Chapter XXXIX: Front Matter (39)

ZILLAH, zil'a, _n._ the technical name for the administrative districts into which British India is divided, each of which has in the older provinces a Collector (or Collector and Magistrate combined), a Sessions Judge, &c., and in the newer provinces, such as the Punjab and British Burma, a Deputy Commissioner. [Properly Ar. (in Indian pronunciation) _zila_, 'a rib,' thence 'a side,' 'a district.']

ZIMB, zimb, _n._ an Abyssinian dipterous insect, like the tsetse, hurtful to cattle. [Ar. _zimb_, a fly.]

ZIMBI, zim'bi, _n._ a money-cowry. [East Ind.]

ZIMENT-WATER, zi-ment'-wa't[.e]r, _n._ water found in copper-mines.

ZIMOCCA, zi-mok'a, _n._ a fine quality of bath-sponge.

ZINC, zingk, _n._ a bluish-white metal, breaking with a crystalline fracture--when chemically pure it is malleable and ductile at ordinary temperature, but ordinary zinc is so only at temperatures above 212° Fahr.--_v.t._ to cover with zinc.--_ns._ ZINC'-AM'YL, a colourless transparent liquid, composed of zinc and amyl; ZINC'-BLENDE, sphalerite, native sulphide of zinc; ZINC'-BLOOM, hydrozincite; ZINC-COL'IC, a colic caused by the slow poison of zinc-oxide; ZINC'-[=E]'THYL, a colourless volatile liquid, composed of zinc and the radical ethyl.--_adjs._ ZINCIF'EROUS, ZINKIF'EROUS, containing or producing zinc.--_ns._ ZINC'ITE, a native oxide of zinc, brittle, translucent, deep red; ZINCKIFIC[=A]'TION, ZINKIFIC[=A]'TION, the process of coating or impregnating an object with zinc.--_vs.t._ ZINCK'IFY, ZINK'IFY, to cover or impregnate with zinc.--_adjs._ ZINCK'Y, ZINK'Y, pertaining to zinc: looking like zinc.--_n._ ZINC'-METH'YL, a mobile stinking liquid, spontaneously inflammable, resembling zinc-ethyl.--_adj._ ZINC'OID, like zinc.--_ns._ ZINCOL'YSIS, a mode of decomposition caused by an electric current; ZINC'OLYTE, a body decomposable by electricity; ZINC'OTYPE, a zincograph.--_adj._ ZINC'OUS, pertaining to zinc.--_ns._ ZINC'-WHITE, zinc oxide used as a pigment; ZINC'-WORK'ER. [Ger. _zink_, prob. allied to _zinn_, tin.]

ZINCALI, zin'ka-li, _n._ a name in Spain for the Gipsies, akin to _Zingaro_ (q.v.).

ZINCKENITE, zing'ken-[=i]t, _n._ a grayish mineral consisting of the sulphides of antimony and lead. [Named from the German metallurgist _Zincken_ (1790-1862).]

ZINCO, zing'k[=o], _n._ a familiar abbreviation for _zincograph_.--_v.i._ to produce a plate for printing by the zincographic process.

ZINCODE, zing'k[=o]d, _n._ the negative pole of a voltaic battery: the anode of an electrolytic cell.

ZINCOGRAPHY, zing-kog'ra-fi, _n._ a process of etching on zinc (or copper) by which black and white pictures of all kinds can be reproduced as surface-blocks for printing by the ordinary letterpress process--in the etching the _whites_, and not the _black lines_ as in the ordinary etching, are eaten away.--_ns._ ZINC'OGRAPH, a plate or picture produced by zincography; ZINCOG'RAPHER, one who makes zincographic plates.--_adjs._ ZINCOGRAPH'IC, -AL. [_Zinc_, Gr. _graphein_, to write.]

ZINGARO, zing'ga-r[=o], _n._ a name in Italy for the Gipsies;--_pl._ ZING'ARI, ZING'ANE.--Also ZING'ANO. [Cf. the Ger. _Zigeuner_, Czech _Cingán_ or _Cigán_, Magyar _Cigány_.]

ZINGEL, zing'el, _n._ a fish of the perch family, found in the Danube. [Ger.]

ZINGIBERACEÆ, zin'ji-be-r[=a]'s[=e]-[=e], _n.pl._ a natural order of about 470 species of perennial tropical herbs, with horizontal thickened root-stock and cone-like inflorescence--the typical genus ZIN'GIBER.--_adjs._ ZINGIBER[=A]'CEOUS, ZINZIBER[=A]'CEOUS. [L. _zingiber_--Gr. _zingiberis_, ginger.]

ZINKE, tsing'ke, _n._ an old wind instrument like a cornet, of wood or horn, with seven finger-holes. [Ger.]

ZION, z[=i]'on, _n._ Jerusalem: the Israelitish theocracy: the Christian Church: heaven.--_adv._ Z[=I]'ONWARD, heavenward. [Gr. _Zi[=o]n_--Heb. _ts[=i]y[=o]n_, a hill.]

ZIP, zip, _n._ the ping or sound of a bullet striking anything or whizzing through the air. [Imit.]

ZIPHIINÆ, zif-i-[=i]'n[=e], _n.pl._ a subfamily of _Physteridæ_, the ziphioid or ziphiiform cetaceans--the typical genus ZIPH'IUS.--_n.pl._ ZIPHI[=I]'DÆ, the _ziphiinæ_ rated as a family apart from _Physteridæ_, and divided into _Ziphiinæ_ and _Anarnacinæ_.--_adjs._ ZIPHI[=I]'FORM; ZIPH'IOID. [Gr. _xiphios_, the sword-fish--_xiphos_, a sword.]

ZIRCONIUM, zir-k[=o]'ni-um, _n._ the metallic constituent of the earth ZIRC[=O]'NIA, which is found in association with silica in the minerals ZIR'CON and _hyacinth_, and is obtained only in Ceylon, one district of the Ural, and southern Norway.--_n._ ZIR'CONITE, a variety of zircon. [Ar. _zark[=u]n_, vermilion--Pers. _zarg[=u]n_, gold-coloured.]

ZITHER, z[=i]th'[.e]r, _n._ the cithern, the modern representative of the ancient _cithara_, a popular and common instrument in Tyrol--a flat stringed instrument, having a wooden frame and flat sounding-board with from twenty-nine to forty-two strings, placed on a table or on the knees, the strings played by the right hand, the thumb being armed with a metallic _plectrum_.--Also ZITH'ERN. [Ger.]

ZIZANIA, z[=i]-z[=a]'ni-a, _n._ a genus of tall aquatic grasses, of tribe _Oryzeæ_--_wild_, _water_, or _Indian rice_. [Gr. _zizanion_, darnel.]

ZIZEL, ziz'el, _n._ a European ground squirrel, type of a genus mainly American.--Also _Suslik_.

ZIZYPHUS, ziz'i-fus, _n._ a genus of shrubs or trees of the buckthorn family, mostly native to tropical Asia and America--the jujube-tree. [L.,--Gr. _zizyphos_.]

ZOANTHARIA, z[=o]-an-th[=a]'ri-a, _n.pl._ a division of _Actinozoa_, including the sea-anemones, &c.--_adj._ and _n._ ZOANTH[=A]'RIAN.

ZOANTHROPY, z[=o]-an'thr[=o]-pi, _n._ a form of mental delusion in which a man believes himself to be a beast--the devout divine, Simon Browne (1680-1732), under this belief devoted himself to the making of a dictionary--'I am doing nothing,' he says, 'that requires a reasonable soul: I am making a dictionary.'--_adj._ Z[=O]ANTHROP'IC. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _anthr[=o]pos_, a man.]

ZOANTHUS, z[=o]-an'thus, _n._ the typical genus of _Zoanthidæ_, a family of hexacoralline actinozoans. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _anthos_, a flower.]

ZOARIUM, z[=o]-[=a]'ri-um, _n._ the colony of the polypides of a polyzoan. [Gr. _z[=o]arion_, dim. of _z[=o]on_, an animal.]

ZOBO, z[=o]'b[=o], _n._ a name used in the semi-Tibetan tracts of the Himalaya for hybrids between the yak bull and the ordinary hill cow, much used in transport and agriculture.--Also ZH[=O]'BO, DS[=O]'MO. [Tibetan.]

ZOCCO, zok'[=o], _n._ a socle.--Also ZOCC'OLO. [It.,--L. _soccus_, a sock.]

ZODIAC, z[=o]'di-ak, _n._ an imaginary belt in the heavens, having as its mesial line the ecliptic or apparent path of the sun, and containing the twelve constellations, called signs of the zodiac. The constellations, with the appropriate symbols of the corresponding signs, are as follows: Aries (_Ram_), [Aries]; Taurus (_Bull_), [Taurus]; Gemini (_Twins_), [Gemini]; Cancer (_Crab_), [Cancer]; Leo (_Lion_), [Leo]; Virgo (_Virgin_), [Virgo]; Libra (_Balance_), [Libra]; Scorpio (_Scorpion_), [Scorpio]; Sagittarius (_Archer_), [Sagittarius]; Capricornus (_Goat_), [Capricornus]; Aquarius (_Water-bearer_), [Aquarius]; Pisces (_Fishes_), [Pisces].--_adj._ ZOD[=I]'ACAL.--ZODIACAL LIGHT, a singular appearance seen after sunset or before sunrise, at all seasons of the year in low latitudes, but rarely in Great Britain, except in March, April, and May in the evenings, and six months later in the mornings. [Fr. _zodiaque_--L. _zodiacus_--Gr. _z[=o]diakos_, belonging to animals--_z[=o]dion_, dim. of _z[=o]on_, an animal, _zaein_, to live.]

ZOËA, z[=o]-[=e]'a, _n._ a larval stage of certain decapod crustaceans--also called the _copepod_ stage preceding the _megalopa_ stage--also ZOOE'A:--_pl._ ZOË'Æ.--_adjs._ ZOË'AL, ZOOE'AL; Z[=O]'ËFORM. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal.]

ZOËTIC, z[=o]-et'ik, _adj._ vital. [Gr. _z[=o][=e]_, life.]

ZOETROPE, z[=o]'e-tr[=o]p, _n._ a scientific toy by which several pictures of objects or persons in various positions are combined into one visual impression, so as to give the appearance of movement or life--the _Thaumatrope_ and _Praxinoscope_ are variations.--_adj._ ZOETROP'IC. [Gr. _z[=o][=e]_, life, _tropos_, a turning--_trepein_, to turn.]

ZOIATRIA, z[=o]-i-at'ri-a, _n._ veterinary surgery. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _iatreia_, healing.]

ZOIC, z[=o]'ik, _adj._ pertaining to animals: containing evidences of life in fossils--of rocks. [Gr. _z[=o]ikos_, of animals--_z[=o]on_, an animal.]

ZOILISM, z[=o]'i-lizm, _n._ carping and unjust criticism.--_adj._ ZOIL'[=E]AN, characteristic of _Zoilus_, a Greek grammarian who flourished in the time of Philip of Macedon, and assailed Homer with such asperity that his name became proverbial for a captious and malignant critic.--_n._ Z[=O]'ILIST, a carping critic.

ZOISITE, zoi's[=i]t, _n._ a mineral closely allied to epidote. [Baron von _Zois_.]

ZOISM, z[=o]'izm, _n._ the doctrine that life originates from a specific principle.--_n._ Z[=O]'IST, one who maintains this theory. [Gr. _z[=o][=e]_, life.]

ZOLAISM, z[=o]'la-izm, _n._ the literary principles and practice of the industrious French novelist Emile _Zola_ (1840-1902)--an attempt at a so-called realism claimed to be a proper scientific view of human nature and human life. In effect Zola's books are dull and dirty, and his realism is not reality.

ZÖLLNER'S LINES, rows of parallel lines appearing to be not parallel through the optical effect of oblique intersecting lines.--Also ZÖLLNER'S PATTERN.

ZOLLVEREIN, zol've-r[=i]n, _n._ a union of the German states, under the leadership of Prussia, so as to enable them in their commercial relations with other countries to act as one state. [Ger.,--_zoll_, duty, _verein_, union.]

ZONDA, zon'da, _n._ a dry, hot, and dusty wind blowing from the Andes in the vicinity of San Juan, Argentine Republic, during July and August.

ZONE, z[=o]n, _n._ a girdle, a belt, a stripe of different colour or substance round anything: one of the five great belts into which the surface of the earth is divided: any continuous tract with particular characteristics.--_v.t._ to encircle, as with a zone.--_n._ Z[=O]'NA, a term in anatomy, &c., for a belt: herpes zoster.--_adjs._ Z[=O]'NAL, like a zone, arranged in zones: pertaining to the somites of an articulate or annulose animal; Z[=O]'NARY, resembling a belt or girdle; Z[=O]'NATE, marked with zones, belted; ZONED, wearing a zone, having zones; ZONE'LESS, wanting a zone or belt.--_n._ Z[=O]'NIC, a girdle.--_adjs._ ZONIF'EROUS, zoned; Z[=O]'NOID, like a zone.--_n._ Z[=O]'NULA, a small zone.--_adj._ Z[=O]'NULAR, like a zone or zonule.--_ns._ ZON'ULE, ZON'ULET, a little girdle. [L. _zona_--Gr. _z[=o]n[=e]_, a girdle--_z[=o]nnynai_, to gird; akin to _join_, _yoke_.]

ZONOTRICHIA, z[=o]-n[=o]-trik'i-a, _n._ a genus of American finches, the crown-sparrows. [Gr. _z[=o]n[=e]_, a girdle, _thrix_, _trichos_, hair.]

ZONURUS, z[=o]-n[=u]'rus, _n._ the typical genus of _Zonuridæ_, a South African family of lizards. [Gr. _z[=o]n[=e]_, a belt, _oura_, a tail.]

ZOO, z[=oo], _n._ the Zoological Gardens in London: any similar collection of animals.

ZOOBLAST, z[=o]'[=o]-blast, _n._ an animal cell. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _blastos_, a germ.]

ZOOCHEMISTRY, z[=o]-[=o]-kem'is-tri, _n._ the chemistry of the constituents of the animal body.--_adj._ ZOOCHEM'ICAL. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _chemistry_.]

ZOODYNAMICS, z[=o]-[=o]-d[=i]-nam'iks, _n._ the science that treats of the vital powers of animals, animal physiology. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _dynamics_.]

ZOOECIUM, z[=o]-[=e]'si-um, _n._ one of the cells forming the investment of polyzoans:--_pl._ ZOOE'CIA. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _oikia_, a house.]

ZOOGAMOUS, z[=o]-og'a-mus, _adj._ pertaining to zoogamy.--_n._ ZOÖG'AMY, sexual reproduction. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _gamos_, marriage.]

ZOOGENY, z[=o]-oj'e-ni, _n._ the doctrine or the process of the origination of living beings--also ZOÖG'ONY.--_adj._ ZOOGEN'IC. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _geneia_, production.]

ZOOGEOGRAPHY, z[=o]-[=o]-j[=e]-og'ra-fi, _n._ the science of the distribution of animals on the surface of the globe, faunal geography.--_n._ ZOOGEOG'RAPHER, a student of faunal geography.--_adjs._ ZOOGEOGRAPH'IC, -AL. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _geography_.]

ZOOGLOEA, z[=o]-[=o]-gl[=e]'a, _n._ the term applied to the resting, motionless stage of the Bacteria, in which they are embedded in gelatinous material.--_adjs._ ZOOGLOE'IC; ZOOGLOE'OID. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _gloios_, a sticky substance.]

ZOOGRAFT, z[=o]'[=o]-graft, _n._ a piece of tissue taken from the living body of an animal to supply a part wanting in the human body, by being grafted on it. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _graft_.]

ZOOGRAPHY, z[=o]-og'ra-fi, _n._ descriptive zoology.--_n._ ZOÖG'RAPHER.--_adjs._ ZOOGRAPH'IC, -AL.--_n._ ZOÖG'RAPHIST. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _graphein_, to write.]

ZOOGYROSCOPE, z[=o]-[=o]-j[=i]'r[=o]-sk[=o]p, _n._ a development of the zoetrope by means of which an appearance of an object in motion is thrown on a screen. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _gyroscope_.]

ZOOID, z[=o]'oid, _adj._ having the nature of an animal, having organic life and motion.--_n._ a term applied to each of the individuals which make up a compound organism. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _eidos_, form.]

ZOOKS, z[=oo]ks, _interj._ a minced oath--same as GADZOOKS.

ZOOLATRY, z[=o]-ol'a-tri, _n._ the worship of animals.--_ns._ ZOÖL'ATER, one who worships animals; ZOOL[=A]'TRIA, zoolatry.--_adj._ ZOÖL'ATROUS. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _latreia_, worship.]

ZOOLITE, z[=o]'[=o]-l[=i]t, _n._ a fossil animal--also Z[=O]'OLITH.--_adjs._ ZOOLITH'IC, ZOOLIT'IC. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _lithos_, a stone.]

ZOOLOGY, z[=o]-ol'[=o]-ji, _n._ the science of animal life included along with Botany within the science of Biology. The various departments of zoological study are the _Morphological_, _Physiological_, _Historical_, and the _Ætiological_.--_adj._ ZOOLOG'ICAL.--_adv._ ZOOLOG'ICALLY.--_n._ ZOOL'OGIST, one versed in zoology.--ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, a place where wild animals are kept for public exhibition. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _logia_--_legein_, to speak.]

ZOOMAGNETISM, z[=o]-[=o]-mag'ne-tizm, _n._ animal magnetism.--_adj._ ZOOMAGNET'IC. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _magnetism_.]

ZOOMANCY, z[=o]'[=o]-man-si, _n._ divination by observation of animals.--_adj._ ZOOMAN'TIC. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _manteia_, divination.]

ZOOMETRY, z[=o]-om'e-tri, _n._ comparative measurement of the parts of animals.--_adj._ ZOOMET'RIC. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _metron_, a measure.]

ZOOMORPHIC, z[=o]-[=o]-mor'fik, _adj._ pertaining to zoomorphism: representing animals in art.--_n._ ZOOMOR'PHISM, the representation or the conception of a god or a man in an animal form, the attributing of human or of divine qualities to beings of animal form--also ZOOMOR'PHY. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _morph[=e]_, form.]

ZOON, z[=o]'on, _n._ a morphological individual, the total product of a fertilised ovum:--_pl._ Z[=O]'A, Z[=O]'ONS.--_adjs._ Z[=O]'ONAL, like a zoon; ZOÖN'IC, relating to animals.--_n._ Z[=O]'ONITE, one of the segments of an articulated animal.--_adj._ ZOONIT'IC. [Gr.]

ZOONOMY, z[=o]-on'[=o]-mi, _n._ animal physiology--also ZOON[=O]'MIA.--_adj._ ZOONOM'IC.--_n._ ZOÖN'OMIST. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _nomos_, law.]

ZOONOSIS, z[=o]-on'[=o]-sis, _n._ a disease communicated to man from the lower animals, as hydrophobia, &c.:--_pl._ ZOÖN'OS[=E]S. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _nosos_, disease.]

ZOOPATHOLOGY, z[=o]-[=o]-pa-thol'[=o]-ji, _n._ the study of disease in animals. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _pathology_.]

ZOOPATHY, z[=o]-op'a-thi, _n._ animal pathology. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _pathos_, suffering.]

ZOOPHAGA, z[=o]-of'a-ga, _n.pl._ the carnivorous animals collectively.--_n._ ZOÖPH'AGAN, a carnivorous animal.--_adj._ ZOÖPH'AGOUS. [Gr. _z[=o]ophagos_, flesh-eating, _z[=o]on_, an animal, _phagein_, to eat.]

ZOOPHILIST, z[=o]-of'il-ist, _n._ a lover of animals.--_n._ ZOÖPH'ILY, love of animals. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _philos_, dear.]

ZOOPHORUS, z[=o]-of'[=o]-rus, _n._ a continuous frieze sculptured in relief with figures of men and animals.--_adj._ ZOOPHOR'IC. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _pherein_, to bear.]

ZOOPHYSICS, z[=o]-[=o]-fiz'iks, _n._ the study of the structure of animal bodies, comparative anatomy. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _physics_.]

ZOOPHYTE, z[=o]'[=o]-f[=i]t, _n._ a term employed by Cuvier in his earlier attempts at classification to designate numerous simple animals, sedentary in habit, often with a superficial resemblance to plants--now restricted to hydroid colonies.--_adjs._ ZOOPHYT'IC, -AL; ZOÖPH'YTOID; ZOOPHYTOLOG'ICAL.--_ns._ ZOOPHYTOL'OGIST; ZOOPHYTOL'OGY; ZOÖPH'YTON:--_pl._ ZOÖPH'YTA. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _phyton_, a plant.]

ZOOPLASTIC, z[=o]-[=o]-plas'tik, _adj._ pertaining to the operation of transplanting living tissue from one of the lower animals to man. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _plassein_, to form.]

ZOOPRAXINOSCOPE, z[=o]-[=o]-prak'si-n[=o]-sk[=o]p, _n._ a mechanical toy by means of which images of animals are made to go through motions on a screen. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _praxis_, doing, _skopein_, to view.]

ZOOPSYCHOLOGY, z[=o]-[=o]-s[=i]-kol'[=o]-ji, _n._ the psychology of the lower animals. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _psychology_.]

ZOOSCOPY, z[=o]'[=o]-sk[=o]-pi, _n._ a form of mental delusion in which one sees imaginary animals, esp. snakes.--_adj._ ZOOSCOP'IC. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _skopein_, to view.]

ZOOSPERM, z[=o]'[=o]-sperm, _n._ the sperm-cell, or male seed-cell--also ZOOSPER'MIUM.--_adj._ ZOOSPERMAT'IC. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _sperma_, seed.]

ZOOSPORE, z[=o]'[=o]-sp[=o]r, _n._ a spore capable of moving about.--_adjs._ ZOOSPOR'IC; ZOOSPORIF'EROUS. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _spora_, a seed.]

ZOOTAXY, z[=o]'[=o]-tak-si, _n._ the science of the classification of animals, systematic zoology. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _taxis_, arrangement.]

ZOOTECHNY, z[=o]'[=o]-tek-ni, _n._ the science of the breeding and domestication of animals.--Also ZOOTECH'NICS. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _techn[=e]_, art.]

ZOOTHAPSIS, z[=o]-[=o]-thap'sis, _n._ premature burial. [Gr. _zoo-_, living, _thaptein_, to bury.]

ZOOTHECIUM, z[=o]-[=o]-th[=e]'si-um, _n._ the tubular sheath of certain infusorians.--_adj._ ZOOTH[=E]'CIAL. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _th[=e]kion_, a casket.]

ZOOTHEISM, z[=o]'[=o]-th[=e]-izm, _n._ the attribution of divine qualities to an animal.--_adj._ ZOOTHEIS'TIC. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _theism_.]

ZOOTHERAPY, z[=o]-[=o]-ther'a-pi, _n._ veterinary therapeutics. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _therapeia_, service.]

ZOOTOCOLOGY, z[=o]-[=o]-t[=o]-kol'[=o]-ji, _n._ the biology of animals. [Gr. _z[=o]otokos_, viviparous, _legein_, to speak.]

ZOOTOMY, z[=o]-ot'[=o]-mi, _n._ the dissection of animals: comparative anatomy.--_adjs._ ZOOTOM'IC, -AL.--_adv._ ZOOTOM'ICALLY.--_n._ ZOÖT'OMIST, one who dissects the bodies of animals: an anatomist. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _temnein_, to cut.]

ZOOTROPHIC, z[=o]-[=o]-trof'ik, _adj._ pertaining to the nourishment of animals. [Gr. _z[=o]on_, an animal, _trophos_, food.]

ZOOZOO, z[=oo]'z[=oo], _n._ (_prov._) the wood-pigeon. [Imit.]

ZOPILOTE, z[=o]-pi-l[=o]'te, _n._ one of the smaller American vultures, the turkey-buzzard, an urubu.--Also _Tzopilotl_. [Mex.]

ZOPISSA, z[=o]-pis'a, _n._ an old medicinal mixture of pitch and tar scraped from the sides of ships. [Gr. _z[=o]pissa_.]

ZOPPO, tsop'p[=o], _adj._ (_mus._) alternately with and without syncopation. [It.]

ZORGITE, zor'g[=i]t, _n._ a metallic copper-lead selenide, found at _Zorge_, in the Harz Mountains.

ZORIL, ZORILLE, zor'il, _n._ an African skunk-like carnivore: an American skunk.--_n._ ZORIL'LA, a genus of African skunk-like quadrupeds, representing the _Zorillinæ_, an African subfamily of _Mustelidæ_. [Fr. _zorille_--Sp. _zorilla_, dim. of _zorra_, a fox.]

ZOROASTRIANISM, zor-[=o]-as'tri-an-izm, _n._ the ancient religion founded or reformed by _Zoroaster_--the Greek pronunciation of Zarathushtra--set forth in the _Zend-Avesta_ (q.v.), and still held by the Guebres and Parsees in India.--_n._ and _adj._ ZOROAS'TRIAN.

ZORRA, zor'a, _n._ a South American skunk.--Also ZORRINO (zo-r[=e]'n[=o]). [Sp.]

ZORRO, zor'[=o], _n._ a South American fox-wolf. [Sp.]

ZOSTER, zos't[.e]r, _n._ an ancient Greek waist-belt for men: herpes zoster or shingles. [Gr. _z[=o]st[=e]r_, a girdle.]

ZOTHECA, z[=o]-th[=e]'ka, _n._ a small living-room, as distinguished from a sleeping-room: an alcove. [Gr. _z[=o]th[=e]k[=e]_.]

ZOUAVE, zwäv, _n._ one of a body of troop wearing a quasi-Moorish dress in the French army, which derives its name from the _Zwawa_, a tribe of Kabyles in the Algerian province of Constantine. These Kabyles had long been employed as mercenaries by the _deys_ of Algiers; and after the conquest in 1830 the French took them into their service.

ZOUNDS, zowndz, _interj._ an exclamation of anger and astonishment. [A corr. of _God's wounds_, referring to Christ's sufferings on the cross.]

ZUCCHETTA, tsuk-ket'ta, _n._ the skull-cap of an ecclesiastic, covering the tonsure: a form of helmet worn in the 16th century. [It., dim. of _zucca_, a gourd.]

ZUFOLO, z[=oo]'f[=o]-l[=o], _n._ a small flute or flageolet used in training singing-birds.--Also ZUF'FOLO. [It.]

ZULU, zoo'loo, _n._ a branch of the great Bantu division of the human family, belonging to South Africa, conspicuous for physical and intellectual development.--_adj._ pertaining to the ZULUS, their language, &c. [South African.]

ZUMBOORUK, zum'b[=oo]-ruk, _n._ a small cannon mounted on a swivel, carried on the back of a camel.--Also ZUM'BOORUCK, ZOM'BORUK, ZAM'BOORAK. [Hind. _zamb[=u]rak_--Turk. _zamb[=u]rak_--Ar. _zamb[=u]r_, a hornet.]

ZUÑI, z[=oo]'ny[=e], _n._ one of a tribe of Pueblo Indians living in large communal houses near the _Zuñi_ river in New Mexico.--_adj._ and _n._ ZU'ÑIAN.

ZUPA, z[=u]'pa, _n._ a confederation of village communities governed by a ZU'PAN, in the early history of Servia, &c. [Servian.]

ZURF. See ZARF.

ZURLITE, zurl'[=i]t, _n._ a white or green Vesuvian mineral.

ZUZ, z[=oo]z, _n._ a coin or money of account in New Testament times.

ZWANZIGER, tswan'tsi-g[.e]r, _n._ an old Austrian silver coin, equivalent to twenty kreutzers. [Ger.,--_zwanzig_, twenty.]

ZWIEBACK, zv[=i]'bak, _n._ biscuit rusk, or a sweet spiced bread toasted. [Ger.]

ZWINGLIAN, zwing'- or tswing'gli-an, _adj._ pertaining to the Swiss reformer Huldreich _Zwingli_ (1484-1531), or his doctrines, esp. his divergence from Luther in the doctrine of the Eucharist. Zwingli rejected every form of local or corporeal presence, whether by transubstantiation, impanation, or consubstantiation, assailing every form, however subtle, of the old _Capernaitic_ (John vi. 51-53, 59) conception of a carnal presence and carnal appropriation.--_n._ a follower of ZWINGLI.

ZYGADITE, zig'a-d[=i]t, _n._ a variety of albite found in thin twin crystals at Andreasberg, in the Harz Mountains. [Gr. _zygad[=e]n_, jointly--_zygon_, a yoke.]

ZYGÆNA, z[=i]-j[=e]'na, _n._ a genus of moths, typical of the family _Zygænidæ_: a genus of sharks, the hammer-heads, now _Sphyrna_.--_adjs._ ZYGÆ'NID, ZYGÆ'NINE, ZYGÆ'NOID. [Gr. _zygaina_, a shark.]

ZYGAL, z[=i]'gal, _n._ pertaining to a zygon, formed like a letter [H shape]. [_Zygon_.]

ZYGANTRUM, z[=i]-gan'trum, _n._ a fossa on the posterior face of the arches of each of the vertebræ of the Lacertilia, into which the zygosphene of the succeeding vertebra fits. [Gr. _zygon_, a yoke, _antron_, a cave.]

ZYGAPOPHYSIS, z[=i]-ga-pof'i-sis, _n._ one of the yoke-pieces or articulations of the vertebræ: _pl._ ZYGAPOPH'YS[=E]S. [Gr. _zygon_, a yoke, _apophysis_, process.]

ZYGITE, z[=i]'g[=i]t, _n._ a rower in the second tier of a Greek trireme. [Gr. _zygit[=e]s_--_zygon_, yoke.]

ZYGOBRANCHIATE, z[=i]-g[=o]-brang'ki-[=a]t, _adj._ having paired gills or ctenidia, as certain molluscs: belonging to the ZYGOBRANCHI[=A]'TA, an order or suborder of _Gastropoda_.--Also ZY'GOBRANCH. [Gr. _zygon_, yoke, _brangchia_, gills.]

ZYGOCARDIAC, z[=i]-g[=o]-kär'di-ak, _adj._ yoke-like and cardiac, as an ossicle of the stomach of some Crustacea. [Gr. _zygon_, a yoke, _kardia_, the heart.]

ZYGODACTYL, z[=i]-g[=o]-dak'til, _adj._ having the toes arranged in pairs, two before and two behind, as certain birds--also ZYGODACTYL'IC, ZYGODAC'TYLOUS.--_n._ ZYGODAC'TYLISM. [Gr. _zygon_, a yoke, _daktylos_, a finger.]

ZYGODONT, z[=i]'g[=o]-dont, _adj._ pertaining to molar teeth whose cusps are paired, possessing such molars. [Gr. _zygon_, yoke, _odous_, _odontos_, a tooth.]

ZYGOMA, z[=i]-g[=o]'ma, _n._ the arch formed by the malar bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone of the skull.--_adj._ ZYGOMAT'IC.--ZYGOMATIC FOSSA, the lower part of the fossa bridged over by the zygomatic arch; ZYGOMATIC MUSCLES, two muscles (major and minor) arising from the zygomatic arch. [Gr. _zyg[=o]ma_--_zygon_, a yoke.]

ZYGOMORPHOUS, z[=i]-g[=o]-mor'fus, _adj._ yoke-shaped--of flowers divisible into similar halves in one plane only--also ZYGOMOR'PHIC.--_ns._ ZYGOMOR'PHISM, ZYGOMOR'PHY. [Gr. _zygon_, a yoke, _morph[=e]_, form.]

ZYGOMYCETES, z[=i]-g[=o]-m[=i]-s[=e]'t[=e]z, _n.pl._ a group of fungi marked by the production of zygospores--the commonest type _Mucor mucedo_, the common white mould of dead organic matter, as horse-dung.--_adj._ ZYGOMYC[=E]'TOUS. [Gr. _zygon_, a yoke, _myk[=e]s_, _myk[=e]tos_, a mushroom.]

ZYGON, z[=i]'gon, _n._ a connecting bar: an [H shape]-shaped fissure of the brain. [Gr., a yoke.]

ZYGOPHYLLACEÆ, z[=i]-g[=o]-fil-[=a]'s[=e]-[=e], _n.pl._ a natural order containing about 100 species of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees, chiefly natives of subtropical countries--the bean-caper family--the typical genus _Zygophyllum_. [Gr. _zygon_, a yoke, _phyllon_, a leaf.]

ZYGOPHYLLUM, z[=i]-g[=o]-fil'um, _n._ a genus of plants, natural order _Zygophylleæ_, of the bean-caper family.

ZYGOPHYTE, z[=i]'g[=o]-f[=i]t, _n._ a plant in which reproduction takes place by means of zygospores. [Gr. _zygon_, a yoke, _phyton_, a plant.]

ZYGOPLEURAL, z[=i]-g[=o]-pl[=oo]'ral, _adj._ bilaterally symmetrical. [Gr. _zygon_, a yoke, _pleura_, the side.]

ZYGOSIS, z[=i]-g[=o]'sis, _n._ (_bot._) conjugation, the coalescence of two distinct cells: the sexual intercourse of protoplasmic bodies.--_n._ ZY'GO[=I]TE, an organism resulting from zygosis.--_adj._ ZY'GOSE, pertaining to zygosis. [Gr. _zyg[=o]sis_, a joining.]

ZYGOSPHENE, z[=i]'g[=o]-sf[=e]n, _n._ a process on the anterior face of each of the vertebral arches in the Lacertilia, which articulates with the _zygantrum_ of the preceding arch. [Gr. _zygon_, a yoke, _sph[=e]n_, a wedge.]

ZYGOSPORE, z[=i]'g[=o]-sp[=o]r, _n._ a spore produced by the union of buds from two adjacent hyphaæ in the process of conjugation by which some fungi multiply--the same as ZY'GOSPERM and ZY'GOTE. [Gr. _zygon_, a yoke, _spora_, seed.]

ZYLONITE=_Xylonite_ (q.v.).

ZYMASE, z[=i]'m[=a]s, _n._ the same as ENZYM. [See ZYME.]

ZYME, z[=i]m, _n._ a ferment: a disease-germ--the supposed specific cause of a zymotic disease.--_n._ ZY'MASE, enzym, any of the unorganised ferments.--_adj._ ZY'MIC, relating to fermentation.--_ns._ ZY'MITE, a priest using leavened bread in the Eucharist; ZY'MOGEN, a substance capable of developing by internal change into a ferment.--_adjs._ ZYMOGEN'IC; ZY'MOID, like a ferment; ZYMOLOG'IC, -AL, pertaining to zymology.--_ns._ ZYMOL'OGIST, one skilled in zymology; ZYMOL'OGY, the science of fermentation; ZYMOL'YSIS, ZYM[=O]'SIS, fermentation of any kind; ZYMOM'ETER, ZYMOSIM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the degree of fermentation; ZY'MOPHYTE, a bacterioid ferment capable of liberating fatty acids from neutral fats.--_adjs._ ZYMOTECH'NIC, -AL, producing and utilising fermentation.--_n._ ZYMOTECH'NICS, the art of managing fermentation.--_adj._ ZYMOT'IC, pertaining to fermentation.--_adv._ ZYMOT'ICALLY.--ZYMOTIC DISEASE, a term for diseases caused by the multiplication of a living germ introduced from without into the body. [Gr. _zym[=e]_, leaven, _zym[=o]sis_, fermentation.]

ZYMOME, z[=i]'m[=o]m, _n._ an old name for the part of gluten insoluble in alcohol.

ZYMURGY, z[=i]'m[.e]r-ji, _n._ that department of technological chemistry which treats of wine-making, brewing, distilling, and similar processes involving fermentation. [Gr. _zym[=e]_, leaven, _ergon_, work.]

ZYTHEPSARY, z[=i]-thep'sa-ri, _n._ (_obs._) a brewery.

ZYTHUM, z[=i]'thum, _n._ a kind of beer made by the ancient Egyptians--much commended by Diodorus. [Gr. _zythos_.]

ZYXOMMA, zik-som'a, _n._ a genus of Indian dragon-flies, of family _Libellulidæ_, with large head and eyes and narrow face. [Gr. _zeuxis_, a joining, _omma_, eye.]

* * * * *

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

* * * * *

The best account of these is to be found in Kellner's edition of Dr
Morris's _Historical Outlines of English Accidence_ (1895), and
especially in Professor Skeat's _Principles of English
Etymology_--First Series (2d ed. 1892), chaps. xii.-xiv.; Second Series
(1891), chap. xviii. To these books the following lists are largely
indebted.

A- (A.S.) represents:

(1) A.S. _an_, _on_, on, as _a_bed, _a_board, _a_foot, _a_shore, _a_sunder, now-_a-_days, twice-_a-_week, _a_live, _a_mong, _a_bout, _a-_fishing.

(2) A.S. _and-_, over against, in reply to, to, as _a_long (from A.S. _and-lang_, i.e. over against in length); appearing also as E- in _e_lope, as AM- in _am_bassador, and as EM- in _em_bassy; the same as _un-_ in verbs. See Un- (2). [Cog. with Goth. _and-_, Ger. _ent-_, _ant-_, L. _ante-_, Gr. _anti-_.]

(3) A.S. _á-_, an intensive prefix to verbs, out, out from, as in _a_rise (from A.S. _árísan_, to rise out of or up); or sig. 'very,' as in _a_ghast. Cf. _a_bide, _ac_curse, _af_fright, _a_maze, _a_rise, _a_rouse, _a_go. [Cog. with Ger. _er-_, Goth. _us-_, _ur-_.]

(4) A.S. _of_, of, from, as in _a_down (from A.S. _of dúne_, 'from the height'), _a_new, _a_kin; or from _of-_, intensive, as _a_thirst.

(5) A.S. _ge-_, _y-_, as _a_ware (A.S. _ge-w['æ]re_), _a_fford.

(6) _at_, old sign of inf., as _a_do. [A Northern idiom, due to Scand. influences, as in Ice., Sw., &c.]

A- (L. and Gr.) represents: (1) L. AB-, as in _a_vert; (2) L. AD-, as _a_chieve; (3) L. E- or EX-, as in _a_bash, _a_mend; (4) Gr. A- (for AN-), as in _a_byss. See these prefixes.

A-, AB-, ABS-, AS- (L.), away from, as _a_vert, _ab_sent, _ab_solve, _ab_stract; and also _as_soil and _av_aunt through French. Indeed, this prefix appears as A-, ADV-, AV-, V-, as in _a_vert, _adv_ance, _av_aunt, _v_anguard, &c. [L. _a_, _ab_, _abs_ (oldest form _ap_); cog. with Gr. _apo-_, Sans. _apa_, Ger. _ab_, Eng. _off_.]

AB-. See Ad-.

AC-. See Ad-.

AD- (L.), to, at, as ADhere, ADapt. It appears as A-, AB-, AC-, AD-, AF-, AG-, AL-, AN-, AP-, AR-, AS-, AT-, as in _a_chieve, _ab_breviate, _ac_cede, _ad_mire, _af_fix, _ag_gregate, _al_lot, _an_nex, _ap_prove, _ar_rive, _as_sign, _at_tract. The words _a_chieve, _a_gree, _a_merce, _a_mount, _a_cquit, _a_cquaint, _a_vow, &c. show the same prefix, derived through the medium of Old French. [L. _ad_; cog. with Sans. _adhi_, Goth. and Eng. _at_, Celt. _ar-_.]

AF-. See Ad-.

AFTER- (A.S.), as _after-_growth, _after-_math, _after-_wards. [A.S. _æfter-_.]

AG-. See Ad-.

AL-. See Ad-.

AL- (Ar.), the--also as A-, AR-, AS-, EL-, L-, as _a_pricot, _ar_tichoke, _as_sagai, _el_ixir, _l_ute.

ALL- (A.S.), all, as _al_mighty, _all-_wise. In Early English _al-_=quite is added (1) to past participles, as _al-_brent=quite burnt, _al-_heled=quite concealed; (2) to verbs preceded by _to_, as _al-_to-brenne=to burn up entirely. In Elizabethan and later writers _all-to_=altogether, quite--the original meaning of _to_ having been lost sight of. Cf. Milton's 'all-to ruffled,' &c. [A.S. _eall-_.]

AM-, (1) the Fr. _em_--L. _im_ for _in_, as _am_bush: see In- (2); (2) the Gr. _an-_, as in _Am_brosia: see An- (2); (3) the same as An- (1), as in _am_bassador.

AMBI-, AMB-, AM- (L.), round about, both, as _ambi_dexter, _am_bition, _am_putate. [L.; cog. with Gr. _amphi-_, Sans. _abhi_, around.]

AMPHI- (Gr.), round about, both, as _amphi_theatre, _amphi_bious. [Cog. with L. _ambi-_, _amb-_.]

AN- (A.S.), against, in return, as _an_swer. See A- (A.S.) (2), above. [A.S. _and-_, Ger. _ant-_, Goth. _and-_.]

AN-, A-, AM- (Gr.), not, without, as _an_archy, _a_tom, _am_brosia. [Gr.; cog. with Sans. _an-_, _a-_, L. _in-_, Eng. _un-_, _in-_, not.]

AN- (Fr. _en_--L. _in_), as in anoint. See In- (2).

AN-, as in _an_cestor; see Ante- (below).

AN-. See Ad-.

ANA-, AN- (Gr.), up, back, as _ana_lyse, _ana_tomy, _an_eurism. [Cog. with Goth. _ana_, Eng. _on_.]

ANTE-, ANTI-, ANCI-, AN- (L.), before, as _ante_cedent, _anti_cipate, _anc_ient, _anc_estor (for L. _antecessor_). [L. _ante_, old form _anti_; conn. with _anti-_; Fr. _anci-_, _an-_.]

ANTI- (Gr.), opposite to, against, as _anti_pathy, _anti_podes; as ANT- in _ant_agonist, and ANTH- in _anth_em. [Gr.; conn. with L. _ante-_, Sans. _anti-_, facing, Ger. _ant-_ in _Ant_wort, Eng. _an-_ (for _and-_) in _answer_ (see Dict.). Cf. _A-_ (A.S.) (2), above.]

AP-. See Ad-.

APO- (Gr.), off, from, away, as APOstle; as APH- in _aph_elion, _aph_æresis. [Cog. with L. _ab-_.]

AR-. See Ad-.

ARCH-, ARCHI-, ARCHE- (Gr.), first, chief, as _arch_bishop, _archi_tect, _arche_type.

AS-. See Ad-.

AT-. See Ad-.

AT- (Eng.), denoting nearness, as _at_one; against, as _t_wit (A.S. _æt-wítan_, to blame). [A.S. _æt_.]

AUTO-, AUTH- (Gr.), self, as _auto_crat, _auto_graph, _auto_psy, _auth_entic.

AV-. See Ab-.

BE- (A.S.), the most fertile of all English prefixes, is the weak form of _by_. The original meaning was '_about_.' (1) It forms derivative verbs, with the sense of 'around,' 'on all sides,' 'in all directions,' as _be_blear=to blear all over, _be_girdle, _be_jumble, _be_paste, _be_smudge; (2) it forms intensive verbs, with the sense of 'thoroughly,' 'soundly,' as _be_breech=to breech soundly, _be_daub, _be_welcome; (3) it renders intransitive verbs transitive by adding a prepositional relation, as _be_chatter=to environ with chattering, _be_gaze=to gaze at, _be_smile=to smile at, _be_speak; (4) it forms transitive verbs of adjectives and substantives, as _be_foul=to affect with foulness, _be_dim=to make dim, _be_dew=to cover with dew, _be_friend.

BIS-, BI-, BIN- (L.), twice, double, as _bis_cuit, _bi_ennial, _bin_ocular; as BA- in balance. [Corr. of _duis_, ablative of _duo_, two.]

CATA-, CATH-, CAT- (Gr.), down, downwards, according to, thoroughly, as _cata_ract, _cath_olic, _cat_echism. [Gr. _kata_.]

CIRCUM-, CIRCU- (L.), round about, as _circum_scribe, _circu_it. [Properly accusative of _circus_, a circle. See Circle in Dict.]

CIS- (L.), on this side, as _cis_alpine.

COM-, CON-, CO- (L.), together, with, as _con_nect, _co_here, _col_lect, _cor_rect, _coun_cil. In _cur_ry, this prefix has been attached to O. Fr. _roi_, order; often intensive, as _com_motion; _co-_admire, _co-_enjoy, _co-_actor, _co-_believer. [_Com-_ is the old form of L. _cum_, with; cog. with Gr. _syn_, Sans. _sam_. The root, originally signifying 'one,' is seen in L. _sim-ul_, together, Gr. _ham-a_, together, Eng. _sim_ple (which see in Dict.).]

CONTRA-, CONTRO-, CONTR-, COUNTER- (L.), against, as _contra_dict, _contro_vert, _contr_alto, _counter_act. [L. _contra_ (whence Fr. _contre_), from _Con-_, and -_tra_, from root _tar_, to cross, seen also in _trans_.]

DE- (L., or Fr.--L.), down, from, away, occurs in words derived either directly from L., as _de_duce; or through the Fr. from L., in which case DE-, DI-, represents either (1) O. Fr. _des-_ from L. _dis-_, asunder, not, as in _de_feat (O. Fr. _des-_fait), or (2) Fr.--L. _de-_, as _de_scribe [lit. 'write _down_'], decompose. This prefix DE- is negative and oppositive in _destroy_, _desuetude_, _deform_, or intensive in _declare_, _desolate_, _desiccate_.

DEMI- (Fr.--L.), half, as _demi_god, _demi_quaver. [Fr. _demi_--L. _dimidium_, half.]

DI- (Gr.), double, as _di_lemma, _di_alogue.

DIA- (Gr.), through, as _dia_meter; shortened to DI- in _di_æresis, and appearing as DE-, DEA-, in _de_vil, _dea_con. [Gr. _dia_, from _dyo_, two.]

DIF-. See Dis-.

DIS- (Gr.), two, twice, as _dis_syllable, _di_cotyledonous. [From _duis_, from root of _two_.]

DIS-, DI- (L.; in O. Fr. DES-), in two, asunder, as _dis_part, _dif_fer, _dis_perse; negative, as _dis_relish; privative, as _dis_lodge. Thus variously DI-, DIF-, DIS-, DES-, DE-, and even S-, as in _s_pend. [_Dis_ for _duis_, from L. _duo_, Gr. _dyo_, Sans. _dvi_, Goth. and Eng. _two_.]

DYS- (Gr.), ill, difficult, as _dys_entery, _dys_pepsy. [Cog. with Sans. _dus_, Goth. _tus_, Ger. _zer-_, A.S. _to-_, Eng. _two_.]

E-. See Ex-.

E-=A.S. _ge-_, in enough (A.S. _genóh_, Ger. _genug_).

E-, as in _e_lope. See A- (A.S.) (2), and also An- (A.S.).

E-, a purely phonetic addition, of French origin, as in _e_squire, _e_state, _e_schew, _e_special, _e_scutcheon.

EC- or EX- (Gr.), out of, from, as _ec_stasy, _ex_odus; also as EL- in _el_lipse. [Gr. _ex_, cog. with L. _ex_, out.]

EDD-, in _eddy_. [A.S. _ed-_, back.]

EF-. See Ex-.

EL-, in _el_lipse, &c. See Ec- or Ex-.

EMB-, in _emb_er days. [A.S. _ymb-_ryne, a circuit.]

EN- (Gr.), in, on, as _en_ergy, _en_demic, emphasis--sometimes extended to ENDO-, within, as _endo_gen.

EN-, EM- (Fr.--L.), in, into, as _en_list; to make, as _en_large, _en_act, _en_dure; before _b_ and _p_, EM-, as _em_bark, _em_bolden. [Fr. _en_--L. _in_. See In- (L.), in, into.]

ENTER- (Fr.), between, among, as _enter_tain. [Fr. _entre_--L. _inter-_.]

EPI-, EP-, EPH- (Gr.), on, as _epi_taph; during, as _ep_och, _eph_emeral. [Gr. _epi_; Sans. _api_, L. _ob-_.]

ES- (Fr. or Sp.--L.), out, as _es_cape, _es_planade. [O. Fr. or Sp. _es_--L. _ex-_.]

ESO- (Gr.), in, into, as _eso_teric. [From Gr. _eis_, into, whose form was prob. orig. _ens_, a strengthened form of EN- (Gr.).]

EU- (Gr.), well, as _eu_phony, _eu_logy; as EV- in _ev_angelist. [Gr. _eu_, _eus_, good, for an assumed _es-us_, real.]

EX- or E- (L.), from, out of, as _ex_pel, _e_ject, _ef_flux; by assimilation, appearing as A-, E-, EF-, ES-, EX-, ISS-, S-, as _a_mend, _e_normous, _ef_fect, _es_cape, _ex_tend, _iss_ue, _s_ample. It is French influence which has disguised it in such words as _affray_, _amend_, _escape_, _escheat_, _essay_, &c.--EX- has a privative sense in _ex-_emperor, _ex-_mayor. [L. _ex-_, _e-_; O. Fr. _es-_, Fr. _é-_, _ex_.]

EX-, out of, as in _ex_odus.--EXO-, outside, as _exo_tic. [Gr. _ex_, out of, _ex[=o]_, outside.]

EXTRA- (L.), on the outside, beyond, as _extra_mural, _extra_ordinary, _extra-_work; as STRA- in _stra_nge. [Contr. of _exter[=a]_ (_parte_ being understood), abl. fem. of _exterus_, beyond, a comp. form, from _Ex-_ (L.).]

FOR- (A.S.), in place of, as _for_asmuch. [A.S. prep. _for_.]

FOR- (A.S.), through, thorough, away, so as to be non-existent, or to be destroyed, as _for_swear, _for_bid, _fore_go (better _for_go). [A.S. _for-_; Ger. _ver-_, Goth. _fra-_, conn. with _far_ and _from_.]

FOR- (Fr.--L.), as in _fore_close, _for_feit. [Fr.--L. _foris_, lit. 'out of doors,' used in the sense of 'outside,' 'beyond,' 'amiss.']

FORE- (A.S.), before, as _fore_tell, _fore_bode; _fore_dated, _fore_said, _fore_told; _fore_castle, _fore_father, _fore_sight. [A.S. _fore-_; Ger. _vor_.]

FORTH- (A.S.), forth, only in _forth_with.

FRO- (A.S.), from, as _fro_ward. [A.S. _fro_--Scand., Ice. _frá_.]

GAIN- (A.S.), against, as _gain_say. [A.S. _gegn_. See _Against_ in Dict.]

HEMI- (Gr.), half, as _hemi_sphere--shortened to ME- in _me_grim. [Gr.; cog. with L. _semi-_, Sans. _s[=a]mi-_.]

HETERO- (Gr.), other, as _hetero_doxy. [Gr. _heteros_, other.]

HOLO- (Gr.), entire, as _holo_graph. [Gr. _holos_, entire.]

HOMO- (Gr.), same--lengthened to HOMOEO-, as _homoeo_pathy. [Gr. _homos_, same.]

HYPER- (Gr.), over, above, beyond, as _hyper_borean, _hyper_critical. [Cog. with _super-_ and _over-_.]

HYPO-, HYPH-, HYP-, (Gr.), under, as _hypo_tenuse, _hyph_en, _hyp_allage. [Cog. with L. _sub-_, Goth. _uf_, Sans. _upa_.]

I-, in _i_gnoble. See In- (1), negative.

I-, Y-, as in _I-_wis, _y_clept, hand-_y-_work. This prefix appears as A- in _a_ware, as C- in _c_lutch, and as E- in _e_nough. [A.S. _ge-_, sign of the past participle passive.]

IL-, as in _il_lude. See In- (2).

IL-, as in _il_legal. See In- (1).

IN-, IM- (L.), not, as _in_convenience, _in_cautious, _in_firm. Before _p_ the _n_ changes to _m_, as _im_pudent; before _l_, _m_, and _r_ it is assimilated to those consonants, as _il_legal, _im_mature, _ir_regular. This prefix thus appears as EN-, I-, IL-, IM-, IN-, IR-, as _en_emy, _ig_noble, _il_legal, _im_mortal, _in_firm, _ir_regular. [L.; cog. with Gr. _an-_, Eng. _un-_.]

IN- (L.), in, into, as _in_fuse, _il_lumine, _im_pel, _ir_rigate. It becomes _il-_ before _l_; _im-_ before _b_, _m_, and _p_; _ir_- before _r_. This prefix thus appears as AM-, AN-, EM-, EN-, IL-, IM-, IN-, IR-, as _am_bush, _an_oint, _em_brace, _en_close, _il_lude, _im_mure, _in_clude, _ir_ritate.

IN- (A.S.), in, on, as _in_come, _in_ward, _in_land, _in_sight; to make, as _im_bitter, lit. to put _into_ a state of bitterness; as _im-_ in _im_bed, _im_park, &c.

INTER- (L.), in the midst of, between, as _inter_val, _intel_lect, _inter_marry. [A compar. form; cog. with Eng. _under_, and Sans. _antar_, within.]

INTRA- (L.), in the inside of, within, as _intra_mural. [Contr. of _intera_, ablative feminine of _interus_, inward--_Inter-_.]

INTRO- (L.), into, within, as _intro_duce. [Contr. of _intero_, ablative masculine of _interus_--_Inter-_.]

IR-, as in _ir_ritate. See In- (2).

IR-, as in _ir_regular. See In- (1).

ISS-, as in _iss_ue. See Ex- (1).

JUXTA- (L.), near, as _juxta_position. [Superl. form, from root of L. _jung[)e]re_, to join.]

L-, as in _l_one; an abbreviation of _all_.

L-, as in _l_ouver. See Al-.

L-, as in _l_ute. See Al-.

MALE-, MALI-, MAL-, MAU- (L.), badly, ill, as _male_factor, _mal_content, _male_diction, _male_volent; through French, _mau_gre=notwithstanding. [L. _male_, badly.]

META-, METH-, MET- (Gr.), among, with; after, as _meth_od. (lit. 'way after'); often implies change, as _meta_morphose, _met_eor, _met_onomy. [Gr. _meta_; cog. with A.S. _mid_, Goth. _mith_, Ger. _mit_.]

MID- (A.S.), with, as _mid_wife. [A.S. _mid-_, together with.]

MIS- (A.S.), wrong, ill, as _mis_behave, _mis_deed, _mis_lead. [A.S. _mis-_; Ice. _mis-_, Goth. _missa-_, Ger. _miss-_. Cf. _Mis-_in Dict.]

MIS- (Fr.--L.), as in _mis_chief, _mis_alliance, _mis_chance. [Fr. _mis-_, for O. Fr. _mes-_, from L. _minus_, less.]

MONO-, MON- (Gr.), single, as _mono_graph, _mono_logue, _mon_k, and _min_ster. [Gr. _monos_, alone.]

MULTI-, MULT-, many, as in _multi_ply, _mult_eity. [L. _multus_, much, many.]

N-, as in _n_ewt, _n_ickname, due to the _n_ of the article in _an ewt_, _an ekename_. In _n_uncle the origin is _mine_ uncle; in 'for the _nonce_,' M. E. for the nones, miswritten _for then ones_, for the once.

N- (A.S.), no, not, as _n_ever; or L. NE-, as in _n_ull. [A.S. _ne_; cog. with Goth. _ni_, L. _ne_, Sans. _na_.]

NE- (Gr.), not, as _ne_penthe; NE-, NEG- (L.), not, as _ne_farious, _ne_uter, _neg_ative, _neg_lect. [L. _ne_, _nec_, a contr. of _neque_, from _ne_, not, _que_, and.]

NON- (L.), not, as _non_sense, _non_age. It appears as _um-_ in _um_pire=_num_pire. [From _ne unum_, not one.]

OB- (L., by assimilation, O-, OB-, OC-, OF-, OP-, also OS-), in front of, against, in the way of, as _ob_struct, _o_mit, _oc_cur, _of_fer, _op_pose, _os_tentation. [Cog. with Gr. _epi_, Sans. _api_.]

OC-, as in _oc_cur. See Ob-.

OF-, as in _of_fer. See Ob-.

OFF- (A.S.), off, from, away, as _of_fal, _off_shoot, _off_set. [A form of OF. There is the same relation between _of_ and _off_ as between _be_ and _by_; A.S. _of_ has been differentiated into the stressless or weak form _of_, and the stressed or strong form _off_. Cf. A-, Ab-.]

ON- (A.S.), on, as _on_set, _on_looker. [See _On_ in Dict.]

OP-, as in _op_press. See Ob-.

OR- (A.S.), out, in _or_deal. [A.S. _or-_; cog. with Dut. _oor-_, Ger. _ur-_, Goth, _us-_, away, out of.]

OS-, as in _os_tensible. See Ob-.

OUT- (A.S.), out, beyond, as _out_law, _out_bid, _out_side, _out_cast. [A.S. _út_.]

OVER- (A.S.), over, above, as _over_arch, _over_seer. [A.S. _ofer_.]

PA-, as in _pa_lsy. See Para-.

PALIN-, PALIM- (Gr.), again, as _palin_genesis, _palim_psest. [Gr. _palin_, again.]

PAN-, PANTO- (Gr.), all, as _pan_acea, _pan_theism, _panto_mime.

PARA-, PAR- (Gr.), beside, as _para_ble; beyond, wrong, as _para_lyse. It appears as PA- in _pa_lsy, PAR- in _par_ody. [Gr. _para_.]

PEL-, as in _pel_lucid. See Per-.

PENE- (L.), almost, as _pen_insula.

PER- (L.), through, as _per_mit; thoroughly, as _per_fect; also appearing as PAR-, PEL-, PIL-, as in _par_son, _par_don, _pel_lucid, _pil_grim. In _per_jure, _per_ish, it has a destructive force, equivalent to Eng. FOR- in _for_swear (_for-_, A.S.). [Akin to Gr. _para-_, beside, Eng. _for-_, Ger. _ver_.]

PERI- (Gr.), round, as _peri_meter, _peri_phrasis. [Gr. _peri_; Sans. _pari_, also allied to Gr. _para_.]

POL-, POR- (L.), as _pol_lute, _por_tend. [From Old L. _port-_, towards; cf. Ger. _pros_, Eng. _forth_.]

POLY- (Gr.), many, as _poly_gamy.

POR-, as in _por_trait. See Pro- (2).

POST- (L.), after, backwards, behind, as _post_date, _post_script, _post_pone.

POUR-, PUR- (Fr.--L.), as _pour_tray, _pur_vey. [Fr.--L. _pro-_.]

PRE-, PRÆ- (L.), before, as _pre_dict, _pre_fer, _pre_arrange, _præ_tor; also in _pri_son and _pro_vost. [L. _præ_, akin to L. _pro_.]

PRETER- (L.), beyond, as _preter_it, _preter_natural, _preter_mit. [L. _præter_--_præ_, with comp. suffix -_ter_.]

PRO- (Gr.), before, as prologue, programme, prophet. [Gr. pro; cog. with L. pro-, Sans. pra, Eng. for (prep.).]

PRO- (L.), forth, forward, before, instead, as _pro_ject; instead of, from the idea of being before, as _pro_noun, _pro_consul. Appearing also as POR-, POUR-, PR-, PROF-, PUR-, and as PROD- in _prod_igal.--Of Fr. origin, _pro_ceed, _pur_chase, _pur_pose, _pur_sue, _pur_vey. [Cog. with _pro-_ (Gr.), which see.]

PROS- (Gr.), towards, as _pros_elyte, _pros_ody.

PROTO-, PROT- (Gr.), first, as _proto_type, _prot_oxide. [Gr. _pr[=o]tos_, first.]

PUR-. See under Pour-.

RE-, RED-, REN- (L.), change of place or condition, as in _re_move, _re_union (an assemblage of things or persons formerly apart); hence, change of motion from one direction to the opposite='back,' 'again,'as _re_tract, _re_sound, _re_deem, _re_dolent. It appears as REN- in _ren_der, &c.; as R- in _r_ally, _r_ampart; as RA- in _ra_gout. In _re_build, _re_mind, &c. it has been prefixed to English words.

RETRO- (L.), back, backwards, as _retro_spect, _retro_grade.--Of Fr. origin, _rere_ward, ar_rear_, &c.

S- for _Se-_, as in _s_ure; for _Dis-_, as in _s_pend; for _Ex-_, as in _s_ample; for _Sub-_, as in _s_ombre.

SE-, SED- (L.), without, as _se_cure; aside, as _se_duce, _se_cede, _sed_ition; appearing as S- in _s_ure, _s_ober.

SEMI- (L.), half, as _semi_circle. [L.; cog. with Gr. h[=e]mi.]

SINE- (L.), without, as _sine_cure.

SO-, as in _so_journ. See Sub-.

SO-, as in _so_ber. See Se-.

SOVR-, SOPR-. See Super-.

SU-, as in _su_spect. See Sub-.

SUB- (L.), by assimilation, before _c_, _f_, _g_, _m_, _p_, _r_, _s_--SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-, SUR-, SUS-; under, from under, after, as _sub_ject, _sus_pect, _suc_ceed, _suf_fuse, _sug_gest, _sum_mon, _sup_port, _sur_prise, _sus_pend--also as S- in _s_ombre and SO- in _so_journ.--Of Fr. origin, _suc_cour, _sum_mon; Eng. formations, _sub_let, _sub-_kingdom, _sub-_worker. [L. _sub_ (which in O. Fr. became _so-_).]

SUBTER- (L.), under, as _subter_fuge. [From _Sub-_, and compar. suffix -_ter_, meaning motion.]

SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-. See Sub-.

SUPER- (L.), over, above, beyond, as _super_structure, _super_natural.--Of Fr. origin, _sur_face, _sur_feit, _sur_pass, _sur_prise;--Eng. compounds, _super_abundant, _super_cargo, _super_critical. [L.; cog. with Sans. _upari_, Gr. _hyper_.]

SUPRA- (L.), over, above, as _supra_mundane. [Contr. of ablative fem. of _superus_, above, from _Super-_.]

SUR- (Fr.), over, as _sur_mount. [Fr., from L. _super_.]

SUR-, as in _sur_rogate. See Sub-.

SUS-, as in _sus_pend. See Sub-.

SYN-, SY-, SYL-, SYM- (Gr.), together, with, as _syn_tax, _sys_tem, _syl_lable, _sym_bol, _sym_metry. [Cog. with _Com-_.]

T-, in _t_wit, for _at_; in _t_awdry=_Saint Awdry_, the _t_ being the final letter of saint; in _t_autology, representing the Greek article _to_.

THOROUGH- (A.S.), through, as _thorough_fare. [A.S. _ðurh_, through.]

TO- (A.S.), in _to-_day, _to_gether, _to_ward, here-_to-_fore, is the prep. _to_. [A.S. _tó_.]

TO- (A.S.), asunder, as in _to-_brake. [A.S. _tó-_; cf. Ger. _zer-_, Gr. _dys-_.]

TRANS-, TRA-, TRAN-, TRES-, TRE- (L.), beyond, across, as _trans_port, _tra_verse, _tran_scend, _tres_pass, and _tre_ason (through French).

TRI- (L.), thrice, as in _tri_ple, _tre_ble.

TWI- (A.S.), double, as in _twi_light. [A.S. _twí-_, double, _twá_, two.]

U- (Gr.), no, not, as _U_topia. [Gr. _ou_, not.]

ULTRA- (L.), beyond, as _ultra_marine. The French form _outre_ appears in _out_rage and in _utter_ance. [From _ulter_ (stem of _ulterior_), _ul-_ being from root of L. _ille_.]

UM-, in _um_pire. See Non-.

UN- (A.S.), negative prefix, not, as _un_happy, _un_truth, _un_couth. [Cog. with Gr. _an-_ and L. _in_- (negative).]

UN- (A.S.), verbal prefix, signifying the reversal of an action, as _un_lock, _un_bind, _un_do, _un_wind. [A.S. _on-_, _un-_; cf. Dut. _ont-_, Ger. _ent-_, Goth. _and-_. See A- (A.S.) (2).]

UN-, UNI- (L.), one, as _un_animous, _uni_form. [L. unus, one.]

UNDER- (A.S.), under, below, as _under_growth, _under_wood, _under_prop, _under_sell. [See _Under_ in Dict.]

UP- (A.S.), up, as _up_land, _up_start, _up_right, _up_hill, _up_braid, _up_set. [A.S. _up_, _upp_; Ger. _auf_.]

VE- (L.), apart from, as _ve_stibule. [L. _ue_, apart from; prob. allied to _bi-_ and _duo_, two.]

VIS-, VICE- (Fr.--L.), in place of, as _vis_count, _vice_roy. [Fr. _vis-_, from L. _vice_, instead of.]

WAN- (A.S.), wanting, as _wan_ton. [See _Wanton_ in Dict.]

WITH- (A.S.), against, back, as _with_stand, _with_draw; with, near, as within (this meaning is very rare as prefix). [A.S. _with_--_wither_. See _With_ in Dict.]

Y-. See under I-.

* * * * *

SUFFIXES.

-ABLE, adj. suffix, capable of, as port_able_, laugh_able_; cf. also come-at_-able_, get-at_-able_. [L., according to the stem-ending, _-abilis_, _-ebilis_, _-ibilis_, _-ubilis_.]

-AC, adj. suffix, pertaining to, as elegi_ac_; also used as noun suffix, as mani_ac_. [L. _-acus_, Gr. _-akos_.]

-ACEOUS, having the qualities of, as herb_aceous_. [L. _-aceus_.]

-ACIOUS, full of, as aud_acious_. [L. _-ax_, _-acis_.]

-ADE, noun suffix, the L. _-ata_, which in popular French words appears as _-ée_, becomes _-ade_ in words borrowed from the Provençal, Spanish, Portuguese, and even Italian, as in accol_ade_, gascon_ade_. Also we have ambass_ade_, ambusc_ade_, balustr_ade_, brig_ade_, casc_ade_, &c. from French, words in _-ade_. Examples of words formed in imitation of these in English itself are block_ade_, orange_ade_.

-AGE, ending of abstract nouns, as hom_age_; marks place where, as vicar_age_;--of English formation, bond_age_, brew_age_, parson_age_. [L. _-aticum_; Fr. _-age_.]

-AIN, -AN, -EN, -ON, noun suffixes, as vill_ain_, pag_an_, ward_en_, surge_on_. [L. _-anus_.]

-AL, adj. suffix, as annu_al_, leg_al_, mort_al_, cardin_al_;--of English or French formation, circumstanti_al_, cordi_al_, nation_al_. Noun suffix, as approv_al_, deni_al_, remov_al_, betroth_al_. Latin nouns in _-alia_ (neut. pl.) which survived into Old French became _-aille_ (fem. sing.), adopted in Middle English as _-aylle_, _-aille_, later _-aile_, _-al_, as Latin spons_[=a]lia_, O. Fr. espous_ailles_, M. E. spous_aille_, spous_al_; L. batt_[=a]lia_, O. Fr. bat_aille_, M. E. bat_aille_, bat_ail_, battle. On this analogy, _-aille_, _-ail_, _-al_, became a formative of nouns of action on verbs of French or Latin, and even of Teutonic, origin. [L. _-alis_; Fr. _-al_, _-el_.]

-AN, -AIN, -ANE, adj. suffix, as hum_an_, cert_ain_, hum_ane_;--of English formation, Anglic_an_, suburb_an_. Noun suffix [L. _-anus_; Fr. _-ain_, _-en_], as public_an_, veter_an_. [L. _-anus_; Fr. _-ain_, _-en_.]

-ANA, things belonging to, such as sayings, anecdotes, &c., as Johnsoni_ana_, Burnsi_ana_. [L. neut. pl. of adjs. in _-anus_. See _-an_.]

-ANCE, -ENCE (L. _-antia_, _-entia_, Fr. _-ance_), noun suffix, as in arrog_ance_, repent_ance_, experi_ence_, penit_ence_.

-ANCY, -ENCY, a modern English differentiated form of the earlier _-ance_, expressing more distinctly the sense of quality, state, or condition, often belonging to Latin substantives in _-ntia_, as in eleg_antia_, 'elegantness,' as distinct from the sense of action or process, regularly expressed by the French form _-ance_, as in aid_ance_, guid_ance_. The modern tendency is to confine _-nce_ to action, and to express quality or state by _-ncy_; cf. compli_ance_, pli_ancy_, annoy_ance_, buoy_ancy_.

-AND, -END, noun suffix, as vi_and_, leg_end_. [L. _-andus_, _-endus_, gerundial suffix.]

-ANEOUS, belonging to, as extr_aneous_. [L. _-aneus_.]

-ANT, -ENT, adj. suffix, as repent_ant_, pati_ent_. Also noun suffix, sometimes denoting the agent, as inst_ant_, serge_ant_, stud_ent_, innoc_ent_. [L. _-ans_, _-ant-is_, or _-ens_, _-ent-is_, suffix of pr.p.]

-AR, adj. suffix, belonging to, as angul_ar_, popul_ar_. [L. _-aris_; Fr. _-ier_ or _-aire_.]

-AR, -ARD, -ART. See under -er (marking the agent).

-AR, -ER, -OR, noun suffixes, marking place where, as cell_ar_, lard_er_, man_or_ [L. _-arium_];--denoting the agent, as vic_ar_, treasur_er_, chancell_or_. [L. _-arius_.]

-ARD, intensive, as drunk_ard_, cow_ard_, slugg_ard_, wiz_ard_. [O. Fr. _-ard_, _-art_; Ger. _-hard_, strong.]

-ARY, noun suffix, marking place where, as semin_ary_ [L. _-arium_]; the agent, as secret_ary_, antiqu_ary_ [L. _-arius_]. Adjective suffix [L. _-arius_, Fr. _-aire_], as contr_ary_, necess_ary_, second_ary_.

-ASM. See under -ism.

-ASS, -ACE, as cuir_ass_, cutl_ass_, men_ace_, pinn_ace_. [L. _-aceus_, _-acius_; It. _-accio_, Fr. _-as_.]

-ASTER, dim. and freq. (often implying contempt), as poet_aster_. [Fr. _-artre_ (It. _astro_)--L. _-as-ter_.]

-ATE, -ETE, -ITE, -UTE, -T, forming adjectives--all adapted forms of the endings of past participles in Latin according to the conjugation of the verbs from which they are formed, as accur_ate_, desol_ate_; compl_ete_, repl_ete_; contr_ite_, exquis_ite_; absol_ute_, min_ute_; abjec_t_, elec_t_.

-ATE, verbal suffix, as navig_ate_, perme_ate_. Adj., as above. Noun, as leg_ate_, advoc_ate_. [Norm. Fr. _at_--L. _-[=a]tus_, suffix of pa.p.]

-BLE. See -able.

-BLE, -PLE, fold, as dou_ble_, tre_ble_, quadru_ple_. [L. _-plus_, lit. 'full.']

-BUND and -CUND, as mori_bund_, rubi_cund_. [L. _-bundus_ and _-cundus_; Fr. _-bond_ and _-cond_.]

-CE. See under -s, adverbial suffix.

-CELLI, -CELLO, dim., as vermi_celli_, violon_cello_. [It., from L. _-culus_.]

-CH, dim., as blot_ch_. [See -ock.]

-CLE, -CULE, dim., as in parti_cle_, animal_cule_, from L. _culus_, which also gives (through It.) -CELLI, -CELLO, [See under -l.]

-CRAFT, noun suffix, as in book_craft_, priest_craft_. [A.S. _cræft_, skill.]

-CY, -SY, noun suffix, denoting being, or state of being, condition, rank, as clemen_cy_, bankrupt_cy_, cura_cy_, minstrel_sy_. [L. _-tia_, as in constan_tia_, constan_cy_, or _-tio_, as in conspira_tio_, conspira_cy_.]

-D, -T, or -ED, pa.t. suffix, as loved. The _e_ in _-ed_ is the connecting vowel, omitted when the verb ends in e. [A.S. _-de_, 'did,' from _di-de_, pa.t. of do.]

-D, pa.p. suffix of weak verbs, as love_d_; in nouns (with passive meaning), as dee_d_, see_d_; in adjectives formed from nouns, as connoting the possession of the attribute or thing expressed by the substantive, as boote_d_, feathere_d_, woode_d_; in the form -TH (or -T), in abstract nouns from adjectives and, later on, from verbs, as dea_th_, fligh_t_, swif_t_, (with euphonic _-s_-) du_-s__-t_, bla_-s__-t_. [Orig. _-th_, as in uncou_th_, and from the root of _the_, _that_; seen also in the L. suffix _-tu-s_, as in _no-tu-s_, Sans. _jna-ta-s_, and in the Gr. suffix _-to-s_.]

-DOM, noun suffix, denoting dominion, power, as king_dom_; state, as free_dom_; act, as martyr_dom_. New words, as flunkey_dom_, can be coined. [A.S. _dóm_, judgment, Ger. _-thum_.]

-DOR, -DORE, noun suffix, as in corri_dor_, mata_dore_, steve_dore_, battle_door_. [Sp. -DOR, L. _-tor_.]

-ED. See -d.

-EE, noun suffix, one who or that which is (passive), as trust_ee_, legat_ee_. In such words as absent_ee_, devot_ee_, the old function of _-ee_ is entirely lost; refug_ee_ is adopted from Fr. _refugié_, grand_ee_ from Sp. _grande_. [Fr. _-é_--L. _-[=a]tus_, suffix of pa.p.]

-EER, -IER, one who, has frequentative meaning, as chariot_eer_; also -ER, -AR, as in carpent_er_, vic_ar_. [Fr. _-ier_---L. _-arius_.]

-EL, dim., as dams_el_. [See under -l.]

-EN, dim., as chick_en_, maid_en_. [A.S. _-en_.]

-EN, fem. suffix, now found only in vix_en_. [A.S. _-en_, _-n_; Ger. _-in_, Gr. _-ine_, L. _-ina_.]

-EN, added to noun-stems to form adjectives chiefly indicating the material of which a thing is composed. From the 16th century onwards there has been a tendency to discard these adjectives for the attributive use of the substantive, as in 'a gold watch;' only a few words are still familiarly used in their literal sense--earth_en_, wheat_en_, wood_en_, wooll_en_. [A.S. _-en_; Goth. _-en_, _-an_, Ger. _-en_, _-ein_, Sans. _-um_; a genitive suffix, as in mi_ne_.]

-EN, pa.p., as wov_en_, bor_ne_, swo_rn_. [A.S. _-n_, _-ne_, _-en_; conn. with _-ant_, _-ent_.]

-EN, pl. suffix, as ox_en_, ki_ne_ (for M. E. _kyen_--A.S. _cý_, pl. of _cú_, a cow). [A.S. _-an_.]

-EN, to make, as dark_en_, moist_en_, strength_en_, whit_en_.

-EN, -IN, -ENE, belonging to, as ali_en_, verm_in_, terr_ene_. [L. _-enus_, _-ena_, _-enum_.]

-ENCE, -ENCY. See -nce, -ncy.

-ENT, belonging to, as different. [L. _-ens_, _-entis_. See -ant.]

-EOUS, in right_eous_, corr. of -wise (which see); in court_eous_, from O. Fr. _-eis_ (from L. _-ensis_.)

-EOUS, same as in -ous, as lign_eous_. [L. _-eus_.]

-ER, freq. and intens., as glimm_er_, flutt_er_.

-ER, infinitive suffix, as cov_er_, encount_er_. [Fr, _-re_, _-ir_, from L. pres. infin. _-[=a]re_, _-[=e]re_, _-[)e]re_, _-[=i]re_.]

-ER marks the agent, designating persons according to their occupation, as writ_er_, sing_er_, hatt_er_, lead_er_, sometimes changed to _-ar_, as li_ar_; with _-i-_ or _-y-_ prefixed, as cloth_-i__-er_, law_-y-er_ (where the A.S. primitive substantive ends in [gh]); with excrescent _-t_ or _-d_, as bragg_-ar__-t_. Note that in the words _auger_, _heifer_, _shelter_, what looks like the suffix _-er_ is really an independent substantive. [A.S. _-ere_; Goth. _-arja_, Ger. _-er_.]

-ER, more, used in compar. of adjs., as great_er_, mo_re_. [Aryan compar., suffix _-ra_.]

-ER, noun suffix, as matt_er_, gutt_er_. [Fr. _-iere_--L. _-eria_.]

-EREL, dim. suffix, as mack_erel_. [See under -l.]

-ERIE, place where, as menag_erie_. [Fr., from L. _-arium_. See -ery.]

-ERLY, direction to or from, as south_erly_. [From _-ern_ and _-ly_.]

-ERN, adj. suffix sig. direction, as south_ern_ [A.S. _-er__-n_]; adj. suffix, sig. belonging to, as mod_ern_ [L. _-ernus_]; noun suffix, as cist_ern_ [L. _-erna_].

-ERY, noun suffix, as brew_ery_, witch_ery_, cutl_ery_. [Noun suffix -Y added to nouns in -ER (marking agent). See -ary, -erie, -ory.]

-ES or -S, pl. suffix, as fox_es_, hat_s_. [A.S. _-as_. -S is a general pl. suffix, as L. and Gr. _-es_.]

-ESCENT, adj. suffix, denoting growing, becoming, as conval_escent_. [L. _-esco_, _-isco_, _-asco_, Gr. _-ask[=o]_, suffix, implying becoming, beginning.]

-ESE, adj. suffix, belonging to, as Japan_ese_. [L. _-ensis_; O. Fr. _-eis_, mod. Fr. _-ois_, _-ais_.]

-ESQUE, adj. suffix, partaking of the quality of, as pictur_esque_, grot_esque_, Turner_esque_. [Fr. _-esqe_ (It. _-esco_)--L. _-iscus_, a by-form of _-icus_ (see -ic), and conn. with -ish, adj. suffix.]

-ESS, fem. suffix of nouns, as lion_ess_, godd_ess_. [Fr. _-esse_, L. _-issa_.]

-ESS, -ICE, -ISE, as prow_ess_, just_ice_, merchand_ise_. Note that _riches_ was mistaken for a plural, being really M. E. _richesse_--Fr. _richesse_. [L. _-itia_, _-ities_, Late L. _-icia_, Fr. _-esse_.]

-EST, as in harv_est_, earn_est_.

-EST, suffix of 2d sing. in verbs, as bring_est_. [A.S. _-ast_, _-est_; L. _-es_, _-isti_; Gr. _-si_, _-sthon_. -S or -ST = 2d pers. pron., Gr. _sy_ (_su_), L. _tu_, Eng. _thou_.]

-EST, superl. suffix, formed from the compar. by adding _-t_, as small_est_. [A.S. _-est_ (in adjectives), _-ost_ (in adverbs); L. _-issimus_, Gr. _-istos_, _-stos_, _-tatos_. Sans. _-ishta_.]

-ET, -ETE, noun suffix, marking the agent, as proph_et_, po_et_, athl_ete_. [L. _-[=e]ta_, Gr. _-[=e]t[=e]_s.]

-ET, -ETTE, -OT, dim., as cygn_et_, bill_et_, etiqu_ette_, ball_ot_. See also -let. [Norm. Fr. _-et_, _-ot_; Fr. _-et_, _-ette_.]

-EUR. See under -or.

-EVER, at any time, as who_ever_, every one who. [See _Ever_ in Dict.]

-FARE, way, as in wel_fare_, chaf_fer_. [See _Fare_ in Dict.]

-FAST, adj. suffix, as in stead_fast_, shame_faced_ (A.S. _scamfæst_). [A.S. _fæst_, firm, fast.]

-FOLD, adj. suffix, as four_fold,_ mani_fold_. [A.S. _-feald_.]

-FUL, full of, as delight_ful_. [A.S. _-full_.]

-FY, a verbal suffix signifying to make, as puri_fy_. [Fr. _-fier_--L. _-fic-[=a]re_, for _fac-[)e]re_, to make.]

-HEAD, -HOOD, noun suffix, denoting state, nature, as God_head_, man_hood_, likeli_hood_, hardi_hood_. Note that liveli_hood_ was in A.S. _líflád_=_líf_, life + _lád_, way; the second part ceased to be understood, and thus _-lihood_ took its place. [From A.S. _hád_, Ger. _-heit_, state; changed into Hood.]

-I, pl. suffix of nouns in _-us_, as in literat_i_ [L. _-i_; conn. with Ger. _-ai_, _-oi_]; also pl. suffix of nouns borrowed from It., as banditti [It.--L.].

-IAN, adj. suffix, as Arab_ian_, Christ_ian_. See -an. [L. _-ianus_; Fr. _-ien_.]

-IBLE, adj. suffix, as poss_ible_, flex_ible_. [From L. _-ibilis_, another form of _-abilis_. See _-able_.]

-IC, adj. suffix, of or belonging to, as gigant_ic_, publ_ic_, volta_ic_. Also largely used as noun suffix, as fabr_ic_. [L. _-icus_, _-ica_, _-icum_, Gr. _-ikos_; Fr. _-ic_, _-igne_.]

-ICAL, adj. suffix, belonging to, as cub_ical_, whims_ical_. [_-ic_ and _-al_.]

-ICE, noun suffix, as chal_ice_ [Fr.--L. _-ex_, _-icis_]; nov_ice_ [Fr.--L. _-icius_]. [See another -ice under -ess, -ice, -ise.]

-ICISM. See -ism.

-ICS, lit. things that belong to a science, as mathemat_ics_. [In imitation of Gr. _-ika_, neuter pl. of adjs. in _-ikos_. See -ic.]

-ID, noun suffix, as Nere_id_; also used in coining chemical words, as chlor_ide_, ox_ide_, brom_ide_ [L. _-id_-, Gr. _-id_-, Fr. _-ide_]. Also adj. suffix, as tep_id_, ac_id_, morb_id_ [L. _-idus_].

-IE, -Y, dim., as lass_ie_. [From _-ick_, a weakened form of -ock.]

-IER, noun suffix, one who, as caval_ier_, cloth_ier_, braz_ier_, hos_ier_. [Fr. _-ier_; usually appears in form -eer.]

-IFF. See -ive.

-IL, -ILE, able, as civ_il_, duct_ile_. [L. _-[)i]lis_, from verbal roots, _-[=i]lis_, from noun-stems; to be distinguished from -ile (below). See -able.]

-ILE, belonging to, as Gent_ile_. [L. _-ilis_.]

-IM, pl. suffix, as cherub_im_. [Heb. _îm_.]

-INA, fem. suffix, as czar_ina_. [See _-en_, fem.]

-INE, fem. suffix, as hero_ine_. [See _-en_, fem.]

-INE, -IN, noun suffix, as rav_ine_, medic_ine_, cous_in_; much used in chemical compounds, as iod_ine_, glycer_ine_, brom_ine_. Also adj. suffix, as adamant_ine_, div_ine_. [L. _-inus_, _-ina_; Fr. _-in_.]