be angry--_ira_, anger.]

IRE, [=i]r, _n._ anger: rage: keen resentment.--_adjs._ IRATE ([=i]-r[=a]t' or i-r[=a]t'), enraged: angry; IRE'FUL, full of ire or wrath: resentful.--_adv._ IRE'FULLY.--_n._ IRE'FULNESS. [L. _ira_, anger, _irasci_, _ir[=a]tus_, to be angry.]

IRENIC, [=i]-ren'ik, _adj._ tending to create peace: pacific--also IREN'ICAL.--_n._ IREN'ICON, a proposition or scheme for peace: the deacon's litany at the beginning of the Greek liturgy--from its opening petitions for peace.--_n.pl._ _Iren'ics_, irenical theology:--opp. to _Polemics_. [See EIRENICON.]

IRICISM. See IRISH.

IRIDEÆ, [=i]-rid'e-[=e], _n.pl._ a natural order of endogenous plants, with fleshy root-stocks and showy flowers.--Also IRID[=A]'CEÆ. [Gr. _iris_, a rainbow.]

IRIDIUM, [=i]-rid'i-um, _n._ the most infusible, and one of the heaviest, of the metals, found associated with the ore of platinum, so called from the iridescence of some of its solutions.--_n._ IRIDOS'MIUM, a native compound of iridium and osmium, used for pointing gold pens. [Gr. _iris_, _iridos_, the rainbow.]

IRIS, [=i]'ris, _n._ the rainbow: an appearance resembling the rainbow: the contractile curtain perforated by the pupil, and forming the coloured part of the eye (also I'RID): the fleur-de-lis, or flagflower:--_pl._ I'RISES.--_adjs._ I'RIDAL, IRID'IAN, exhibiting the colours of the iris or rainbow: prismatic.--_ns._ IRIDES'CENCE, IRIDIS[=A]'TION.--_adjs._ IRIDES'CENT, coloured like the iris or rainbow; I'RIDINE, iridescent.--_v.t._ IR'IDISE.--_adjs._ I'RIS[=A]TED, rainbow-coloured; IR'ISED, showing colours like the rainbow.--_ns._ IR[=I]'TIS, IRID[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the iris of the eye. [L. _iris_, _iridis_--Gr. _iris_, _iridos_, the rainbow.]

IRISCOPE, [=i]'ri-sk[=o]p, _n._ an instrument for exhibiting the prismatic colours. [Gr. _iris_, the rainbow, _skopein_, to see.]

IRISH, [=i]'rish, _adj._ relating to or produced in Ireland.--_n._ language of the Irish, a form of Celtic: (_pl._) the natives or inhabitants of Ireland.--_ns._ I'RICISM, I'RISHISM, a phrase or idiom peculiar to the Irish.--_n.pl._ I'RISHRY, the people of Ireland.--IRISH MOSS, carrageen; IRISH STEW, a palatable dish of mutton, onions, and potatoes, seasoned, and stewed in water mixed with flour.

IRK, [.e]rk, _v.t._ to weary: to trouble: to distress (now used only impersonally).--_adj._ IRK'SOME, causing uneasiness: tedious: unpleasant.--_adv._ IRK'SOMELY.--_n._ IRK'SOMENESS. [M. E. _irken_--Scand., Sw. _yrka_, to urge; prob. cog. with L. _urg[=e]re_.]

IRON, [=i]'urn, _n._ the most common and useful of the metals: an instrument or utensil made of iron, as a hand-harpoon, &c.: a golf-club with an iron head, more set back than the cleek: strength: (_pl._) fetters: chains.--_adj._ formed of iron: resembling iron: rude: stern: fast-binding: not to be broken: robust: dull of understanding.--_v.t._ to smooth with a smoothing-iron: to arm with iron: to fetter.--_adjs._ I'RON-BOUND, bound with iron: rugged, as a coast; I'RON-CASED; I'RONCLAD, clad in iron: covered or protected with iron.--_n._ a vessel defended by iron plates.--_ns._ I'RON-CLAY, a yellowish clay containing a large quantity of iron ore; I'RONER, one who irons; I'RON-FLINT, ferruginous quartz; I'RON-FOUND'ER, one who founds or makes castings in iron; I'RON-FOUND'RY, a place where iron is founded or cast.--_adj._ I'RON-GRAY, of a gray colour, like that of iron freshly cut or broken.--_n._ this colour.--_adjs._ I'RON-HAND'ED, having hands hard as iron; I'RON-HEART'ED, having a heart hard as iron: cruel.--_ns._ I'RON-HEAT'ER, the piece of metal heated in the fire for a laundress's box-iron; I'RONING, the act of smoothing with hot irons; I'RONING-BOARD, a smooth board covered with cloth, on which clothes are laid for ironing; I'RONING-MACHINE', a machine for hotpressing cloth, hats, &c.; I'RON-LIQ'UOR, iron acetate, a dyers' mordant; I'RONMASTER, a master or proprietor of ironworks; I'RONMONGER, a dealer in articles made of iron; I'RONMONGERY, a general name for articles made of iron: hardware; I'RON-MOULD, the spot left on wet cloth after touching rusty iron; I'RON-SAND, sand containing particles of iron ore: steel filings used in fireworks.--_adj._ I'RON-SICK (_naut._), having the iron bolts and spikes much corroded.--_n._ I'RONSIDE, a man of iron resolution: (_pl._) a name given to Cromwell's irresistible horse.--_adj._ I'RON-SID'ED, having a side of, or as hard as, iron: rough: hardy.--_ns._ I'RONSMITH, a worker in iron; I'RON-STONE, a term usually applied to any ore yielding iron; I'RONWARE, wares or goods of iron.--_adj._ I'RON-WIT'TED (_Shak._), unfeeling, insensible.--_n._ I'RONWOOD, applied to the timber of various trees on account of their hardness.--_adj._ I'RON-WORD'ED (_Tenn._), in words as strong as iron.--_n._ I'RONWORK, the parts of a building, &c., made of iron: anything of iron: a furnace where iron is smelted, or a foundry, &c., where it is made into heavy work.--_adj._ I'RONY, made, consisting, or partaking of iron: like iron: hard.--_ns._ CAST'-[=I]'RON, a compound of iron and carbon, obtained directly from iron ore by smelting; ITAL'IAN-[=I]'RON, an instrument for fluting linen or lace.--IRON AGE, an archæological term indicating the condition as to civilisation and culture of a people using iron as the material for their cutting tools and weapons: a period of cruel tyranny; IRON BARK TREE, a name given in Australia to certain species of Eucalyptus (q.v.); IRON CROWN, the ancient crown of Lombardy, so named from a thin band of iron said to be made from one of the nails of the Cross; IRON ENTERED INTO HIS SOUL, the bitterest pang of grief has touched his heart.--BESSEMER IRON, pig-iron suitable for making Bessemer steel.--HAVE TOO MANY IRONS IN THE FIRE, to be trying to do too many things at once; IN IRONS, having fetters on; RULE WITH A ROD OF IRON, to rule with stern severity. [A.S. _iren_; Ger. _eisen_.]

IRONY, [=i]'run-i, _n._ a mode of speech which enables the speaker to convey his meaning with greater force by means of a contrast between the thought which he evidently designs to express and that which his words properly signify: satire.--_adj._ IRON'ICAL, meaning the opposite of what is expressed: satirical.--_adv._ IRON'ICALLY.--THE IRONY OF FATE, the perverse malignity of fate. [Fr.,--L. _ironia_, Gr. _eir[=o]neia_, dissimulation--_eir[=o]n_, a dissembler--_eirein_, to talk.]

IRRADIATE, ir-r[=a]'di-[=a]t, _v.t._ to dart rays of light upon or into: to adorn with lustre: to decorate with shining ornaments: to animate with light or heat: to illuminate the understanding.--_v.i._ to emit rays: to shine.--_adj._ adorned with rays of light or with lustre.--_ns._ IRR[=A]'DIANCE, IRR[=A]'DIANCY, the throwing of rays of light on (any object): that which irradiates or is irradiated: beams of light emitted: splendour.--_adj._ IRR[=A]'DIANT, irradiating or shedding beams of light.--_n._ IRRADI[=A]'TION, act of irradiating or emitting beams of light: that which is irradiated: brightness: intellectual light.--_adj._ IRR[=A]'DI[=A]TIVE.

IRRADICATE, i-rad'i-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to fix firmly.

IRRATIONAL, ir-rash'un-al, _adj._ void of reason or understanding: absurd.--_n._ IRRATIONAL'ITY.--_adv._ IRRA'TIONALLY.--IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, a term applied to those roots of numbers which cannot be accurately expressed by a finite number of figures--e.g. [sqrt]2 is an irrational number.

IRREALISABLE, ir-r[=e]'a-l[=i]-za-bl, _adj._ not realisable.

IRREBUTTABLE, ir-re-but'a-bl, _adj._ not to be rebutted.

IRRECEPTIVE, ir-re-sep'tiv, _adj._ not receptive.

IRRECIPROCAL, ir-re-sip'ro-kal, _adj._ not reciprocal.

IRRECLAIMABLE, ir-re-kl[=a]m'a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be reclaimed or reformed: incorrigible.--_n._ IRRECLAIM'ABLENESS.--_adv._ IRRECLAIM'ABLY.

IRRECOGNISABLE, ir-rek'og-n[=i]z-a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be recognised.--_n._ IRRECOGNI'TION, lack of recognition.

IRRECONCILABLE, ir-rek-on-s[=i]l'a-bl, _adj._ incapable of being brought back to a state of friendship: inconsistent.--_ns._ IRRECONCIL'ABLENESS, IRRECONCILABIL'ITY, incapability of being reconciled.--_adv._ IRRECONCIL'ABLY.--_adj._ IRREC'ONCILED, not reconciled or brought into harmony.--_n._ IRREC'ONCILEMENT.

IRRECOVERABLE, ir-re-kuv'[.e]r-a-bl, _adj._ irretrievable.--_n._ IRRECOV'ERABLENESS.--_adv._ IRRECOV'ERABLY.

IRREDEEMABLE, ir-re-d[=e]m'a-bl, _adj._ not redeemable: not subject to be paid at the nominal value.--_ns._ IRREDEEM'ABLENESS, IRREDEEMABIL'ITY.--_adv._ IRREDEEM'ABLY.

IRREDENTIST, ir-e-den'tist, _n._ one of an Italian party formed in 1878, its aim to incorporate into Italy all Italian people politically belonging to other countries, as in the Tyrol, Nice, &c.--_n._ IRREDEN'TISM, the programme of the Irredentist party. [It. _irredentista_--_irredenta_ (_Italia_), 'unredeemed'--L. _in_, not, _redemptus_, _redim[)e]re_, to redeem.]

IRREDUCIBLE, ir-re-d[=u]s'i-bl, _adj._ that cannot be reduced or brought from one degree, form, or state to another: not to be reduced by manipulation, as a hernia, &c.--_n._ IRREDUC'IBLENESS.--_adv._ IRREDUC'IBLY.--_ns._ IRREDUCTIBIL'ITY, IRREDUC'TION.

IRREFLECTIVE, ir-re-flekt'iv, _adj._ not reflective.--_n._ IRREFLEC'TION.

IRREFORMABLE, ir-re-for'ma-bl, _adj._ not reformable, not subject to revision or improvement.

IRREFRAGABLE, ir-ref'ra-ga-bl, _adj._ that cannot be refuted: unanswerable.--_ns._ IRREFRAGABIL'ITY, IRREF'RAGABLENESS.--_adv._ IRREF'RAGABLY.--_n._ IRREFRANGIBIL'ITY.--_adj._ IRREFRANGIBLE (ir-e-fran'-ji-bl), not to be broken.--_adv._ IRREFRAN'GIBLY.--THE IRREFRAGABLE DOCTOR, Alexander Hales (died 1245). [Fr.,--L. _in_, not, _re_, backwards, _frang[)e]re_, to break.]

IRREFUTABLE, ir-re-f[=u]t'a-bl, or ir-ref'[=u]-ta-bl, _adj._ that cannot be refuted.--_adv._ IRREF[=U]T'ABLY (also -ref'-).

IRREGULAR, ir-reg'[=u]-lar, _adj._ not according to rule: unnatural: unsystematic: vicious: (_gram._) departing from the ordinary rules in its inflection: variable: not symmetrical, without regular form--(_Shak._) IRREG'ULOUS.--_n._ a soldier not in regular service.--_n._ IRREGULAR'ITY, state of being irregular: deviation from a straight line, or from rule: departure from method or order: vice.--_adv._ IRREG'ULARLY.

IRRELATIVE, ir-rel'a-tiv, _adj._ not relative.--_adj._ IRREL[=A]T'ED.--_n._ IRREL[=A]'TION.--_adv._ IRREL'ATIVELY.

IRRELEVANT, ir-rel'e-vant, _adj._ not relevant.--_n._ IRREL'EVANCY.--_adv._ IRREL'EVANTLY.

IRRELIGIOUS, ir-re-lij'us, _adj._ destitute of religion: ungodly.--_adv._ IRRELIG'IOUSLY.--_ns._ IRRELIG'IOUSNESS, IRRELIG'ION, want of religion.

IRREMEABLE, ir-r[=e]'me-a-bl, _adj._ (_Pope_) not admitting of return. [L. _in_, not, _remeabilis_, _reme[=a]re_--_re_, back, _me[=a]re_, to go, come.]

IRREMEDIABLE, ir-re-m[=e]'di-a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be remedied or redressed.--_n._ IRREM[=E]'DIABLENESS.--_adv._ IRREM[=E]'DIABLY.

IRREMISSIBLE, ir-re-mis'i-bl, _adj._ not to be remitted or forgiven.--_ns._ IRREMISS'IBLENESS, IRREMISS'ION.--_adj._ IRREMISS'IVE.

IRREMOVABLE, ir-re-m[=oo]v'a-bl, _adj._ not removable: steadfast.--_ns._ IRREMOVABIL'ITY, IRREMOV'ABLENESS.--_adv._ IRREMOV'ABLY.

IRRENOWNED, ir-re-nownd', _adj._ (_Spens._) not renowned.

IRREPARABLE, ir-rep'ar-a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be repaired or rectified.--_ns._ IRREPARABIL'ITY, IRREP'ARABLENESS.--_adv._ IRREP'ARABLY.

IRREPEALABLE, ir-re-p[=e]l'a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be repealed or annulled.--_adv._ IRREPEAL'ABLY.

IRREPLACEABLE, ir-re-pl[=a]s'a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be replaced.

IRREPREHENSIBLE, ir-rep-re-hens'i-bl, _adj._ that cannot be blamed.--_n._ IRREPREHENS'IBLENESS.--_adv._ IRREPREHENS'IBLY.

IRREPRESSIBLE, ir-re-pres'i-bl, _adj._ not to be restrained.--_adv._ IRREPRESS'IBLY.

IRREPROACHABLE, ir-re-pr[=o]ch'a-bl, _adj._ free from blame: upright: innocent.--_n._ IRREPROACH'ABLENESS, freedom from blame.--_adv._ IRREPROACH'ABLY.

IRREPRODUCIBLE, ir-re-pro-d[=u]s'i-bl, _adj._ that cannot be reproduced.

IRREPROVABLE, ir-re-pr[=oo]v'a-bl, _adj._ blameless.--_n._ IRREPROV'ABLENESS.--_adv._ IRREPROV'ABLY.

IRRESISTANCE, ir-re-zist'ans, _n._ want of resistance: passive submission.--_adj._ IRRESIST'IBLE, not to be opposed with success.--_ns._ IRRESIST'IBLENESS, IRRESISTIBIL'ITY.--_adv._ IRRESIST'IBLY.

IRRESOLUBLE, ir-rez'ol-[=u]-bl, _adj._ that cannot be resolved into parts: indissoluble: that cannot be released.

IRRESOLUTE, ir-rez'o-l[=u]t, _adj._ not firm in purpose.--_adv._ IRRES'OLUTELY.--_ns._ IRRES'OLUTENESS, IRRESOL[=U]'TION, want of resolution.

IRRESOLVABLE, ir-re-zolv'-a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be resolved.--_ns._ IRRESOLVABIL'ITY, IRRESOLV'ABLENESS.

IRRESPECTIVE, ir-re-spek'tiv, _adj._ not having regard to (with _of_).--_adv._ IRRESPEC'TIVELY.

IRRESPONSIBLE, ir-re-spons'i-bl, _adj._ not responsible (with _for_).--_n._ IRRESPONSIBIL'ITY.--_adv._ IRRESPONS'IBLY.--_adj._ IRRESPONS'IVE.--_n._ IRRESPONS'IVENESS.

IRRESTRAINABLE, ir-re-str[=a]n'a-bl, _adj._ not restrainable.

IRRESUSCITABLE, ir-re-sus'i-ta-bl, _adj._ incapable of being resuscitated or revived.--_adv._ IRRESUS'CITABLY.

IRRETENTION, ir-re-ten'shun, _n._ absence of retention or power to retain.--_adj._ IRRETEN'TIVE.

IRRETRIEVABLE, ir-re-tr[=e]v'a-bl, _adj._ not to be recovered.--_n._ IRRETRIEV'ABLENESS.--_adv._ IRRETRIEV'ABLY.

IRREVERENT, ir-rev'[.e]r-ent, _adj._ not reverent: proceeding from irreverence.--_n._ IRREV'ERENCE, want of reverence or veneration: want of due regard for the character and authority of the Supreme Being.--_adj._ IRREVEREN'TIAL.--_adv._ IRREV'ERENTLY.

IRREVERSIBLE, ir-re-v[.e]rs'i-bl, _adj._ not reversible: that cannot be recalled or annulled.--_ns._ IRREVERSIBIL'ITY, IRREVERS'IBLENESS.--_adv._ IRREVERS'IBLY.

IRREVOCABLE, ir-rev'o-ka-bl, _adj._ that cannot be recalled.--_n._ IRREV'OCABLENESS.--_adv._ IRREV'OCABLY.

IRRIGATE, ir'i-g[=a]t, _v.t._ to water: to wet or moisten: to cause water to flow upon.--_adj._ IRR'IGABLE, capable of being irrigated.--_ns._ IRRIG[=A]'TION, a method of producing or increasing fertility in soils by an artificial supply of water, or by inundating them at stated periods: act of watering, esp. of watering lands artificially; IRRIGAT'OR, one who, or that which, irrigates: an appliance for washing a wound, &c.--_adj._ IRRIG'UOUS, watered: wet. [L. _irrig[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_in_, upon, _rig[=a]re_, to wet; cf. Ger. _regen_, Eng. _rain_.]

IRRISION, ir-rizh'un, _n._ act of laughing at another. [Fr.,--L. _irrision-em_--_in_, against, _rid[=e]re_, _risum_, to laugh.]

IRRITATE, ir'i-t[=a]t, _v.t._ to make angry: to provoke: to excite heat and redness in: (_Scots law_) to render null and void.--_n._ IRRITABIL'ITY, the quality of being easily irritated: the peculiar susceptibility to stimuli possessed by the living tissues.--_adj._ IRR'ITABLE, that may be irritated: easily provoked: (_med._) susceptible of excitement or irritation.--_n._ IRR'ITABLENESS.--_adv._ IRR'ITABLY.--_n._ IRR'ITANCY, the state of being irritant: a becoming null and void.--_adj._ IRR'ITANT, irritating.--_n._ that which causes irritation.--_n._ IRRIT[=A]'TION, act of irritating or exciting: excitement: (_med._) the term applied to any morbid excitement of the vital actions not amounting to inflammation, often, but not always, leading to that condition.--_adjs._ IRR'IT[=A]TIVE, IRR'IT[=A]TORY, tending to irritate or excite: accompanied with or caused by irritation. [L. _irrit[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, prob. freq. of _irr[=i]re_, to snarl, as a dog.]

IRRUPTION, ir-rup'shun, _n._ a breaking or bursting in: a sudden invasion or incursion.--_adjs._ IRRUP'TED, broken through with violence; IRRUP'TIVE, rushing suddenly in or upon.--_adv._ IRRUP'TIVELY. [Fr.,--L. _irruption-em_--_in_, in, _rump[)e]re_, _ruptum_, to break.]

IRVINGITE, [.e]r'ving-[=i]t, _n._ a popular name for a member of the so-called Catholic Apostolic Church.--_n._ IR'VINGISM, the doctrine and practice of the Irvingites. [From Edward _Irving_ (1792-1834).]

IS, iz, third pers. sing. pres. of _be_. [A.S. _is_; Ger. _ist_, L. _est_, Gr. _esti_, Sans. _asti_--_as_, to be.]

ISABEL, ISABELLE, iz'a-bel, _n._ a yellowish-gray or drab colour. [From _Isabella_, daughter of Philip II., wife of the Archduke Albert, who did not change her linen for three years till Ostend was taken.]

ISAGOGICS, [=i]-sa-goj'iks, _n._ that part of theological science introductory to exegesis or interpretation of the Scriptures.--_adj._ ISAGOG'IC. [Gr. _eisag[=o]g[=e]_, an introduction--_eis_, into, _agein_, to lead.]

ISANDROUS, [=i]-san'drus, _adj._ (_bot._) having the stamens similar and equal in number to the divisions of the corolla.

ISANTHEROUS, [=i]-san'ther-us, _adj._ (_bot._) having the anthers equal.

ISANTHOUS, [=i]-san'thus, _adj._ (_bot._) having regular flowers.

ISAPOSTOLIC, [=i]-sap-os-tol'ik, _adj._ equal to the apostles, as bishops of apostolic creation, the first preachers of Christ in a country, &c. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _apostolikos_, apostolic.]

ISATINE, [=i]'sa-tin, _n._ a substance capable of being crystallised, obtained by oxidising indigo.--_adj._ ISAT'IC.--_n._ I'S[=A]TIS, a genus of _Cruciferæ_.--_Isatis tinctoria_, woad. [Gr. _isatis_, woad.]

ISCHIADIC, is-ki-ad'ik, _adj._ relating to the region of the hip--also ISCHIAT'IC and IS'CHIAL.--_ns._ ISCHIAG'RA, gout in the hip; ISCHIAL'GIA, sciatica; IS'CHIUM, the posterior part of the pelvic arch in vertebrates. [L.,--Gr., from _is-chion_, the hip-joint.]

ISCHURIA, is-k[=u]'ri-a, _n._ a stoppage of urine.--_adj._ and _n._ ISCHURET'IC. [Gr. _ischein_, to hold, _ouron_, urine.]

ISENERGIC, [=i]-se-n[.e]r'jik, _adj._ in physics, denoting equal energy. [Gr. ISOS, equal, _energy_.]

ISENGRIM, [=i]'sen-grim, _n._ the name of the wolf in the famous beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_.

ISENTROPIC, [=i]-sen-trop'ik, _adj._ (_phys._) of equal entropy. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _entrope_, a turning about--_en_, in, _trepein_, to turn.]

ISH, ish, _n._ (_Scot._) issue, liberty of going out.

ISHMAELITE, ish'm[=a]-el-[=i]t, _n._ a descendant of _Ishmael_: one like Ishmael (Gen. xvi. 12), at war with society.--_adj._ ISHMAEL[=I]'TISH.

ISIAC, [=i]-si-ak. See ISIS.

ISIDIUM, [=i]-sid'i-um, _n._ (_bot._) a wart-like excrescence on the thalli of some lichens:--_pl._ ISID'IA.

ISIDORIAN, is-i-d[=o]'ri-an, _adj._ of or pertaining to St _Isidore_ of Seville (c. 560-636), or the collection of canons and decretals adopted by him; but esp. applying to the interpolated collection, now called the _Pseudo-Isidorian_ or _False Decretals_, possibly fabricated in Western Gaul, but published in Spain about 845 by _Isidore_ Mercator, and naturally fathered upon the great Isidore of Seville.

ISINGLASS, [=i]'zing-glas, _n._ a glutinous substance, chiefly prepared from the air-bladders of the sturgeon. [A corr. of Dut. _huizenblas_--_huizen_, a kind of sturgeon, _blas_, a bladder; Ger. _hausenblase_.]

ISIS, [=i]'sis, _n._ an Egyptian goddess, wife and sister of Osiris.--_adj._ I'SIAC.

ISLAM, iz'lam, ISLAMISM, iz'lam-izm, _n._ the proper name of the Mohammedan religion: the whole Mohammedan world.--_adjs._ ISLAM'IC, ISLAMIT'IC.--_n._ IS'LAMITE.--_v.t._ ISLAM[=I]ZE', to conform to Mohammedanism. [Ar. _isl[=a]m_--_salama_, to submit to God.]

ISLAND, [=i]'land, _n._ the smaller masses of land surrounded with water: a large floating mass.--_v.t._ to cause to appear like an island: to dot as with islands.--_n._ ISLANDER ([=i]'land-[.e]r), an inhabitant of an island. [M. E. _iland_--A.S. _ígland_--_íg_, an island, and _land_, land; Dut. and Ger. _eiland_, Ice. _eyland_, Sw. and Dan. _öland_. A.S. _íg_ is from a root which appears in Angles-_ea_, Aldern-_ey_, &c., A.S. _eá_, L. _aqua_, water, so that it originally means water-land. The _s_ in island is due to a confusion with _isle_, from L. _insula_.]

ISLE, [=i]l, _n._ an island.--_ns._ ISLES'MAN, an islander, esp. an inhabitant of the Hebrides; ISLET ([=i]'let), a little isle. [M. E. _ile_, _yle_--O. Fr. _isle_ (Fr. _île_)--L. _insula_, considered to be so called because lying _in salo_, in the main sea, L. _salum_ being akin to Gr. _salos_, the main sea.]

ISM, izm, _n._ any distinctive doctrine, theory, or practice--usually in disparagement.--_adjs._ ISMAT'IC, -AL, addicted to isms or faddish theories.--_n._ ISMAT'ICALNESS. [From the suffix _-ism_.]

ISMAILIAN, is-m[=a]-il'i-an, _n._ one of a sect of Shiite Mohammedans, who claim that _Ismail_ (_c._ 770) was the seventh and last of the Imâms.--_n._ IS'MAILISM.--_adj._ ISMAILIT'IC.

ISOBAR, [=i]'so-bär, _n._ an imaginary line connecting places on the earth where the mean height of the barometer at sea-level is the same.--_adj._ ISOBAROMET'RIC, applied to lines denoting equal barometric pressure. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _baros_, weight.]

ISOBATHYTHERM, [=i]-so-bath'i-therm, _n._ a line connecting points of the same temperature in a vertical section of any portion of the ocean.--_adjs._ ISOBATHYTHER'MAL, ISOBATHYTHER'MIC. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _bathys_, deep, _therm[=e]_, heat.]

ISOBILATERAL, [=i]-so-b[=i]-lat'e-ral, _adj._ (_bot._) having the flanks of the organ flattened surfaces. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _bilateral_.]

ISOBRIOUS, [=i]-sob'ri-us, _adj._ growing equally in both lobes, of a dicotyledonous embryo.--Also ISODYN'AMOUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _brian_, to be strong.]

ISOBRONT, [=i]'so-bront, _n._ a line on a map connecting points at which a peal of thunder is heard simultaneously. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _bront[=e]_, thunder.]

ISOCHASMIC, [=i]-so-kaz'mik, _adj._ denoting equality as regards frequency of auroral displays. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _chasma_, a gap.]

ISOCHEIMAL, [=i]-so-k[=i]'mal, _adj._ having the same mean winter temperature--also ISOCHEI'MENAL.--_n._ I'SOCHEIM, an imaginary line connecting together those places where the mean winter temperature is the same. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _cheima_, winter.]

ISOCHORIC, [=i]-so-kor'ik, _adj._ pertaining to equal volume or density. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _ch[=o]ra_, space.]

ISOCHROMATIC, [=i]-so-kr[=o]-mat'ik, _adj._ (_optics_) having the same colour. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _chr[=o]ma_, colour.]

ISOCHRONAL, [=i]-sok'ron-al, _adj._ of equal time: performed in equal times--also ISOCH'RONOUS.--_n._ ISOCH'RONISM, the quality of being isochronous or done in equal times.--_adv._ ISOCH'RONOUSLY. [Gr. _isochronos_--_isos_, equal, _chronos_, time.]

ISOCHROOUS, [=i]-sok'r[=o]-us, _adj._ of uniform colour.

ISOCLINAL, [=i]-so-kl[=i]'nal (or ISOCLIN'IC), ISODYNAM'IC, and ISOGON'IC LINES, three systems of lines which being laid on maps represent the magnetism of the globe as exhibited at the earth's surface in three classes of phenomena, the varying dip or inclination of the needle, the varying intensity of the force, and its varying declination from the true meridian. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _dynamis_, force, _klinein_, to bend, _g[=o]nia_, an angle.]

ISOCRYME, [=i]'s[=o]-kr[=i]m, _n._ a line on maps connecting points of the same mean winter temperature.--Also I'SOCRYMAL. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _krymos_, cold.]

ISODIA, [=i]-s[=o]'di-a, _n.pl._ the feast of the presentation of Jesus in the Temple. [Gr. _eisodos_, entrance.]

ISODIAMETRIC, [=i]-so-d[=i]-a-met'rik, _adj._ being of equal diameters.

ISODICON, [=i]-sod'i-kon, _n._ (_Gr. Church_) a troparion or short anthem sung while the Gospel is being carried through the church. [Gr. _eisodos_, an entrance.]

ISODIMORPHOUS, [=i]-so-d[=i]-mor'fus, _adj._ in crystallography, having the quality of isodimorphism or isomorphism between the members of two dimorphous groups.

ISODOMON, [=i]-sod'[=o]-mon, _n._ masonry having courses of uniform thickness and length, the vertical joints placed over the middle of the courses below--also ISOD'OMUM:--_pl._ ISOD'OMA.--_adj._ ISOD'OMOUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _demein_, to build.]

ISODONT, [=i]'so-dont, _adj._ having the teeth all alike, as in the _Isodontia_--cetacea, &c. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _odous_, _odontos_, a tooth.]

ISOËTES, [=i]-s[=o]'e-t[=e]z, _n._ a widely distributed genus of vascular cryptogamous plants, the quillworts--Merlin's Grass, &c. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _etos_, a year.]

ISOGAMY, [=i]-sog'a-mi, _n._ (_bot._) the conjugation of two protoplasmic masses not clearly differentiated into a male and female element.--_adj._ ISOG'AMOUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _gamos_, marriage.]

ISOGENY, [=i]-soj'e-ni, _n._ likeness of origin, a general homology.--_adj._ ISOG'ENOUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _genos_, kind.]

ISOGEOTHERMAL, [=i]-so-j[=e]-o-th[.e]r'mal, _adj._ of imaginary lines beneath the earth's surface through points having the same degree of heat. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _g[=e]_, the earth, _therm[=e]_, heat--_thermos_, hot.]

ISOGNATHOUS, [=i]-sog'na-thus, _adj._ having the molar teeth alike in both jaws. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _gnathos_, the jaw.]

ISOGON, [=i]'so-gon, _n._ a figure having equal angles. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _gonia_, an angle.]

ISOGONIC, [=i]-so-gon'ik, _adj._ exhibiting ISOG'ONISM, or the production of like generative individuals from differing stocks, as in certain hydroids. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _gonos_, offspring.]

ISOHYETAL, [=i]-so-h[=i]'e-tal, _n._ an imaginary line connecting places which have an equal annual rainfall. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _hyetos_, rain.]

ISOLATE, [=i]'so-l[=a]t, or is'o-l[=a]t, _v.t._ to place in a detached situation, like an island.--_adj._ IS'OLABLE (_chem._), capable of being separated from any other substance: capable of being obtained pure.--_n._ ISOL[=A]'TION. [It. _isolare_--_isola_--L. _insula_, an island.]

ISOMERISM, [=i]-som'er-izm, _n._ the relation between chemical compounds which are identical in their ultimate or percentage composition, but present difficulties in their chemical properties.--_adjs._ ISOMER'IC, ISOM'EROUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _meros_, part.]

ISOMETRIC, -AL, [=i]-so-met'rik, -al, _adj._ having equality of measure. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _metron_, measure.]

ISOMORPHISM, [=i]-so-morf'izm, _n._ a term applied by chemists to those substances which are not only similar in their crystalline form, but are also analogous in their chemical composition.--_adj._ ISOMORPH'OUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _morph[=e]_, form.]

ISONOMY, [=i]-son'o-mi, _n._ equal law, rights, or privileges. [Gr. _isonomia_--_isos_, equal, _nomos_, law.]

ISONYM, [=i]'so-nim, _n._ a paronym.--_adj._ ISONYM'IC.--_n._ ISON'YMY.

ISOPATHY, [=i]-sop'a-thi, _n._ the cure of diseases by the same disease or by its virus. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _pathos_, disease.]

ISOPERIMETRICAL, [=i]-so-per-i-met'rik-al, _adj._ denoting figures having equal perimeters or circumferences.--_n._ ISOPERIM'ETRY. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _perimetron_, circumference.]

ISOPOD, [=i]'so-pod, _n._ a crustacean whose legs are all alike, any one of the ISOP'ODA, an order of higher Crustaceans in the division with unstalked eyes.--_adjs._ I'SOPOD, ISOP'ODOUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _pous_, _podos_, a foot.]

ISOPOLITY, [=i]-so-pol'i-ti, _n._ equal rights of citizenship in different communities. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _polit[=e]s_, a citizen.]

ISOPTEROUS, [=i]-sop'te-rus, _adj._ having the wings equal. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _pteron_, a wing.]

ISORRHYTHMIC, [=i]-s[=o]-rith'mik, _adj._ in ancient prosody, equal in the number of times for thesis and arsis, as a dactyl and anapæst. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _hrythmos_, rhythm.]

ISOSCELES, [=i]-sos'e-l[=e]z, _adj._ (_geom._) having two equal sides, as a triangle. [Gr. _isoskel[=e]s_--_isos_, equal, _skelos_, a leg.]

ISOSEISMAL, [=i]-s[=o]-s[=i]s'mal, _n._ a curve or line connecting points at which an earthquake shock is felt with equal intensity.--_adjs._ ISOSEIS'MAL, ISOSEIS'MIC. [Gr. _isos_, equal, SEISMOS, a shaking.]

ISOSTATIC, [=i]-so-stat'ik, _adj._ in hydrostatic equilibrium from equality of pressure. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _statikos_, stable.]

ISOTHERAL, [=i]'so-th[=e]r-al, _adj._ having the same mean summer temperature.--_n._ I'SOTH[=E]RE, an imaginary line connecting places on the earth which have the same mean summer temperature. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _theros_, summer--_therein_, to be warm.]

ISOTHERMAL, [=i]-so-th[.e]r'mal, _adj._ having an equal degree of heat.--_n._ I'SOTHERM, an imaginary line connecting places on the earth which have the same mean annual temperature. [Fr. _isotherme_--Gr. _isos_, equal, _therm[=e]_, heat--_thermos_, hot.]

ISOTONIC, [=i]-so-ton'ik, _adj._ having equal tones. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _tonos_, tone.]

ISOTROPISM, [=i]-sot'rop-izm, _n._ physical homogeneity or amorphism: identity of elastic forces of propagation of vibration (light, heat, sound), or identity of susceptibility to magnetisation, in all directions.--_adjs._ ISOTROP'IC, ISOT'ROPOUS.

I-SPY, [=i]'-sp[=i]', _n._ a children's game of hide-and-seek, so called from the cry when one is found.

ISRAELITE, iz'ra-el-[=i]t, _n._ a descendant of Israel or Jacob: a Jew.--_adjs._ ISRAELIT'IC, ISRAEL[=I]T'ISH, pertaining to the Israelites or Jews. [Gr. _Isra[=e]lit[=e]s_--_Isra[=e]l_, Heb. _Isra[=e]l_, contender, soldier of God--_sara_, to fight, _El_, God.]

ISSUE, ish'[=u], _v.i._ to go, flow, or come out: to proceed, as from a source: to spring: to be produced: (_law_) to come to a point in fact or law: to terminate.--_v.t._ to send out: to put into circulation: to give out for use.--_n._ a going or flowing out: act of sending out: that which flows or passes out: fruit of the body, children: produce, profits: circulation, as of bank-notes: publication, as of a book: a giving out for use: ultimate result, consequence: (_law_) the point of fact in dispute which is submitted to a jury: (_med._) an ulcer produced artificially.--_adj._ ISS'UABLE, capable of issuing, admitting of an issue.--_n._ ISS'UANCE, act of giving out, promulgation.--_adjs._ ISS'UANT (_her._), issuing or coming up from another, as a charge or bearing; ISS'UELESS, without issue: childless.--_n._ ISS'UER, one who issues or emits.--AT ISSUE, in quarrel or controversy; FEIGNED ISSUE (_law_), an issue made up for trial by agreement of the parties or by an order of court, instead of by the ordinary legal procedure; GENERAL ISSUE, a simple denial of the whole charge, as 'Not guilty,' instead of a SPECIAL ISSUE, an issue taken by denying a particular part of the allegations; IMMATERIAL ISSUE, an issue which is not decisive of any part of the litigation, as opp. to a MATERIAL ISSUE, one which necessarily involves some part of the rights in controversy.--JOIN, or TAKE, ISSUE, of the two parties taking up the affirmative and the negative on the point in debate. [O. Fr. _issuë_, _issir_, to go or flow out--L. _ex[=i]re_--_ex_, out, _[=i]re_, to go.]

ISTHMUS, ist'mus, _n._ a narrow neck of land connecting two larger portions.--_adj._ ISTH'MIAN, pertaining to an isthmus, esp. the Isthmus of Corinth.--The ISTHMIAN GAMES were celebrated in the ISTHMIAN SANCTUARY on the north-east shore of the isthmus. [L.,--Gr. _isthmos_, a passage, an isthmus, allied to _ithma_, a step, from root of _ienai_, to go.]

ISTLE, is'tl, _n._ a valuable fibre obtained from a tropical American plant, also from several Mexican species of _Agave_.--Also IX'TLE.

IT, it, _pron._ the thing spoken of. [M. E. and A.S. _hit_, neut. of _he_; Ice. _hit_, Dut. _het_, Goth. _ita_; akin to L. _id_, Sans. _i_, pronominal root=here. The _t_ is an old neuter suffix, as in _tha-t_, _wha-t_, and cognate with d in L. _illu-d_, _istu-d_, _quo-d_.]

ITACISM, ITACIST. See IOTA.

ITACOLUMITE, it-a-kol'[=u]m-[=i]t, _n._ a schistose quartzite, containing scales of mica, talc, and chlorite, often having a certain flexibility.

ITALIAN, i-tal'yan, Italic, i-tal'ik, _adj._ of or relating to Italy or its people.--_n._ a native of Italy: the language of Italy.--_vs.t._ ITAL'IANATE, ITAL'IANISE, to make Italian.--_vs.i._ to play the Italian: to speak Italian.--_n._ ITAL'IANISM.--ITALIAN ARCHITECTURE, the style practised by the Italian architects of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, which originated in a revival of the ancient architecture of Rome; ITALIAN WAREHOUSEMAN, a dealer in the finer kinds of groceries, as macaroni, vermicelli, dried fruits, &c.--ITALIC VERSION, or IT'ALA, a translation of the Bible into Latin, based on a still older version, called Old Latin, and made probably in the time of Augustine. [It. _Italiano_, _Italico_--L. _Italia_--Gr. _italos_, a bull.]

ITALICS, i-tal'iks, _n.pl._ a kind of types which _slope to the right_ (as in the last four words), so called because first used by an _Italian_ printer, Aldo Manuzio, about 1500, employed for emphasis and other distinctive purposes.--_n._ ITALICIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ ITAL'IC[=I]SE, to print in Italics.

ITCH, ich, _n._ an uneasy, irritating sensation in the skin: an eruptive disease in the skin, caused by a parasitic animal: a constant teasing desire.--_v.i._ to have an uneasy, irritating sensation in the skin: to have a constant, teasing desire.--_ns._ ITCH'INESS; ITCH'-MITE, a mite which burrows in the skin, causing itch or scabies.--_adj._ ITCH'Y, pertaining to or affected with itch.--ITCHING PALM, a greed for gain. [A.S. _giccan_, to itch; Scot. _youk_, _yuck_, Ger. _jucken_, to itch.]

ITEM, [=i]'tem, _adv._ likewise: also.--_n._ a separate article or particular.--_v.t._ to make a note of.--_v.t._ I'TEMISE, to give by items. [L.,--_id_, that.]

ITERATE, it'[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to do again: to repeat, in modern usage replaced by the verb reiterate.--_ns._ IT'ERANCE, ITER[=A]'TION, repetition.--_adjs._ IT'ERANT, IT'ER[=A]TIVE, repeating. [L. _iter[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_iterum_, again.]

ITHYPHALLIC, ith-i-fal'ik, _adj._ pertaining to certain rites: obscene.--_n._ ITHYPHALL'US, an erect phallus.

ITINERANT, [=i]-tin'er-ant, _adj._ making journeys from place to place: travelling.--_n._ one who travels from place to place, esp. a Methodist preacher: a wanderer.--_ns._ ITIN'ERACY, ITIN'ERANCY.--_adv._ ITIN'ERANTLY.--_adj._ ITIN'ERARY, travelling: done on a journey.--_n._ a book of travels: a guide-book for travellers: a rough sketch and description of the country through which troops are to march.--_v.i._ ITIN'ER[=A]TE, to travel from place to place, esp. for the purpose of preaching or lecturing. [L. _itinerans_, _-antis_, part. of _itiner[=a]ri_-, _-atus_, to travel--L. _iter_, _itineris_, a journey--_[=i]re_, _[=i]tum_, to go.]

ITS, its, _poss. pron._ the possessive of _it._ [The old form was _his_, _its_ not being older than the end of the 16th century. _Its_ does not occur in the English Bible of 1611, or in Spenser, rarely in Shakespeare, and is not common until the time of Dryden.]

ITSELF, it-self', _pron._ the neuter reciprocal pronoun, applied to things.--BY ITSELF, alone, apart; IN AND BY ITSELF, separately considered.

ITTNERITE, it'n[.e]r-[=i]t, _n._ a dark blue or gray mineral, consisting chiefly of silica, alumina, potash, and soda.

IVORY, [=i]'vo-ri, _n._ the hard, white substance composing the tusks of the elephant and of the sea-horse.--_adj._ made of, or resembling, ivory.--_adj._ I'VORIED, made like ivory: furnished with teeth.--_ns._ I'VORY-BLACK, a black powder, originally made from burnt ivory, but now from bone; I'VORY-NUT, the nut of a species of palm, containing a substance like ivory; I'VORY-PALM, the tree which bears the ivory-nut; I'VORY-POR'CELAIN, a fine ware with an ivory-white glaze.--SHOW ONE'S IVORIES, to show the teeth. [O. Fr. _ivurie_ (Fr. _ivoire_)--L. _ebur_, _eboris_, ivory; Coptic _ebu_; Sans. _ibhas_, an elephant.]

IVY, [=i]'vi, _n._ a creeping evergreen plant on trees and walls.--_adjs._ I'VIED, I'VYED, I'VY-MAN'TLED, overgrown or mantled with ivy.--_n._ I'VY-BUSH, a plant of ivy formerly hung over tavern-doors, the ivy being sacred to Bacchus. [A.S. _ifig_; Old High Ger. _ebah_; prob. conn. with L. _apium_, parsley.]

IWIS, YWIS, i-wis', _adv._ certainly--sometimes ignorantly written _I wis_, as if 'I know.' [M. E. _ywis_, _iwis_--A.S. _gewis_, certain; Ger. _gewiss_ (adv.).]

IXION, ik-s[=i]'on, _n._ (_Gr. myth._) a king of the Lapithæ, bound, for an impious attempt on Hera, hand and foot to a fiery wheel which rolled for ever in the sky.

IXOLITE, iks'o-l[=i]t, _n._ a fossil resin, found in bituminous coal, which becomes soft and sticky when heated. [Gr. _ixos_, birdlime, _lithos_, a stone.]

IXTLE. See ISTLE.

* * * * *

J the tenth letter in our alphabet, developed from I, the initial form _j_ being specialised to denote the consonantal sound, the medial _i_ being retained for the vowel-sound--not universal in English books before the middle of the 17th century. As a numeral, a variant of I, used in medical prescriptions, as _vj_, six: representing the mechanical equivalent of heat--from Joule.

JABBER, jab'[.e]r, _v.i._ to gabble or talk rapidly and indistinctly: to chatter.--_v.t._ to utter indistinctly:--_pr.p._ jabb'ering; _pa.p._ jabb'ered.--_n._ rapid indistinct speaking.--_n._ JABB'ERER.--_adv._ JABB'ERINGLY. [From root of _gabble_.]

JABBLE, jab'l, _n._ (_Scot._) an agitation on the surface of water.--_v.t._ to splash. [Cf. _jaup_.]

JABIRU, jab'i-r[=u], _n._ a kind of large stork. [Brazilian.]

JABORANDI, jab'o-ran'di, _n._ a Brazilian shrub with sialogogue and diaphoretic properties. [Brazilian.]

JABOT, zha-b[=o]', _n._ a frill of lace, &c., worn by women on the bodice.

JACAMAR, jak'a-mar, _n._ a South American bird something like a kingfisher. [Fr.,--Brazilian.]

JACANA, ja-k[=a]'na, _n._ a tropical bird, allied to the rails, and frequenting swamps. [Brazilian.]

JACARANDA, jak-a-ran'da, _n._ a South American tree with hard, heavy, brown wood. [Brazilian.]

JACCHUS, jak'us, _n._ a South American marmoset.

JACENT, j[=a]'sent, _adj._ lying at length.

JACINTH, j[=a]'sinth, _n._ (_B._) a precious stone, a red variety of zircon, now called hyacinth: a reddish-orange colour. [Contr. of _hyacinth_.]

JACK, jak, _n._ used as a familiar name or diminutive of John: a saucy or paltry fellow: a sailor: any instrument serving to supply the place of a boy or helper, as a bootjack for taking off boots, a contrivance for turning a spit (smoke-jack, roasting-jack), a screw for raising heavy weights, a figure which strikes the bell in clocks: the male of some animals: a young pike: a support to saw wood on: a miner's wedge: a flag displayed from the bowsprit of a ship: a leather pitcher or bottle: a coat of mail: (_coll._) a knave in cards: the small white ball that forms the aim in bowls.--_ns._ JACK'-A-DAN'DY, a dandy or fop, esp. if diminutive; JACK'-A-LAN'TERN, the _ignis fatuus_ or Will-o'-the-Wisp; JACK'-A-LENT' (_Shak._), a boy (for JACK OF LENT, a kind of puppet formerly thrown at in sport at Lent); JACK'-BLOCK, a block of pulleys used for raising and lowering topgallant-masts.--_n.pl._ JACK'BOOTS, large boots reaching above the knee, to protect the leg, formerly worn by cavalry, and covered with plates of iron.--_ns._ JACK'-CROSS'-TREE, the cross-tree at the head of a topgallant-mast; JACK'-FLAG, a flag which is hoisted at the spritsail topmast-head; JACK'-FOOL, an absolute ass; JACK'-IN-OFF'ICE, a conceited and impertinent official; JACK'-IN-THE-BOX', a box with a figure in it that springs up when the lid is lifted; JACK'-IN-THE-GREEN', a May-day chimney-sweep almost covered up with green shrubs; JACK'-KNIFE, a large clasp-knife; JACK'-MAN, a soldier armed with a jack or coat of mail: a retainer; JACK'-NAS'TY, a sneak, a sloven; JACK'-OF-ALL'-TRADES, one who can turn his hand to anything; JACK'-PLANE, a large, strong plane used by joiners; JACK'-PUDD'ING, a merry-andrew, buffoon; JACK'-RABB'IT, one of several species of prairie-hares, with very long ears and legs; JACK'-RAFT'ER, a rafter, shorter than the rest, used in hip-roofs; JACK'-SAUCE (_Shak._), a saucy fellow; JACK'-SCREW, a screw for raising heavy weights; JACK'-SLAVE (_Shak._), a low servant, a vulgar fellow; JACK'-SMITH, a smith who makes jacks for the kitchen; JACK'-SNIPE, a small species of snipe; JACK'-STAFF, the staff on which the jack is hoisted.--_n.pl._ JACK'-STAYS, ropes or strips of wood or iron stretched along the yards of a ship to bind the sails to.--_ns._ JACK'-STRAW, a straw effigy, a low servile fellow; JACK'-TAR, a sailor; JACK'-TOWEL, a long endless towel passing over a roller.--JACK FROST, frost personified as a mischievous fellow; JACK KETCH, a public hangman--from one so named under James II.; JACK SPRAT, a diminutive fellow.--CHEAP JACK (see CHEAP); EVERY MAN JACK, one and all; YELLOW JACK (_slang_), yellow fever. [Fr. _Jacques_, the most common name in France, hence used as a substitute for _John_, the most common name in England; but it is really=_James_ or _Jacob_--L. _Jacobus_.]

JACK, JAK, jak, _n._ a tree of the East Indies of the same genus as the bread-fruit tree. [Port. _jaka_--Malay _tsjaka_.]

JACKAL, jak'awl, _n._ a wild, gregarious animal closely allied to the dog--erroneously supposed to act as a lion's provider or hunting scout, hence a tool, a Parasite. [Pers. _shagh[=a]l_.]

JACKANAPES, jak'a-n[=a]ps, _n._ an impudent fellow: a coxcomb. [_Jack o' apes_, one who exhibited monkeys, with _n_ inserted to avoid the hiatus.]

JACKASS, jak'as, _n._ the male of the ass: a blockhead. [_Jack_--the male, and _ass_.]

JACKDAW, jak'daw, _n._ a species of crow. [_Jack_ and _daw_.]

JACKET, jak'et, _n._ a short coat.--_adj._ Jack'eted, wearing a jacket. [O. Fr. _jaquette_, a jacket, or sleeveless coat, a dim. of O. Fr. _jaque_, a coat of mail, prob. ultimately conn. with _Jacques_.]

JACOBEAN, jak-o-b[=e]'an, _adj._ of the period of James I. of England (1603-25).

JACOBIN, jak'o-bin, _n._ a French Dominican monk, so named from their original establishment being that of St _Jacques_, Paris: one of a society of revolutionists in France, so called from their meeting in the hall of the Jacobin convent: a demagogue: a hooded pigeon.--_adjs._ JACOBIN'IC, -AL.--_v.t._ JAC'OBINISE.--_n._ JAC'OBINISM, the principles of the Jacobins or French revolutionists. [Fr.,--L. _Jacobus_, James--Gr. _Jacobos_--Heb. _Ya`aq[=o]b_.]

JACOBITE, jak'o-b[=i]t, _n._ an adherent of James II. and his descendants: in Church history, a Syrian monophysite, named after the 6th-century monk, _Jacobus_ Baradæus.--_adjs._ JAC'OBITE, JACOBIT'IC, -AL.--_n._ JAC'OBITISM.

JACOB'S-LADDER, j[=a]'kobz-lad'[.e]r, _n._ (_naut._) a ladder made of ropes with wooden steps: a garden plant with large blue flowers. [From the ladder which _Jacob_ saw in his dream, Gen. xxviii. 12.]

JACOB'S-STAFF, j[=a]'kobz-staf, _n._ a pilgrim's staff: a staff with a cross-head used in surveying: a sword-cane. [Prob. an allusion to the staff of the patriarch _Jacob_, Gen. xxxii. 10.]

JACOBUS, ja-k[=o]'bus, _n._ a gold coin of James I. worth 20s.

JACONET, jak'o-net, _n._ a cotton fabric, rather stouter than muslin. [Fr. _jaconas_.]

JACQUARD LOOM. See LOOM.

JACQUEMINOT, jak'mi-n[=o], _n._ a deep-red hybrid perpetual rose.--Also JACQUE and JACK. [From General _Jacqueminot_ of Paris.]

JACQUERIE, zhak'e-r[=e], _n._ name given to the revolt of the French peasants in 1358. [From _Jacques_ Bonhomme, Goodman Jack, a name applied in derision to the peasants.]

JACTATION, jak-t[=a]'shun, _n._ act of throwing: extreme restlessness in disease: agitation of the body: boasting.

JACTITATION (of marriage), jak-ti-t[=a]'shun, _n._ a false pretence of being married to another. [L. _jactit[=a]re_, -_[=a]tum_, to brag, freq. of _jact[=a]re_, to throw.]

JACULATION, jak-[=u]-l[=a]'shun, _n._ the act of throwing or hurling, as a dart.--_v.t._ JAC'ULATE, to dart, throw.--_n._ JAC'UL[=A]TOR.--_adj._ JAC'UL[=A]TORY, darting or throwing out suddenly: ejaculatory. [L. _jacul[=a]ri_, -_[=a]tus_, to throw as a dart--_jaculum_, a dart--_jac[)e]re_, to throw.]

JADE, j[=a]d, _n._ a mare, esp. an old and sorry one: a worthless nag: a woman--in contempt or irony.--_v.t._ to tire: to harass:--_pr.p._ jad'ing; _pa.p._ jad'ed.--_adv._ JAD'EDLY.--_n._ JAD'ERY, the tricks of a jade.--_adj._ JAD'ISH, worn out: vicious: unchaste--applied to a woman. [Scot. _yad_, _yaud_; Ice. _jalda_, a mare.]

JADE, j[=a]d, _n._ a dark-green stone used for ornamental purposes--applied both to _jadeite_ and _nephrite_. [Fr.,--Sp. _ijada_, the flank--L. _ilia_. It was believed to cure pain of the side.]

JAG, jag, _n._ a notch: a ragged protuberance: (_bot._) a cleft or division: (_Scot._) a stab.--_v.t._ to cut into notches: to stab or pierce:--_pr.p._ jag'ging; _pa.p._ jagged.--_adjs._ JAG'GED, JAG'GY, notched, rough-edged, uneven.--_adv._ JAG'GEDLY.--_ns._ JAG'GEDNESS; JAG'GER, a brass wheel with a notched edge for cutting cakes, &c., into ornamental forms--also JAG'GING-[=I]'RON. [Celt.; W., Gael., Ir. _gag_, a cleft.]

JAG, jag, _n._ a load: a saddle-bag: a quantity: (_U.S._) as much liquor as one can carry.--_n._ JAG'GER, a peddler.

JAGGERY, jag'[.e]r-i, _n._ a kind of coarse, dark-coloured sugar made in the East Indies from the sap of the coco-nut palm. [Hind. _shakkar_, Sans. _çarkara_.]

JAGHIR, JAGHIRE, ja-g[=e]r', _n._ the government revenues of a tract of land assigned with power to administer.--_n._ JAGHIR'DAR, the holder of such. [Hind.]

JAGUAR, jag'[=u]-är, or jag-wär', _n._ a powerful beast of prey, allied to the leopard, found in South America. [Brazilian, _jaguara_.]

JAH, jä, _n._ Jehovah. [Heb.]

JAIL, j[=a]l, _n._ a prison.--_ns._ JAIL'-BIRD, GAOL'-BIRD, a humorous name for one who is or has been confined in jail; JAIL'ER, GAOL'ER, one who has charge of a jail or of prisoners, called also a turnkey; JAIL'-F[=E]'VER, GAOL'-F[=E]'VER, typhus fever, so called because once common in jails.--BREAK JAIL, to force one's way out of prison; COMMISSION OF JAIL DELIVERY, one of the commissions issued to judges of assize and judges of the Central Criminal Court in England. [O. Fr. _gaole_ (Fr. _geôle_)--Low L. _gabiola_, a cage, dim. of Low L. _gabia_, a cage, a corr. of _cavea_, a cage--L. _cavus_, hollow.]

JAIN, j[=a]n, _n._ an adherent of JAIN'ISM, or a member of a heterodox Hindu sect, allied to ancient Buddhism: a style of architecture developed about 450 A.D., with pseudo-arch and dome, built in horizontal courses and of pointed section. [Hind. _jina_, a deified saint.]

JAKES, j[=a]ks, _n._ (_Shak._) a privy.--Also _Mrs Jones_.

JALAP, jal'ap, _n._ the purgative root of a plant first brought from _Jalapa_ or Xalapa, in Mexico.--_adj._ JALAP'IC--_n._ JAL'APIN, a glucoside resin, one of the purgative principles of jalap.

JALOUSE, jal-[=oo]z', _v.i._ (_Scot._) to suspect. See JEALOUS.

JALOUSIE, zhal-oo-z[=e]', _n._ a Venetian blind. [Fr.,--_jalousie_, jealousy.]

JAM, jam, _n._ a conserve of fruit boiled with sugar. [Ety. dub.; perh. from _jam_, to squeeze.]

JAM, jam, _v.t._ to press or squeeze tight:--_pr.p._ jam'ming; _pa.p._ jammed.--_n._ a crush, squeeze. [Cf. _cham_p.]

JAMAICA-PEPPER, ja-m[=a]'ka-pep'[.e]r, _n._ Allspice (q.v.).

JAMB, jam, _n._ the sidepiece or post of a door, fireplace, &c. [Fr. _jambe_, perh. Celt. _cam_, bent.]

JAMBE, jäm, _n._ armour for the leg.--_ns.pl._ JAM'BEAUS, leggings; JAMBIERES', leg-pieces of leather, &c. [Fr. _jambe_, leg.]

JAMBEE, jam-b[=e]', _n._ an 18th-century light cane.

JAMBOK, jam'bok, _n._ a long lash made of hippopotamus hide, &c. [S. Afr.]

JAMBONE, jam'b[=o]n, _n._ a lone hand in euchre, played only by agreement, in which the player lays his cards on the table and must lead one chosen by his opponent, scoring 8 points if he takes all the tricks.

JAMBOREE, jam-b[=o]-r[=e], _n._ in euchre, a lone hand of the 5 highest cards, by agreement scoring 16 points for the holder: (_slang_) a boisterous frolic, a spree.

JAMBU, jam'b[=oo], _n._ the rose-apple tree.

JAMBUL, jam'bul, _n._ a small Indian evergreen tree.

JAMDANI, jam-dä'ni, _n._ a variety of Dacca muslin woven in designs of flowers.

JAMEWAR, jam'e-war, _n._ a Cashmere shawl with coloured patterns: the goat's-hair cloth of Cashmere.

JAMPAN, jam'pan, _n._ a sedan-chair borne on bamboo poles by four bearers.--_n._ JAMPANEE', its bearer.

JAMRACH, jam'rak, _n._ a place where wild animals are kept for sale--from a London dealer's name.

JANE, j[=a]n, _n._ (_Spens._) a small silver Genoese coin: jean. [Low L. _Janua_, L. _Genua_, Genoa.]

JANGLE, jang'l, _v.i._ to sound discordantly as in wrangling: to wrangle or quarrel.--_v.t._ to cause to sound harshly.--_n._ discordant sound: contention.--_ns._ JANG'LER; JANG'LING. [O. Fr. _jangler_; imit., like _jingle_ and _chink_.]

JANITOR, jan'i-tor, _n._ a doorkeeper: a porter:--_fem._ JAN'ITRIX. [L., from _janua_, a door.]

JANIZARY, jan'i-zar-i, _n._ a soldier of the old Turkish foot-guards (c. 1330-1826), formed originally of renegade prisoners and of a tribute of children taken from Christian subjects--also JAN'ISSARY, JAN'IZAR.--_adj._ JANIZ[=A]'RIAN. [Fr. _Janissaire_--Turk, _yeñi_, new, _`asker_, army.]

JANKER, jang'ker, _n._ (_Scot._) a long pole on two wheels used for transporting logs.

JANN, jan,_ n._ one of the lowest of the five orders of Mohammedan genii.

JANNOCK, jan'ok, _adj._ (_prov._) straightforward.

JANNOCK, jan'ok, _n._ oaten bread, a cake.

JANSENISM, jan'sen-izm, _n._ a system of evangelical doctrine deduced from Augustine by Cornelius _Jansen_ (1585-1638), Roman Catholic Bishop of Ypres, essentially a reaction against the ordinary Catholic dogma of the freedom of the will and that of merely sufficient grace, maintaining that interior grace is irresistible, and that Christ died for all.--_n._ JAN'SENIST, a believer in Jansenism.

JANTILY, JANTINESS, JANTY. See JAUNTY, &c.

JANUARY, jan'[=u]-ar-i, _n._ the first month of the year, dedicated by the Romans to JAN'US, the god of opening, with a double head that looked both ways.--_adjs._ JAN'UFORM, two-faced; JAN'US-FACED, double-dealing: deceitful. [L. _Januarius_--_Junus_.]

JAP, jap, _n._ and _adj._ (_coll._) for JAPANESE', of or belonging to _Japan:_ the language of Japan: a native of Japan.

JAPAN, ja-pan', _v.t._ to varnish after the manner of the JAPANESE', or people of _Japan:_ to make black and glossy:--_pr.p._ japan'ning; _pa.p._ japanned'.--_n._ work japanned: the varnish or lacquer used in japanning.--_ns._ JAPAN'-EARTH, or _Terra japonica_, gambier; JAPAN'NER.--JAPAN LACQUER, or BLACK JAPAN, a hard jet-black lacquer, for sheet-metal, made of asphaltum, linseed-oil, and varnish; JAPANNED LEATHER, same as patent leather (see PATENT).

JAPE, j[=a]p, _v.i._ to jest, joke.--_v.t._ to mock.--_n._ a jest, joke, trick. [O. Fr. _japer_.]

JAPHETIC, ja-fet'ik, _adj._ a term formerly applied in ethnology to European peoples, the supposed descendants of _Japhet_, as opposed to Hamitic and Semitic.

JAPONICA, jap-on'i-ka, _n._ an abbreviation for _Pyrus japonica_, the Japanese quince.

JAR, jär, _v.i._ to make a harsh discordant sound: to dash: to quarrel: to be inconsistent.--_v.t._ to shake:--_pr.p._ jar'ring; _pa.p._ jarred.--_n._ a harsh rattling sound: clash of interests or opinions: discord.--_adv._ JAR'RINGLY. [Imit.; cf. _jargon_.]

JAR, jär, _n._ an earthen or glass bottle with a wide mouth: a measure. [O. Fr. _jare_--Pers. _jarrah_.]

JAR, jär, _n._ a turn, used only in the phrase, 'on the jar,' ajar. [See AJAR.]

JARDINIÈRE, zhar-d[=e]-ny[=a]r', _n._ a vessel for the display of flowers, growing or cut: a lappet forming part of an old head-dress. [Fr., 'a flower-stand,' _jardinier_, a gardener.]

JARGON, jär'gon, _n._ confused talk: slang.--_n._ JAR'GONIST, one who uses jargon. [Fr. _jargon_, prob. conn. with L. _garr[=i]re_, to prattle.]

JARGON, jär'gon, _n._ a variety of zircon found in Ceylon, transparent, colourless.--Also JAR'GOON.

JARGONELLE, jär-go-nel', _n._ a kind of pear. [Fr.]

JARKMAN, järk'man, _n._ (_slang_) a swindling beggar, a begging-letter writer.

JARL, järl, _n._ a noble, chief, earl. [Scand.]

JAROOL, ja-r[=oo]l', _n._ the Indian bloodwood.

JARRAH, jar'a, _n._ the mahogany gum-tree of Australia.

JARVEY, jär'vi, _n._ (_slang_) a hackney-coach driver.

JASEY, j[=a]'zi, _n._ a kind of wig, originally made of worsted. [Corr. of _Jersey_.]

JASHER, jäsh'[.e]r, _n._ one of the lost books of the ancient Hebrews, quoted twice (Josh. x. 13; 2 Sam. i. 18), most probably a collection of heroic ballads.

JASMINE, jas'min, JESSAMINE, jes'a-min, _n._ a genus of plants, many species of which have very fragrant flowers. [Fr. _jasmin_--Ar.,--Pers. _y[=a]sm[=i]n_.]

JASPER, jas'p[.e]r, _n._ a precious stone, being a hard siliceous mineral of various colours.--_adjs_. JAS'PÉ, having the surface ornamented with veins; JAS'PERATED, mixed with jasper; JAS'PERY, like jasper; JASPID'EAN, JASPID'EOUS, JAS'POID. [Fr. _jaspe_--L. and Gr. _iaspis_--Ar. _yasb_.]

JATAKA, jä'ta-kä, _n._ a nativity, the birth-story of Buddha. [Sans.,--_j[=a]ta_, born.]

JAUNCE, jäns, _v.i._ (_Shak._) to jolt or shake: to ride hard.--_n._ a jaunt. [O. Fr. _jancer_, to stir.]

JAUNDER, jän'der, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to talk idly.--_n._ gossip.

JAUNDICE, jän'dis, _n._ a disease, characterised by a yellowness of the eyes, skin, &c., caused by bile.--_adj._ JAUN'DICED, affected with jaundice: prejudiced. [Fr. _jaunisse_, from _jaune_, yellow--L. _galbinus_, yellowish, _galbus_, yellow.]

JAUNT, jänt, _v.i._ to go from place to place: to make an excursion.--_n._ an excursion: a ramble.--_adj._ JAUNT'ING, strolling: making an excursion.--_n._ JAUNT'ING-CAR, a low-set, two-wheeled, open vehicle used in Ireland, with side-seats back to back. [O. Fr. _jancer_, to stir (a horse); but more prob. Scand.]

JAUNTY, JANTY, jänt'i, _adj._ airy: showy: finical.--_adv._ JAUNT'ILY.--_n._ JAUNT'INESS. [Fr. _gentil_.]

JAUP, jäp, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to spatter.--_v.i._ to make a sound like water shaken in a vessel.--_n._ water or mud splashed up.

JAVEL, jav'el, _n._ (_Spens._) a worthless fellow.

JAVELIN, jav'lin, _n._ a spear meant to be hurled, anciently used by both infantry and cavalry. [O. Fr. _javelin_; prob. Celt.]

JAW, jaw, _n._ the bones of the mouth in which the teeth are set: the mouth: anything like a jaw: (_slang_) talkativeness, scolding.--_v.i._ (_slang_) to scold.--_ns._ JAW'BONE, the bone of the jaw, in which the teeth are set; JAW'-BREAK'ER (_slang_), a word hard to pronounce.--_adj._ JAWED, having jaws: denoting the appearance of the jaws, as _lantern-jawed_.--_n._ JAW'FALL, a falling of the jaw: (_fig._) depression of spirits.--_adj._ JAW'-FALL'EN, depressed in spirits: dejected.--_ns._ JAW'-FOOT, a foot-jaw, maxilliped; JAW'-L[=E]'VER, an instrument for opening the mouth of a horse or cow to admit medicine; JAW'-TOOTH, one of the double teeth, a grinder or molar.--BREAK-JAW WORD, a very long word, or one hard to pronounce; HOLD ONE'S JAW, to cease from talking or scolding. [Old spelling _chaw_, akin to _chew_.]

JAW, jaw, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to pour out, throw out: splash.--_ns._ JAW'-BOX, JAW'-HOLE, a sink.

JAY, j[=a], _n._ a bird of the crow family with gay plumage: a wanton woman: an indifferent actor, a stupid chattering fellow. [O. Fr. _jay_ (mod. Fr. _geai_); from root of _gay_.]

JAZERANT. See JESSERANT.

JEALOUS, jel'us, _adj._ suspicious of or incensed at rivalry: anxious to defend the honour of.--_adv._ JEAL'OUSLY.--_ns._ JEAL'OUSY, JEAL'OUSHOOD (_Shak._), JEAL'OUSNESS. [O. Fr. _jalous_ (mod. Fr. _jaloux_)--L. _zelus_--Gr. _z[=e]los_, emulation.]

JEAMES, j[=e]mz, _n._ a flunkey. [From Thackeray's '_Jeames_ de la Pluche.']

JEAN, j[=a]n, _n._ a twilled cotton cloth.--_n._ JEANETTE', coarse jean, for lining.--SATIN JEAN, a smooth, glossy, hard-twilled cotton goods. [_Jane_.]

JEBUSITE, jeb'[=u]-z[=i]t, _n._ one of a Canaanitish race who long defied the Israelites from their stronghold on Mount Zion.--_adj._ JEBUSIT'IC.

JEDDART, jed'dart, _n._ an old name for _Jedburgh_.--JEDDART AXE, a stout steel-headed pole, four feet long; JEDDART, or JEDWOOD, JUSTICE, hanging first and trying afterwards.

JEDGE, jej, _n._ (_Scot._) a gauge or standard.

JEER, j[=e]r, _v.t._ to make sport of: to treat with derision.--_v.i._ to scoff: to deride: to make a mock of.--_n._ a railing remark: biting jest: mockery.--_n._ JEER'ER, a scoffer or mocker.--_adv._ JEER'INGLY. [Acc. to Skeat, from the Dut. phrase _den gek scheeren_, lit. 'to shear the fool,' to mock, the words _gek scheeren_ (now _scheren_) being corr. into _jeer_.]

JEFF, jef, _v.i._ to gamble with printers' quadrats thrown like dice.

JEFF, jef, _n._ a rope, in circus slang.

JEFFERSONITE, jef'er-son-[=i]t, _n._ a greenish-black variety of pyroxene. [Thomas _Jefferson_, 1743-1826.]

JEHOIADA-BOX, j[=e]-hoi'a-da-boks, _n._ a child's savings-bank--from 2 Chron. xxiv. 6-11.

JEHOVAH, je-h[=o]'va, _n._ the eternal or self-existent Being, the chief Hebrew name of the Deity.--_n._ JEH[=O]'VIST, one who holds that the vowel-points annexed to the word _Jehovah_ in Hebrew are the proper vowels of the word, some maintaining that they are those of the word _Adonai_ or of _Elohim_: the supposed writer of the passages in the Pentateuch, in which the name applied to God is Jehovah.--_adj._ JEHOVIST'IC. [Heb. _Yah[=o]w[=a]h_, hardly from _h[=a]w[=a]h_, to be.]

JEHU, j[=e]'h[=u], _n._ (_coll._) a driver, esp. a furious whip. [A reference to 2 Kings, ix. 20.]

JEJUNE, je-j[=oo]n', _adj._ empty: void of interest: barren.--_adv._ JEJUNE'LY.--_ns._ JEJUNE'NESS; JEJU'NUM, the second division of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. [L. _jejunus_, hungry.]

JELLY, jel'i, _n._ anything gelatinous: the juice of fruit boiled with sugar.--_v.i._ JELL, to jelly.--_adj._ JELL'IED, in the state of jelly.--_v.t._ JELL'IFY, to make into a jelly.--_v.i._ to become gelatinous.--_ns._ JELL'Y-BAG, a bag through which jelly is strained; JELL'Y-FISH, marine radiate animals like jelly. [Fr. _gelée_, from _geler_--L. _gel[=a]re_, to freeze.]

JELLYBY, jel'i-bi, _n._ a philanthropist who cares only for distant people--from Mrs _Jellyby_ in _Bleak House_, who busies herself about Borrioboola Gha, while her own household is going to ruin.

JEMIDAR, jem'i-där, _n._ a native officer in the Indian army of the rank of lieutenant: an officer of police, customs, &c.--Also JAM'ADAR. [Hind.]

JEMMY, jem'i, _n._ a burglar's short crowbar: (_slang_) a baked sheep's head: a greatcoat.

JEMMY, jem'i, _adj._ neat, smart, handy--also GEMM'Y.--_n._ JEMM'INESS, neatness.

JENKINS, jengk'ins, _n._ (_coll._) a society reporter, toady.

JENNET, jen'et, _n._ a small Spanish horse.--Also GENN'ET, GEN'ET. [O. Fr. _genette_--Sp. _ginete_; Moorish.]

JENNETING, jen'et-ing, _n._ a kind of early apple. [Prob. apple of St _Jean_ or John; not from _June-eating_.]

JENNY, jen'i, _n._ a female bird, a wren--usually JENN'Y-WREN: a female ass: a spinning-jenny. [From the name _Jenny_; prob. the last sense from _gin_.]

JEOFAIL, jef'[=a]l, _n._ an error in pleadings, or the acknowledgment of a mistake. [O. Fr. _je faille_, I fail.]

JEOPARDY, jep'ard-i, _n._ hazard, danger.--_vs.t._ JEOP'ARD, JEOP'ARDISE, to put in jeopardy.--_n._ JEOP'ARDER.--_adj._ JEOP'ARDOUS, exposed to danger or loss.--_adv._ JEOP'ARDOUSLY. [Fr. _jeu parti_, a divided game--Low L. _jocus partitus_--L. _jocus_, a game, _partitus_, divided--_part[=i]ri_, to divide.]

JERBOA, j[.e]r-b[=o]'a, _n._ a genus of small rodent quadrupeds, remarkable for the length of their hind-legs and their power of jumping. [Ar. _yarb[=u]`_.]

JEREED, je-r[=e]d', _n._ a kind of blunt javelin used by the Turks in mock-fights. [Ar. _jar[=i]d_.]

JEREMIAD, jer-e-m[=i]'ad, _n._ a lamentation: a tale of grief: a doleful story. [From _Jeremiah_ the prophet, author of the book of Lamentations.]

JERFALCON. Same as GYRFALCON.

JERICHO, jer'i-k[=o], _n._ a remote place, to which one is humorously consigned--from _Jericho_ in Palestine and the story in 2 Sam. x. 4, 5.

JERK, j[.e]rk, _v.t._ to throw with a quick effort: to give a sudden movement.--_n._ a short, sudden movement: a striking against with a sudden motion: an involuntary spasmodic contraction of a muscle.--_ns._ JERK'ER; JERK'INESS.--_adj._ JERK'Y, moving or coming by jerks or starts, spasmodic; capricious, impatient. [A variant of _jert_ and _gird_, and conn. with _yard_, a rod.]

JERK, j[.e]rk, _v.t._ to search, as a vessel for concealed or smuggled goods--also JERQUE.--_ns._ JERK'ER, JERQU'ER; JERQU'ING.

JERK, j[.e]rk, _n._ meat cut into thin pieces and dried in the sun.--Also JERK'Y. [Chilian _charqui_.]

JERKIN, j[.e]r'kin, _n._ a young salmon.--Also GIN'KIN.

JERKIN, j[.e]r'kin, _n._ a jacket, a short coat or close waistcoat.--_n._ JER'KIN-HEAD (_archit._) the combination of a truncated gable with a hipped roof. [Dut., dim. of _jurk_, a frock.]

JERKINET, j[.e]r'ki-net, _n._ a woman's outer jacket.

JEROBOAM, jer-o-b[=o]'am, _n._ a large metal bowl: eight bottles. [Allusion to 1 Kings, xi. 28.]

JERQUER, JERQUING. See JERK (2).

JERRY-BUILDER, jer'i-bild'[.e]r, _n._ one who builds flimsy houses cheaply and hastily, a speculative builder.--_n._ JERR'Y-BUILD'ING.--_adj._ JERR'Y-BUILT.--_n._ JERR'Y-SHOP, a low dram-shop. [Prob. the personal name.]

JERSEY, j[.e]r'zi, _n._ the finest part of wool: combed wool: a close-fitting woollen shirt, or kind of under-vest, worn in rowing, &c. [From the island _Jersey_.]

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, PONY. See ARTICHOKE, PONY.

JESS, jes, _n._ a short strap round the legs of a hawk.--_adj._ JESSED, having jesses on. [O. Fr. _ject_--L. _jact[=a]re_, to fling, freq. of _jac[)e]re_, to throw.]

JESSAMINE, jes'a-min. See JASMINE.

JESSAMY, jes'sa-mi, _n._ jasmine: a dandy.

JESSANT, jes'ant, _adj._ (_her._) rising from the bottom line of a field or an upper line of an ordinary. [Perhaps a corr. of _issuant_. Cf. _issue_.]

JESSE, jes'i, _n._ a large branched candlestick used in churches, formerly hung up in churches. [From its likeness to the genealogical tree of Christ's descent from _Jesse_ (Is. xi. 1), the father of David, often in medieval churches carried out in stained glass (a _jesse window_), sculpture, mural decoration, &c.]

JESSERANT, jes'e-rant, _n._ splint armour.--Also JAZ'ERANT. [O. Fr. _gesseron_, _jazeran_--Sp. _jacerina_.]

JEST, jest, _n._ something ludicrous: joke: fun: something uttered in sport: object of laughter.--_v.i._ to make a jest: to joust.--_ns._ JEST'-BOOK, a collection of funny stories; JEST'ER, one who jests: a buffoon: a court-fool.--_adj._ JEST'FUL, given to jesting.--_adv._ JEST'INGLY.--_n._ JEST'ING-STOCK, a butt for jests. [Orig. 'a deed, a story,' M. E. _geste_--O. Fr. _geste_--L. _gesta_--_ger[)e]re_, to do.]

JESUIT, jez'[=u]-it, _n._ a member of the famous religious order, the Society of _Jesus_, founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola: a crafty or insidious person, an intriguer.--_v.t._ to make a Jesuit of.--_adjs._ JESUIT'IC, -AL.--_adv._ Jesuit'ically.--_ns._ JES'UITISM, Jesuitry: the principles and practices of the Jesuits: cunning: deceit; JESUITOC'RACY, government by Jesuits; JES'UITRY, Jesuitism.--JESUITS' BARK, cinchona, because introduced to Rome by Jesuit missionaries.

JESUS, j[=e]'zus, _n._ the Saviour of mankind.--_n._ JÉSUS, a size of paper, super-royal.--COMPANY, or SOCIETY, OF JESUS, the Jesuit order.--GRAND JÉSUS, imperial. [Gr. _I[=e]sous_--Heb. _Y[=e]sh[=u]`a_, contr. of _Yeh[=o]sh[=u]`a_, help of Jehovah, the Saviour--_y[=a]sha`_, to save.]

JET, jet, _n._ a rich black variety of mineral coal, very hard and compact, taking a brilliant polish, used for ornaments.--_adj._ JET'-BLACK.--_n._ JET'TINESS.--_adj._ JET'TY, made of jet, or black as jet. [O. Fr. _jaet_--L.--Gr. _gagat[=e]s_, from _Gagas_, a town and river in Lycia, in Asia Minor, where it was obtained.]

JET, jet, _n._ a spouting stream: a spout at the end of a gas-pipe emitting the flame.--_v.t._ to throw out, shoot forth.--_v.i._ to strut, to encroach arrogantly upon.--_n._ JETTATU'RA, the Evil-eye. [O. Fr. _jetter_--L. _jact[=a]re_, to fling, freq. of _jac[)e]re_, to throw.]

JETSAM, jet'sam, _n._ the throwing of goods overboard to lighten a vessel: the goods so thrown away which remain under water (see FLOTSAM)--also JET'SOM, JET'SON, JET'TISON.--_v.t._ JET'TISON, to throw overboard, as goods, in time of danger. [Anglo-Fr. _jetteson_--L. _jactation-em_, a casting.]

JETTON, jet'on, _n._ a piece of stamped metal used as a counter in card-playing, &c.

JETTY, jet'i, _n._ a projection: a kind of pier. [O. Fr. _jettée_, thrown out. See Jet (2).]