Chapter XXXVIII: Front Matter (38)

WRATH, räth, _n._ violent anger: holy indignation: heat.--_adj._ violently angry.--_adj._ WRATH'FUL, full of wrath: very angry: springing from, or expressing, wrath.--_adv._ WRATH'FULLY.--_n._ WRATH'FULNESS.--_adv._ WRATH'ILY.--_adjs._ WRATH'LESS; WRATH'Y, apt to wrath. [Old Northumbrian _wr['æ]ððo_--A.S. _wráð_, adj. wroth; Ice. _reithi_.]

WRAWL, rawl, _v.i._ (_Spens._) to cry as a cat, to caterwaul. [Imit.]

WRAXLING, raks'ling, _n._ wrestling.

WREAK, r[=e]k, _v.t._ to inflict: avenge.--_n._ WREAK'ER.--_adjs._ WREAK'FUL, revengeful: angry; WREAK'LESS, unpunished. [A.S. _wrecan_, orig. to drive, and so to punish, avenge; Ice. _reka_, to drive, pursue, Ger. _rächen_; conn. with L. _urg[=e]re_.]

WREAK, r[=e]k, _v.i._ (_Shak._). Same as RECK.

WREATH, r[=e]th, _n._ a chaplet: a garland: anything long and circular: a defect in glass.--_v.t._ WREATHE (r[=e]_th_), to form by twisting: to form into a wreath: to twine about or encircle.--_v.i._ to be interwoven.--_adj._ WREATH'EN (_th_), wreathed.--_n._ WREATH'ER (_th_).--_adjs._ WREATH'LESS; WREATH'Y. [A.S. _wrædh_, 'a twisted band'--_wríthan_, to writhe.]

WRECK, rek, _n._ destruction: destruction of a ship: ruins of a destroyed ship: remains of anything ruined: shipwrecked property.--_v.t._ to destroy or disable: to ruin.--_v.i._ to suffer wreck or ruin.--_ns._ WRECK'AGE, the act of wrecking: wrecked material; WRECK'ER, a person who purposely causes a wreck or who plunders wreckage: one who lures a ship on to the rocks for purposes of plunder: one who criminally ruins anything: a person employed by the owners in recovering disabled vessels or their cargo.--_adj._ WRECK'FUL, causing ruin.--_n._ WRECK'-MAS'TER, a person taking charge of a disabled ship and its cargo.--WRECK COMMISSIONERS, a tribunal which inquires into shipping disasters.--RECEIVERS OF WRECKS, wreck-masters. [A.S. _wræc_, expulsion--_wrecan_, to drive, Low Ger. _wrak_, Dut. _wrak_, Ice. _reki_, a thing drifted ashore; a doublet of _wrack_.]

WRECK, rek, _n._ (_Spens._) same as WREAK.--_v.t._ (_Milt._) to wreak.

WREN, ren, _n._ a genus (_Troglodytes_) and family (_Troglodytidæ_) of birds, having a slender, slightly curved and pointed bill, the wings very short and rounded, the tail short and carried erect, the legs slender and rather long.--_ns._ WREN'NING, the stoning of a wren to death on St Stephen's Day, December 26th--WRENNING DAY--once practised in the North Country; WREN'-TIT, a Californian bird (_Chamæa fasciata_), of dubious relations, at once resembling the wren and the titmouse. [A.S. _wrenna_, _wr['æ]nna_--_wr['æ]ne_, lascivious.]

WRENCH, rensh, _v.t._ to wring or pull with a twist: to force by violence: to sprain.--_v.i._ to undergo a violent wrenching.--_n._ a violent twist: a sprain: an instrument for turning bolts, &c.: in coursing, bringing the hare round at less than a right angle--half a point in the recognised code of points for judging. [A.S. _wrencan_ (Ger. _renken_)--_wrenc_, fraud; root of _wring_.]

WREST, rest, v.t, to twist from by force: to twist from truth or from its natural meaning.--_n._ violent pulling and twisting: distortion: an instrument, like a wrench, for tuning the piano, &c.--_n._ WREST'ER. [A.S. _wr['æ]stan_--_wr['æ]st_, firm, from _wráth_, pa.t. of _wríthan_, to writhe; Dan. _vriste_.]

WRESTLE, res'l, _v.i._ to contend by grappling and trying to throw the other down: to struggle: to apply one's self keenly to: (_Scot._) to pray earnestly.--_v.t._ to contend with in wrestling.--_n._ a bout at wrestling: a struggle between two to throw each other down.--_ns._ WREST'LER; WREST'LING, the sport or exercise of two persons struggling to throw each other to the ground in an athletic contest governed by certain fixed rules--_catch-hold_, _ground-wrestling_, _catch-as-catch-can_, _back-hold_, &c. [A.S. _wr['æ]stlian_; a freq. of _wr['æ]stan_, to wrest.]

WRETCH, rech, _n._ a most miserable person: one sunk in vice: a worthless person: body, creature (in pity, sometimes admiration).--_adj._ WRETCH'ED, very miserable: distressingly bad: despicable: worthless.--_adv._ WRETCH'EDLY.--_n._ WRETCH'EDNESS. [A.S. _wrecca_, an outcast--_wræc_, pa.t. of _wrecan_, to drive.]

WRETHE, r[=e]th, _v.t._ and _v.i._ (_Spens._). Same as WREATHE.

WRICK, rik, _v.t._ (_prov._) to twist, turn. [Low Ger. _wrikken_, to turn.]

WRIGGLE, rig'l, _v.i._ to twist to and fro: to move sinuously: to use crooked means.--_v.t._ to cause to wriggle.--_n._ the motion of wriggling.--_ns._ WRIGG'LER, one who wriggles: one who uses trickery; WRIGG'LING;. [A freq. of obs. _wrig_, to move about, itself a variant of _wrick_, M. E. _wrikken_, to twist; cf. Dut. _wriggelen_, to wriggle.]

WRIGHT, r[=i]t, _n._ a maker (chiefly used in compounds, as ship-_wright_, &c.). [A.S. _wyrhta_--_wyrht_, a work--_wyrcan_, to work.]

WRING, ring, _v.t._ to twist: to force, or force out, by twisting: to force or compress: to pain: to extort: to bend out of its position.--_v.i._ to writhe: to twist:--_pa.t._ and _pa.p._ wrung, (_B._) wringed.--_ns._ WRING'-BOLT, a bolt with a ring or eye, used to secure a ship's planks against the frame till they are permanently fixed in place; WRING'ER, one who wrings: a machine for forcing water from wet clothes--also WRING'ING-MACHINE'.--_adj._ WRING'ING-WET, so wet that water can be wrung out.--_n.pl._ WRING'-STAVES, strong pieces of wood used in applying wring-bolts.--WRING FROM, to extort; WRING OFF, to force off by wringing; WRING OUT, to squeeze out by twisting; WRING THE HANDS, to manifest grief by convulsive clasping of the hands. [A.S. _wringan_, to twist; Dut. _wringen_, Ger. _ringen_. Cf. _Wreak_, _Wry_.]

WRINKLE, ring'kl, _n._ (_coll._) a tip, valuable hint. [Perh. from A.S. _wrenc_, a trick. Cf. _Wrench_.]

WRINKLE, ring'kl, _n._ a small ridge on a surface caused by twisting or shrinking: unevenness.--_v.t._ to contract into wrinkles or furrows: to make rough.--_v.i._ to shrink into ridges.--_adj._ WRINK'LY, full of wrinkles: liable to be wrinkled. [M. E. _wrinkel_, conn. with A.S. _wringan_, to twist; prob. related to Sw. _rynka_, Dan. _rynke_, a wrinkle.]

WRIST, rist, _n._ the joint by which the hand is united to the arm: a stud or pin projecting from the side of a crank.--_ns._ WRIST'BAND, the band or part of a sleeve which covers the wrist; WRIST'-DROP, inability to extend the hand, often caused by lead-poisoning; WRIST'LET, an elastic band used to confine the upper part of a glove to the wrist: a bracelet: (_slang_) a handcuff; WRIST'-PLATE, an oscillating plate bearing wrist-pins for the connection of rods or pitmans, as on the cut-off gear of an engine; WRIST'-PIN, any pin connecting a pitman to a cross-head; WRIST'-SHOT, in golf, a short stroke usually played with an iron, from the wrist, without swinging the club over the shoulder. [A.S. _wrist_--_wríthan_, to twist; Ger. _rist_.]

WRIT, rit, obsolete _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of _write_.

WRIT, rit, _n._ a writing: (_law_) a written document by which one is summoned or required to do something: a formal document, any writing.--HOLY WRIT, the Scriptures.--SERVE A WRIT ON, to deliver a summons to.

WRITE, r[=i]t, _v.t._ to form letters with a pen or pencil: to express in writing: to compose: to engrave: to record: to communicate by letter.--_v.i._ to perform the act of writing: to be employed as a clerk: to compose books: to send letters: to practise the art of writing: to work as an author: to compose a letter:--_pr.p._ wr[=i]'ting; _pa.t._ wr[=o]te; _pa.p._ writ'ten.--_ns._ WR[=I]'TER, one who writes: a professional scribe or clerk: an ordinary legal practitioner in Scotch country towns: an author: a petty officer in the United States navy who keeps the watch-muster and other books of the ship--usually _Ship-writer_:--_fem._ WR[=I]'TERESS (_rare_); WR[=I]'TER'S-CRAMP (see CRAMP); WR[=I]'TERSHIP, the office of a writer; WR[=I]'TING, the forming letters with a pen or pencil: that which is written: literary production; WR[=I]'TING-BOOK, a book of paper for practising penmanship; WR[=I]'TING-CASE, a portable case containing materials for writing; WR[=I]'TING-CHAM'BER, a room fitted for writing: a law office; WR[=I]'TING-DESK, a desk with a sloping top for writing upon: a portable writing-case; WR[=I]'TING-INK, ink suited for writing with; WR[=I]'TING-MAS'TER, a master who teaches the art of penmanship: the yellow-bunting; WR[=I]TING-P[=A]'PER, paper finished with a smooth surface, for writing upon; WR[=I]'TING-SCHOOL, a school for penmanship; WR[=I]'TING-T[=A]'BLE, a table fitted or used for writing upon.--_adj._ WRIT'TEN, reduced to writing--opposed to _Oral_.--WRITERS TO THE SIGNET, an ancient society of solicitors in Scotland who formerly had the exclusive right to prepare all summonses and other writs pertaining to the supreme court of justice, and still have the exclusive privilege of preparing crown writs, which include all charters, precepts, and writs from the sovereign or prince of Scotland.--WRITE DOWN, to put down in written characters: to condemn in writing; WRITE OFF, to cancel by an entry on the opposite side of the account; WRITE OUT, to transcribe: to exhaust one's mental capacity by too much writing; WRITE UP, to put a full description of in writing: to praise something in writing above its merits. [A.S. _wrítan_; Ice. _ríta_; the original meaning being 'to scratch' (cf. the cog. Ger. _reissen_, to tear).]

WRITHE, r[=i]th, _v.t._ to turn to and fro: to twist violently: to wrest: (_obs._) to extort.--_v.i._ to twist.--_n._ (_rare_) a contortion.--_adv._ WR[=I]'THINGLY. [A.S. _wríthan_, to twist; Ice. _rítha_. Cf. _Wreath_, _Wrest_, _Wrist_.]

WRITHLE, rith'l, _v.t._ (_Spens._) to wrinkle: (_Shak._) to shrivel.

WRIZZLED, riz'ld, _adj._ (_Spens._) wrinkled.

WROKE, r[=o]k, WROKEN, r[=o]k'n, obsolete _pa.p._ of _wreak_.

WRONG, rong, _adj._ not according to rule or right, deviating from what is correct or suitable: perverse: not fit or suitable: incorrect: not right or true.--_n._ whatever is not right or just: any injury done to another: an erroneous view.--_adv._ not rightly.--_v.t._ to do wrong to: to deprive of some right: to injure.--_ns._ WRONG'-DO'ER, one who does wrong: one who injures another; WRONG'-DO'ING, evil or wicked action or conduct; WRONG'ER, one who wrongs.--_adj._ WRONG'FUL, wrong: unjust: injurious.--_adv._ WRONG'FULLY.--_n._ WRONG'FULNESS.--_adj._ WRONG'-HEAD'ED, obstinately and perversely stubborn.--_adv._ WRONG'-HEAD'EDLY.--_n._ WRONG'-HEAD'EDNESS.--_adv._ WRONG'LY, in a wrong manner.--_adj._ WRONG'-MIND'ED, having erroneous views.--_n._ WRONG'NESS.--_adj._ WRONG'OUS, unjust, illegal.--_adv._ WRONG'OUSLY.--_adj._ WRONG'-TIMED, inopportune.--GO WRONG, to fail to work properly: to stray from virtue; HAVE WRONG, to be wrong: to suffer injustice; IN THE WRONG, holding an erroneous view or unjust position; PRIVATE WRONG, a violation of the civil or personal rights of an individual in his private capacity; PUT IN THE WRONG, to cause to appear in error. [A.S. _wrang_, a wrong; most prob. Scand., Ice. _rangr_, unjust, Dan. _vrang_, wrong. Skeat explains A.S. _wrang_ as from _wrang_, pa.t. of _wringan_, to wring, like Fr. _tort_, from L. _tortus_, twisted.]

WROTE, r[=o]t. _pa.t._ of _write_.

WROTH, r[=o]th, _adj._ wrathful. [A.S. _wráth_, angry--_wráth_, pa.t. of _wríthan_, to writhe; cf. Ice. _reithr_.]

WROUGHT, rawt, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of _work_.--_n._ WROUGHT'-[=I]'RON, malleable iron. [A.S. _worhte_, _geworht_, pa.t. and pa.p. of _wyrcan_, _wircan_, to work.]

WRUNG, rung, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of _wring_.

WRY, r[=i], _adj._ twisted or turned to one side: not in the right direction.--_n._ (_prov._) distortion.--_v.i._ (_Shak._) to go astray.--_v.t._ to give a twist to, pervert.--_n._ WRY'BILL, a New Zealand plover with bill bent sideways.--_adv._ WRY'LY.--_adj._ WRY'-MOUTHED, having a crooked mouth, unflattering.--_n._ WRY'-NECK, a twisted or distorted neck: a small bird allied to the woodpecker, which twists round its head strangely when surprised.--_adj._ WRY'-NECKED.--_n._ WRY'NESS.--MAKE A WRY FACE, or MOUTH, to pucker up the face, or mouth, in sign of disgust or pain. [A.S. _wrigian_, to drive, bend. Ult. conn. with _wriggle_ and _writhe_.]

WULL, wul, _v.i._ (_Spens._). Same as WILL.

WUTHER, wuth'[.e]r, _v.i._ (_prov._) to roar sullenly.--_n._ a low roaring. [Perh. traceable to A.S. _wóth_, a cry.]

WUZZENT, wuz'ent, _adj._ (_Scot._) wizened.

WUZZLE, wuz'l, _v.t._ (_U.S._) to jumble.

WYCH-ELM, _n._ See WITCH-ELM.

WYCLIFITE, WYCLIFFITE, wik'lif-[=i]t, _adj._ pertaining to the English reformer and translator of the Bible, John _Wycliffe_ (1325-84).--_n._ a follower of WYCLIFFE; a Lollard.

WYKEHAMIST, wik'am-ist, _n._ a student, or former student, of Winchester College, founded by William of _Wykeham_, Bishop of Winchester (died 1404).

WYLIE-COAT, w[=i]'li-k[=o]t, _n._ (_Scot._) a flannel undervest or petticoat.

WYND, w[=i]nd, _n._ (_Scot._) a lane: narrow alley in a town. [Same as _Wind_ (2).]

WYVERN, w[=i]'vrn, _n._ (_her._) a fictitious monster allied to the dragon and the griffin, and having its two legs and feet like those of the eagle. [O. Fr. _wivre_, a viper--L. _vipera_.]

* * * * *

X the twenty-fourth letter in our alphabet, having in modern English the value of _ks_, which it had in Anglo-Saxon--except at the beginning of a word, where it is pronounced like _z_. As a numeral X stands for ten, [X on its side] for a thousand, [=X] for ten thousand; X as an abbreviation represents the word Christ--Xian, Xmas; _x_ in algebra is the first of the unknown quantities; and the use of X, XX, and XXX on barrels of stout is a well-known way of indicating the quality.--X-RAYS, the name given by Röntgen of Würzburg in 1895 to those dark or invisible rays emitted, under the influence of an electric current, from a glass-bulb highly exhausted of air through an aluminium window into a close box, and which when passed through the hand or other part of the body imprint a shadow-picture of the bones on a sensitive photographic plate--a discovery of high value in surgery, enabling a bullet, &c., embedded in the flesh to be carefully localised.

XANTHEINE, zan'the-in, _n._ the yellow colouring matter of flowers. [From Gr. _xanthos_, yellow.]

XANTHIAN, zan'thi-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Xanthus_, the capital of ancient Lycia, in Asia Minor.

XANTHIN, zan'thin, _n._ a name given to the yellow colouring matter of various flowers, to a principle in madder, and to a deposit of urine.--_n._ XAN'THATE, a salt of xanthic acid.--_adj._ XAN'THIC. [Gr. _xanthos_, yellow.]

XANTHIUM, zan'thi-um, _n._ a weedy plant of the aster family.--Also _Cockle-bur_, _Clot-bur_.

XANTHOCHROI, zan-thok'roi, _n.pl._ one of the five groups of men, according to Huxley and other ethnologists, comprising the fair whites.--_n._ XANTHOCHROI'A, a yellow discolouration of the skin.--_adjs._ XANTHOCHR[=O]'IC, XANTHOCH'R[=O]OUS. [Formed through L. from Gr. _xanthos_, yellow, _chroa_, skin.]

XANTHOMA, zan-th[=o]'ma, _n._ a skin disease consisting of a growth of flat or tuberculated yellowish patches, often on the eyelids.--_adj._ XANTHOMA'ATOUS. [Gr. _xanthos_, yellow.]

XANTHOMELANOUS, zan-th[=o]-mel'a-nus, _adj._ applied to a type of men with black hair and yellow or olive skins. [Gr. _xanthos_, yellow, _melas_, _-anos_, black.]

XANTHOPHYLL, zan'th[=o]-fil, _n._ any one of certain yellow pigments contained in leaves.

XANTHOPSY, zan'thop-si, _n._ a kind of colour-blindness in which everything looks yellowish.

XANTHOSIS, zan-th[=o]'sis, _n._ the formation of a yellowish pigment in the areolar or muscular tissue, discolouring the skin--esp. in cancerous tumours.

XANTHOUS, zan'thus, _adj._ yellow. [Gr. _xanthos_, yellow.]

XANTHOXYLUM, zan-thok'si-lum, _n._ a genus of the _Rutaceæ_, comprising over one hundred species, of which many are found in Brazil and the West Indies--the Prickly Ash or Toothache-tree. [Formed from Gr. _xanthos_, yellow, _xylon_, wood.]

XANTHURA, zan-th[=u]'ra, _n._ a genus of American jays, with yellow tail. [Gr. _xanthos_, yellow, _oura_, tail.]

XANTIPPE, zan-tip'e, _n._ a scold, shrew. [Wife of Socrates.]

XEBEC, z[=e]'bek, _n._ a small three-masted vessel much used by the former corsairs of Algiers. [Sp.,--Turk. _sumbak[=i]_.]

XEMA, z[=e]'ma, _n._ the genus of fork-tailed gulls.

XENARTHRAL, zen-arth'ral, _adj._ peculiarly jointed, as dorso-lumbar vertebræ. [Gr. _xenos_, strange, _arthron_, a joint.]

XENIAL, z[=e]'ni-al, _adj._ of or belonging to hospitality. [Gr. _xenos_, a guest.]

XENIUM, z[=e]'ni-um, _n._ a present made to a guest, stranger, or ambassador. [Gr.]

XENODOCHY, z[=e]-nod'[=o]-ki, _n._ reception of strangers.--_n._ XENODOCH[=E]'UM, a building for the reception of strangers: an inn in modern Greece.

XENOGAMY, zen-og'a-mi, _n._ (_bot._) cross-fertilisation. [Gr. _xenos_, strange, _gamos_, marriage.]

XENOGENESIS, zen-[=o]-jen'e-sis, _n._ the generation of something altogether and permanently unlike the parent.--_adj._ XENOGENET'IC. [Gr. _xenos_, a stranger, _genesis_, birth.]

XENOMANIA, zen-[=o]-m[=a]'ni-a, _n._ an inordinate attachment to things foreign. [Gr. _xenos_, foreign, _mania_, madness.]

XENOMENIA, zen-[=o]-m[=e]'n[=i]-a, _n._ vicarious or supplementary menstruation. [Gr. _xenos_, strange, _m[=e]niaia_, menses.]

XENOMORPHIC, zen-[=o]-mor'fik, _adj._ not having its own proper form, but an irregular shape impressed by adjacent minerals. [Gr. _xenos_, strange, _morph[=e]_, form.]

XENOPS, z[=e]'nops, _n._ a genus of South American tree-creepers, with short turned-up bills. [Gr. _xenos_, strange, _[=o]ps_, face.]

XENURUS, z[=e]-n[=u]'rus, _n._ a genus of armadillos.--_adj._ XEN[=U]'RINE. [Gr. _xenos_, strange, _oura_, tail.]

XERANSIS, z[=e]-ran'sis, _n._ siccation.--Also XER[=O]'SIS.

XERANTIC, z[=e]-ran'tik, _adj._ drying up, exsiccant.

XERASIA, z[=e]-r[=a]'si-a, _n._ a morbid dryness of the hair.--Also XER[=O]'SIS. [Gr. _x[=e]ros_, dry.]

XERODERMA, z[=e]-r[=o]-der'ma, _n._ a morbid state of dryness of the skin due to diminished secretion of the sebaceous glands.

XERODES, z[=e]-r[=o]'d[=e]s, _n._ any tumour attended with dryness.

XEROMYRUM, z[=e]-rom'i-rum, _n._ a dry ointment.

XEROPHAGY, z[=e]-rof'a-ji, _n._ the habit of living on dry food. [Gr. _x[=e]ros_, dry, _phagein_, to eat.]

XEROPHILOUS, z[=e]-rof'i-lus, _adj._ (_bot._) loving dryness.

XEROPHTHALMIA, z[=e]-rof-thal'mi-a, _n._ a dry form of conjunctivis.

XEROSTOMIA, z[=e]-r[=o]-st[=o]'mi-a, _n._ abnormal dryness of the mouth.

XEROTES, z[=e]'r[=o]-t[=e]z, _n._ a dry habit of body.--_adj._ XEROT'IC.

XEROTRIBIA, z[=e]-r[=o]-trib'i-a, _n._ dry friction.--Also XEROTRIP'SIS.

XIPHOID, zif'oid, _adj._ resembling the sword-fish.

XOANON, z[=o]'a-non, _n._ a primitive statue, fallen from heaven, originally of wood, later overlaid with ivory and gold. [Gr.]

X-RAYS. See under X.

XYLANTHRAX, z[=i]-lan'thraks, _n._ wood-coal.

XYLEM, z[=i]'lem, _n._ the woody part of vegetable tissue--opposed to the _phloëm_, or bast part.

XYLOBALSAMUM, z[=i]-l[=o]-bal'sa-mum, _n._ the dried twigs of the balm-of-Gilead tree.

XYLOCARP, z[=i]'l[=o]-kärp, _n._ a hard and woody fruit.--_adj._ XYLOCAR'POUS.

XYLOGRAPHY, zi-log'ra-fi, _n._ the art of engraving on wood.--_ns._ XYL'OGRAPH, an impression or print from a wood block: an impression of the grain of wood for surface decoration; XYLOG'RAPHER.--_adjs._ XYLOGRAPH'IC, -AL. [Gr. _xylon_, wood, _graphein_, to write.]

XYLOID, z[=i]'loid, _adj._ woody, ligneous.

XYLOIDINE, z[=i]-loi'din, _n._ an explosive like gun-cotton, prepared by the action of strong nitric acid on starch or woody fibre. [Gr. _xylon_, wood, _eidos_, form, appearance.]

XYLOL, z[=i]'lol, _n._ any of the metameric dimethyl benzenes. [Gr. _xylon_, wood, L. _oleum_, oil.]

XYLONITE, z[=i]'-l[=o]-n[=i]t, _n._ a kind of celluloid (q.v.). [Gr. _xylon_, wood.]

XYLOPHAGAN, z[=i]-lof'a-gan, _n._ one of the XYLOPH'AGA, a genus of boring bivalves.

XYLOPHAGOUS, z[=i]-lof'a-gus, _adj._ wood-eating.

XYLOPHILOUS, z[=i]-lof'i-lus, _adj._ fond of wood, living upon wood.

XYLOPHONE, z[=i]'l[=o]-f[=o]n, _n._ a musical instrument consisting of a graduated series of wooden bars, which are rested on straw, and are struck by wooden hammers. [Gr. _xylon_, wood, _ph[=o]n[=e]_, a voice.]

XYLOPIA, z[=i]-l[=o]'p[=i]-a, _n._ a genus of plants, natives of the tropics, chiefly in America. [Gr. _xylon_, wood, _pikros_, bitter.]

XYLOPYROGRAPHY, z[=i]-l[=o]-p[=i]-rog'ra-fi, _n._ poker-painting.

XYST, zist, _n._ a covered portico used by athletes for their exercises.--Also XYST'OS, XYST'US.

XYSTER, zis't[.e]r, _n._ a surgeon's instrument for scraping bones.

* * * * *

Y the twenty-fifth letter of our alphabet.--Y=150; [=Y]=150,000.--_ns._ Y'-LEVEL, an engineers' spirit-level, so called because of the telescope formerly resting on 'Y's,' capable of being rotated at will--now substituted by the 'dumpy-level'--also _Wye-level_; Y'-MOTH, the gamma, a destructive noctuid moth, with a silvery Y-shaped mark on the upper wings; Y'-TRACK, a short track laid at right angles to a railway-line, connected with it by two switches resembling a Y, used instead of a turn-table for reversing engines.

YACCA, yak'a, _n._ a kind of evergreen in the West Indies.

YACHT, yot, _n._ a sailing or steam vessel, elegantly fitted up for pleasure-trips or racing, or as a vessel of state.--_v.i._ to sail in a yacht.--_adj._ YACHT'-BUILT, built on the model of a yacht.--_ns._ YACHT'-CLUB, a club of yachtsmen; YACHT'ER, one engaged in sailing a yacht; YACHT'ING, sailing in a yacht; YACHTS'MAN, one who keeps or sails a yacht; YACHTS'MANSHIP, the art of sailing a yacht. [Dut. _jagt_ (formerly _jacht_), from _jagen_, to chase=Old High Ger. _jag[=o]n_, Ger. _jagen_, to hunt.]

YAFF, yaf, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to bark like a snarling dog.

YAFFINGALE, yaf'ing-g[=a]l, _n._ (_Tenn._) the green woodpecker. [From Prov. Eng. _yaffle_ (and under the influence of _nightingale_), from the sound.]

YAGER, y[=a]'g[.e]r, _n._ formerly one of various bodies of light infantry in German armies, largely recruited from foresters, now one of various corps of infantry or cavalry, generally riflemen.--Also JÄ'GER. [Ger. _jäger_, a huntsman.]

YAGGER, yag'[.e]r, _n._ (_Scot._) a peddler, a stroller. [Dut. _jager_, a huntsman--_jagen_, to hunt.]

YAHOO, ya-h[=oo]', _n._ a name given by Swift in _Gulliver's Travels_ to a class of animals which have the forms of men but the understanding and passions of the lowest brutes: a despicable character.

YAHVEH, yä-v[=a]'=_Jehovah_.--_n._ YAH'VIST=_Jehovist_.

YAK, yak, _n._ a species of ox found in Tibet, and domesticated there, covered all over with a thick coat of long silky hair, that of the lower parts hanging down almost to the ground. [Tibetan.]

YAKUT, ya-k[=oo]t', _n._ a member of a mixed Turkish race in Siberia, in the Lena district.

YALD, YAULD, yäld, _adj._ (_Scot._) active, supple.

YAM, yam, _n._ a large root like the potato growing in tropical countries. [Port. _inhame_.]

YAMA, yam'a, _n._ in Hindu mythology, the first mortal progenitor of the human race. [Sans.]

YAMADOU, yam'a-d[=oo], _n._ an oil from the yellow-nutmeg.

YAMMER, yam'[.e]r, _v.i._ to lament, wail: to whine.--_n._ YAMM'ERING. [A.S. _geómerian_--_geómor_, sad.]

YAMUN, yä'mun, _n._ the office and residence of a mandarin. [Chin.]

YANK, yangk, _v.t._ to carry, move with a jerk (with out, over).--_n._ (_Scot._) a blow, buffet.--_n._ YANK'ER (_Scot._), a rap: a big lie.--_adj._ YANK'ING (_Scot._), active: (_U.S._) pulling, jerking.--_n._ YANK'IE (_Scot._), a scold: an impudent woman. [Scand., Sw. prov. _jakka_, to rove about, Ice. _jaga_, to move about.]

YANKEE, yang'k[=e], _n._ a citizen of the New England States in America: an inhabitant of the United States--also YANK (_coll._).--_ns._ YANK'EEDOM, the country inhabited by Yankees: Yankees generally; YANK'EE-DOO'DLE, a Yankee, from a popular air--also _adj._--_adj._ YANK'EEFIED.--_n._ YANK'EEISM, Yankee characteristics. [Perh. a corr. of _English_, or of Fr. _Anglais_, by the North American Indians.]

YAP, yap, _v.i._ (_prov._) to yelp, bark constantly.--_n._ a yelp: a cur.--_n._ YAP'STER, a dog.

YAPOK, YAPOCK, yap'ok, _n._ the S. Amer. water-opossum. [From the river _Oyapok_, in French Guiana.]

YAPON, yä'pon, _n._ a bushy evergreen shrub of the holly family, native to the S.E. coasts of the U.S., its leaves yielding the medicinal 'black drink' of the Indians.--Also YAU'PON, YU'PON. [Most prob. Amer. Ind.]

YAPP, yap, _n._ a kind of limp leather binding in which the cover overlaps the edge of the book.

YARD, yärd, _n._ an English measure of 3 feet or 36 inches: a long beam on a mast for spreading square sails: the penis.--_ns._ YARD'-ARM, either half of a ship's yard (right or left) from the centre to the end; YARD'STICK, a stick 3 feet long, any standard of measurement--also YARD'WAND. [A.S. _gyrd_, _gierd_, a rod, measure; Dut. _garde_, Ger. _gerte_; further conn. with Goth. _gazds_, a stick, L. _hasta_, a spear.]

YARD, yärd, _n._ an enclosed place, esp. near a building, as 'prison-yard,' or where any special work is carried on, as 'brick-yard,' 'wood-yard,' 'dock-yard,' 'navy-yard:' a garden.--_v.t._ to enclose in a yard.--_ns._ YARD'AGE, the use of a yard, or the charge made for such: the cutting of coal at so much per yard; YARD'-LAND, the amount of land held by a tenant in villeinage, in older English usage, varying from 15 to 40 acres; YARD'MAN, the person having special charge of a farm-yard: one employed in a railway-yard in making up trains, &c.; YARD'-MAS'TER, one who has the special oversight of a railway-yard. [A.S. _geard_, hedge, enclosure; Ger. _garten_; conn. with L. _hortus_, Gr. _chortos_.]

YARE, y[=a]r, _adj._ ready: dexterous: quick: easily handled, manageable.--_adv._ YARE'LY (_Shak._), promptly: dexterously: skilfully. [A.S. _gearu_, _gearo_, ready, prompt; Dut. _gaar_, dressed, Ger. _gar_, wholly.]

YARN, yärn, _n._ spun thread: one of the threads of a rope: a sailor's story (spun out to some length), a story generally.--_v.i._ to tell stories. [A.S. _gearn_, thread; Ice. and Ger. _garn_.]

YARPHA, yär'fa, _n._ peaty soil in Shetland.

YARR, yär, _n._ (_prov._) the corn spurry.

YARRISH, yär'ish, _adj._ (_prov._) having a rough, dry taste.

YARROW, yar'[=o], _n._ the plant milfoil. [A.S. _gearuwe_; Ger. _garbe_.]

YASHMAK, yash'mak, _n._ the double veil worn by Moslem women in public, the eyes only being uncovered. [Ar.]

YASHT, yäsht, _n._ in the Zend-Avesta, one of a collection of hymns and prayers.

YATAGHAN, yat'a-gan, _n._ a long Turkish dagger, without guard, usually curved. [Turk.]

YATE, y[=a]t, _n._ (_Spens._) a gate.

YAUD, yäd, _n._ Scotch form of _jade_.

YAUP, yäp, _n._ (_prov._) the blue titmouse.

YAUP, yäp, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to be hungry.--_adj._ hungry.

YAW, yaw, _v.i._ to move unsteadily: (_naut._) to deviate temporarily or to turn out of the line of her course, as a ship.--_n._ a deviation from the course. [Scand., cf. Norw. _gaga_, to bend back, Ice. _gagr_, bent back.]

YAWL, yawl, _v.i._ to howl. [Cf. _Gowl_.]

YAWL, yawl, _n._ a ship's small boat, generally with four or six oars: a small fishing-boat: a small sailing-boat with jigger and curtailed mainboom. [Dut. _jol_. Cf. _Jollyboat_.]

YAWN, yawn, _v.i._ to open the jaws involuntarily from drowsiness: to gape: to gape with astonishment.--_n._ the opening of the mouth from drowsiness.--_adj._ YAWN'ING, gaping: opening wide: drowsy.--_n._ act of opening wide or gaping: a modification of the ordinary movements of respiration, in which the inspiration is deeper than usual, accompanied by a kind of spasmodic contraction of the muscles which depress the lower jaw, and by a great elevation of the ribs and to some degree of the shoulder-blades.--_adv._ YAWN'INGLY. [A.S. _gánian_, to yawn--_gínan_, pa.t. _gán_, to gape widely; Ice. _gína_, to gape, Gr. _chainein_, to gape.]

YAWS, yaws, _n._ a tropical epidemic and contagious disease of the skin--also _Framboesia_, _Button scurvy_, _Verruga Peruviana_, _Buba_ or _Boba_, _Patta_, _Tetia_, &c.--_adj._ YAW'EY, pertaining to the yaws. [African _yaw_, a raspberry.]

Y-CLAD, i-klad', an obsolete form of _clad_, _pa.p._ of _clothe_.

YCLEPT, or YCLEPED, i-klept', _pa.p._ (_obs._) called. [_Clepe_.]

YE, y[=e], _pron._ the nom. pl. of the 2d person--in old English _ye_ was always used as a nominative, and _you_ as a dative or accusative, as in the English Bible. [M. E. _ye_, _[gh]e_, nom.; _your_, _[gh]our_, gen.; _you_, _[gh]ou_, _yow_, dat. and accus. pl. A.S. _ge_, nom. ye; _eówer_, gen. of you; _eów_, to you, you, dat. and accus.]

YEA, y[=a], _adv._ yes: verily.--_adj._ (_B._) true.--_n._ an affirmative vote. [A.S. _geá_; Dut. and Ger. _ja_, Ice. _já_. Cf. _Yes_.]

YEAD, YEDE, y[=e]d, _v.i._ (_Spens._) to go: to march:--_pr.p._ yead'ing; _pa.p._ y[=o]de. [A.S. _eode_, went, pa.t. of _gán_, to go.]

YEAN, y[=e]n, _v.t._ to bring forth young.--_n._ YEAN'LING (_Shak._), the young of a sheep: a lamb. [A.S. _éanian_, to bring forth--_eacen_, pregnant.]

YEAR, y[=e]r, _n._ a period of time determined by the revolution of the earth in its orbit, and embracing the four seasons, popularly a period beginning with 1st January and ending with 31st December, consisting of 365 days (excepting every fourth year, called 'bissextile' or 'leap-year,' in which one day is added to February, making the number 366)--the CALENDAR, CIVIL, or LEGAL YEAR: a space of twelve calendar months: (_pl._) period of life, esp. age or old age.--_ns._ YEAR'-BOOK, a book published annually, containing reports of judicial cases, or of discoveries, events, &c.; YEAR'LING, an animal a year old.--_adj._ a year old.--_adjs._ YEAR'LONG, lasting a year; YEAR'LY, happening every year: lasting a year.--_adv._ once a year: from year to year.--YEAR OF GRACE, or OF OUR LORD, date of the Christian era.--ANOMALISTIC YEAR (see ANOMALY); ASTRONOMICAL YEAR, the interval between one vernal equinox and the next, or one complete mean apparent circuit of the ecliptic by the sun, or mean motion through 360° of longitude--365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 49.7 seconds--called also the EQUINOCTIAL, SOLAR, or TROPICAL YEAR; CANICULAR YEAR--the ancient Egyptian--counted from one heliacal rising of Sirius to the next--(the _Canicular Cycle_ was the cycle of 1461 years of 365 days each, or 1460 Julian years, also called the _Sothiac period_); ECCLESIASTICAL YEAR, the year as arranged in the ecclesiastical calendar, with saints' days, festivals, &c.; EMBOLISMIC YEAR, a year of thirteen lunar months or 384 days, occurring in a lunisolar calendar like that of the Jews; HEBREW YEAR, a lunisolar year, of 12 or 13 months of 29 or 30 days--in every cycle of nineteen years the 3d, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th having thirteen months instead of twelve; JULIAN YEAR, a period of 365¼ days, thus causing an annual error of about 11 minutes--corrected by dropping 10 days in 1582 under Pope Gregory XIII.--not adopted in England till 3d September 1752, which became September 14 (see STYLE); LEGAL YEAR, the year by which dates were reckoned, which till 1752 began in England on 25th March, that date being originally chosen by Dionysius Exiguus as being the Annunciation--exactly nine months before Christmas. In Scotland the year began on 1st January since 1600.--The most common New Year's Days were these four--(a) 25th December; (b) 25th March; (c) Easter; (d) 1st January. Thus England used both the first and second from the 6th century to 1066; the fourth till 1155; then the second till the day after 31st December 1751, which was called 1st January 1752. Scotland used the second till 1599, when the day after 31st December 1599 was called 1st January 1600. France under Charlemagne used the first, and afterwards also the third and second till 1563; LUNAR YEAR, a period of twelve lunar months or 354 days, PLATONIC YEAR, a cycle of years at the end of which the heavenly bodies are in the same place as at the Creation--also GREAT, or PERFECT, YEAR; SABBATIC, -AL, YEAR (see SABBATH); SIDEREAL YEAR, the period required by the sun to move from a given star to the same star again--affected by Nutation only, one of the most invariable quantities which nature affords us, having a mean value of 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9.6 seconds.--IN YEARS, advanced in age. [A.S. _geár_, _gér_; Ger. _jahr_, Ice. _ár_, Gr. _h[=o]ra_, season.]

YEARN, y[.e]rn, _v.i._ to feel earnest desire: to feel uneasiness, as from longing or pity.--_n._ YEARN'ING, earnest desire, tenderness, or pity.--_adj._ longing.--_adv._ YEARN'INGLY. [A.S. _giernan_, _giernian_, to desire--_georn_, desirous, eager; cf. Ger. _begehren_. to long for.]

YEARN, y[.e]rn, _v.i._ and _v.t._ (_Shak._) to grieve. [M. E. _ermen_--A.S. _yrman_, to vex--_earm_, poor.]

YEARN, y[.e]rn, _v.t._ (_Spens._) to earn.

YEARN, y[.e]rn, _v.i._ to curdle, as milk--also Earn.--_n._ YEARN'ING, rennet.

YEAST, y[=e]st, _n._ the froth of malt liquors in fermentation: the vegetable growth to which fermentation is due, of value in brewing, baking, &c.: (_Shak._) spume or foam of water.--_v.i._ to ferment.--_ns._ YEAST'INESS, the state of being yeasty or frothy; YEAST'-PLANT, a small plant causing alcoholic fermentation in saccharine liquids; YEAST'-POW'DER, a baking powder.--_adj._ YEAST'Y, like yeast: frothy, foamy: unsubstantial. [A.S. _gist_, _gyst_; Ger. _gäscht_, _gischt_.]

YELD, yeld, _adj._ (_Scot._) barren, not giving milk. [A variant of _geld_.]

YELDRING, yel'dring, _n._ the same as YOWLEY.--Also YEL'DROCK.

YELK. Same as YOLK.

YELL, yel, _v.i._ to howl or cry out with a sharp noise: to scream from pain or terror.--_v.t._ to utter with a yell.--_n._ a sharp outcry.--_n._ YELL'ING.--_v.i._ YELL'OCH (_Scot._), to yell.--_n._ a yell. [A.S. _gellan_, _gyllan_; Ger. _gellen_; conn. with A.S. _galan_, to sing.]

YELLOW, yel'[=o], _adj._ of a bright gold colour.--_n._ a bright golden colour: (_pl._) the peach-yellows (see PEACH): (_Shak._) jaundice in horses.--_v.t._ to make yellow.--_v.i._ to become yellow.--_adjs._ YELL'OW-BACKED, -BELL'IED, -BILLED, -BREAST'ED, -COV'ERED, -CROWNED, -EYED, -FOOT'ED, -FRONT'ED, -HEAD'ED, -HORNED, -LEGGED, -NECKED, -POLLED, -RINGED, -RUMPED, -SHOUL'DERED, -SPOT'TED, &c.--_ns._ YELL'OW-BIRD, one of various birds of a yellow colour--the golden oriole, summer-warbler, &c.; YELL'OW-BOY, a gold coin: a mulatto or dark quadroon:--_fem._ YELL'OW-GIRL; YELL'OW-BUNT'ING, the yellow-hammer; YELL'OW-EARTH, a yellow ochre sometimes used as a pigment; YELL'OW-F[=E]'VER, a pestilential contagious fever of a continuous and special type, presenting at least two well-defined stages, the first occupying 36 to 150 hours, marked by a rapid circulation and high temperature; the second being characterised by general depression and black vomit--also known as _Yellow Jack_, _Bronze John_, _El Vomito_, and _Vomito Prieto_ or _Vomito Amarilli_; YELL'OW-FLAG, a flag of a yellow colour, displayed by a vessel in quarantine or over a military hospital or ambulance; YELL'OW-GUM, the melæna or black jaundice of infants; YELL'OW-HAMM'ER, -AMM'ER, a song-bird, so named from its yellow colour: the common yellow-bunting.--_adj._ YELL'OWISH, somewhat yellow.--_ns._ YELL'OWISHNESS; YELL'OW-MET'AL, a brass consisting of sixty parts copper and forty parts zinc; YELL'OWNESS; YELL'OW-ROOT, an American herb whose root-stock yields berberine--also _Orange-root_, _Goldenseal_; YELL'OW-SOAP, common soap composed of tallow, resin, and soda; YELL'OW-WASH, a lotion consisting of a mixture of mercuric chloride and lime-water; YELL'OW-WEED, weld; YELL'OW-WOOD, a name given to Fustic and many other trees--e.g. satin-wood, and various kinds of podocarpus, rhus, xanthoxylum, &c.; YELL'OW-WORT, an annual of the gentian family--also YELL'OW-CEN'TAURY.--_adj._ YELL'OWY, yellowish.--_ns._ YELL'OW-YOL'DRING, -YOR'LING, or -YOW'LEY, the European yellow-hammer.--YELLOW BERRIES, Persian berries. [A.S. _geolo_; Ger. _gelb_; cog. with L. _heluus_, light bay.]

YELP, yelp, _v.i._ to utter a sharp bark.--_n._ a sharp, quick cry or bark.--_n._ YELP'ER. [A.S. _gilpan_, to boast, exult; Ice. _giálpa_, to yelp.]

YEN, yen, _n._ a Japanese gold or silver coin, used as the monetary unit since 1871, and now equivalent to about 2s. 0½d. of our money. [Jap.,--Chin. _yuen_, round, a dollar.]

YEOMAN, y[=o]'man, _n._ in early English history, a common menial attendant, but after the fifteenth century, one of a class of small freeholders, forming the next grade below gentlemen: a man of small estate, any small farmer or countryman above the grade of labourer: an officer of the royal household: a member of the yeomanry cavalry: (_Shak._) a journeyman, assistant: a gentleman in a royal or noble household, ranking between a sergeant and a groom.--_adj._ YEO'MANLY, of yeoman's rank: humble and honest.--_adv._ staunchly, bravely.--_n._ YEO'MANRY, the collective body of yeomen or smaller freeholders: a cavalry volunteer force in Great Britain, formed during the wars of the French Revolution, its organisation by counties, under the lords-lieutenant, raised and drilled locally, the men providing their own horses and uniform.--YEOMEN OF THE GUARD, a veteran company of picked soldiers, employed in conjunction with the gentlemen-at-arms on grand occasions as the sovereign's bodyguard--constituted a corps in 1485 by Henry VII., and still wearing the costume of that period; YEOMAN'S SERVICE, powerful aid, such as came from the yeomen in the English armies of early times. [M. E. _yoman_, _yemen_, doubtless from an A.S. _gáman_, not found, but seen in Old Frisian _g[=a]man_, villager--_g[=a]_, a village (Ger. _gau_, district), _man_, man.]

YERBA, yer'ba, _n._ the Paraguay tea or maté. [Sp.,--L. _herba_.]

YERK, y[.e]rk, _v.t._ to throw or thrust with a sudden, quick motion, to jerk: (_obs._) to beat, rouse, excite (_Scot._): to bind or tie with a jerk. [Akin to _jerk_.]

YES, yes, _adv._ ay: a word of affirmation or consent. [A.S. _gise_, _gese_--_geá_, yea, _sý_, let it be.]

YESTER, yes't[.e]r, _adj._ relating to yesterday: last.--_n._ YES'TERDAY, the day last past.--_adv._ on the day last past.--_ns._ YES'TEREVE, -N, YES'TEREVENING, the evening last past; YES'TERMORN, YES'TERMORNING, the morning last past; YES'TERNIGHT, the night last past; YES'TERYEAR, last year.--_adv._ YESTREEN' (_Scot._), last evening, contracted from _yestereven_. [A.S. _geostran-_, _giestran-_ (only in compounds); Ger. _gestern_; cf. L. _hesternus_, Gr. _chthes_.]

YET, yet, _adv._ in addition: besides: at the same time: up to the present time: hitherto: even: however.--_conj._ nevertheless: however. [A.S. _git_, _gita_; Ger. _jetz_.]

YETT, yet, _n._ (_Scot._) a gate, door--another term of _yate_, itself a dialectal form of _gate_.

YEVE, y[=e]v, _v.t._ to give:--_pa.p._ (_Spens._) YEV'EN.

YEW, [=u], _n._ a tree of genus _Taxus_--natural order _Taxaceæ_, itself a suborder of _Coniferæ_--widely diffused over the whole northern parts of the world, with narrow lanceolate or linear leaves (in Europe long planted in graveyards), yielding an elastic wood good for bows: its wood.--_adj._ YEW'EN (_Spens._), made of yew.--_n._ YEW'-TREE. [A.S. _íw_, _éow_, _éoh_; Ger. _eibe_, Ir. _iubhar_.]

YEX, yeks, _v.i._ (_prov._) to hiccup.--_n._ a hiccup.

YGGDRASIL, ig'dra-sil, _n._ (_Scand. myth._) the ash-tree binding together heaven, earth, and hell, and extending its branches over the whole world and above the heavens--according to Vigfusson and Powell, not a primitive Scandinavian idea, but originating after the contact with Christianity, and so a corruption of the cross [Ice. _Yggdra Syll_; cf. _Yggr_, _Uggr_, a surname of Odin, _syll_, sill. Magnusson explains as 'Odin's horse,' Ice. _sleipner_, horse.]

YIDDISH, yid'ish, _n._ a strange compound of very corrupt Hebrew and ancient or provincial German spoken by the commoner Jews--extensively in the East End of London.--_ns._ YID, YIDD'ISHER, a Jew. [Ger. _jüdisch_, Jewish.]

YIELD, y[=e]ld, _v.t._ to resign: to grant: to give out: to produce: to allow.--_v.i._ to submit: to comply with: to give place.--_n._ amount yielded: product.--_adj._ YIELD'ABLE, that may be yielded: inclined to yield.--_ns._ YIELD'ABLENESS; YIELD'ER.--_adj._ YIELD'ING, inclined to give way or comply: compliant.--_adv._ YIELD'INGLY.--_n._ YIELD'INGNESS.--YIELD UP THE GHOST (see 'Give up the ghost,' under GIVE). [A.S. _gieldan_, _gildan_, to pay, _gelten_, Ice. _gjalda_.]

YILL, yil, _n._ (_Scot._) ale. [_Ale_.]

YITE, y[=i]t, _n._ (_prov._) the yellow-bunting.--Also YOIT.

Y-LEVEL, Y-MOTH. See Y.

YO, y[=o], _interj._ expressive of effort, &c.--YO-HO, in order to call attention.

YODEL, YODLE, y[=o]'dl, _v.t._ and _v.i._ to sing, changing frequently from the ordinary voice to falsetto and back again after the manner of the mountaineers of the Tyrol.--_n._ a song sung in this fashion--also J[=O]'DEL.--_ns._ Y[=O]'DELER, Y[=O]'DLER. [Ger. dial. _jodeln_.]

YOGA, y[=o]'ga, _n._ a system of Hindu philosophy showing the means of emancipation of the soul from further migrations.--_ns._ Y[=O]'GI, a Hindu ascetic who practises the _yoga_ system, consisting in the withdrawal of the senses from external objects, long continuance in unnatural postures, &c.; Y[=O]'GISM. [Hind. _yoga_--Sans. _yoga_, union.]

YOICKS, y[=o]'iks, _interj._ an old fox-hunting cry.--_v.t._ Y[=O]'ICK, to urge on by this cry.

YOJANA, y[=o]'ja-na, _n._ an Indian measure of distance, usually about five miles.--Also Y[=O]'JAN.

YOKE, y[=o]k, _n._ that which joins together: the frame of wood joining oxen for drawing together: any similar frame, as one for carrying pails: (_prov._) a chain of hills: a stretch of work--e.g. from meal-time to meal-time: a mark of servitude: slavery: a pair or couple.--_v.t._ to put a yoke on: to join together: to enslave.--_v.i._ to be joined: to go along with.--_ns._ YOKE'-DEV'IL (_Shak._), a companion devil; YOKE'-FELL'OW, -MATE, an associate: a mate or fellow.--_adj._ YOKE'-TOED, pair-toed.--_n._ Y[=O]K'ING, as much work as is done at a stretch. [A.S. _geoc_, _iuc_, _ioc_; Ger. _joch_; L. _jugum_, Gr. _zygon_.]

YOKEL, y[=o]'kl, _n._ a country bumpkin.--_adj._ Y[=O]'KELISH. [Ety. dub.; but cf. _Gawk_ and _Gowk_.]

YOLDING, YOLDRING. Same as YOWLEY.

YOLK, y[=o]k, YELK, yelk, _n._ the yellow part of an egg: the vitellus of a seed: wool-oil.--_adjs._ YOLKED, having a yolk; YOLK'Y, like yolk. [A.S. _geoloca_, _geoleca_--_geolo_, yellow.]

YON, yon, YONDER, yon'd[.e]r, _adv._ at a distance within view.--_adj._ being at a distance within view. [A.S. _geon_; Goth. _jains_ (masc.), _jaina_ (fem.), Ger. _jen-er_, that.]

YOND, yond, _adj._ (_Spens._) furious, mad--apparently a mere coinage from the foregoing.

YONI, y[=o]'n[=e], _n._ the _pudendum muliebre_, the symbol under which Sakti is worshipped in India.

YONKER=_Younker_ (q.v.).

YOOP, yoop, _n._ a word imitative of a sobbing sound.

YORE, y[=o]r, _n._ in old time. [A.S. _geára_, formerly, gen. pl. of _gár_, a year.]

YORKER, york'[.e]r, _n._ a term in cricket applied to a ball pitched to a point directly under the batsman's bat--formerly called _tice_ from _entice_. [Prob. from _Yorkshire_, but history quite unknown.]

YORKISH, york'ish, _adj._ pertaining to the county or city of _York_: adhering to the House of York in the Wars of the Roses.--_n._ YORK'IST, one of this party.--YORKSHIRE GRIT, a grit from Yorkshire used for polishing; YORKSHIRE PUDDING, a pudding made of unsweetened batter, and baked under meat so as to catch the drippings.

YOU, [=u], _pron._ 2d pers. pron. pl., but also used as singular.--_pron.pl._ YOU'-UNS, a provincial form for _you_, _you ones_.--YOU'RE ANOTHER, the vulgar form of _tu quoque_, effective in vituperation, but not an argument. [A.S. _eów_, orig. only dat. and accus. Cf. _Ye_.]

YOUNG, yung, _adj._ not long born: in early life: in the first part of growth: vigorous: relating to youth: junior, the younger of two persons having the same name: inexperienced: newly arrived--in Australia.--_n._ the offspring of animals.--_adjs._ YOUNG'-EYED (_Shak._), with the bright eyes of youth; YOUNG'ISH, somewhat young.--_n._ YOUNG'LING, a young person or animal.--_adj._ youthful, young.--_adv._ YOUNG'LY.--_ns._ YOUNG'NESS; YOUNG'STER, a young person: a lad; YOUNGTH (_Spens._), youth.--_adj._ YOUNGTH'LY (_Spens._), youthful.--YOUNG BLOOD, fresh accession of strength; YOUNG ENGLAND, the name applied, during the Corn-Law struggle (1842-45), to a little band of young Tory politicians, who hated Free Trade and Radicalism, and professed a sentimental attachment to earlier forms of social life in England; YOUNG ENGLAND, AMERICA, &c., the rising generation in England, America, &c.; YOUNG IRELAND, a group of Irish politicians who broke away from O'Connell about 1844, because of his rooted aversion to physical force; YOUNG ITALY, an association of Italian republican agitators, active about 1834, under the lead of Mazzini; YOUNG PERSON, Mr Podsnap's phrase for youth generally, considered as too inexperienced to hear about some matters within the range of adult human experience--from Dickens's _Our Mutual Friend_; YOUNG PRETENDER, Prince Charlie, as distinguished from his father the Pretender or Old Pretender.--WITH YOUNG, pregnant. [A.S. _geong_; Ger. _jung_; also conn. with L. _juvenis_, Sans. _yuvan_, young.]

YOUNKER, yung'k[.e]r, _n._ a young person: (_Shak._) a simpleton: (_Spens._) a young gentleman or knight. [Old Dut. _joncker_ (Dut. _jonker_), from _jonk-heer_, 'young master' or 'lord;' Ger. _junker_.]

YOUR, [=u]r, _pron._ poss. of _you_: belonging to you: (_Shak._) used to denote a class or species well known, the use implying something of contempt.--YOURN (_prov._), yours. [A.S. _eówer_. Cf. _Ye_.]

YOURS, [=u]rz, _pron._ poss. of _you_, not followed by a noun: used in many idiomatic senses, as e.g. 'you and _yours_,' your family, property, '_yours_ of yesterday,' your letter, &c.--YOURS FAITHFULLY, SINCERELY, TRULY, &c., YOURS TO COMMAND, &c., are forms used in letters just before the signature, as phrases of conventional politeness, for the most part: also sometimes used by a vulgar speaker in alluding to himself.

YOURSELF, [=u]r-self', _pron._ your own self or person:--_pl._ YOURSELVES'.

YOUTH, y[=oo]th, _n._ state of being young: early life: a young person: young persons taken together: (_Shak._) recentness, freshness.--_adj._ YOUTH'FUL, pertaining to youth or early life: young: suitable to youth: fresh: buoyant, vigorous.--_adv._ YOUTH'FULLY.--_ns._ YOUTH'FULNESS; YOUTH'HEAD, YOUTH'HOOD (_obs._), youth.--_adjs._ YOUTH'LY (_Spens._), young, youthful; YOUTH'SOME, youthful; YOUTH'Y, young. [A.S. _geogoth_--_geong_, young; Ger. _jugend_.]

YOWL, yowl, _v.i._ to cry mournfully, as a dog: to yell, bawl.--_n._ a distressed cry.--_n._ YOWL'ING, a howling. [M. E. _yowlen_--Ice. _gaula_, to howl; cf. Scot. _gowl_ and Eng. _yell_.]

YOWLEY, yow'li, _n._ the yellow-bunting.--Also YEL'DRING, YEL'DROCK, YOR'LING, &c. [A.S. _geolu_, yellow.]

Y-POINTING, i-point'ing, _adj._ (_Milt._) pointing, looking up into the air. [An erroneous formation, as the prefix y- was confined to the past participle, and then, too, only or nearly always to words of Anglo-Saxon origin.]

Y-RAVISH, i-rav'ish, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to ravish. [An erroneous formation. Cf. _Y-pointing_.]

YSLAKED, an obsolete _pa.p._ of _slake_.

Y-TRACK. See Y.

YTTERBIUM, i-ter'bi-um, _n._ an element discovered by Marignac in gadolinite.

YTTRIUM, it'ri-um, _n._ a rare metal obtained as a blackish-gray powder, and contained in a few minerals in which there are usually also present compounds of one or more other rare metals, such as cerium, didymium, erbium, and lanthanum.--_n._ YTT'RIA, its oxide, a yellowish-white powder.--_adjs._ YTT'RIC; YTTRIF'EROUS; YTT'RIOUS.--_ns._ YTT'RO-C[=E]'RITE, a violet mineral found embedded in quartz, a fluoride of yttrium, cerium, and calcium; YTT'RO-COL'UMBITE, -TAN'TALITE, a brownish mineral found at YTTERBY, a tantalate of yttrium, uranium, and iron, with calcium. [From _Ytterby_, a town in Sweden, where it was first discovered.]

YUCCA, yuk'a, _n._ a genus of plants of natural order _Liliaceæ_, natives of Mexico, &c., some cultivated in gardens on account of the singularity and splendour of their appearance.--YUCCA GLORIOSA, a native of Virginia, but quite hardy in England, the stem two or three feet high, its upper part producing a great tuft or crown of large sword-shaped evergreen leaves, each terminating in a sharp black spine. From the centre of this crown of leaves rises the flower-stalk, three feet high, branching out into a large panicle, the flowers white with a purple stripe. [West Indian name.]

YUCK, yuk, _v.i._ (_prov._) to itch.--_n._ the itch.--_adj._ YUCK'Y, itchy.

YUCKER, yuk'[.e]r, _n._ the American flicker or golden-winged woodpecker.

YUFTS, yufts, _n._ Russia leather.

YUGA, y[=oo]'ga, _n._ one of the Hindu ages of the world.--Also YUG. [Sans.]

YULAN, y[=oo]'lan, _n._ a Chinese magnolia, with large white flowers. [Chin.]

YULE, yool, _n._ the season or feast of Christmas.--_n._ YULE'TIDE, the time or season of Yule or Christmas.--YULE LOG, the block of wood cut down in the forest, then dragged to the house, and set alight in celebration of Christmas. [A.S. _géol_, yule, _se ['æ]rra géola_, December; Ice. _jól_. Not conn. either with Ice. _hjól_, wheel, or M. E. _youlen_, _yollen_, to cry out or yawl.]

YUNX, yungks, _n._ the wry-neck.

Y-WIS, i-wis', _adv._ (_Spens._) certainly, truly. [Cf. _Iwis_.]

* * * * *

Z the twenty-sixth and last letter in our alphabet, is derived through the Greek _zeta_, from _zayin_, the seventh Semitic letter--its sound a voiced sibilant, either a voiced _s_ as in 'zeal,' or a voiced _sh_ as in 'azure.'--The _cedilla_ (_ç_) is a 'little _zed_,' as is implied by the Italian name _zediglia_, from _zeticula_.

ZABIAN, z[=a]'bi-an, _adj._ and _n._ the same as SABIAN.--_ns._ Z[=A]'BAISM, Z[=A]'BISM, the doctrines esp. of the Pseudo-ZABIANS, or Syrian Zabians (in Haurân, Edessa, Bagdad), remnants of the ancient Syrian but Hellenised heathens, from about the 9th to the 12th century. Under the name _Zabians_ used to be grouped several peoples distinct in origin and by no means alike in religion. The medieval Arabic and Jewish writers called nearly all those heathens or _Sabæans_ who were neither Jews or Christians, nor Mohammedans or Magians. Now the name _Sabæans_ denotes strictly the ancient inhabitants of southern Arabia, who were but little modified by Babylonian influences; the _Zabians_ of the Koran were originally non-Christian Gnostics--the ancestors of the still existing Mandæans (q.v.) or Joannes' Christians.

ZABRA, zä'bra, _n._ a small vessel on the Spanish coast. [Sp.]

ZABRUS, z[=a]'brus, _n._ a large genus of caraboid beetles. [Gr. _zabros_, gluttonous.]

ZADKIEL, zad'ki-el, _n._ the name assumed by Richard James Morrison (1794-1874), the compiler of a popular astrological almanac, a retired commander in the royal navy, a Hebraist, mathematician, astronomer, and a real believer in his pseudo-science.

ZAFFRE, ZAFFER, zaf'[.e]r, _n._ the impure oxide obtained by partially roasting cobalt ore previously mixed with two or three times its weight of fine sand. [Fr. _zafre_, of Ar. origin.]

ZALOPHUS, zal'[=o]-fus, _n._ a genus of otaries or eared seals. [Gr. _za-_, intens., _lophos_, a crest.]

ZAMBOMBA, tham-bom'ba, _n._ a simple Spanish musical instrument made by stretching a piece of parchment over a wide-mouthed jar and inserting a stick in it which is rubbed with the fingers.

ZAMIA, z[=a]'mi-a, _n._ a genus of palm-like trees or low shrubs of the order _Cycadaceæ_--some species yield an edible starchy pith. [L. _zamia_, a dead fir-cone--Gr. _z[=e]mia_, damage.]

ZAMINDAR=_Zemindar_ (q.v.).

ZAMOUSE, za-moos', _n._ the short-horned buffalo of West Africa.

ZAMPOGNA, tsam-p[=o]'nya, _n._ the Italian bagpipe. [It.]

ZANDER, zan'd[.e]r, _n._ the European pike-perch.--Also SAN'DER and ZANT. [Ger.]

ZANELLA, z[=a]-nel'a, _n._ a mixed twilled fabric for covering umbrellas.

ZANJE, than'h[=e], _n._ an irrigating canal.--_n._ ZANJ[=E]'RO, one who superintends the distribution of such water. [Sp. Amer.]

ZANTE, zan'te, _n._ the same as ZAN'TE-WOOD, the wood of the smoke-tree, from _Zante_, one of the principal Ionian Islands: satin-wood.--_n._ ZAN'TIOTE, a native of Zante.--ZANTE CURRANT, the small seedless fruit of a Zante grape.

ZANY, z[=a]'ni, _n._ a merry-andrew: a buffoon.--_v.t._ to play the zany to.--_n._ Z[=A]'NYISM, condition or habits of a buffoon. [Fr. _zani_--It. _zani_, a corr. of _Giovanni_, John. Cf. the similar use of the names _John_ and _Jack_.]

ZAPOROGIAN, z[=a]-p[=o]-r[=o]'ji-an, _adj._ pertaining to those Little Russian or Ukraine Cossacks who dwelt near the _Porogi_ or falls of the Dnieper.--_n._ one of the foregoing.

ZAPOTILLA, zap-[=o]-til'a, _n._ the same as Sapodilla.

ZAPTIEH, zap'ti-[=a], _n._ a Turkish policeman.--Also ZAB'TIEH.

ZARAPE, za-rä'pe, _n._ the same as SERAPE.

ZARATHUSTRIAN, zar-a-th[=oo]s'tri-an, _adj._ and _n._=_Zoroastrian_.--ZARATHUS'TRIANISM, ZARATHUS'TRISM=_Zoroastrianism_; ZARATHUS'TRIC=_Zoroastric_.

ZARATITE, zar'a-t[=i]t, _n._ a hydrous carbonate of nickel, found usually as an incrustation on chromite. [From _Zarate_, a Spaniard.]

ZAREBA, z[=a]-r[=e]'ba, _n._ in the Soudan, a stockade, thorn-hedge, &c. against wild animals or enemies, a fortified camp generally.--Also ZAREE'BA, ZERE'BA, ZERI'BA.

ZARF, zärf, _n._ an ornamental holder for a hot coffee-cup.--Also ZURF. [Ar. _zarf_, a vessel.]

ZARNICH, zär'nik, _n._ a native sulphide of arsenic, orpiment, realgar.--Also ZAR'NEC. [Ar. _zernikh_--Gr. _arsenikon_, arsenic.]

ZARZUELA, thär-th[=oo]-[=a]'la, _n._ a kind of operetta or vaudeville--named from the royal residence of La _Zarzuela_ in Spain.

ZASTRUGA, zas-tr[=oo]'ga, _n._ one of a series of long parallel snow-ridges on the open wind-swept plains of Russia. [Russian.]

ZATI, zä'ti, _n._ the capped macaque of India and Ceylon.

ZAX, zaks, _n._ a slaters' hammer.--Also _Sax_ (q.v.).

ZEA, z[=e]'a, _n._ a cereal having monoecious flowers. The only species is _Z. mays_, the well-known maize or Indian corn. [Gr.]

ZEAL, z[=e]l, _n._ boiling or passionate ardour for anything: enthusiasm.--_n._ ZEAL'ANT (_Bacon_), a zealot or enthusiast.--_adj._ ZEAL'LESS, wanting zeal.--_ns._ ZEALOT (zel'ot), one full of zeal: an enthusiast: a fanatic: one of a fanatical Jewish party whose restless opposition to the Roman domination finally brought about the ruin of Jerusalem in 70 A.D.; ZEALOTISM (zel'-), the character of a zealot; ZEALOTRY (zel'-).--_adj._ ZEALOUS (zel'-), full of zeal: warmly engaged or ardent in anything.--_adv._ ZEALOUSLY (zel'-).--_n._ ZEALOUSNESS (zel'-). [O. Fr. _zele_--L. _zelus_--Gr. _z[=e]los_, _zeein_, to boil. Cf. _Yeast_.]

ZEBEC, ZEBECK=_Xebec_ (q.v.).

ZEBRA, z[=e]'bra, _n._ a generic name given to the group of striped Equidæ--all of which are peculiar to the African continent--and thus including the Dauw or Burchell's Zebra, the Quagga, and the true or Mountain Zebra.--_n._ Z[=E]'BRA-WOOD, the hard and beautifully striped wood of a Guiana tree.--_adj._ Z[=E]'BRINE, like the zebra. [Of African origin.]

ZEBU, z[=e]'b[=u], _n._ the humped domestic ox of India (or Brahminy bull), a kind of ox very nearly allied to the common ox, diffused over India, China, the east coast of Africa, &c. [Fr. _zébu_, the whimsical name taken by Buffon from the exhibitors of such a beast at a French fair as if African.]

ZEBUB, z[=e]'bub, _n._ an Abyssinian fly hurtful to cattle, similar to the tsetse. [Ar. _zub[=a]b_, a fly.]

ZECCHINO, tsek-k[=e]'n[=o], _n._ a Venetian gold coin, the same as the _sequin_ (q.v.).

ZECHSTEIN, zek'st[=i]n, _n._ a deposit of calcareous rock which covers the Kupfer-schiefer. [Ger.,--_zeche_, a mine, _stein_, a stone.]

ZED, zed, _n._ the letter Z, also called _zee_ and _izzard_: a bar of metal of form similar to the letter Z.

ZEDOARY, zed'[=o]-[=a]-ri, _n._ certain species of curcuma, natives of India, China, &c., whose root-stocks (_rhizomes_) are aromatic, bitter, pungent, and tonic, and used for similar purposes with ginger--a powerful sudorific. [Ar. _Jedwar_.]

ZEIN, z[=e]'in, _n._ a proteid found in Indian corn. [_Zea_.]

ZEITGEIST, ts[=i]t'g[=i]st, _n._ the spirit of the age. [Ger.]

ZEL, zel, _n._ a form of Oriental cymbal. [Pers. _zil_.]

ZELOTYPIA, zel-[=o]-tip'i-a, _n._ morbid zeal in the prosecution of any project or cause. [Gr. _z[=e]lotypia_, jealousy, _z[=e]los_, zeal, _typtein_, to strike.]

ZEMINDAR, zem-in-dar', _n._ under the Mogul emperors of India, the farmer of revenue from land held in common by the cultivators, as responsible for the revenue--now the actual native proprietor paying revenue direct, and not to any intermediate superior--also ZAMINDAR'.--_n._ ZEM'INDARY, the jurisdiction of a zemindar, the system of land-tenure and taxation under such--also ZAM'INDARI, ZEM'INDARI, &c. [Pers. _zem[=i]nd[=a]r_, a landholder.]

ZEMSTVO, zems'tv[=o], _n._ in Russia, a district and provincial assembly to which the administration of the economic affairs of the district and the province was committed in 1866, but whose rights were much curtailed in 1890. [Russ.]

ZENANA, ze-nä'na, _n._ the apartments in which Indian women are secluded, corresponding to the _harem_ in Arabic-speaking Moslem lands.--ZENANA MISSION, a mission to Hindu women, necessarily conducted by women. [Pers. _zan[=a]na_--_zan_, a woman.]

ZEND, zend, _n._ the ancient East-Iranian and purely Aryan language, in which the Zend-Avesta was long orally preserved and at last written--closely related to the Vedic Sanskrit.--ZEND-AVESTA, the ancient sacred writings of the Parsees, including works of widely differing character and age, collected into their present canon under Shah-puhar II. (Shah-pur II.; 309-338 A.D.). [A word meaning 'commentary' (_zend_=_zand_, from Sans. _jñâ_, to know).]

ZENDIK, zen'dik, _n._ an unbeliever in revealed religion in the East, one who practises magic. [Ar. _zend[=i]q_.]

ZENITH, zen'ith, _n._ that point of the heavens which is exactly overhead--i.e. in line with the spectator's position and the centre of the earth (it is thus the upper pole of the spectator's horizon, as the _nadir_ is the under pole): greatest height, summit of ambition, &c.--_adj._ ZEN'ITHAL.--_ns._ ZEN'ITH-DIS'TANCE, the angular distance of a heavenly body from the zenith; ZEN'ITH-SEC'TOR, an instrument for measuring zenith-distances. [Fr., through Sp. _zenit_, from Ar. _samt_, short for _samt-ur-ras_, lit. 'way of the head.']

ZEOLITE, z[=e]'[=o]-l[=i]t, _n._ the common name of a large group of minerals often called the Zeolitic family--they are all soluble in acids, and most of them gelatinise in acids in consequence of silica being set free.--_adjs._ ZEOLIT'IC; ZEOLIT'IFORM. [Gr. _zeein_, to boil, _lithos_, a stone.]

ZEPHYR, zef'ir, _n._ the west wind: a soft, gentle breeze: thin light worsted or woollen yarn, also a close-fitting jersey or undergarment made of such: anything very light and fine of its kind.--ZEPHYR CLOTH, a thin, finely spun woollen cloth for women's gowns. [Gr. _zephyros_--_zophos_, darkness, the dark quarter, the west.]

ZERDA, zer'da, _n._ a small African fox, a fennec.

ZEREBA=_Zareba_ (q.v.).

ZERO, z[=e]'ro, _n._ cipher: nothing: the point from which the reckoning begins on scales, such as those of the barometer, &c. [Fr.,--Ar. _sifr_. Doublet _cipher_.]

ZERUMBET, z[=e]-rum'bet, _n._ an East Indian drug, the cassumunar--sometimes for the round zedoary.

ZEST, zest, _n._ something that gives a relish: relish. [Fr. _zeste_, skin of an orange or lemon used to give a flavour--L. _schistus_--Gr. _schistos_, cleft, divided--_schizein_, to cleave.]

ZETA, z[=e]'ta, _n._ a small closet or parlour, the sexton's room over the porch of a church. [Gr. _diaita_, a dwelling.]

ZETETIC, z[=e]-tet'ik, _adj._ proceeding by inquiry.--_n._ a seeker, the name taken by some of the Pyrrhonists. [Gr. _z[=e]t[=e]tikos_--_z[=e]tein_, to seek.]

ZEUGLODON, z[=u]g'l[=o]-don, _n._ a fossil whale-like mammal, so named by Owen from the yoke-like double-rooted formation of its cheek teeth.--_adj._ and _n._ ZEUG'LODONT.--_n.pl._ ZEUGLODON'TIA, a suborder of _Cetacea_, represented by the zeuglodonts. [Gr. _zeugl[=e]_, the strap or loop of the yoke, _odous_, _-ontos_, a tooth.]

ZEUGMA, z[=u]g'ma, _n._ (_gram._) a figure by which an adjective or verb which agrees with a nearer word is, by way of supplement, referred also to another more remote, whether grammatically corresponding or not.--_adj._ ZEUGMAT'IC. [Gr.,--_zeugnunai_, to yoke.]

ZEUS, z[=u]s, _n._ the greatest of the national deities of Greece, son of Cronos (Saturn) and Rhea, brother of Poseidon (Neptune), Hades (Pluto), Hestia (Vesta), Demeter (Ceres), and Hera (Juno). His consort was Hera; his supreme seat, Mount Olympus in Thessaly. [Gr.]

ZEUXITE, z[=u]ks'[=i]t, _n._ a ferriferous tourmaline. [Gr.,--_zeuxis_, joining--_zeugnunai_, to yoke.]

ZIAMET, zi-ä'met, _n._ a large military fief under the Turkish feudal system. [Turk.]

ZIBELINE, zib'e-lin, _adj._ pertaining to the sable.--_n._ the fur of the sable. [_Sable_.]

ZIBET, zib'et, _n._ an Asiatic or Indian civet. [_Civet_.]

ZIGANKA, zi-gan'ka, _n._ a Russian country-dance, the music for such, usually quick, with a drone bass. [Russ.]

ZIGZAG, zig'zag, _n._ a short, sharp turning.--_adj._ having short, sharp turns, bent from side to side.--_v.t._ to form with short turns:--_pr.p._ zig'zagging; _pa.p._ zig'zagged.--_adv._ with frequent sharp turns--also ZIG'ZAGGY.--_n._ ZIGZAG'GERY, angular crookedness.--_adj._ ZIG'ZAGGY, zigzag. [Fr. _zig-zag_--Ger. _zick-zack_, _zacke_, a sharp point.]