Chapter XL: Front Matter (40)

-ING, suffix of present participles (often used as adjectives), as lov_ing_, charm_ing_. [Corr. of A.S. _-ende_, which, as also _-ande_, it replaced. See -nd, also -ant, -ent.]

-ING, noun suffix, forming nouns of action from verbs, as liv_ing_, dwell_ing_; these often acquire a concrete sense, as learn_ing_. [A.S. _-ung_, _-ing_; Ger. _-ung_.]

-ING, representing Teut. _ingoz_ (masc.), with several functions--(1) _-ing_ (A.S. _-ing_), patronymic _æðeling_ (the son of a noble), _cyning_ (lit. 'son of a king,' _cyne_ = king), _Elising_ (the son of Elisa). This suffix is preserved in proper names, as Hard_ing_, Mann_ing_; esp. in place-names, as Bill_ing_sgate, Read_ing_. (2) -ING is also found in names of animals, as in herr_ing_, whit_ing_. (3) -ING in names of coins has also a sense of diminution, as in farth_ing_ (the fourth part, viz., of a penny), shill_ing_.

-ION, -SION, -TION, -SON, -SOM, being, state of being, as opin_ion_, rebell_ion_, relig_ion_, ten_sion_, poi_son_, ran_som_, rea_son_, sea_son_, crea_tion_. [L. _-io_, _-tio_, _-sio_; Fr. _-ion_, _-sion_, _-tion_.]

-IOR, more, term. of comp. degree, as super_ior_. [L. _-ior_. See -er, more.]

-IQUE, belonging to, as ant_ique_. [Fr.--L. _-iquus_; conn. with _-ic_, L. _-icus_. See -ac.]

-ISE, -IZE, verbal suffix, signifying to make; as equal_ise_. [L. _-iz[=a]re_, from Gr. _-izein_; Fr. _-iser_.]

-ISE, noun suffix. See -ice.

-ISH, adj. suffix, ethnic, as Ir_ish_; signifying somewhat, as brown_ish_, old_ish_; sometimes implying depreciation, as outland_ish_, child_ish_. [A.S. _-isc_.]

-ISH, verbal suffix, signifying to make, as establ_ish_. [From Fr. pr.p. suffix _-iss-ant_; chiefly used in words from the Fr. The Fr. _-iss_- is from L. _-esc_-, inceptive.]

-ISK, dim., as aster_isk_. [Gr. _-iskos_; conn. with _-ish_, little. See -ock.]

-ISM, -ASM, -ICISM, forming abstract nouns sig. condition, system, as ego_ism_, de_ism_, Calvin_ism_, lacon_ism_, pleon_asm_; Angl_icism_, wittic_ism_. [L. _-ismus_, _-asmus_--Gr. _-ismos_, _-asmos_.]

-IST, denoting the person who holds a doctrine or practises an art, as Calvin_ist_, chem_ist_, novel_ist_, art_ist_, royal_ist_, nihil_ist_. [L. _-ista_--Gr. _-ist[=e]s_.]

-ITE, -IT, noun suffix, born in, belonging to, as Israel_ite_, Jesu_it_. [L. _-ita_--Gr. _-it[=e]s_.]

-ITUDE, noun suffix, as fort_itude_, mult_itude_. [L. _-itudo_.]

-IVE (-IFF), forming nouns, orig. an adjectival suffix, as bail_iff,_ capt_ive_, nat_ive_, plaint_iff_; forming adjectives (L. _-ivus_), as act_ive_, extens_ive_, furt_ive_.

-IX, fem. suffix, as testatr_ix_. [L. _-ix_, _-icis_. Conn. with _-ess_, fem. suffix.]

-IZE, to make, same as -ise.

-K, a verbal suffix, freq. or intens., as har_k_, lur_k_, tal_k_, wal_k_.

-KIN, dim., as bump_kin_, fir_kin_, lamb_kin_, manni_kin_, nap_kin_; also in proper names, as Jen_kins_ (_John_), Per_kins_ (_Peterkin_), Wil_kins_ (_William_). [A.S. _-cen_--very rare, the currency of the suffix being due to words adopted from Dutch or Low German; Ger. _-chen_.]

-KIND, noun suffix, kind, race, as man_kind_, woman_kind_. [See -kin above.]

-L, -LE, -EL (after _v_, _th_, _ch_, _n_), represents A.S. _-el_, _-ela_, _-ele_, and serves to form agent-nouns, instrumental substantives, and diminutives, as nai_l_, sai_l_; bead_le_, fidd_le_, sick_le_, app_le_, bramb_le_, bund_le_, icic_le_, nett_le_; runn_el_. -AL is sometimes from A.S. _-els_ from _isli_, as brid_le_, ridd_le_, buri_al_. -L, -LE, as a verbal suffix, gives to the root the sense of frequency, repetition, diminution, as knee_l_, drizz_le_, nest_le_, spark_le_.

-LEDGE. See -lock (1).

-LENCE, -LENCY, forming abstract nouns. [L. _-l-entia_, from _-lens_. See -lent.]

-LENT, adj. suffix, full of, as vio_lent_, viru_lent_. [L. _-lentus_.]

-LESS, adj. suffix, free from, wanting, as guilt_less_, god_less_. [A.S. _-léas_, Ger. _-los_, Goth. _-laus_.]

-LET, dim., as brace_let_, leaf_let_, stream_let_. [From -L and -ET, dim. in certain words formed with _-et_ on substantives ending in _-el_.]

-LIKE, like, as god_like_. [See _Like_ in Dict.]

-LING, dim., hence expressing affection, as dar_ling_ (A.S. _déorling_), duck_ling_, gos_ling_; sometimes implying depreciation, as hire_ling_, ground_ling_, under_ling_, world_ling_. [A.S. _-ling_.]

-LING, -LONG, adv. suffix, as dark_ling_, side_long_. [A.S. _-lunga_, _-linga_.]

-LOCK, noun suffix, in wed_lock_ and know_ledge_. It is the A.S. _lác_, the same as _lác_, sport.

-LOCK, -LICK, noun suffix, being a weakened form of A.S. _leác_, a leek, as in hem_lock_, gar_lic_, char_lock_.

-LY, adj. and adv. suffix, as man_ly_, on_ly_, wicked_ly_. [The adj. suffix is from A.S. _líc_, Eng. _like_; adv. is from _líc-e_, dat. of _líc_.]

-M, noun suffix, as blosso_m_ [A.S. _blóstma_]; fatho_m_ [A.S. _-ma_, _-m_]; as real_m_, regi_me_ [Fr.,--L. _-men_].

-MA, noun suffix, as diora_ma_, ene_ma_. [Gr.]

-MEAL, adv. suffix, as inch_meal_, piece_meal_. [A.S. _-m['æ]lum_.]

-MEN, that which, state, as regi_men_, acu_men_. [Only in words borrowed from Latin. L. _-men_; Sans. _-man_. See -ment, -mony.]

-MENT, noun suffix, as nourish_ment_, establish_ment_, detri_ment_;--of Eng. formation, acknowledg_ment_, employ_ment_. [L. _-mentum_, Fr. _-ment_. See -men.]

-MONY, as testi_mony_, parsi_mony_. [L. _-mon-iu-m_, _-mon-ia_. See -men.]

-MOST, suffix of superl. deg., as end_most_. See _Most_ in Dict. [In most cases this suffix is not the word _most_, the _m_ being part of the root, or an old superl. suffix, and _-ost_, the superl. suffix, as in in_most_=in_-m-ost_. See -est, superl. suffix.]

-N, in participles, as broke_n_, hew_n_; in substantives, as bair_n_, beaco_n_, burde_n_, chi_n_, cor_n_, heave_n_, maide_n_.

-NCE, -NCY, forming abstract nouns, as dista_nce_, dece_ncy_. [Fr. _-nce_--L. _-nt-ia_.]

-ND, as fie_nd_ (lit. 'hating'), frie_nd_ (lit. 'loving'). [A.S. pr.p. suffix.]

-NESS, noun suffix, denoting abstract idea, as tender_ness_, sweet_ness_. [A.S. _-nis_, _-nes_, cog. with Ger. _-niss_.]

-OCK, dim., as hill_ock_, bull_ock_--also in proper names, as Poll_ock_ (from _Paul_), &c. In stir_k_ we see the simple suffix _-k_, the word being the diminutive of _steer_, A.S. _stéor_, whence _stýric_, a stirk. [A.S. _-uca_--Aryan _-ka_. See -ie and -ing, dim.]

-OM, old dative suffix, now used as objective, as wh_om_; in adverbs of time, as seld_om_. [A.S. _-um_.]

-ON, -EON, -ION, noun suffix, as cap_on_, mas_on_, trunch_eon_, on_ion_, clar_ion_. [Fr.--L. _-onem_, _ionem_.]

-OON, noun suffix, often augmentative, as ball_oon_, sal_oon_. [Fr. _-on_, It. _-one_.]

-OR, -OUR, -ER, denoting the agent, sometimes directly from L. (see -tor), but mostly through O. Fr. _-[)o]r_, _-our_ (mod. Fr. _eur_), as emper_or_ (old spelling emper_our_, Fr. _empereur_--L. _imperatorem_); in others, Eng. _-er_ has supplanted _-eur_, _-our_, as preach_er_ (Fr. _prêcheur_--L. _prædicatorem_), while _-or_ is at times affixed to Eng. roots, as sail_or_. In certain abstract nouns from L. _-or_, Fr. _-eur_ is still represented by -our, as col_our_, lab_our_, hon_our_, and in a few cases directly retained, as in grand_eur_. The words demean_our_ and behavi_our_ are English formations with _-our_.

-ORY, belonging to, as prefat_ory_ [L. _-orius_]; place where, as purgat_ory_. [L. _-orium_.]

-OSE, full of, as bellic_ose_, mor_ose_, verb_ose_. [L. _-osous_. See -ous.]

-OT, dim., as ball_ot_. [See -et, dim.]

-OUR. See -or.

-OUS, adj. suffix, as religi_ous_, deliri_ous_, curi_ous_ [L. _-osus_]; dubi_ous_, anxi_ous_ [L. _-us_].--In righte_ous_ the _ous_ has replaced _wís_, A.S. _rihtwís_.

-OW, noun suffix, as shad_ow_ [from A.S. _-u_]; swall_ow_ [from A.S. _-ewe_]; marr_ow_ [from A.S. _-h_]. Also adj. suffix, as narr_ow_ [from A.S. _-u_].

-PLE. See _-ble_, fold.

-R, noun suffix, marking the instrument, as stai_r_, timb_er_; adj. suffix, as bitt_er_.

-RE, place, as he_re_. [A.S. _-r_, _-ra_, orig. a locative suffix.]

-RED, noun suffix, denoting manner, state, as hat_red_, kind_red_ (in A.S. _cynren_, a shortening of _cynn-ryne_, in M. E. the meaningless _-ren_ being supplanted by _-red_). [A.S. _-r['æ]den_; cog. with Ger. _-rath_. See _Read_ in Dict.]

-RED, in hundred. This is cog. with Ice. hund_rað_, Ger. hund_ert_, the suffix implying number, reckoning.

-RIC, noun suffix, formerly an independent word denoting dominion, power, region, as bishop_ric_. [A.S. _ríce_, power.]

-RIGHT, as up_right_, down_right_. [A.S. _riht_.]

-RY, noun suffix, originally with a collective meaning, as _chevalerie_, 'body of knights;' now expressing action or quality, as bigot_ry_, pedant_ry_, sorce_ry_; condition, as outlaw_ry_, slave_ry_; trade, as carpent_ry_, herald_ry_; the place of action or occupation, as laund_ry_, nurse_ry_; the result or product of action, as poet_ry_, tapest_ry_; forming collective nouns, as infant_ry_, yeoman_ry_. [Fr. _rie_ = _er_ + _ie_.]

-S, adverbial suffix, as need_s_, alway_s_, on_ce_, hen_ce_, then_ce_, whil_-s_-t, betwi_-x_-t. [A.S. _-es_, gen. suffix.]

-'S, is the present genitive suffix. [Short for A.S. _-es_--Aryan _-s_ or _sya_, orig. a demons. pron. The (') is prob. due to a false notion that this _-s_ was a relic of _his_.]

-S, -SE, verbal suffix, making transitive verbs from adjectives, as _cleanse_ (A.S. _cl['æ]nsian_), _rinse_ (Ice. _hreinsa_--_hreinn_, pure). It also occurs in cla_s_p, gra_s_p, put for clap_-s_, grap_-s_.

-SHIP, -SCAPE, noun suffix, as friend_ship_, steward_ship_, wor_ship_, land_scape_ (earlier land_skip_, the Dut. land_schap_). [A.S. _scipe_, shape, form--_scapan_; cog. with Ger. _-schaft_.]

-SIS, action or state, as the_sis_. [Gr.]

-SOME, adj. suffix, full of, as glad_some_, bu_xom_ (orig. 'pliable,' 'good-natured,' A.S. _búhsum_, lissome, from _búgan_, to bow, bend). [A.S. _-sum_, Ger. _-sam_; a by-form of _same_.]

-SON, son, as John_son_.

-SON, in ar_son_, rea_son_, trea_son_, the same as -tion (q.v.).

-ST. See -est, suffix of 2d sing.

-STER marks the agent, as malt_ster_, and in the personal names (orig. trade-names) Ba_xter_, Brew_ster_, Web_ster_; often with depreciation, as game_ster_, pun_ster_. [A.S. _-estre_, a fem. suffix, which now keeps this sense only in spin_ster_.]

-STRESS, fem. suffix, as song_stress_. [From _-ster_, orig. fem. suffix, with the addition of L. _-ess_.]

-SY, state, as pleuri_sy_. [Same as _-sis_.]

-T. See -d.

-T, -TE, adj. and noun suffix, as conven_t_, fac_t_, chas_te_, tribu_te_. [L. _-tus_, pa.p. suffix; cog. with _-d_, pa.p. suffix.]

-TEEN, ten to be added, as four_teen_. [A.S. _-tyne_. Cf. _-ty_, ten to be multiplied.]

-TER, noun suffix, as charac_ter_. [Gr. _-ter_, L. _-tor_, Sans. _-tri_; perh. conn. with _-ster_.]

-TER, -THER, as in af_ter_, hi_ther_. [A.S. _-der_, _-ther_, old comp. suffix.]

-TH, order, as six_th_. [Becomes also _-d_; conn. with L. _-tus_, _-tius_, as in L. quar_tus_, fourth.]

-TH, suffix of 3d pers. sing. of verbs, now for the most part softened to _-s_. [A.S. from root _-ta_, which appears in L. _-t_, Gr. _-ti_, _-si_, _-tai_, _-to_.]

-TH, -T, noun suffix, as in streng_th_, heigh_t_; see under -d (pa.p. suffix).

-THER, denoting the agent, as fa_ther_, mo_ther_. [Cf. _-tor_.]

-THER. See -ter, -ther.

-TOR, the agent, as conduc_tor_. See -ther, and cf. _-or_, _-our_, _-er_.

-TOR-Y, -SOR-Y, noun suffix, denoting place, as dormi_tory_.

-TUDE forms abstract nouns, as grati_tude_. [L. _-tudo_.]

-TY, being or state of being, as digni_ty_; quality, as hones_ty_. [L. _-tas_, _-tatem_; O. Fr. _-té_.]

-TY, ten to be multiplied, as six_ty_. [A.S. _-tig_; cog. with Ger. _-zig_. Cf. _-teen_.]

-ULE, little, dim. [from L. _-ulus_, _-ula_, _-ulum_], as in glob_ule_, pust_ule_; also -CULE [L. _-culus_, _-cula_, _-culum_], as animal_cule_, or [through Fr.] -CLE, as arti_cle_. A different Latin suffix _-culum_, forming substantives from verbs, is represented in the form _-cle_ in several words adopted through French, as mira_cle_, ora_cle_, specta_cle_.

-UM, neuter term., as medi_um_. [L. _-um_, Gr. _-on_.]

-UNCLE, little, dim., as ped_uncle_. [L. _-un-cu-l_us, A.S. _-incle_; conn. with _-en_ and _-cule_, diminutives.]

-URE, noun suffix, denoting act of, as capt_ure_; state of being, as verd_ure_.--In leis_ure_ and pleas_ure_, _-ir_ has been replaced by _-ure_, O. Fr. leis_ir_, plais_ir_. [L. _-ura_; Fr. _-ure_.]

-URNAL, belonging to, as di_urnal_. [L. _-urn_-us and _-al_; conn. with _-ern_ (in mod_ern_).]

-WARD, -WARDS, forming adjectives from substantives, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions, as east_ward_, home_ward_, home_wards_; down_ward_, for_ward_, in_ward_, to_ward_. [A.S. _-weard_, gen. _-weardes_, cog. with Ger. _-wärts_; conn. with A.S. _weorthan_, to be, and L. _versus_--_vert[)e]re_, to turn.]

-WAY, -WAYS, adv. suffix, sig. manner, direction, as al_way_, al_ways_, straight_way_. [Cf. _-wise_.]

-WISE, way, manner, as like_wise_, also righteous. [A.S. _-wíse_, manner; Ger. _-wiss_.]

-WORTH, adj. suffix, as stal_worth_, stal_wart_. [A.S. _weorð_, _wurð_.]

-Y, adj. suffix, as spong_y_ [from L. _-iosus_]; as joll_y_ [Norm. Fr. _-if_ from L. _-ivus_; cf. _-ive_]; as sill_y_, dirt_y_, an_y_ [A.S. _-ig_; cog. with Ger. _-ig_, Goth. _-ha_, _-ga_, L. _-cu-s_, Gr. _-ko-s_].

-Y, noun suffix, as stor_y_, famil_y_, Ital_y_ [Fr. _-ie_, L. _-ia_]; as augur_y_, jo_y_, remed_y_ [from L. _-ium_]; as all_y_, clergy, deput_y_, treat_y_ [from L. _-[=a]tus_, Fr. _-é_]; as progen_y_ [from L. _-ies_]; as arm_y_, countr_y_, entr_y_ [from L. _-[=a]ta_, Fr. _ée_]; as bod_y_ [from A.S. _-ig_]; and perhaps the modern Eng. in forming diminutives or words of contempt, as pupp_y_, bab_y_, lass_ie_, from _pup_, _babe_, _lass_; Bill_y_ from _Bill_; Bets_y_, Lizz_ie_, &c.

-YER, as in law_yer_. See -er, noun suffix.

* * * * *

ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, &c.

* * * * *

The following are the more important significant syllables or words
that enter into the composition of the names of rivers, mountains,
towns, &c. See C. Blackie's _Dictionary of Place-Names_, Dr Joyce's
_Irish Names of Places_, Isaac Taylor's _Words and Places_, and the
Rev. James B. Johnston's _Place-Names of Scotland_ (1892).

A (A.S. _eá_, Ice. -_aa_), 'a stream;' as Gret_a_, Roth_a_, Thurs_o_ ('Thor's stream'), Lax_ay_ ('salmon stream').

ABAD (Pers. and Sans.), 'a dwelling;' as Hyder_abad_, Allah_abad_.

ABER (Celt.), 'a confluence,' 'an embouchure;' as _Aber_feldy, _Aber_deen, _Aber_ystwith, _Bar_mouth, _Aber_brothwick or _Ar_broath, Foch_abers_, Loch_aber_, _Apple_cross for Aber-Crossan. [Synonymous with _Inver_.]

AIN (Heb.), 'a fountain;' as _En_gedi.

AK (Turk.), 'white;' as _Ak_-serai, 'white palace.'

ALL (Gael.), 'white;' AL-IAN, 'white water,' so the rivers _Allen_, _Ellen_, _Aln_, _Lune_, _Allwen_, _Elwin_.

ALT (Gael.), 'a stream;' as _Alt_rive, _Alt_naharra, Garv_ald_.

AR, ARA, found in many river-names; as _Aire_, _Ayr_, _Aar_, _Aray_, _Ir_vine, _Arno_, _Arve_. [Perh. conn. with Sans. _ara_, 'swift,' 'flowing.']

ARD (Celt.), 'high;' as _Ard_och, _Aird_rie, _Ard_rossan, _Ard_glass, _Ard_en, _Ard_ennes.

ATH (Ir. and Gael.), 'a ford;' as _Ath_lone, _Ath_truim (now Trim), _Ath_ole. The Gael. _abh_, 'water,' appears in _Ab_oyne, _Awe_.

AUCH (Gael.), AGH (Ir.), 'a field;' as _Auch_inleck, _Agh_inver, _Agh_adoe.

AUCHTER (Gael.), 'summit;' as _Auchter_arder, _Auchter_muchty.

AVON (Celt.), 'a river;' as _Avon_, _Aven_, _Aisne_, _Inn_, _Ain_, _Vienne_; also in _Devon_, _Evan_, Guadi_ana_, Punj_aub_.

AY. See Ea.

BAB (Ar.), 'a gate;' as _Bab_-el-mandeb, _Bab_-el.

BAD (Teut.), 'a bath;' as _Bath_, _Bad_en, Karls_bad_.

BAHR (Ar.), 'a sea,' 'lake,' 'river;' as in _Bahr_ein, _Bahar_-el-azrak.

BALA (Turk.), 'high;' as _Balla_-hissar, _Bal_kan.

BALLOCH (Gael.), 'a pass;' as _Balloch_myle, _Ballagh_more.

BALLY (Ir. and Gael.), 'a village' or 'town;' as _Bally_more, _Bal_briggan, _Bal_moral, _Ball_antrae, _Bal_quhidder.

BAN (Celt.), 'white;' as _Ban_na, _Ban_on, _Ban_chory; the rivers _Ben_, _Bann_, _Ban_don, _Ban_ney, &c.

BECK (Scand.), BACH (Ger.), 'a brook;' as Hol_beck_, Lauter_bach_. [See _Beck_ in Dict.]

BEDD (W.), 'a grave;' as _Bedd_gelert.

BEER (Heb.), 'a well;' as _Beer_sheba, _Beir_out.

BEG, BIHAN (Celt.), 'little;' as Bally_beg_, Mor_bihan_.

BEN (Gael. and Ir.), 'mountain,' PEN (W.), 'headland,' 'hilltop;' as _Ben_ Nevis, _Ben_ Lomond, The Twelve _Pins_, _Ban_gor; _Pen_, _Pen_nigant, _Pen_zance, _Pen_nine Alps, _Apen_nines, _Pin_dus.

BERG, BOROUGH (A.S. beorh), 'a hill;' as Ingle_borough_, Flam_borough_ Head, Brow_berg_ Hill, Königs_berg_, _Berg_en. [From the same root as _Burgh_ (below).]

BETH (Heb.), 'a house;' as _Beth_el (house of God).

BETTWS (W.), 'a dwelling;' as _Bettws_-y-coed.

BLAIR (Gael.), 'a plain,' 'a battlefield;' as _Blair_-Athole, _Blair_gowrie.

BOCA (Sp.), 'a mouth;' as _Boca_-grande.

BOR (Slav.), 'wood;' as _Bor_ovsk, Rati_bor_.

BOTTLE or BATTLE, BÜTTEL (Teut.), 'a dwelling;' as New_battle_, _Buittle_, More_battle_, Wolfen_büttel_.

BROAD (Eng.), as _Brad_don, _Brad_shaw, _Brad_ford.

BRUNN (Ger.), 'a spring;' as Salz_brunn_, Pader_born_.

BRYN (W.), 'a hill-ridge;' as _Brown_-Willy.

BUEN (Sp.), 'good;' as _Buenos_-Ayres ('good breezes').

BURGH, BOROUGH, BURY (Teut.), 'a fortified place,' 'a town;' as Edin_burgh_, Peter_borough_, Shrews_bury_, Ham_burg_, Cher_bourg_, Caris_brook_, _Burg_os. [A.S. _burg_, _burh_ (see _Borough_ in Dict.), Ger. _burg_.]

BURN (Northern Eng. and Scotch, A.S. _burna_), 'a brook.;' as _Burn_foot, Black_burn_, Ty_burn_, East_bourne_.

BY (Scand.), 'a dwelling,' 'a town;' as Der_by_, Rug_by_, Whit_by_, El_boeuf_. [Cf. _Bylaw_ in Dict.]

CAER, CADER (W.), CAHER (Ir.), 'fortified enclosure;' as _Caer_leon, _Caer_narvon, _Car_digan, _Car_lisle, _Cader_-Idris, San_quhar_, _Car_lingford.

CAM (Celt.), 'crooked;' as _Cam_, _Cam_beck, _Cam_buskenneth, More_cambe_ Bay, _Cam_brai.

CARRICK (Gael. and Ir. _carraig_), CARREG (W.), 'a sea-cliff,' 'rock;' as _Carrick_fergus, _Carrick_-on-Suir, _Carrig_afoyle, _Cerrig_-y-Druidion.

CASTER, CHESTER, CESTER (--L. _castra_), 'a camp,' as Don_caster_, _Chester_, Win_chester_, Lei_cester_.

CEANN (Gael.), 'a head,' 'promontory;' as _Kin_tyre, _King_horn, _Ken_more.

CEFN (Celt.), 'a ridge;' as _Cefn_coed, _Chevin_, _Keyn_ton, _Chevin_gton, _Cheviot_, _Cevennes_.

CHEAP and CHIPPING (A.S. _ceap_), 'price,' 'a market;' as _Chipping_-Norton, _Chep_stow, _Cheap_side, _Copen_hagen (Dan. _Kjöben-havn_, 'merchants' haven'). [See _Cheap_ in Dict.]

CIVITA (It.), CIUDAD (Sp.), 'a city;' as _Civita_ Vecchia ('old city'); _Ciudad_ Rodrigo ('city of Roderick'). [From L. _civitas_.]

CLACH, CLOCH, CLOUGH (Gael.), 'a stone;' as _Clack_mannan, _Clogh_er, Auchna_cloy_, _Clon_akilty.

CLACHAN (Gael.), 'a village,' often also 'church.' There are perhaps twenty clachans in Scotland.

CLUAN, CLOON (Gael.), 'a meadow;' as _Clun_ie, _Clon_mel, _Clon_tarf, _Clyn_der.

CLYD (Celt.), 'warm,' CLYTH (Celt.), 'strong;' as _Clwyd_--most prob. not _Clyde_.

CNOC (Gael.), 'a knoll,' 'hill,' as _Knock_meledown. Sir Herbert Maxwell (_Studies in the Topography of Galloway_, 1885) gives 220 _Knocks_ in Galloway alone.

COED (Celt.), 'a wood;' _Cots_wold Hills, _Chat_moss.

COLN (from L. _colonia_), 'a colony;' as Lin_coln_, _Colne_, _Cologne_ (_Köln_). [See _Colony_ in Dict.]

COMBE (A.S.), CWM or CUM (Celt.), 'a hollow between hills;' as Wy_combe_, _Comp_ton, The _Coombs_, _Com_o.

CRAIG, CRAG (Celt.), 'a rock;' as _Craig_ie, _Crath_ie, _Carrick_, _Crick_, _Crick_lade, _Croagh_-Patrick. See _Carrick_ (above).

CROFT (A.S.), 'an enclosed field;' as _Croft_on, Thorny_croft_.

DAGH (Turk.), 'mountain;' as Kara_dagh_.

DAL (Scand.), THAL (Ger.), DAIL and DOL (Celt.), 'a dale,' 'a field;' as Liddes_dale_, Ry_dal_, Ken_dal_, Arun_del_, Rhein_thal_; (in Celtic names prefixed) _Dal_ry, _Dal_keith, _Dol_gelly. [See _Dale_ in Dict.]

DAR (Ar.), 'a dwelling,' 'district;' as _Dar_fur, _Diar_bekr.

DEN or DEAN (Teut.), 'a deep wooded valley;' as Tenter_den_, South_dean_, Hazel_dean_, _Den_holm.

DORF. See THORPE.

DOUR (Celt.), 'water;' as the _Dour_, _Adour_, _Douro_, _Dore_, _Thur_, _Doro_, _Adder_, _Der_went, _Dar_win, _Dar_ent, _Dar_t, _Dor_chester, _Dor_dogne.

DRUM AND DROM (Celt.), 'a backbone,' 'a ridge;' as _Drom_ore, _Drum_mond, Augh_rim_, Leit_rim_.

DU (Celt.), 'black;' as _Dou_glas; the rivers _Du_las, _Dou_las; _Dub_lin ('dark pool').

DUM, DUN (Gael.), DINAS, DIN (W.), 'a hill-fortress;' as _Dun_more, _Dun_blane, _Dun_keld, _Dum_barton, _Dum_fries, _Dun_stable, _Dun_mow, _Down_patrick, _Don_egal, Mal_don_, Ver_dun_, Ley_den_, _Din_as-fawr, _Din_an, _Den_bigh. [See _Down_, a hill, in Dict.]

DYSART (Celt.--L. _desertum_), 'a hermitage;' as _Dysart_, _Dysert_more.

EA, EY (A.S. _íg_, Ice. _ey_, Norw. and Dan. _ö_), 'an island;' as Swan_sea_, _E_ton, Jers_ey_, Romn_ey_, Shepp_ey_, Rothes_ay_, Staff_a_, Far_oe_. [See _Island_ in Dict.]

ECCLES, EGLES (like Fr. _église_, through L., from Gr. _ekkl[=e]sia_), 'a church;' as _Eccle_ston, _Eccle_fechan, _Eccles_machan, _Eccles_iamagirdle, _Eagles_ham, Terr_egles_.

ELF, ELV (Goth.), 'a river;' as _Elbe_.

ERMAK (Turk.), 'a river;' as Kizil-_ermak_.

ESK (Gael. and Ir. _easg_ [obs.] or _uisge_, W. _wysg_), 'water;' as the _Esk_, _Usk_, _Ise_, _Oise_, _Ease_burn, _Ash_bourne, _Iz_, _Is_is, _Exe_, _Ux_, _Ouse_, _Wis_beach, _Wis_, _Isch_ia, _Is_ère, _Ais_ne, _Aus_onne.

ESKI (Turk.), 'old,' as _Eski_-djuma ('old ditch').

FAHR, FUHR (Teut.), 'way,' 'passage;' as _Fahr_enbach, Camp_vere_, Queens_ferry_, Connel-_Ferry_.

FELD, or VELD (Teut.), 'plain,' 'field;' as Hudders_field_, Lich_field_, Spital_fields_.

FELL (Old Norse _fjall_, _fell_), 'a mountain;' as Carter_fell_, Goat_fell_, Snae_fell_.

FIN, FINN (Gael.), 'fair,' 'white;' as _Fin_don, _Fin_try, _Fin_castle, Knock_fin_.

FIORD, FJORD (Scand.), 'a creek,' 'inlet of the sea;' as Lax_fiord_, Water_ford_, Wex_ford_.

FLEET (Scand. _fljót_, a stream), 'a small river' or 'channel;' as Pur_fleet_; found in Normandy as _fleur_, as Har_fleur_, Bar_fleur_.

FOLK (A.S.), 'people;' as Nor_folk_ ('north people'), Suf_folk_ ('south people').

FORD (A.S.), 'a shallow passage over a river,' as Chelms_ford_, Here_ford_, Stam_ford_.

FORS, FOSS (Scand.), 'a waterfall;' as High _Force_, Wilber_force_, _Fos_ton.

GARTH (Scand.), 'yard;' GOROD, GROD, GRADE, GRÄTZ (Slav.), 'enclosure,' 'town;' as Stutt_gart_, Nov_gorod_ (=Newton), _Grod_no, Bel_grade_ (=Whitton), König_grätz_ (=Kingston).

GARW (Celt.), 'rough;' hence _Gar_onne, _Gar_ioch, _Yar_row, _Yair_, possibly _Garry_.

GATE (Teut.), 'a passage' or 'road;' as Canon_gate_, Harrow_gate_, Rei_gate_ (=Ridge_gate_), Catte_gat_.

GEBEL, JEBEL (Ar.), 'a mountain;' as _Gib_raltar, _Jebel_-Mukattam.

GILL (Scand.), 'a ravine;' as Butter_gill_, Orms_gill_.

GLEN (Gael.), GLYN (W.), 'a narrow valley;' as _Glen_coe, _Glen_garry, _Glyn_neath, _Gla_morgan.

GORM (Gael.), 'green' or 'blue;' as Cairn_gorm_.

GUADA, the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from the Ar. _wad[=i]_, 'a ravine;' as in _Guada_lquivir (_Wad[=i]-'l-keb[=i]r_, 'the great river'), _Guad_iana.

GWEN (Celt.), 'white;' as Der_went_, _Vent_nor, Cor_wen_; GWENT (Celt.), 'a plain;' Latinised into _venta_, as _Venta_ Belgarum (now _Win_chester), formerly Caer_gwent_.

GWY. See WY.

HALL (Teut.), 'a stone house;' as Eccles_hall_, Wals_all_; (in Germany) a _salt_-work, as _Halle_, _Hall_stadt. [See _Hall_ in Dict.]

HAM (A.S., Ger. _heim_), 'a home;' as Bucking_ham_, Clap_ham_, Hex_ham_, Trond_hjem_, Hildes_heim_, Hoch_heim_, Edn_am_, Edr_om_, Houn_am_.

HAR, HAER (Teut.), 'the army;' as _Har_wich, _Hers_tall, _Har_bottle.

HAUGH, HEUGH, a particular Scotch form and use of _Haw_ (A.S. _haga_), perhaps due to the Ice. form _hagi_, a pasture. The meaning is generally a low-lying meadow between hills or on the banks of a stream, and it is noticeable that in Scotch use _How_ and _Hope_ have frequently the same sense. A _Hope_, however, is properly a hollow, esp. the upper end of a narrow mountain valley, while a _How_ is a low hill (Ice. _haugr_, 'a mound'). Cf. _Hob_kirk, _How_wood, _Hu_tton, Fox _How_.

HAY, HAIGH (Teut.), a place surrounded by a '_hedge_;' as Rothwell _Haigh_, _Hague_.

HISSAR (Turk.), 'a castle;' as Kara-_hissar_.

HITHE (A.S.), 'haven;' as _Hythe_, Lam_beth_=Loam_hithe_ (the 'clayey haven').

HO (Chin.), 'river;' as Pei_ho_.

HOANG, WHANG (Chin.), 'yellow;' as _Hoang_-ho, _Whang_-Hai.

HOLM (Scand., &c.), 'an island in a lake or river,' 'a plain near a river;' as Stock_holm_, Flat_holm_, Lang_holm_.

HOLT (Teut.), 'a wood;' as Bags_hot_, Alders_hot_, _Hol_stein. [See _Holt_ in Dict.]

HORN (Teut.), 'a peak;' as Schreck_horn_, Matter_horn_.

HURST (A.S. _hyrst_), 'a wood;' as Lynd_hurst_.

ING (A.S.), a suffix denoting _son_, in pl. 'a family' or 'tribe;' as Warr_ing_ton ('the town of the Warrings'), Hadd_ing_ton. [See _-ing_ in list of suffixes.]

INNIS or ENNIS (Celt.), INCH in Scotland, an island; as _Inch_colm ('the island of St Columba'); _Ennis_killen, _Ennis_more, _Innis_fallen, in Ireland.

INVER (Gael.), 'the mouth of a river;' as _Inver_ness, _Inver_aray, _Inner_leithen. This is supposed to be the Gaelic form (_inbhir_) corresponding to the Brythonic _aber-_; and it is at any rate certain that in Wales there are scores of _abers-_, but of _invers-_ not a solitary one; while on the west coast of Scotland and north of Inverness _aber-_ barely exists.

KALAT, KALAH (Ar.), 'a castle;' as _Khelat_, _Cala_horrah.

KARA (Turk.), 'black;' as _Kara_kum ('black sand'), _Kara_ Hissar ('black castle').

KENN (Gael.), KIN (Ir.), 'a head;' as _Ken_more, _Can_tire, _Kinn_aird, _Kin_ross, _Kin_sale, _Ken_t. _Kin_ or _Cin_, older _cind_, is really a survival of the old dative or locative of Gael. _ceann_ (W. _penn_), 'head,' 'promontory,' as in _Kin_aldie, _Kin_buck, _Kin_glassie, _Kin_loch, _Kin_gussie, _Kin_noul. See Ceann.

KIL (Gael. _cill_, really a survival of the old dative of _ceall_, a hermit's cell--L. _cella_, then a church, esp. a parish church--the proper form is seen in Lochnan-_ceal_, 'loch of the churches,' in Mull); as _Kil_bride, _Kil_chattan, _Kil_donan, _Kil_marnock; Icolm_kill_, 'the island (_I_) of Columba of the church.'

KIL (Gael. _coil_), 'a wood,' 'a corner;' as in _Kil_drummy, _Kil_ham.

KIRJATH (Heb.), GADR (Phoenician), 'an enclosure,' 'a fortified place;' as _Kirjath_-Arba, _Car_thage, _Cad_es or _Cad_iz.

KIRK (North Eng. and Scand.), KIRCHE (Ger.); as Sel_kirk_, _Kirk_wall, _Kirk_cudbright, _Kirch_heim, Fünf_kirchen_. [See _Church_ in Dict.]

KIZIL (Turk.), 'red.'

KNOCK. See Cnoc.

LAX (Scand.; Ger. _lachs_), 'a salmon'; as Loch _Lax_ford in Sutherland; the _Lax_ay in the Hebrides and in Man; _Lax_weir on the Shannon.

LEAMHAN (Ir. and Gael.; pron. _lavawn_), 'the elm-tree;' as in _Leven_, _Lennox_, _Laune_.

LEA, LEE, LEY (A.S. _leáh_), 'a meadow;' Had_leigh_, Water_loo_.

LINN (Celt.), 'a waterfall;' as _Lynn_ Regis in Norfolk; Ros_lin_, 'the promontory (_ross_) at the fall;' _Lin_lithgow, _Lin_ton.

LIS (Celt.), 'an enclosure,' 'a fort,' 'a garden;' as _Lis_more ('the great enclosure' or 'garden').

LLAN (W.), 'an enclosure,' 'a church;' as _Llan_daff ('the church on the Taff').

LLANO (Sp.), 'a plain.'

LOCH, LOUGH (Gael.), 'a lake.'

LOW and LAW (A.S. _hláw_, _hlæw_),'a rising ground;' as Houns_low_, Lud_low_, and numerous _laws_ in Scotland. [Cog. with Goth. _hlaiw_, a mound, and perh. allied to L. _clivus_, a slope.]

MAGH (Celt.), 'a plain;' as Ar_magh_, _May_nooth.

MARK (Teut.), 'a boundary;' Den_mark_, _Merc_ia, _Murc_ia.

MARKT (Ger.), 'a market;' as Bibert_markt_.

MEDINA (Ar.), 'city;' as _Medina_, _Medina_-Sidonia.

MERE, MOOR (A.S.), 'a lake' or 'marsh;' as _Mer_sey, Black_more_.

MINSTER (A.S.), MÜNSTER (Ger.), 'a monastic foundation;' as West_minster_, Neu_münster_.

MOR (Celt.), 'great;' Ben_more_ ('great mountain').

MOR (Celt.), 'the sea;' as _Mor_ay, Ar_mor_ica, _Mor_laix, Gla_mor_gan, _Mor_bihan.

MULL (Gael.), 'a headland;' as _Mull_ of Galloway.

NAGY (Hungarian), 'great;' as _Nagy_-Koros, _Nagy_-Karoly.

NANT (Celt.), 'a brook,' 'valley;' as _Nant_wich, _Nant_glyn.

NESS or NAZE (Scand.; see Dict.), 'a nose' or 'promontory;' as Caith_ness_, Sheer_ness_, Cape Gris_nez_; the _Naze_.

OCHTER. See Auchter.

OË. See Ea.

OLD, ELD, ALT (Teut.), 'old;' as _Alt_horp, _Elt_on, _Elt_ham, _Ald_bury, _A_bury. [See _Old_ in Dict.]

PATAM (Sans.), 'a city;' Seringa_patam_, _Patna_.

PEAK, PIKE (Celt., conn. with Ger. _spitz_, Fr. _pic_ and _puy_) 'point;' as the _Peak_, the _Pikes_ in Cumberland, _Spitz_bergen, _Pic_ du Midi, _Puy_ de Dôme.

PEEL (Celt.), 'a stronghold;' as _Peel_ in Man, and numerous _peels_ on the Border of Scotland.

PEN. See Ben.

POLIS (Gr.), 'a city;' as Greno_ble_, Na_blous_, Na_ples_, Sebasto_pol_.

PONT (L.), 'a bridge;' as _Pont_efract, Negro_pont_.

POOR, PORE, PUR (Sans. _pura_), 'a town;' as Nag_pur_, Cawn_pore_, Singa_pore_.

PORT (L. _portus_), 'a harbour;' as _Port_patrick, South_port_.

RAS (Ar.), 'a cape;' as _Ras_-al-had.

RATH (Ir.), 'a round earthen fort;' as _Rath_more, _Rath_beg, _Rath_o, _Ratt_ray.

RHE, REA, RI, a root found in many languages, as L. _rivus_, a stream, Sans. _r[=i]na_, flowing, A.S. _ríth_, a stream, Sp. and Port. _rio_, a river, meaning 'to flow;' as _Rh_ine, _Rh_one, _Rh_a, _Re___no, _Rye_, _Ray_, _Rhee_, _Wrey_, _Roe_, _Rae_; _Rio_ de Janeiro, _Rio_-Negro.

RIDGE, in Scotland RIGG (A.S. _hrycg_, Ger. _rücken_), 'a back;' as _Rei_gate, _Ruge_ley, Long_ridge_.

RIN (Celt.), 'a point of land;' _Rhinns_ of Galloway; Pen_rhyn_ in Wales, _Ring_send near Dublin.

ROS, ROSS (Celt.), 'a promontory;' Kin_ross_, _Ros_neath, _Rose_hearty, _Ross_dhu, _Ros_lin; in S. Ireland, a wood, as _Ros_common, _Ross_keen. The _-ros_ in Melrose is more probably the equivalent of Cornish _ros_, a moor; thus Melrose=the Celt. _maol-ros_, 'bare moor.'

SALZ (Ger.), 'salt;' as _Salz_burg.

SCALE (Scand.), 'a hut' (Scot. _shieling_; Ice. _skali_); Portin_scale_, and possibly _Shields_, Gala_shiels_, _Sel_kirk.

SCAR (Scand.), 'a cliff;' _Scar_borough, the _Skerries_.

SCHLOSS (Ger.), 'a castle;' as Marien_schloss_.

SERAI (Turk.), 'a palace;' as Bosna-_serai_ or _Serai_ëvo.

SET (A.S.), 'a seat,' 'a settlement;' Dor_set_, Somer_set_, Amble_side_, _Seid_litz.

SEX, 'Saxons;' as Es_sex_ ('East Saxons'), Sus_sex_ ('South Saxons').

SIERRA (Sp.--L. _serra_), 'a saw;' or from Ar. _sehrah_, 'an uncultivated tract.'

SLIEVH (Ir.; allied to L. _clivus_, a slope), 'a mountain;' as _Slievh_ Beg.

SOUTH, found in _Suf_folk, _Sus_sex, _South_ampton, _Suther_land, _Sut_ton, _Sud_bury, _Sud_ley.

STADT. See Stead.

STAN (Per.), 'a land;' Hindu_stan_. Afghani_stan_.

STAPLE (A.S.), 'a store;' Dun_stable_, Barn_staple_.

STEAD (A.S.), STADT (Ger.), 'a town;' as Hamp_stead_, Neu_stadt_, Ny_sted_.

STER (Scand. _stadhr_), 'a place;' as Ul_ster_.

STOC, STOKE, and STOW (A.S.), 'a stockaded place;' as Bri_stow_ or Bri_stol_, Tavi_stock_, _Stock_holm, _Stow_.

STONE (A.S.), STEIN (Ger.), 'a stone,' 'a rock;' as _Stan_ton, _Staines_, Eddy_stone_, _Stennis_, Franken_stein_.

STRATH (Gael.), 'a broad valley;' as _Strath_more, _Strath_blane, _Strath_earn.

STREET (L. _stratum_), 'a Roman road;' as _Strat_ford, _Stratt_on, _Streat_ham. [See _Street_ in Dict.]

SU (Turk.), 'water;' as Kara_su_.

TAIN (Gael.), 'a river;' as the _Tyne_, prob. a form of _Don_.

TAM (Celt.), 'still,' 'smooth;' as the _Tham_esis ('smooth Isis'), the _Tema_, _Tame_, _Tamar_, _Tay_.

THING (Scand.), 'a legislative assembly,' also 'the place where it is held;' as in _Ding_wall, _Tin_wald, _Tyn_wald Hill, _Tain_.

THORPE (Norse), DORF (Ger.), DORP (Dut.), 'a village;' as Burnham-_Thorpe_, Hey_thorpe_, Düssel_dorf_, Middle_dorp_.

THWAITE (Scand.), 'a clearing;' as Cross_thwaite_.

TOBAR (Gael.), 'a fountain;' as _Tober_mory.

TOFT (Dan.), 'an enclosure;' as Lowes_toft_, Ive_tot_.

TON (A.S.), 'enclosure,' 'town;' the most common of English local suffixes.

TOR (Celt.), 'a tower-like rock;' as _Tor_bay, _Tor_phichen, _Turr_iff, _Tor_bolton, Kin_tore_, _Torr_idon. [From L. _turris_, 'a tower,' and its derivatives are _Torres_-Novas and _Torres_-Vedras in Portugal, _Trux_illo in Spain, _Tour_coing in France.]

TRE (W.), 'a dwelling;' as _Tre_town, Coven_try_ ('convent dwelling'), Oswes_try_, Uchil_tre_.

UCHEL (W.), 'high;' UACHTER (Gael.), 'a height;' as the _Ochil_ Hills, _Ochil_tree, _Auchter_arder.

VAR, VARAD (Hungarian), 'a fortress;' as Nagy_varad_.

VAROS (Hungarian), 'a town;' as Uj_varos_.

VILLE (Fr.,--L. _villa_), VILLA (It., Sp., Port.), WELL (Eng.), 'an abode;' as Tanker_ville_, Yeo_vil_, Potts_ville_, Kettle_well_, Brad_well_, Max_well_town.

WADY (Ar.), 'a river-course,' 'a river.' See Guad.

WALL, found in many names of places on the Roman wall from Newcastle to Carlisle; as _Wall_send, _Wall_head.

WEALD, WOLD (Ger. wald), 'a wood;' _Walt_ham, _Wald_en, the Cots_wolds_; Schwarz_wald_ ('Black Forest').

WHANG. See Hoang.

WICK, WICH (A.S. _wíc_), 'a village;' as in Ber_wick_, War_wick_, Green_wich_, Sand_wich_.

WICK (Scand., Ice. _vík_, 'a creek'); as _Wick_ in Caithness.

WORTH (A.S.), 'a farm' or 'estate;' as Tam_worth_, Kenil_worth_, Bos_worth_, _Worth_ing, Pol_warth_, Jed_burgh_=Jed_ward_.

WY or GWY (W.), 'water;' as the _Wye_; used as affix to many streams, as Con_way_, Med_way_.

* * * * *

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND MUSIC.

A. Amateur; Academician.

A. Accepted; acre; active; afternoon; _annus_, year; _ante_, before.

[=A] or [=A][=A], in prescriptions, of each a like quantity.

A. or ANS. Answer.

A1. First-class (of ships).

A.A.C., _anno ante Christum_=In the year before Christ.

A.A.Q.M.G. Acting Assistant Quartermaster-general.

A.A.S., _Americanæ Antiquarianæ Societatis Socius_, Fellow of the American Academy.

A.B. Able-bodied seaman.

A.B., _Artium Baccalaureus_=Bachelor of Arts.

ABB. Abbess; Abbot; Abbey.

ABBR. or ABBREV. Abbreviated, or Abbreviation.

ABD. Abdicated.

A.B.F.M. American Board of Foreign Missions.

AB INIT., _ab initio_=From the beginning.

ABL. Ablative.

ABP. Archbishop.

ABR. Abridged; Abridgment.

A.B.S. American Bible Society.

ABS., ABSOL. Absolutely.

ABS., ABSTR. Abstract.

ABS RE., _absente reo_, the defendant being absent.

A.C., _ante Christum_=Before Christ.

ACC. Accusative.

ACC., ACCT. Account (also A/C); Accountant.

A.C.P. Associate of the College of Preceptors.

A.D., _anno Domini_=In the year of our Lord.

A.D. After date; _ante diem_, before the day.

AD. Advertisement.

A.D.C. Aide-de-camp.

AD FIN., _ad finem_=At or to the end.

AD H.L., _ad hunc locum_=At this place.

AD INF., _ad infinitum_=To infinity.

AD INIT., _ad initium_=At or to the beginning.

AD INT., _ad interim_=In the meantime.

ADJ. Adjective.

ADJT. Adjutant;--ADJT.-GEN., Adjutant-general.

AD LIB., _ad libitum_=At pleasure.

AD LOC., _ad locum_=At the place.

ADM. Admiral.

ADOLPH. Adolphus.

ADV. Advent; Advocate.

ADV. Adverb; _adversus_=Against.

AD VAL., _ad valorem_=According to value.

ADVT. Advertisement.

Æ., ÆT., _ætatis_=Aged (so many years).

A.F.A. Associate of the Faculty of Actuaries.

A.F.B.S. American and Foreign Bible Society.

AFF. Affectionate; Affirmative.

A.G. Adjutant-general.

AG., _argentum_=Silver.

AGR., AGRIC. Agriculture.

AGT. Agent.

A.H., _anno Hegiræ_=In the year of Hegira--i.e. from the flight of Mohammed (622 A.D., 13th Sept.).

A.H.L., _ad hunc locum_=At this place.

A.H.V., _ad hunc vocem_=At this word.

A.H.S., _Anno humanæ salutis_=In the year of human salvation.

A.I.A. Associate of the Institute of Actuaries.

A.I.C.E. Associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers.

A.K.C. Associate of King's College, London.

AL., ALA. Alabama.

ALBAN. Of St Albans.

ALD. Alderman.

ALEX. Alexander.

ALF. Alfred.

ALG. Algebra.

ALGY. Algernon.

ALT. Alternate; Altitude; Alto.

A.M., _Artium Magister_=Master of Arts; _Ante meridiem_=Before noon; _Anno mundi_=In the year of the world; _Annus mirabilis_=The wonderful year (1666); _Ave Maria_=Hail Mary.

AM., AMER. America or American.

A.M.A. American Missionary Association.

AMT. Amount.

AN., _anno_=In the year; anonymous; answer; _ante_=before.

ANAL. Analysis; Analogy.

ANAT. Anatomy or Anatomical.

ANC. Ancient, Anciently.

AND. Andrew.

ANG., _Anglicé_=In English.

ANG.-SAX. Anglo-Saxon.

ANON. Anonymous.

ANS. Answer.

ANT., ANTIQ. Antiquities.

A.O.F. Ancient Order of Foresters.

AOR. Aorist.

AP., APL., APR. April.

A.P.D. Army Pay Department.

APO. Apogee.

APOC. Apocalypse; Apocrypha, Apocryphal.

APP. Appendix; Apprentice.

A.P.R.C., _Anno post Romam conditam_=In the year after the building of Rome (753 B.C.).

AQ., _aqua_=Water.

A.R., _anno regni_=In the year of the reign.

AR., ARAB. Arabic.

AR., ARR. Arrive or Arrives, Arrival.

A.R.A. Associate of the Royal Academy.

ARBOR. Arboriculture.

ARCH. Archibald.

ARCH. Archaic.

ARCHÆOL. Archæology.

ARCH., ARCHIT. Architecture.

ARCHD. Archdeacon; Archibald.

ARG., _argentum_=Silver.

A.R.H.A. Associate of the Royal Hibernian Academy.

ARITH. Arithmetic or Arithmetical.

ARK. Arkansas.

ARM. Armenian; Armoric.

A.R.R., _anno regni regis_ or _reginæ_= In the year of the king's or queen's reign.

A.R.S.A. Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy; Associate of the Royal Society of Arts.

A.R.S.L. Associate of the Royal Society of Literature.

A.R.S.M. Associate of the Royal School of Mines.

A.R.S.S., _Antiquariorum Regiæ Societatis Socius_=Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries.

ART. Article; Artillery.

A.S. Anglo-Saxon; _Anno salutis_=In the year of salvation; Assistant Secretary.

ASAPH. Of St Asaph.

A.S.E. Amalgamated Society of Engineers.

ASS., ASSOC. Association.

ASST. Assistant.

ASTR., ASTRON. Astronomer; Astronomy.

ASTROL. Astrology.

ATS. At suit of.

ATT., ATTY. Attorney.

ATT.-GEN. Attorney-general.

AT. WT. Atomic weight.

AU (L. _aurum_), gold.

A.U.C., _anno urbis conditæ_, or _ab urbe conditâ_=In the year from the building of the city--Rome (753 B.C.).

AUG. August.

AUG. Augmentative.

AUTH. VER. Authorised Version.

A.V. Authorised Version; Artillery Volunteers; _Annos vixit_=Lived [so many] years.

AV. Avenue; Average.

AVE. Avenue.

AVOIR., AVDP. Avoirdupois.

AX. Axiom.

B. born.

B., BK. Book.

B., BRIT. British.

B.A., _Baccalaureus Artium_=Bachelor of Arts; British America; British Association.

BACH. Bachelor.

B. & F.B.S. British and Foreign Bible Society.

BAL. Balance.

BAP., BAPT. Baptist.

BAP., BAPT. Baptised.

BAR. Barometer; Barrel.

BAR. Barrister.

BART., BT. Baronet.

BAT., BATT. Battalion; Battery.

B.B.C. Baseball Club.

BBL. Barrel.

B.C. Before Christ; Board of Control; British Columbia.

B.C.L. Bachelor of Civil Law.

B.D. Bachelor of Divinity.

BD. Bound.

BDS. Boards.

B.E. Bill of exchange.

BEDS. Bedfordshire.

BEF. Before.

BELG. Belgian, Belgic.

BEN., BENJ. Benjamin.

BERKS. Berkshire.

B. ÈS L., _Bachelier ès Lettres_ (Fr.)=Bachelor of Letters.

BET. Between.

BIB. Bible.

BIBL. Bibliotheca.

BIBLIOG. Bibliographer, Bibliography.

BIOG. Biographer, Biography.

BIOL. Biology, Biological.

BIS. Bissextile.

BK. Book; Bank; Bark.

BKG. Banking.

BKT. Basket.

B.L. Bachelor of Laws.

BL. Barrel; Bale.

B.L. Bill of lading.

BLDG. Building.

B.M. Bachelor of Medicine; _Beatæ Memoriæ_=Of blessed memory; British Museum.

B.MUS. Bachelor of Music.

BN. Baron.

BN. Battalion.

B.O. Branch Office; Buyer's Option.

B.O.A. British Optical Association.

B.O.A.F.G. British Order of Ancient Free Gardeners.

BOH. Bohemia, Bohemian.

BOL. Bolivia.

BOMB.C.S. Bombay Civil Service.

BOMB.S.C. Bombay Staff Corps.

BOR. Borough.

BOT. Botany, Botanical.

BOUL. Boulevard.

BP. Bishop.

B.P. Bill of parcels; Bills payable; Birthplace (also BPL.); _Bonum publicum_=The public good.

B.P. British Pharmacopoea.

B.Q., _Bene quiescat_--May he (or she) rest well.

BQUE. Barque.

BR. or BRO. Brother.

BR. Brig.

BR. AM. British America.

BRAZ. Brazil; Brazilian.

B.REC. Bills receivable.

BRET. Breton.

BREV. Brevet, Brevetted.

BRIG. Brigade, Brigadier;--BRIG.-GEN., Brigadier-general.

BRIT. Britain; Britannia; British; Briton.

BRO. Brother;--BROS., Brothers.

B.S. Bill of sale.

B.S.C. Bengal Staff Corps.

B.SC. See SC.B.

B.S.L. Botanical Society of London.

BT. Baronet.

BU., BUS. Bushel, Bushels.

BUCKS. Buckinghamshire.

BULG. Bulgaria; Bulgarian.

BURL. Burlesque.

BUSH. Bushel.

B.V., _Beata Virgo_=Blessed Virgin; also _Bene vale_=Farewell.

B.V.M. The Blessed Virgin Mary.

B.W.T.A. British Women's Temperance Association.

B. & S. Brandy and soda-water.

C. Centigrade; Catholic; Consul; Court; Congress; Church; Chancellor; Conservative.

C., CAP., _caput_=Chapter.

C. Centime.

C., CT., CENT., _centum_=A hundred.

C.A. Chartered Accountant; Chief Accountant; Commercial Agent; Confederate Army.

CA. Calcium.

CA. Cases; Centare; _circa_=About.

CA., CAL. California.

CAM., CAMB. Cambridge.

CAN. Canon; Canto.

CANT. Canterbury; Canticles.

CANTAB., _Cantabrigiensis_=Of Cambridge.

CANTUAR., _Cantuaria_=Canterbury; _Cantuariensis_=Of Canterbury.

CAP., _caput_=Capital; Chapter;--_Capitulum_=Head; _Capiat_=Let him (or her) take.

CAP., CAPT. Captain.

CAPS. Capitals.

CAR. Carat.

CAR., _Carolus_=Charles.

CARD. Cardinal.

CARP. Carpentry.

CASH. Cashier.

CAT. Catechism; Catalogue.

CATH. Catherine; Catholic.

CAV. Cavalry.

C.B. Companion of the [Most Honourable Order of the] Bath; Confined to barracks.

C.B.S. Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament.

C.C. Caius College; Circuit Court; County Council; County Clerk; Cricket Club; Catholic Clergyman.

CC. Chapters.

C.C.C. Corpus Christi College; Christ's College, Cambridge.

C.C.C.S. Colonial and Continental Church Society.

C.D. ACTS. The Contagious Diseases Acts.

C.D.S.O. Companion of the Distinguished Service Order.

C.D.V. Carte-de-visite.

C.E. Civil Engineer; Canada East.

CEL. Celsius (scale of--i.e. Centigrade).

CEL. Celebrated.

CELT. Celtic.

CEN. Central; Century.

CENT., _centum_=A hundred.

CENTIG. Centigrade.

CERT., CERTIF. Certificate; Certify.

CESTR., _Cestrensis_=Of Chester.

CET. PAR., _ceteris paribus_=Other things being equal.

CF., _confer_=Compare; Calf.