Chapter M: FT., mistura fiat=Let a mixture be made (1)

MGR. Monseigneur.

M.H.G. Middle High German.

M.H.R. Member of the House of Representatives.

M.I.C.E. or M.INST.C.E. Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers.

MIC. Micah.

MICH. Michigan.

MIN. Mineralogy.

MINN. Minnesota.

MIS. Missouri.

MISC. Miscellaneous, Miscellany.

MIL., MILIT. Military.

MISS., MIS. Mississippi.

M.L.A. Member of Legislative Assembly.

M.L.C. Member of Legislative Council.

MLLE. Mademoiselle.

M.M. (Their) Majesties; Martyrs.

MME., _Madame_ (Fr.). Madam:--_pl._ MMES.

M.N.S. Member of the Numismatical Society.

MO. Missouri.

MO. Month.

MOD. Modern.

MOL. WT. Molecular weight.

MONS. Monsieur.

MONSIG. Monsignor.

MORN. Morning.

MOS. Months.

M.P. Member of Parliament.

M.P.S. Member of the Philological Society.

M.P.S. Member of the Pharmaceutical Society.

M.R. Master of the Rolls.

MR. Master or Mister.

M.R.A.S. Member of the Royal Asiatic Society.

M.R.A.S. Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences.

M.R.C.C. Member of the Royal College of Chemistry.

M.R.C.P. Member of the Royal College of Preceptors.

M.R.C.S. Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.

M.R.C.V.S. Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.

M.R.G.S. Member of the Royal Geographical Society.

M.R.I. Member of the Royal Institution.

M.R.I.A. Member of the Royal Irish Academy.

MRS. Mistress.

MS. Manuscript;--MSS., Manuscripts.

M.S. Master in Surgery; _Memoriæ Sacrum_=Sacred to the Memory.

M.S. Months (after) sight.

M.S.C. Madras Staff Corps.

M.S.L. Mean sea-level.

M.S.S. Member of the Statistical Society.

MT. Mount;--MTS., Mountains.

MTH. Month.

MUS. Music; Museum.

MUS.B. Bachelor of Music.

MUS.D., DOC., DOCT. Doctor of Music.

M.V.O. Member of the Royal Victorian Order.

MYST. Mysteries.

MYTH. Mythology.

N. North, Northern; Nitrogen.

N. Name; _Natus_=Born; Neuter; Noon.

N.A. North America.

NA. Nebraska.

NAH. Nahum.

NAP. Napoleon.

NAT. National.

NAT. HIST. Natural History.

NAT. ORD. Natural order.

NAUT. Nautical.

NAV. Naval; Navigation.

N.B. North Britain, North British; New Brunswick.

N.B., _nota bene_=Note well, or take notice.

N.C. North Carolina; New Church.

N.D. No date, Not dated.

N.DAK. North Dakota.

N.E. North-east; New England.

NEB., NEBR. Nebraska.

NEG. Negative.

NEH. Nehemiah.

N.E.I., _non est inventus_=Is not found.

NEM. CON., _nemime contradicente_=No one contradicting.

NEM. DISS., _nemine dissentiente_=No one dissenting.

NEP. Neptune.

NETH. Netherlands.

NEUT. Neuter.

NEV. Nevada.

NEW M. New Mexico.

N.F. Newfoundland; Norman French.

N.H. New Hampshire.

NI. PRI., _nisi prius_. See _Nisi_ in Dict.

N.J. New Jersey.

N.L., _non licet_=It is not permitted; _non liquet_=It is not clear; _non longe_=Not far.

N.M. New Mexico.

N.N.E. North-north-east.

N.N.W. North-north-west.

N.O. New Orleans; Natural Order.

NO., _numero_=Number;--NOS., Numbers.

NON-CON. Non-content.

NON OBST., _non obstante_=Notwithstanding.

NON PROS., _non prosequitur_=He does not prosecute.

NON SEQ., _non sequitur_=It does not follow.

N.O.P. Not otherwise provided.

NORTHMB. Northumberland.

NORVIC., _Norvicensis_=Of Norwich.

NOS. Numbers.

NOTTS. Nottinghamshire.

NOV. November.

N.P. Notary Public; New Providence.

N.S. New Style.

N.S. Nova Scotia.

N.S. Not specified.

N.S.W. New South Wales.

N.T. New Testament.

N.U. Name unknown.

NUM., NUMB. Numbers.

NUMIS., NUMISM. Numismatics.

N.V. New Version.

N.V.M. Nativity of the Virgin Mary.

N.W. North-west.

N.W.P. North-west Provinces (India).

N.W.T. North-west Territories.

N.Y. New York.

N.Z. New Zealand.

N. & Q. Notes and Queries.

O. Ohio; Oxygen.

O/A. On account of.

OB., _obiit_=Died.

OB., OBAD. Obadiah.

OBDT. Obedient.

OBJ. Object, Objective.

OBL. Oblique; Oblong.

OBS. Observation; Obsolete.

OBSTET. Obstetrics.

OC. Ocean.

O.C.R. Order of Corporate Reunion.

OCT. October.

O.D. Ordnance Data.

O.E. Old English.

O.F. Odd Fellow; Old French.

OFF. Official.

O.H.G. Old High German.

O.H.M.S. On His (or Her) Majesty's Service.

O.K. All correct (prob. a humorous spelling of this).

OLD TEST. Old Testament.

O.M. Old Measurement.

OMN. HOR., _omni hora_=Every year.

ONOMAT. Onomatopoeia.

O/O. Percent.

O.P. Old Price; _Ordinis Prædicatorum_=Of the Order of Preachers (or Dominicans).

O.P. Out of Print.

OP. Opera.

OP. Opposite; _Opus_=Work.

OP. CIT., _opere citato_=In the work cited.

ORD. Ordained; Order; Ordinary; Ordnance.

OR. Oregon.

O.S. Old Style.

O.S.A., _Ordinis Sancti Augustini_=Of the Order of St Augustine.

O.S.B., _Ordinis Sancti Benedicti_=Of the Order of St Benedict.

O.S.F., _Ordinis Sancti Francisci_=Of the Order of St Francis.

O.T. Old Testament.

OXF. Oxford.

OXON., _Oxonia_=Oxford;--_Oxoniensis_=Of Oxford.

OZ. Ounce.

P. Page; Participle;--P.A., Participial adjective.

PA., also PENN. Pennsylvania.

PAC. OC. Pacific Ocean.

PAINT. Painting.

PAL. Palestine; Palæontology.

PAM. Pamphlet.

PAN. Panama.

PAR. Paragraph; Parallel; Parish.

PAT., PK. Patrick.

PAT. OFF. Patent Office.

P.C., _Patres Conscripti_=Conscript Fathers; Privy Councillor; Police Constable; Post Commander.

P.C. Postal-card.

P.C.S. Principal Clerk of Session.

PD. Paid.

P.E. Protestant Episcopal.

P.E.I. Prince Edward Island.

PEN. Peninsula.

PENN. Pennsylvania.

PENT. Pentecost.

PER. Period; Person.

PER AN., _per annum_=Per year, By the year.

PER CENT., PER CT., _per centum_=By the hundred.

PERS. Person.

PETRIBURG., _Petriburgensis_=Of Peterborough.

PG. Portugal.

PHAR., PHARM. Pharmaceutical; Pharmacopoeia; Pharmacy.

PH.B., _Philosophiæ Baccalaureus_=Bachelor of Philosophy.

PH.D., _Philosophiæ Doctor_=Doctor of Philosophy.

PHIL. Philippians; Philemon; Philadelphia; Philip.

PHIL. TRANS. Philosophical Transactions.

PHON., PHONET. Phonetics.

PHONOG. Phonography.

PHOT. Photography.

PHR. Phrase.

PHYS. Physiology; Physics; Physician.

PINX., PXT., _pinxit_=He (or she) painted it.

P.M. Past Master; _Post meridiem_=Afternoon; Post-master; _Post mortem_.

PM. Premium.

P.M.G. Postmaster-general.

P.N. Promissory note.

P.O. Post-office; Postal Order.

PO. Pole.

P.O.C. Peninsular and Oriental Company.

P.O.D. Pay on delivery.

P.O.O. Post-office Order.

POP. Population.

POS., POSIT. Positive.

P.P. Parish Priest.

PP. Pages.

P.P.C., _pour prendre congé_ (Fr.)=To take leave.

P.P.S. Postscript additional.

P.R. Prize-ring; Porto Rico.

P.R., _Populus Romanus_=The Roman people.

PR. Pair; Per; Present; Price; Pronoun; Prince; Priest; Provençal.

P.R.A. President of the Royal Academy.

P.R.B. Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.

PREB. Prebend, Prebendary.

PREF. Preface.

PRES., PRESES. President.

P.R.I.B.A. President of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

P.R.N., _pro re nata_=For special business arising.

PRO. Professional.

PROF. Professor.

PROT. Protestant.

PRO TEM., _pro tempore_=For the time being.

PROV. Proverbs.

PROX., _proximo_=Next.

P.R.S. President of the Royal Society.

P.R.S.A. President of the Royal Scottish Academy.

P.R.S.E. President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

P.S., _post scriptum_=Postscript, written after.

PS., PSA. Psalms.

PSEUD. Pseudonym.

P.T. Pupil Teacher.

P.T. Post-town.

P.T.O. Please turn over.

PUB. DOC. Public Document.

P.W.D. Public Works Department.

PWT. Pennyweight.

P. & O. Peninsular and Oriental Company.

Q., _quadrans_=Farthing; Query; Quintal.

Q., QU. Query; Question.

Q.A.B. Queen Anne's Bounty.

Q.B. Queen's Bench.

Q.C. Queen's Counsel; Queen's College.

Q.D., _quasi dicat_=As if he should say.

Q.E., _quod est_=Which is.

Q.E.D., _quod erat demonstrandum_=Which was to be demonstrated.

Q.E.F., _quod erat faciendum_=Which was to be done.

Q.E.I, _quod erat inveniendum_=Which was to be found out.

Q.L., _quantum libet_=As much as you please.

Q.M. Quartermaster.

QM., _quomodo_=In what manner; How.

Q.M.G. Quartermaster-general.

QR. Quarter.

Q.S. Quarter-Sessions.

Q.S., Quantum suff., _quantum sufficit_=A sufficient quantity.

QT. Quantity; Quart;--QTS., Quarts.

QU. Queen; Question,

QU., QUAR. Quart, Quarter, Quarterly,

Q.V., _quod vide_=Which see; _quantum vis_=As much as you will.

R., _rex, regina_=King, Queen.

R., _recipe_=Take.

R., REAU. Réaumur's thermometric scale.

R.A. Royal Academy or Academician; Royal Artillery.

RABB. Rabbinical.

R.A.C. Royal Arch Chapter.

RAD. Radical.

RAD., _radix_=Root.

R.A.M. Royal Academy of Music.

R.A.S. Royal Asiatic Society.

R.C. Right centre.

R.C. Roman Catholic; Red Cross.

R.C.M. Royal College of Music.

R.C.P. Royal College of Preceptors.

R.C.S. Royal College of Surgeons.

R.D. Rural Dean; Royal Dragoons.

R.E. Royal Engineers.

REC. Recipe.

RECD. Received.

RECPT. Receipt.

RECT. Rector; Rectory.

REF. CH. Reformed Church.

REG. PROF. Regius Professor.

REGT. Regiment.

REP. Representative; Republic; Report, Reporter.

REPT. Receipt.

RETD. Returned.

REV. Revise, Revision; Revelation.

REV., REVD. Reverend;--REVS., Reverends.

REV. VER. Revised Version.

R.G.G. Royal Grenadier Guards.

R.G.S. Royal Geographical Society.

R.H. Right hand.

R.H. Royal Highness; Royal Highlanders.

R.H.A. Royal Horse Artillery; Royal Hibernian Academy.

RHET. Rhetoric.

R.H.G. Royal Horse Guards.

R.H.S. Royal Humane Society; Royal Horticultural Society; Royal Historical Society.

R.I. Rhode Island.

R.I.B.A. Royal Institute of British Architects.

R.I.P., _requiescat in pace_=May he (or she) rest in peace.

R.M. Royal Mail; Royal Marines.

R.M.A. Royal Military Asylum; Royal Marine Artillery.

R.M.L.I. Royal Marine Light Infantry.

R.M.S. Royal Mail Steamer; Royal Microscopical Society.

R.N. Royal Navy.

R.N.R. Royal Naval Reserve.

ROB., ROBT. Robert.

ROFFEN. Of Rochester.

ROM. Romans.

ROM. CATH. Roman Catholic.

R.P. Reformed Presbyterian; Regius Professor.

R.R. Right Reverend.

R.R.C. Royal Red Cross (for ladies).

R.S. Royal Society.

R.S.A. Royal Society of Antiquaries; Royal Scottish Academy or Academician.

R.S.D. Royal Society of Dublin.

R.S.E. Royal Society of Edinburgh.

R.S.L. Royal Society of London.

R.S.M. Royal School of Mines.

R.S.O. Railway Sub-office; Railway Sorting Office.

R.S.S., also S.R.S., _Regiæ Societatis Socius_=Fellow of the Royal Society.

R.S.V.P., _Répondez, s'il vous plait_ (Fr.)=Reply, if you please.

RT. HON. Right Honourable.

RT. REV. Right Reverend.

R.T.S. Religious Tract Society.

RT. W., RT. WPFUL. Right Worshipful.

R.V. Rifle Volunteers; Revised Version.

R.W.D.G.M. Right Worshipful Deputy Grand Master.

R.W.G.M. Right Worshipful Grand Master.

R.W.G.R. Right Worthy Grand Representative.

R.W.G.S. Right Worthy Grand Secretary.

R.W.G.T. Right Worthy Grand Templar; Right Worthy Grand Treasurer.

R.W.G.W. Right Worshipful Grand Warden.

R.W.S. Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours.

R.W.S.G.W. Right Worshipful Senior Grand Warden.

RX. Tens of rupees.

RY. Railway.

S. South; Sabbath; Saint; Seconds; Society; Sun.

S.A. South Africa; South America; South Australia.

SA. Saturday.

S.A., _secundum artem_=According to art; _sine anno_=Without date.

S.A.I., _Son Altesse Imperiale_ (Fr.). His Royal Highness.

SAM. Samuel.

SARUM. Of Salisbury.

S.A.S., _Societatis Antiquariorum Socius_=Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

SAT. Saturday.

S.C. South Carolina; _Senatus Consuetum_=A decree of the Roman Senate.

S.C., S. CAPS., SM. CAPS. Small capitals.

SC., SCIL., _scilicet_=To wit, Namely, Being understood.

SC., SCULP., SCULPT., _sculpsit_=He (or she) engraved it.

SC.B., _Scientiæ Baccalaureus_= Bachelor of Science.

SC.D., _Scientiæ Doctor_=Doctor of Science.

SCH., SCHR. Schooner.

SCI. FA., _scire facias_=That you cause to know.

S.C.L. Student of the Civil Law.

SCOT. Scotland, Scotch.

SCRIPT. Scripture.

S.D. South Dakota; Senior Deacon.

S.D., _salutem dicit_=Sends greeting.

S.D., _sine die_=Without day.

S.D.U.K. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.

S.E. South-east.

SEC. Second; Section.

SEC., SECY. Secretary.

SEC. LEG., _secundum legem_= According to law.

SEC. REG., _secundum regulam_= According to rule.

SECT. Section.

SEM. Seminary; Semitic.

SEN. Senator; Senior.

SEP., Sept. September; Septuagint.

SEQ., _sequentes_ or _sequentia_=The following.

SER. Series; Sermon.

SERG., SERGT. Sergeant;--SERJ., SERJT., Serjeant.

SESS. Session.

SFZ. Sforzando.

S.G. Solicitor-general.

S.G. Specific gravity.

S.H. School-house.

SH. Shilling.

S.H.V., _sub hoc verbo_ or _sub hac voce_=Under this word.

S.J. Society of Jesus.

S.L. Solicitor at Law.

S.L., S. LAT. South latitude.

SLD. Sailed.

S.L.P., _sine legitima prole_=Without lawful issue.

S.M. Short Metre.

S.M., _Sa Majesté_. His (or Her) Majesty.

SMITH. INST. Smithsonian Institution.

S.M. LOND. SOC., _Societatis Medicæ Londiniensis Socius_=Member of the London Medical Society.

S.M.M., _Sancta Mater Maria_=Holy Mother Mary.

S.M.P., _sine mascula prole_=Without male issue.

S.N., _secundum naturam_=According to nature.

S.O. Sub-office.

S.O. Seller's option.

SOC. Society.

SOL. Solution.

SOL., SOLR. Solicitor.

SOL.-GEN. Solicitor-general.

SOP. Soprano.

SP. Spelling.

S.P., _sine prole_=Without issue.

S.P.C.A. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

S.P.C.C. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.

S.P.C.K. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

S.P.G. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.

SPORT. Sporting.

S.P.Q.R., _Senatus Populusque Romanus_=The Senate and People of Rome.

S.P.S., _sine prole superstite_=Without surviving issue.

SPT. Seaport.

SQ. Square.

SQ., _sequens_=The following.

SR. Senior; Sir.

S.R.I., _Sacrum Romanum Imperium_=Holy Roman Empire.

S.R.S., _Societatis Regiæ Socius_=Fellow of the Royal Society.

S.S. Sabbath School.

SS. Saints.

S.S. Steamship; Screw steamer.

S.S.C. Solicitor before the Supreme Court (Scotland); _Societas Sancti Crucis_=Society of the Holy Cross.

SS.D., _Sanctissimus Dominus_=Most holy Lord (the Pope).

S.S.E. South-south-east.

S.S.W. South-south-west.

ST. Saint; Strait; Street.

STDY. Saturday.

STE., _Sainte_ (Fr.). Fem. of _Saint_.

STER., STEREO. Stereotype.

STER., STG. Sterling.

S.T.P., _Sanctæ Theologiæ Professor_=Professor of Theology.

STR. Steamer.

SU. Sunday.

SUB. Subject; Suburb.

SUBJ. Subject; Subjunctive.

SUBST. Substitute.

SUF., SUFF. Suffix.

SUP. Superfine; Superior; Superlative; Supreme.

SUP. CT. Superior Court; Supreme Court.

SUPP. Supplement.

SUPR. Supreme.

SUPT. Superintendent.

SURG. Surgeon, Surgery.

SURV.-GEN. Surveyor-general.

S.V., _Sancta Virgo_=Holy Virgin; _Sanctitas Vestra_=Your Holiness.

S.V., _sub voce_=Under the word or title.

S.W. South-west; Senior Warden.

SYM. Symbol.

SYN. Synonym.

SYNOP. Synopsis.

SYST. System.

TAL. QUAL., _talis qualis_=Just as they come, Average quantity.

TAM. Tamil.

TAN. Tangent.

TC. Tierce.

T.C.D. Trinity College, Dublin.

TE. Tellurium.

TECH. Technically; Technology.

TEL., TELEG. Telegram, Telegraph.

TEMP. Temporal; _tempore_=In the time of.

TEN. Tenor.

TEN., TENN. Tennessee.

TER., TERR. Territory.

TERM. Termination.

TEST. Testament.

TEUT. Teutonic.

TEX. Texas.

TEXT. REC., _Textus receptus_=The Received Text.

T.F. Till forbidden.

THEAT. Theatrical.

THEOL. Theology, theologian.

THEOR. Theorem.

THEOS. Theosophy.

THERAP. Therapeutics.

THESS. Thessalonians.

THO., THOS. Thomas.

T.H.W.M. Trinity High-water Mark.

TIM. Timothy.

TIT. Titus.

T.O. Turn Over; Telegraph-office.

TOM. Tome or Volume.

TP. Township.

TR. Transactions; Translator; Trustee.

TRANS. Transitive.

TRANSF. Transferred.

TREAS. Treasurer.

T.R.H. Their Royal Highnesses.

TRIG. Trigonometry.

TRIN. Trinity.

TROP. Tropic.

TRURON., _Truronensis_=Of Truro.

T.S.O. Town Sub-office.

T.T.L. To take leave.

TU., TUES. Tuesday.

TYP., TYPO. Typographer, Typography.

U.C. Upper Canada.

U.F.C. United Free Church [of Scotland].

U.K. United Kingdom.

U.K.A. United Kingdom Alliance.

ULT., _ultimo_=Last.

UNIT. Unitarian.

UNIV. University; Universalist.

U.P. United Presbyterian.

UP. Upper.

U.S. United States; United Service.

U.S., _ut supra_=As above.

U.S.A. United States of America; United States Army.

U.S.C. United States of Colombia.

U.S.N. United States Navy.

U.S.S. United States Ship or Steamer.

USU. Usually.

U.S.W., _und so weiter_ (Ger.)= And so forth.

UT DICT., _ut dictum_=As said.

UT SUP., _ut supra_=As above.

UX., _uxor_=Wife.

V., _versus_=Against; _vide_=See; Verb; Verse; Volume; Viscount.

V.A. Royal Order of Victoria and Albert (for ladies).

V.A. Vicar Apostolic.

VA. Virginia.

VAL. Value.

VAR. Variant.

VAR. LECT., _varia lectio_= Varying reading.

VAT. Vatican.

VB. Verb.

V.C. Vice-chancellor; Vice-consul; Victoria Cross.

V.D. Volunteer [Officers'] Decoration.

V.D. Various dates.

V.D.M., _Verbi Dei Minister_=Preacher of God's Word.

VEN. Venerable.

VENET. Venetian.

VERT. Vertebrata.

VES. Vessel.

VET., VETER. Veterinary;--VET. SURG., Veterinary Surgeon.

V.G. Vicar-general.

V.G., _verbi gratiâ_=For example.

VIC. Vicar; Vicarage.

VID., _vide_=See.

VIL. Village.

V.IMP. Verb impersonal.

V.IRR. Verb irregular.

VIS., VISC. Viscount.

VIZ., _videlicet_=Namely.

V.N. Verb neuter.

VOC. Vocative.

VOCAB. Vocabulary.

VOL. Volunteer.

VOL. Volume;--VOLS., volumes.

VOLC. Volcano.

V.P. Vice-president.

V.R., _Victoria Regina_=Queen Victoria.

V.R. Verb reflexive.

V.R.I., _Victoria Regina et Imperatrix_=Victoria, Queen and Empress.

V.S. Veterinary Surgeon.

VT. Vermont.

V.T. verb transitive.

VUL. Vulgar.

VUL., VULG. Vulgate.

VV.LL., _variæ lectiones_=Various readings.

V.Y. Various years.

W. West; Warden; Week; Welsh.

W.A. West Africa; West Australia.

WAL. Walloon.

WASH. Washington.

W.B. Water Board; Way-bill.

W.C. Water-closet; Western Central; Wesleyan Chapel.

W.C.T.U. Women's Christian Temperance Union.

WE., WED. Wednesday.

W.F. Wrong font.

W.I. West Indies.

WINTON., _Wintoniensis_=Of Winchester.

WIS. Wisconsin.

WK. Week.

WM. William.

W.M.S. Wesleyan Missionary Society.

W.N.W. West-north-west.

WP., WPFL. Worshipful.

W.R. West Riding.

WR., WLR. Walter.

W.S. Writer to the Signet.

W.S.W. West-south-west.

WT. Weight.

X. or XT. Christ. (_X._=Gr. _Ch._)

XM., XMAS. Christmas.

XN., XTIAN. Christian.

Y., YR. Year.

Y., YD. Yard.

Y^E. The (the _Y_ not being a _Y_, but as representing the Anglo-Saxon þ).

Y.M.C.A. Young Men's Christian Association.

YR. Your; Younger.

Y^T. That (_Y_ as in Y^e).

Y.W.C.A. Young Women's Christian Association.

ZN. Zinc.

ZECH. Zechariah.

ZEPH. Zephaniah.

ZR. Zirconium.

&, _et_=And.

&C., _et cetera_=And so forth.

* * * * *

SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY.

[scruple] Scruple; [scruple]i, one scruple; [scruple]ij, two scruples; [scruple]ss, half a scruple; [scruple]iss, a scruple and a half.

[drachm] Dram or drachm; [drachm]i, one dram; [drachm]ij, two drams; [drachm]ss, half a dram; [drachm]iss, a dram and a half.

[ounce] Ounce; [ounce]i, one ounce; [ounce]ij, two ounces; [ounce]ss, half an ounce; [ounce]iss, an ounce and a half.

[minim] A minim; a drop.

[ana] (Gr. _ana_), of each a like quantity.

[recipe] (L. _recipe_), take.

The above symbols are employed almost always in medical prescriptions. A prescription consists of the following parts: (1) The _Superscription_; (2) The _Inscription_; (3) The _Subscription_; (4) The _Signature_. The _Superscription_, which consists of the letter [recipe], is a relic of the days of astrology. It originally was used to represent the symbol of the planet Jupiter. By common consent it is now regarded as representing the imperative mood of the Latin verb _recipere_, to take. The _Inscription_ is a statement of the names of the substances to be used, with their quantities. The _Subscription_ is made up of the directions for the guidance of the dispenser. The _Signature_ includes the directions to the patient. This part of the prescription should be written in English; the other parts are in Latin. Sometimes the signature also is in Latin.

The body or prescription contains the following: the _Basis_, or principal active ingredient; the _Adjuvant_, or _Auxiliary_, to assist its action; the _Corrective_, to correct or diminish some undesirable quality; the _Vehicle_, or _Excipient_, to give a suitable form for administration.

PRESCRIPTION.

[Recipe] Superscription.
(Basis) Pot. Acet. [Drachm]v }
(Adjuvant) Tinct. Digitalis [Drachm]j } Inscription.
(Corrective) Syr. Aurantii [Ounce]j }
(Vehicle) Dec. Scopar. ad [Ounce]viij }
Misce, fiat mist. Subscription.
Cpt. Cochl. mag. ii. 4ta. q.q. hora ex paul. aquæ Signature.

WITHOUT ABBREVIATIONS OR CONTRACTIONS.

Recipe.
Potassii Acetatis drachmas quinque.
Tincturæ Digitalis drachmam unam.
Syrupi Aurantii unciam unam.
Decoctum Scoparii ad uncias octo.
Misce, fiat mistura.
Capiat cochlearia duo magna quartâ quâque horâ
ex paululo aquæ.

ENGLISH TRANSLATION.

Take thou (the dispenser).
Five drachms of acetate of potassium.
One drachm of the tincture of digitalis.
One ounce of syrup of orange-peel.
Decoction of broom up to eight ounces.
Mix, let a mixture be made.
Let him (the patient) take two large spoonfuls at
each fourth hour, out of (in) a little water.

LIST OF LATIN PHRASES COMMONLY USED IN THE WRITING OF PRESCRIPTIONS.

aa. Ana of each.
Ad. Adde add.
Ad lib. Ad libitum to the desired amount.
Ad us. Ad usum according to custom.
Æq. Æquales equal.
Aq. Aqua water.
Aq. bull. Aqua bulliens boiling water.
Aq. dest. Aqua destillata distilled water.
Bib. Bibe drink.
Bis ind. Bis indies twice a day.
Bis in 7 d. Bis in septem diebus twice a week.
C. Cum with.
Cap. Capiat let him take.
C. m. Cras mane to-morrow morning.
C. m. s. Cras mane sumendus to be taken to-morrow morning.
C. n. Cras nocte to-morrow night.
Cochl. Cochleare spoonful.
Cochl. ampl. Cochleare amplum a table-spoonful.
Cochl. infant. Cochleare infantis a tea-spoonful.
Cochl. mag. Cochleare magnum a table-spoonful.
Cochl. mod. Cochleare modicum a dessert-spoonful.
Cochl. parv. Cochleare parvum a tea-spoonful.
Contin. Continuetur let it be continued.
Cpt. Capiat let him take.
Cuj. Cujus of which.
C. v. Cras vespere to-morrow evening.
Cyath. Cyathus a glassful.
Cyath. vinos. Cyathus vinosus a wine-glassful.
D. Dosis a dose.
d. Da give.
D. d. in d. De die in diem from day to day.
Det. Detur let it be given.
Dieb. alt. Diebus alternis on alternate days.
Dim. Dimidius one-half.
Div. Divide divide.
D. in p. æ. Divide in partes æquales divide into equal parts.
Exhib. Exhibiatur let it be given.
F. or ft. Fiat let it be made.
F. h. Fiat haustus make a draught.
F. m. Fiat mistura make a mixture.
F. pil. Fiat pilula make a pill.
Gutt. Gutta or guttæ drop or drops.
Habt. Habeat let him have.
Hor. intermed. Horis intermediis at intermediate hours.
H. s. Horâ somni at bedtime.
Ind. Indies daily.
Lat. dol. Lateri dolenti to the painful side.
Mit. Mitte send.
Mod. præscript. Modo præscripto in the manner directed.
O. m. Omni mane every morning.
Omn. bih. Omni bihorâ every two hours.
Omn. hor. Omni horâ every hour.
O. n. Omni nocte every night.
P. or pt. Perstetur continue.
Part. æq. Partes æquales equal parts.
P. r. n. Pro re natâ when required.
Q. l. Quantum libet as much as is requisite.
Q. s. Quantum sufficit a sufficient quantity.
Q. v. Quantum volueris at will.
[Recipe] Recipe take.
Rep. Repetatur let it be repeated.
Sing. Singulorum of each.
Sum. Sumat or sumendum let him take or
let it be taken.
T. d. Ter in die three times a day.

* * * * *

MUSICAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

Signs denoting time or relative value of sound:

Each of these notes represents twice the duration of sound of that which comes next in order. The sign to the right of each note indicates a rest or silence equal to its sound duration.

In time, the figure above a line drawn thus across the stave denotes the length of the pause in bars.

_Accel._ Accelerando. Gradually increasing the speed.

_Adg^{_o_}_ or _Ad^{_o_}._ Adagio. Slow; also name given to a slow movement or piece.

_Ad lib._ Ad libitum. Passages so marked may be rendered at the will of the performer.

_And._ Andante. Moderately slow: graceful; sometimes used as the name of a movement or separate piece.

_Anim^{_o_}._ Animato. Animated: with soul.

_A tem._ A tempo. In time.

_Bar._ A line drawn perpendicularly across the stave, separating the notes into measures of equal length; also the music comprised within two such lines.--_Double Bar_. The former of the two signs is used to mark the larger divisions of a piece or movement; in psalm tunes, hymns, chants, &c., to mark the end of a verse or sentence. The latter sign denotes the end of a composition.

[Bind marks] Bind or Tie. Placed over two or more notes in the same position on the stave, to show they are to be played as one.

[Breath marks] Breath-marks. In vocal music, signs used to show where breath should be taken.

Denoting common time; the former indicating four crotchets to the bar, the latter two minims to the bar.

_Cal._ Calando. Gradually slower, and with decreasing volume of tone.

_Clef._ The sign placed at the beginning of a stave, determining the absolute pitch of the notes that follow it.

[Crescendo] Crescendo. Gradual increase of tone.

([Dash]) Dash. When placed over or under a note, implies a very detached (_staccato_) style.

_D.C._ Da capo. From the beginning; indicating that the performer must return to the beginning of the movement, and conclude at the double bar marked _Fine_.

[Decrescendo] Decrescendo. Gradually softer.

_Dim._ Diminuendo. Gradual decrease of tone.

(·) Dot. When added to a note or rest, lengthens it by one-half. When placed over or under a note, means that its duration should be cut short.

[Flat] Flat. The sign which lowers the pitch of a note one semitone.

[Double Flat] Double Flat. Used before a note already flat, lowering it another semitone. It is corrected by a flat and a natural.

_f._ Forte. Loudly: strongly.

_ff._ Fortissimo. Very loud.

_fff._ Fortississimo. As loud as possible.

_f.p._ Forte-piano. Loud, then soft.

_Leg._ Legato. In a smooth and gliding manner.

_Lo._ Loco. Indicating to return to the proper pitch after having played an octave higher.

_mf._ or _mff._ Mezzo-forte. Moderately loud.

_mp._ Mezzo-piano. Moderately soft.

_Manc._ Mancando. Dying away, decreasing.

_Marc._ Marcato. In a marked manner, emphasised.

M.M. Maelzel's metronome.

M.M. [Crotchet]=80. Denoting that the beat of a crotchet is equal to the pulse of the pendulum of Maelzel's metronome, with the weight set at 80.

[Natural] Natural. Restores a note, which has been raised by the sharp or lowered by the flat, to its original pitch.

_Ott._, O^{va}, 8^{va}=Ottava. An octave--as 8^{va} _alta_=_ottava alta_, (to be played) an octave higher; 8^{va} _bas._ = _ottava bassa_, an octave lower.

_p._ Piano. Softly.

_P.F._ or _pf._ Piano-forte. Soft, then loud.

_pp._ Pianissimo. Very soft.

_ppp._ Pianississimo. As softly as possible.

[Pause] Pause or _Corona_. When placed over a note or rest, indicates that it must be held longer than its natural length. When over a double bar, indicates where the piece is to be concluded after a repeat.

_Pizz_. Pizzicato. A direction to violinists to twang the string with the finger instead of using the bow.

Quintuplet. A group of five notes played in the time of four.

4^{tte} Quartette.

5^{tte} Quintette.

_Raddol._ Raddolcendo. Gradually softer and sweeter.

_Rall._ Rallentando. Becoming gradually slower.

Repeat. When placed at the beginning and end of a passage or movement, indicates that the portion so marked is to be played over again.

_Rit._ Ritardando. Retarding, holding back the time.

[Segno] Segno. The sign--as _Al Segno_, to the sign; _Dal Segno_, from the sign.

_Sem._, _Semp._ Sempre. Always, throughout--as _sempre legato_, smooth throughout; _sempre ritardando_, continually slackening the time.

7^{tte} Septet.

6^{tte} Sextet, or Sestet.

[Sforzando] Sforzando. Denoting emphasis applied to a particular note or notes. Abbreviated _sf._, _sfz._

[Sforzato-piano.] Sforzato-piano. A sudden _forte_ followed by a _diminuendo_ or _piano_. Abbreviated _sfp._, _sfz.p._

[Sharp] Sharp. The sign which raises the pitch of a note one semitone.

[Double Sharp] Double Sharp. Used before a note already sharp, raising the pitch by a semitone. It is contradicted by a natural and a sharp.

[Slur] Slur. Showing that the notes over which it is placed must be played in a smooth (_legato_) manner.

_Sos._, _Sos^{_t_}._ Sostenuto. Sustained; prolonging the tone for the full duration of time indicated.

_Spir._ Spiritoso. In a spirited or lively manner.

Stave or Staff. The horizontal and parallel lines on which the notes are placed, used to indicate their relative position as regards pitch.

_Trem._ Tremolando. With trembling or wavering; a note or chord played with great rapidity so as to produce such an effect.

3^o Trio.

Triplet. A group of three notes performed in the time of two.

_T.S._ Tasto solo. One key alone: a direction to play a part in unison.

* * * * *

CORRECT CEREMONIOUS FORMS OF ADDRESS.

The following are the correct ceremonious modes of addressing and
beginning letters to persons of title or holding offices:

AMBASSADOR, BRITISH--Address: 'His Excellency [in other respects according to his rank], H.B.M.'s Ambassador and Plenipotentiary.' Begin: 'Sir,' 'My Lord,' &c., according to rank. Refer personally to as 'Your Excellency.' An Ambassador's wife, when resident abroad, is sometimes, but not very correctly, designated 'Your Excellency.'

ARCHBISHOP--'His Grace the Lord Archbishop of ----.' Begin: 'My Lord Archbishop.' Refer to as 'Your Grace.' In formal documents the Archbishop of Canterbury is addressed as 'The Most Reverend Father in God, Frederick, by Divine Providence Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of all England and Metropolitan;' the Archbishop of York as 'The Most Reverend Father in God, William, by Divine permission Lord Archbishop of York, Primate of England and Metropolitan.' But an Irish Archbishop appointed since 1868 is only 'The Most Reverend the Archbishop of ----,' unless he happen to be a temporal peer, in which case he is 'The Right Hon. and Most Rev.'

ARCHDEACON--'The Venerable the Archdeacon of ----.' Begin: 'Venerable Sir.'

BARON--'The Right Hon. Lord ----,' or 'The Lord ----.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

BARON'S DAUGHTER--If unmarried, 'The Hon.' [Christian name and surname]; if married, 'The Hon. Mrs' [husband's surname]. Begin: 'Madam.' If married to a Baronet or Knight, 'The Hon. Lady' [husband's surname]. Begin: 'My Lady.' If the wife of a peer, or of the son of a Duke or Marquess, address as such.

BARON'S SON--'The Hon.' [Christian name and surname]. Begin: 'Sir.' But the eldest sons of Barons in the Peerage of Scotland are usually addressed as 'The Hon. the Master of' [peerage title].

BARON'S SON'S WIFE--'The Hon. Mrs' [husband's surname], or, if necessary for distinction, the husband's Christian name should also be used. Begin: 'Madam.' If the daughter of an Earl, Marquess, or Duke, address as such.

BARONESS, EITHER IN HER OWN RIGHT OR HER HUSBAND'S--'The Right Hon. the Baroness ----,' 'The Right Hon. Lady ----,' or 'The Lady ----.' Begin: 'My Lady.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

BARONET--'Sir [Christian name and surname], Bart.' Commence: 'Sir.'

BARONET'S WIFE--'Lady' [surname]. Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

BISHOP, COLONIAL--As Scottish bishop.

BISHOP, ENGLISH--'The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of London,' or 'The Lord Bishop of London.' Begin: 'My Lord Bishop.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.' In formal documents a Bishop is 'The Right Rev. Father in God, John, by Divine permission Lord Bishop of Salisbury.'

BISHOP, IRISH, CONSECRATED BEFORE 1868--As English Bishop.

BISHOP, IRISH, CONSECRATED SINCE 1868--'The Right Rev. the Bishop of Ossory,' or in case of the Bishops of Meath and Tuam, 'The Most Rev.' Begin: 'Right Rev. Sir,' or 'Most Rev. Sir.'

BISHOP, RETIRED--'The Right Rev. Bishop ----,' or 'The Right Rev. ---- ----, D.D.' Begin: 'Right Rev. Sir.'

BISHOP, SCOTTISH--'The Right Rev. the Bishop of Edinburgh,' or 'The Right Rev. Bishop Dowden.' The Bishop who holds the position of Primus is generally addressed, 'The Most Rev. the Primus.' The use of 'Lord Bishop' and 'My Lord' is incorrect.

BISHOP SUFFRAGAN--'The Right Rev. the Bishop Suffragan of Bedford.' Begin: 'Right Rev. Sir.'

BISHOPS' WIVES AND CHILDREN have no titles.

CLERGY--'The Rev.' [Christian name and surname]. Begin: 'Rev. Sir.' If son of a Duke or Marquess, 'The Rev. Lord' [Christian name and surname]. If the son of an Earl, Viscount, or Baron, 'The Rev. the Hon.' [Christian name and surname] is beginning to supersede 'The Hon. and Rev.' The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland during his year of office is styled 'Right Rev.;' ex-moderators are usually spoken of as 'Very Rev.'

COMPANION OF AN ORDER OF KNIGHTHOOD--The initials, C.B., C.M.G., C.S.I., or C.I.E., as it may be, are subjoined to the ordinary form of address.

CONSUL, BRITISH--'---- ----, Esq., H.B.M.'s Agent and Consul-General,' 'Consul-General,' 'Consul,' or 'Vice-Consul,' as it may be.

COUNTESS--'The Right Hon. the Countess of ----.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

DEAN--'The Very Rev. the Dean of ----.' Begin: 'Very Rev. Sir.'

DOCTOR--The initials D.D., M.D., LL.D., Mus.D., are placed after the ordinary form of address, as 'The Rev. John Davidson, D.D.,' 'David Patrick, Esq., LL.D.' But 'The Rev. Dr Davidson,' 'Dr David Patrick,' are also frequently used.

DOWAGER--On the marriage of a peer or Baronet, the widow of the previous holder of the title becomes 'Dowager,' and is addressed, 'The Right Hon. the Dowager Countess of ----,' 'The Dowager Lady ----.' As more than one Dowager may hold the same title, the term is less used than formerly, and the Christian name is instead coming to be employed as a distinction--e.g. 'The Right Hon. Helen Countess of ----.'

DUCHESS--'Her Grace the Duchess of ----.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Grace.'

DUKE--'His Grace the Duke of ----.' Begin: 'My Lord Duke.' Refer to as 'Your Grace.'

DUKE'S DAUGHTER--'The Right Hon. Lady' [Christian name and surname], or 'The Lady' [Christian name and surname], the surname being that of her husband if married. Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.' If married to a peer, she is addressed according to her husband's rank only. This, however, does not hold in the case of peers by courtesy; and a Duke's daughter married to the eldest son of an Earl, after the prefix 'Lady,' sometimes takes her own Christian name, followed by her husband's courtesy title.

DUKE'S ELDEST SON AND HIS CHILDREN--The courtesy title is treated as if it were an actual peerage; his eldest son taking the grandfather's third title, and being addressed as if a peer.

DUKE'S ELDEST SON'S WIFE--As if her husband's courtesy title were an actual peerage.

DUKE'S YOUNGER SON--'The Right Hon. Lord' [Christian name and surname], or 'The Lord' [Christian name and surname]. Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

DUKE'S YOUNGER SON'S WIFE--'The Right Hon. Lady,' or 'The Lady' [husband's Christian name and surname]. Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

EARL--'The Right Hon. the Earl of ----,' or 'The Earl of ----.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

EARL'S DAUGHTER--As Duke's daughter.

EARL'S ELDEST SON, and EARL'S ELDEST SON'S WIFE--As if the courtesy title were an actual peerage.

EARL'S YOUNGER SON AND HIS WIFE--As Baron's son and his wife.

GOVERNOR OF COLONY--'His Excellency [ordinary designation], Governor of ----.' Begin according to rank, and refer to as 'Your Excellency.'

JUDGE, ENGLISH OR IRISH--'The Hon. Sir ---- ----,' if a Knight, or 'The Hon. Mr Justice ----.' Begin: 'Sir.' On the bench only he is addressed as 'My Lord,' and referred to as 'Your Lordship.'

JUDGE OF COUNTY COURT--'His Honour Judge ----.' When on the bench, referred to as 'Your Honour.'

JUDGES, SCOTTISH--See Lord of Session.

JUSTICE OF PEACE IN ENGLAND (not Scotland)--'The Right Worshipful.' Referred to when on the bench as 'Your Worship.'

KING--'The King's Most Excellent Majesty.' Begin: 'Sire,' or 'May it please your Majesty,' or 'Lord ---- presents his duty to your Majesty.' Refer to as 'Your Majesty.'

KING'S COUNSEL--Append K.C. to ordinary address.

KNIGHT BACHELOR--As Baronet, except that the word 'Bart.' is omitted.

KNIGHT OF THE BATH, OF ST MICHAEL AND ST GEORGE, OR OF THE STAR OF INDIA--'Sir' [Christian name and surname], with the initials G.C.B., K.C.B., K.M.G., or K.S.I. added. Begin: 'Sir.'

KNIGHT OF THE GARTER, OF THE THISTLE, OR OF ST PATRICK--The initials K.G., K.T., or K.P., as it may be, are to be added to the address.

KNIGHT'S WIFE, WHETHER WIFE OF KNIGHT BACHELOR, OF THE BATH, OF ST MICHAEL AND ST GEORGE, OR OF THE STAR OF INDIA--As Baronet's wife.

LORD ADVOCATE OF SCOTLAND--'The Right Hon. the Lord Advocate.' Usual beginning: 'My Lord,' though 'Sir' is said to be more correct.

LORD CHANCELLOR--'The Right Hon. the Lord Chancellor.' Begin and refer to according to rank.

LORD CHIEF-JUSTICE--'The Right Hon. the Lord Chief-Justice of England,' or 'The Right Hon. Sir ---- ----, Lord Chief-Justice of England.' Begin, if a peer, according to his degree; otherwise as under Judge.

LORD HIGH COMMISSIONER TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY--'His Grace the Lord High Commissioner.' Begin according to rank as a peer. Refer to as 'Your Grace.'

LORD JUSTICE-CLERK--'The Right Hon. the Lord Justice-Clerk.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

LORD JUSTICE-GENERAL OF SCOTLAND--'The Right Hon. the Lord Justice-General.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

LORD JUSTICE OF APPEAL--'The Right Hon. the Lord Justice ----,' or 'The Right Hon. Sir ---- ----.' Begin and refer to as a Judge.

LORD LIEUTENANT OF IRELAND--'His Grace,' if a Duke; otherwise, 'His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant.' Begin and refer to according to rank as a peer.

LORD MAYOR OF LONDON, YORK, DUBLIN, &C.--'The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of London,' or 'The Right Hon. ---- ----, Lord Mayor of London.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

LORD MAYOR'S WIFE--'The Right Hon. the Lady Mayoress of ----.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

LORD OF APPEAL IN ORDINARY AND HIS WIFE--As Baron and Baroness. Their children have no title.

LORD OF SESSION IN SCOTLAND--'The Hon. Lord ----.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.' His wife has no title.

LORD PROVOST--'The Right Hon. the Lord Provost of Edinburgh,' 'The Hon. the Lord Provost of Glasgow,' 'The Lord Provost of Aberdeen' or of 'Perth.' Begin: 'My Lord Provost,' or 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.' The Lord Provost's wife has no title.

MAID OF HONOUR--'The Hon. Miss ----.' Begin: 'Madam.'

MARCHIONESS--'The Most Hon. the Marchioness of ----.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

MARQUESS--'The Most Hon. the Marquess of ----.' Begin: 'My Lord Marquess.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

MARQUESS'S DAUGHTER--Like Duke's daughter.

MARQUESS'S ELDEST SON--Like Duke's eldest son.

MARQUESS'S YOUNGER SON--Like Duke's younger son.

MAYOR--'The Right Worshipful the Mayor of ----.' Begin: 'Sir.' Refer to as 'Your Worship.'

MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT--Add M.P. to the usual form of address.

MINISTER RESIDENT--'---- ----, Esq. [or according to rank], 'H.B.M.'s Minister Resident, ----.'

OFFICERS IN THE ARMY AND NAVY--The professional is prefixed to any other rank--e.g. 'Admiral the Right Hon. the Earl of ----,' 'Lieut.-Col. Sir ---- ----, K.C.B.' Officers below the rank of Captain in the Army or Commander in the Navy are more generally addressed by their social, not professional rank, followed by the name of the regiment, R.A., R.E., or R.N., as may be.

PREMIER--According to his rank.

PRINCE--If a Duke, 'His Royal Highness the Duke of ----.' If not a Duke, 'His Royal Highness Prince' [Christian name]. Begin, in either case, 'Sir.' Refer to as 'Your Royal Highness.'

PRINCESS--If a Duchess, 'Her Royal Highness the Duchess of ----.' If not a Duchess, 'Her Royal Highness the Princess' [Christian name]. Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Royal Highness.'

PRINCIPAL OF A SCOTTISH UNIVERSITY--When a clergyman, 'The Very Rev. the Principal of Aberdeen,' or 'The Very Rev. Principal' [Marshall Lang].

PRIVY COUNCILLOR--'The Right Hon.,' followed by name or title. Begin and refer to according to rank.

QUEEN--'The Queen's Most excellent Majesty.' Begin: 'Madam,' or 'May it please your Majesty.' Otherwise, 'Lord ---- presents his duty to your Majesty.' Refer to as 'Your Majesty.'

QUEEN'S COUNSEL--Append Q.C. to ordinary address.

SECRETARY OF STATE--'Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the ---- Department.'

SERJEANT-AT-LAW--'Serjeant ----,' or 'Mr Serjeant ----.'

SHERIFF OF LONDON--'The Right Worshipful.'

VICE-CHANCELLOR--As a Judge. Begin: 'Sir.' Address on the bench as 'My Lord.'

VISCOUNT--'The Right Hon. the Lord Viscount ----,' or 'The Lord Viscount ----.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

VISCOUNTESS--'The Right Hon. the Viscountess ----,' or 'The Viscountess ----.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

VISCOUNT'S DAUGHTER, SON, AND SON'S WIFE--As Baron's daughter, son, and son's wife.

In correspondence with equals or personal friends letters are begun less formally--e.g., 'My dear Lord,' 'Dear Lord ----,' 'Dear Sir James.' We are less ceremonious than our ancestors a few generations ago, when letters to the nearest relatives and most intimate friends were begun and ended in the most formal manner. Designations like 'Mrs General ----,' 'Mrs Captain ----,' 'Mrs Dr ----,' which were fifty years ago not uncommon, were always improper. Persons holding offices other than those enumerated are addressed in the usual form, 'Sir,' 'Dear Sir,' or 'My dear Sir,' according to the more or less formal terms on which the writer may be with his correspondent. A firm is addressed 'Gentlemen' or 'Dear Sirs.'

* * * * *

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES.

[This vocabulary contains all common Scripture Names except
monosyllables and dissyllables, the latter being always accented on the
first syllable. _Ch_ has the sound of _k_, and so has _c_, except when
marked _ç_, to indicate the sound of _s_; _g_ is hard, except when
marked otherwise.]

A-bad'don.
Ab'a-na.
Ab'a-rim.
A-bed'ne-g[=o].
[=A]-bel-Me-h[=o]'lah.
[=A]-bel-Miz'r[=a]-im (_or_ -r[=a]').
[=A]-bel-Shit'tim.
A-b[=i]'a.
A-b[=i]'a-thar.
A-bi-[=e]'zer.
Ab'i-gail.
A-b[=i]'h[=u].
A-b[=i]'jah.
A-b[=i]'jam.
Ab-i-l[=e]'ne.
A-bim'e-lech.
A-bin'a-dab.
A-b[=i]'ram.
Ab'i-shag.
A-bish'[=a]-[=i].
[=A]'bra-ham.
Ab'sa-lom.
A-çel'da-ma.
A-ch[=a]'ia ('ya, _or_ a-k[=i]'a).
A-d[=i]'n[=o] (_or_ Ad'i-n[=o])
A-do-ni-b[=e]'zek.
Ad-o-n[=i]'jah.
Ad-o-n[=i]'ram.
A-do-ni-z[=e]'dek.
A-dram'me-lech.
Ad-ra-myt'ti-um.
A'dri-a.
[=A]'dri-el.
A-dul'lam.
Ag'a-bus (_or_ -g[=a]').
A-grip'pa.
A-has-[=u]-[=e]'rus.
[=A]-ha-z[=i]'ah.
A-h[=i]'jah.
A-him'[=a]-az.
A-him'e-lech.
A-hin'o-am.
A-hith'o-phel.
A-h[=i]'tub.
A-h[=o]'li-ab.
A-hol'i-bah.
Aj'a-lon.
Al-ex-an'dri-a.
Al-phæ'us (-f[=e]').
Al-tas'chith.
Am'a-lek.
Am'a-lek-[=i]te (_or_ A-mal').
Am'a-na, A-m[=a]'na.
Am'a-sa, A-m[=a]'sa.
Am-a-z[=i]'ah.
A-min'a-dab.
Am'mon-[=i]te.
Am'o-r[=i]te.
Am-phip'o-lis.
Am'ra-phel.
An'a-kims.
A-nam'me-lech.
An-a-n[=i]'as.
An'a-thoth.
An-dro-n[=i]'cus.
An'ti-och.
An'ti-pas.
An-tip'a-tris.
A-pel'l[=e]s ('l[=e]z).
Ap-ol-l[=o]'ni-a.
A-pol'los.
A-pol'ly-on.
Ap'pi-[=i] F[=o]'rum.
Aq'ui-la (ak'wi-).
Ar'a-rat.
A-rau'nah.
Ar-che-l[=a]'us.
Arc-t[=u]'rus.
Ar-[=e]-op'a-gus.
Ar'e-tas.
[=A]'ri-el.
Ar-i-ma-th[=e]'a.
A'ri-och.
Ar-is-tar'chus.
Ar-is-to-b[=u]'lus.
Ar-ma-ged'don.
Ar-m[=e]'ni-a.
Ar'o-er.
Ar'te-mas.
A-ru'mah.
As'a-hel.
As'e-nath.
Ash'ke-naz.
Ash't[=a]-roth.
Ash-t[=o]'reth.
A'si-a ([=a]'zhi-a).
As'ke-lon.
As-syr'i-a.
Ath-a-l[=i]'ah.
At-ta-l[=i]'a.
Au-gus'tus.
Az-a-r[=i]'ah.
A-z[=o]'tus.

B[=a]'al-ah.
B[=a]-al-b[=e]'rith.
B[=a]'al-gad.
B[=a]-al-h[=a]'zor.
B[=a]-al-her'mon.
B[=a]-al-m[=e]'on.
B[=a]-al-p[=e]'or.
B[=a]-al-per'a-zim.
B[=a]-al-shal'i-sha (_or_ -l[=i]').
B[=a]-al-t[=a]'mar.
B[=a]-al-z[=e]'bub.
B[=a]-al-z[=e]'phon.
B[=a]'a-sha.
Bab'y-lon.
Ba-h[=u]'rim.
Ba-rab'bas.
Bar'na-bas.
Bar'sa-bas.
Bar-thol'o-mew.
Bar-ti-mæ'us.
Bar-zil'l[=a]-[=i].
Bath-sh[=e]'ba (_or_ Bath').
B[=e]-el'ze-bub.
B[=e]-er-la-h[=a]i'roi.
Be-[=e]'roth.
B[=e]-er'she-ba (_or_ -sh[=e]').
B[=e]'he-moth.
B[=e]'li-al.
Bel-shaz'zar.
Bel-te-shaz'zar.
Be-n[=a]'iah ('ya, _or_ -n[=i]'a).
Ben-h[=a]'dad.
Ben'ja-min.
Be-r[=e]'a.
Ber-n[=i]'çe.
Be-r[=o]'dach-bal'a-dan.
Beth-ab'a-ra.
Beth'a-ny.
Beth-ar'bel.
Beth-[=a]'ven.
Be-thes'da (-thez').
Beth-h[=o]'ron.
Beth'le-hem.
Beth-m[=a]'a-chah.
Beth-p[=e]'or (_or_ Beth').
Beth'pha-g[=e] (-j[=e]).
Beth-s[=a]'i-da.
Beth-sh[=e]'mesh (_or_ Beth').
Be-th[=u]'el (_or_ Beth').
Be-zal'e-el.
Bi-thyn'i-a.
B[=o]-a-ner'g[=e]s ('j[=e]z).

C[=a]'ia-phas (k[=a]'ya- _or_ k[=i]'a-).
Cal'va-ry.
C[=a]'naan-[=i]te.
Can'da-ç[=e].
Ca-per'n[=a]-um.
Cap-pa-d[=o]'ci-a ('shi-).
Car'che-mish.
Cen'chre-a (sen').
C[=e]s-a-r[=e]'a.
Chal-d[=e]'an.
Ched-or-l[=a]'o-mer (_or_ -l[=a]-[=o]').
Chem'a-rims.
Cher'eth-[=i]tes.
Chin'ne-reth.
Cho-r[=a]'zin.
Ch[=u]-shan-rish-a-th[=a]'im.
Ci-lic'i-a (si-lish'i-a).
Cin'ne-roth (sin').
Clau'di-a.
Clau'di-us.
Cl[=e]'o-phas.
Co-los's[=e].
Co-n[=i]'ah.
Cor-n[=e]'li-us.
Cy-r[=e]'n[=e] (s[=i]-).
Cy-r[=e]'ni-us (s[=i]-).

Dal-ma-n[=u]'tha.
Dal-m[=a]'ti-a ('shi-).
Dam'a-ris.
Da-mas'cus.
Dan'i-el.
Da-r[=i]'us.
Deb'o-rah (_or_ -b[=o]').
De-cap'o-lis.
Del'i-lah (Heb. De-l[=i]'lah).
De-m[=e]'tri-us.
D[=i]-an'a.
D[=i]-o-nys'i-us (-nish').
D[=i]-ot're-ph[=e]s (-f[=e]z).
Dru-sil'la.

[=E]-bed-m[=e]'lech.
Eb-en-[=e]'zer.
[=E]'dom-[=i]te.
Ed're-[=i].
El-[=e]'a-leh.
El-[=e]-[=a]'zar.
El-e-l[=o]'he-Is'ra-el.
El-h[=a]'nan.
E-l[=i]'ab.
E-l[=i]'a-kim.
E-l[=i]'a-shib.
El-i-[=e]'zer.
E-l[=i]'h[=u].
E-l[=i]'jah.
E-lim'e-lech.
El'i-phaz.
E-l[=i]'sha.
E-lish'e-ba (_or_ -sh[=e]').
El'ka-nah.
El'la-sar.
El'n[=a]-than.
E-l[=o]'[=i].
El'y-mas.
[=E]'ne-as.
Em'ma-us (_or_ Em-m[=a]').
En-eg-l[=a]'im.
En'g[=e]-d[=i] (_or_ -ged').
En-r[=o]'gel.
Ep'a-phras.
E-paph-ro-d[=i]'tus.
Eph'e-sus.
[=E]'phr[=a]-im.
Eph'ra-tah.
Ep-i-c[=u]-r[=e]'ans.
E-ras'tus.
[=E]-sar-had'don.
Es-dra-[=e]'lon.
Esh't[=a]-ol.
[=E]-thi-[=o]'pi-a.
E[=u]-n[=i]'çe.
E[=u]-[=o]'di-as.
E[=u]-phr[=a]'t[=e]s ('t[=e]z).
E[=u]-roc'ly-don.
E[=u]'ty-chus.
[=E]-vil-me-r[=o]'dach (or -mer').
Ex'o-dus.
E-z[=e]'ki-el.
[=E]-zi-on-g[=a]'ber.

For-t[=u]-n[=a]'tus.

Gab'ba-tha.
G[=a]'bri-el.
Gad'a-r[=e]nes.
Ga-l[=a]'ti-a (-l[=a]'shi-a)
Gal'e-ed.
Gal-i-l[=e]'an.
Gal'i-lee.
Gal'li-o.
Ga-m[=a]'li-el.
Ged-a-l[=i]'ah.
Ged'e-roth.
Ge-h[=a]'z[=i].
Gem-a-r[=i]'ah.
Gen-nes'a-ret.
Gen'e-sis (jen').
Ge-n[=u]'bath.
Ger'ge-s[=e]nes.
Ger'i-zim (Heb. Ge-riz'zim).
Geth-sem'a-ne.
Gib'be-thon.
Gib'e-ah.
Gib'e-on.
Gid'e-on.
Gil-b[=o]'a.
Gil'e-ad.
Gir'gash-[=i]te.
Gol'go-tha.
Go-l[=i]'ath.
Go-mor'rah.

Hab'ak-kuk.
Hach'i-lah.
Had-ad-[=e]'zer.
Had-ad-rim'mon.
H[=a]'gar-[=e]nes.
Hag'g[=a]-[=i].
Ha-nan'e-el.
Ha-n[=a]'n[=i].
Han-a-n[=i]'ah.
Har'[=o]-sheth (_or_ -r[=o]').
Hav'i-lah.
H[=a]-voth-j[=a]'ir.
Haz'[=a]-el (or H[=a]').
Heph'zi-bah.
Her-mog'e-n[=e]s (-moj'e-n[=e]z).
He-r[=o]'di-ans.
He-r[=o]'di-as.
He-r[=o]'di-on.
Hez-e-k[=i]'-ah.
Hid'de-kel (_or_ -dek').
H[=i]-e-rap'o-lis.
Hig-g[=a]i'on ('gi- _or_ g[=a]'yon).
Hil-k[=i]'ah.
Ho-s[=e]'a (-z[=e]').
Ho-sh[=e]'a.
H[=y]-me-næ'us.

Ich'a-bod.
I-c[=o]'ni-um.
Id-[=u]-m[=e]'a.
Il-lyr'-i-cum.
Im-man'[=u]-el.
I-sai'ah ([=i]-z[=i]'a _or_ [=i]-z[=a]'ya).
Is-car'i-ot.
Ish'bo-sheth (_or_ -b[=o]').
Ish'm[=a]-el.
Ish'm[=a]-el-[=i]te.
Is'r[=a]-el (iz').
Is'r[=a]-el-[=i]te (iz').
Is'sa-char.
Ith'a-mar.
It't[=a]-[=i].
It-[=u]-r[=e]'a.

J[=a]-besh-gil'e-ad.
Jab'ne-el.
J[=a]'ir-us.
Jeb'[=u]-s[=i]te.
Jec-o-n[=i]'ah.
Jed'[=u]-thun.
J[=e]-gar-s[=a]-ha-d[=u]'tha.
Je-h[=o]'a-haz.
Je-h[=o]'ash.
je-hoi'a-chin.
Je-hoi'a-da.
Je-hoi'a'-kim.
Je-hon'a-dab.
Je-h[=o]'ram.
Je-hosh'a-phat.
Je-hosh'e-ba.
Je-h[=o]-vah-j[=i]'reh.
Je-h[=o]-vah-nis's[=i].
Je-h[=o]-vah-sh[=a]'lom.
Jer-e-m[=i]'ah.
Jer'i-ch[=o].
Jer-o-b[=o]'am.
Je-rub'ba-al (_or_ -b[=a]').
Je-ru'sa-lem.
Jesh'i-mon.
Jesh'[=u]-run.
Jez'e-bel.
Jez're-el.
Jo-an'na.
Joch'e-bed (_or_ -eb').
Jo-h[=a]'nan (_or_ J[=o]').
Jon'a-dab.
Jon'a-than.
Josh'-[=u]-a.
Jo-s[=i]'ah.
Joz'a-char.
J[=u]-d[=e]'a.
J[=u]'li-us.
J[=u]'pi-ter.

Kad'mon-[=i]tes.
Ked'e-moth.
Ken'niz-z[=i]tes.
K[=e]'ri-oth.
Ke-t[=u]'rah.
Kib-roth-hat-t[=a]'a-vah.
Kir-h[=e]'res.
Kir-jath-[=a]'im.
Kir-jath-ar'ba.
Kir-jath-h[=u]'zoth.
Kir-jath-j[=e]'a-rim.

La-hai'roi (-h[=i]').
L[=a]-od-i-ç[=e]'a.
La-s[=e]'a.
Laz'a-rus.
Leb'a-non.
Leb-b[=e]'us.
Lem'[=u]-el.
Le-v[=i]'a-than.
Lib'er-t[=i]nes.
Lib'y-a.
L[=o]-am'm[=i].
L[=o]-r[=u]'ha-mah (_or_ -h[=a]').
L[=u]'çi-fer.
L[=u]'-ci-us (l[=u]'shi-us).
Lyc-a-[=o]'ni-a.
Lyc-i-a (lish'i-a).
Lyd'i-a.
L[=y]-s[=a]'ni-as.
Lys-i-as (lish'i-as).

M[=a]'a-cah.
Maç-e-d[=o]'ni-a.
Mach-p[=e]'lah (_or_ Mach').
Mag'da-la.
M[=a]'ha-lath.
M[=a]-ha-n[=a]'im.
M[=a]-her-shal-al-hash'baz.
Mak-k[=e]'dah.
Mal'a-ch[=i].
Man'[=a]-en.
Ma-nas'seh.
Ma-n[=o]'ah.
Mar-a-nath'a.
Ma-r[=e]'shah (_or_ Mar').
Mat-ta-n[=i]'ah.
Mat-th[=i]'as (Math-th[=i]'as).
Maz'za-roth.
Med'e-ba.
Me-gid'do.
Mel-chiz'e-dek.
Mel'i-ta.
Men'a-hem.
Me-phib'o-sheth (or Me-phi-b[=o]').
Mer'a-r[=i].
Mer-a-th[=a]'im.
Mer'i-bah.
Me-r[=o]-dach-bal'a-dan.
Mes-o-po-t[=a]'mi-a.
Mes-s[=i]'ah.
M[=e]-theg-am'mah.
Me-th[=u]'se-lah.
M[=i]-cai'ah (-k[=i]'a _or_ -k[=a]'ya).
M[=i]'cha-el.
M[=i]-chai'ah (-k[=i]'a or -k[=a]'ya).
Mid'i-an-[=i]te.
M[=i]-l[=e]'tus.
Mir'i-am.
Mit-y-l[=e]'n[=e].
Miz'r[=a]-im.
M[=o]'ab-[=i]te.
Mor-de-c[=a]'[=i], Mor'-de-cai (-k[=i]).
Mo-r[=i]'ah.
Mys-i-a (mizh'i-a).

N[=a]'a-man.
Nai'oth (n[=i]' _or_ n[=a]'-yoth).
N[=a]'o-m[=i] _or_ N[=a]-[=o]'m[=i].
Naph'ta-l[=i].
Na-than'[=a]-el.
Naz'a-r[=e]ne.
Naz'a-reth.
Naz'a-r[=i]te.
Ne-ap'o-lis.
Ne-bai'oth (-b[=i]', _or_ Ne-b[=a]'yoth).
Neb-[=u]-chad-nez'zar.
Neb-[=u]-zar'a-dan.
Neg'i-noth.
N[=e]-he-m[=i]'ah.
N[=e]'hi-loth.
Ne-hush'tan.
Neth'i-nims.
N[=i]-c[=a]'nor.
Nic-o-d[=e]'mus.
Nic-o-l[=a]'i-tans.
Nic'o-las.
N[=i]-cop'o-lis.
Nin-e-veh.

[=O]-ba-d[=i]'ah.
[=O]-bed-[=e]'dom.
[=O]'me-ga.
O-n[=e]'si-mus.
On-[=e]-siph'o-rus.
O-r[=i]'on.
Oth'ni-el.

P[=a]-dan-[=a]'ram.
Pal'es-t[=i]ne.
Pam-phyl'i-a.
Par'me-nas.
Par'thi-ans.
Par-v[=a]'im.
Pat'a-ra.
Pek-a-h[=i]'ah.
Pel-a-t[=i]'ah.
P[=e]'leth-[=i]tes.
Pe-n[=i]'el.
Pe-n[=u]'el.
Per'a-zim.
P[=e]-rez-uz'zah.
Per'ga-mos.
Per'iz-z[=i]te.
Per'-si-a (per'shi-a).
Phal'ti-el.
Ph[=a]-ra[=o]h-hoph'ra (f[=a]'r[=o]- _or_ f[=a]'ra-[=o]-).
Ph[=a]-ra[=o]h-n[=e]'choh.
Ph[=e]-n[=i]'çe.
Ph[=e]-nic'i-a (-nish').
Phil-a-del'phi-a.
Ph[=i]-l[=e]'mon.
Ph[=i]-l[=e]'tus.
Phi-lip'pi.
Phil'is-tine (-tin).
Phin'e-has.
Phryg'i-a (frij').
P[=i]-h[=a]-h[=i]'roth.
Pir'a-thon.
Pi-sid'i-a.
Pl[=e]'ia-d[=e]s ('ya-d[=e]z _or_ pl[=i]'a-).
Pot'i-phar.
Po-tiph'e-rah.
Pris-çil'la.
Proch'o-rus.
Ptol-e-m[=a]'is (tol-).
Pub'li-us.
Pu-t[=e]'o-l[=i].

R[=a]'a-mah.
R[=a]-am's[=e]s ('s[=e]z).
Rab'sha-keh (-k[=a]).
Ra-g[=u]'el.
R[=a]-math-a'im.
R[=a]-math-l[=e]'h[=i].
Ra-m[=e]'s[=e]s ('s[=e]z _or_ Ram').
R[=a]-moth-gil'e-ad.
Re-bek'ah.
R[=e]'chab-[=i]tes (_or_ Rech').
R[=e]-ho-b[=o]'am.
Re-h[=o]'both.
Reph'[=a]-im.
Reph'i-dim.
Rh[=e]'gi-um (r[=e]'ji-).

Sa-b[=a]'oth.
Sa-b[=e]'ans.
Sal'a-mis.
Sal-m[=o]'n[=e].
Sa-l[=o]'m[=e].
Sa-m[=a]'ri-a.
Sa-mar'i-tan.
Sam-o-thr[=a]'ci-a (-thr[=a]'shi-a).
Sam'[=u]-el.
San-bal'lat.
Sap-ph[=i]'ra (saf-f[=i]').
Sa-rep'ta.
Scyth'i-an (sith').
Se-cun'dus.
Se-leu'ci-a ('shi-a _or_ Se-leu-ç[=i]'a).
Sen-nach'e-rib.
Seph'a-rad.
Seph-ar-v[=a]'im.
Ser-ai'ah (-[=i]'a _or_ -[=a]'ya).
Ser'gi-us ('ji-).
Shal'i-sha.
Shal-ma-n[=e]'ser ('zer).
Sha-r[=e]'zer.
Shem-ai'ah (-[=i]'a).
Shem'i-nith.
Sheph-a-t[=i]'ah.
Shesh-baz'zar.
Sh[=e]'thar-boz'na-[=i].
Shig-gai'on (-g[=i]'on).
Shim'e-[=i].
Sho-shan'nim.
Sh[=u]'lam-[=i]te.
Si-l[=o]'am.
Sil-v[=a]'nus.
Sim'e-on.
Sir'i-on.
Sis'e-ra.
Sod'om-[=i]tes.
Sol'o-mon.
S[=o]'pa-ter.
S[=o]-sip'a-ter.
Sos'the-n[=e]s (-n[=e]z).
Steph'a-nas.
Suk'ki-ims.
Su-san'na (-zan').
S[=y]-[=e]'n[=e].
Syn'ty-ch[=e].
Syr'a-c[=u]se.
Syr'-i-a.
S[=y]-ro-phe-nic'i-an (-nish'i-an).

T[=a]'a-nach.
Tab'e-rah.
Tab'i-tha.
Ta-hap'a-n[=e]s (-n[=e]z).
Tah'pan-h[=e]s (-h[=e]z).
Tah'pe-n[=e]s (-n[=e]z).
Tap-p[=u]'ah.
Te-haph'ne-h[=e]s (-h[=e]z).
Te-k[=o]'ah.
Ter'ti-us ('shi-us).
Ter-tul'lus.
Thad-dæ'us.
The-oph'i-lus.
Thes-sa-lo-n[=i]'ca.
Th[=y]-a-t[=i]'ra.
T[=i]-b[=e]'ri-as.
T[=i]-b[=e]'ri-us.
Tig-lath-pi-l[=e]'ser ('zer).
Tim-nath-h[=e]'r[=e]s ('r[=e]z).
Tim-nath-s[=e]'rah.
Tim'o-thy.
Tir'ha-kah.
Tir'ha-nah.
Tir'sha-tha (_or_ -sh[=a]').
To-b[=i]'ah.
To-b[=i]'jah.
To-gar'mah.
Trach-o-n[=i]'tis.
Tro-gyl'li-um (-jil').
Troph'i-mus.
Tr[=y]-ph[=e]'na.
Tr[=y]-ph[=o]'sa.
T[=u]'bal-cain (-k[=a]n).
Tych'i-cus.
Ty-ran'nus.

U-phar'sin ([=u]-).
U-r[=i]'ah ([=u]-).
U-r[=i]'jah ([=u]-).
Uz-z[=i]'ah.

Zac-chæ'us.
Zach-a-r[=i]'ah.
Zach-a-r[=i]'as.
Zal-mun'na.
Zam-zum'mims.
Zar'e-phath.
Zar'e-tan.
Zeb'e-dee.
Ze-boi'im.
Ze-b[=o]'im.
Zeb'[=u]-lun.
Zech-a-r[=i]'ah.
Zed-e-k[=i]'ah.
Ze-l[=o]'phe-had.
Zem-a-r[=a]'im.
Zeph-a-n[=i]'ah.
Zeph'a-thah.
Ze-rub'ba-bel.
Zer-[=u]-[=i]'ah.
Zip-p[=o]'rah.

* * * * *

THE MORE COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING.

* * * * *

See especially Miss Yonge's _History of Christian Names_ (2 vols. 1863).

* * * * *

AARON (Heb.), lofty, mountaineer.--Ar. _Harun_, _Haroun_.

ABEL (Heb.), breath, vanity.

ABIATHAR (Heb.), father of excellence or plenty.

ABIGAIL (Heb.), father of exultation.--Dims. ABBY, NABBY.

ABIHU (Heb.), father [is] he [God].

ABIJAH, ABIA (Heb.), the Lord is a father.

ABNER (Heb.), father of Ner, or light, or the father [is] a lamp.

ABRAHAM, ABRAM (Heb.), father of a multitude, high father.--Dims. ABE, ABY.

ABSALOM (Heb.), father of peace.

ADA. See _Edith_.

ADALBERT (Teut.), nobly bright.

ADAM (Heb.), man, earth, red earth.--Scotch dims. EDIE, YIDDY.

ADELINE, also _Adaline_, _Adela_, _Adelaide_, _Adelia_, _Adelina_ (Teut.), of noble birth, a princess.--Dim. ADDY.

ADOLPHUS (Teut.), noble wolf.--Fr. _Adolphe_, It. _Adolfo_ or _Udolfo_, Ger. _Adolf_.

ADRIAN. See _Hadrian_.

ÆNEAS, ENEAS (Gr.), commended.--Fr. _Enée_.

AGATHA (Gr.), good, kind.

AGNES (Gr.), pure, sacred, chaste.--Dims. AGGIE, AGGY.

AILEEN, EILEEN, an Irish form of _Helen_ (q.v.), thus meaning light.

AILIE, a Scotch dim. of _Alison_, also of _Alice_, or of _Helen_.

ALARIC (Teut.), noble ruler.

ALBERT (Teut.), nobly bright.--Dims. BERT, BERTIE.--L. _Albertus_, Fr. _Albert_, Sp. and It. _Alberto_, Ger. _Adalbert_, _Albert_, _Albrecht_.--Fem. ALBERTA.

ALETHEA (Gr.), truth.

ALEXANDER (Gr.), a helper of men.--Dims. ALECK, ALICK, ECK, ECKY, SANDERS, SANDY, SAWNIE.--Fr. _Alexandre_, It. _Alessandro_.--Fem. ALEXANDRA, ALEXANDRINA.

ALFRED (Teut.), elf in counsel--i.e. good counsellor.--Dim. ALF.--L. _Alfredus_, _Aluredus_, Fr. _Alfred_, It. and Sp. _Alfredo_.

ALGERNON (O. Fr.), with moustaches--prob. from the usual title, 'William _als Gernons_,' applied for this cause to William de Albini, the second husband of Henry I.'s widow, Alix of Louvaine.--Dim. ALGY.

ALICE, ALICIA (Teut.), noble cheer--closely related to _Adeline_ above.--Dims. ALLY or ALLIE, ELSIE.

ALISON, a Scotch form of _Aloyse_, _Elöise_, _Helöise_, from _Hlodovicia_, a name of Teut. origin meaning holy fame.--Dim. ELSIE.

ALLAN, ALAN, a name first found in early Breton history, referred by Miss Yonge to Hilarius ('cheerful'), confused with Ælianus; more prob. Celt., meaning harmony.

ALPHEUS (Heb.), exchange.

AMABEL (L.), lovable--whence _Mabel_.

AMAZIAH (Heb.), the Lord is strong.

AMBROSE (Gr.), immortal, divine.--L. _Ambrosius_, Fr. _Ambroise_, It. _Ambrogio_, Sp. _Ambrosio_.

AMELIA (Teut.), toiling, energetic.--Fr. _Amélie_, It. _Amelia_, _Amalia_.

AMOS (Heb.), strong, one who bears a burden.

AMY (L.), beloved.--L. _Amata_, Fr. _Aimée_, It. _Amata_.

ANDREW (Gr.), manly.--Dim. ANDY.--L. _Andreas_, Fr. _André_, It. _Andrea_, Sp. _Andres_.

ANGELICA (Gr.), angelic, lovely.

ANGELINA (Gr.), angel.

ANGUS (Celt.), excellent virtue.

ANN, ANNA, ANNE (Heb.), grace--the same as _Hannah_.--Dims. ANNIE, NANCY, NANNY, NINA, NAN, ANNETTE.

ANNABEL, ANNABELLA, ANNAPLE, made up of _Anna_ (Heb.), grace, as above, and _Bella_ (L.), fair; or probably the early Celtic name _Aine_, meaning joy, praise, Anglicised. It may be, however, a variant of _Arabella_, earlier _Arnhilda_ (Teut.), eagle heroine.

ANSELM (Teut.), divine helmet.--Fr. _Anselme_, It. and Sp. _Anselmo_.

ANTHONY, ANTONY (L.), worthy of praise.--Dim. TONY.--L. _Antonius_, Fr. _Antoine_, It. and Sp. _Antonio_, Ger. _Antonius_, _Anton_.--Fem. ANTONIA.

ANTOINETTE, the French form of _Antonia_, _Antonina_, the fem. of _Anthony_.--Dim. NET, NETTY.

ARABELLA (L.), a fair altar, or an Arabian woman--perh. Teut., meaning eagle heroine.--Dims. BELLA, BEL, BELLE. See _Annabel_ above.

ARCHIBALD (Teut.), very bold, or holy prince.--Dims. ARCHY, BALDIE.--L. _Archibaldus_, Fr. _Archambault_, It. _Arcibaldo_.

ARNOLD (Teut.), strong as an eagle.

ARTHUR (Celt.), high, noble.--L. _Arthurus_, Fr. _Artur_, _Artus_, It. _Arturo_.

ASA (Heb.), [the Lord is] a healer.

ATHANASIUS (Gr.), immortal.--Fr. _Athanase_, It. _Atanasio_.

ATHELSTAN (Teut.). noble stone.

AUBREY (Teut.), elf-ruler, ruler of spirits.

AUGUSTIN, AUGUSTINE, AUSTIN (L.), belonging to Augustus.--L. _Augustinus_, Fr. _Augustin_, It. _Agostino_, Ger. _Augustin_.

AUGUSTUS (L.), exalted.--Dims. GUS, GUSSIE, GUSTUS.--Fr. _Auguste_, Ger. _August_.--Fem. AUGUSTA.

AURELIUS (L.), golden.--Fem. AURELIA.

ASAPH (Heb.), a collector, [God] gathereth.

BALDWIN (Teut.), prince-friend.--L. _Balduinus_, Fr. _Baudouin_, It. _Baldovino_, _Balduino_, Ger. _Balduin_.

BAPTIST (Gr.), a baptiser.--Fr. _Baptiste_, _Batiste_, It. _Battista_, Ger. _Baptist_.

BARBARA (Gr.), foreign.--Dims. BAB, BABBIE.

BARDOLPH (Teut.), bright wolf or distinguished helper.--Fr. _Bardolphe_, It. _Bardolfo_.

BARNABAS, BARNABY (Heb.), son of exhortation.

BARTHOLOMEW (Heb.), son of one's own brother (i.e. friend).--Dims. BART, BAT.--L. _Bartholomæus_, Fr. _Bartolomée_, _Barthélemi_, It. _Bartolomeo_, Ger. _Bartholomäus_, _Barthel_.

BARUCH (Heb.), blessed [by God].

BASIL (Gr.), kingly.--L. _Basilius_, Fr. _Basile_, It. and Sp. _Basilio_.

BATHSHEBA (Heb.), prob. daughter of the seven, or of an oath.

BEATRICE, BEATRIX (L.), making happy.

BENEDICT (L.), blessed.--Dim. BENNET.--L. _Benedictus_, Fr. _Benoît_, It. _Benedetto_, _Bettino_, Sp. _Benedicto_, _Benito_, Ger. _Benedict_.--Fem. BENEDICTA.

BENJAMIN (Heb.), son of the right hand (i.e. of good fortune).--Dims. BEN, BENNY.--It. _Beniamino_.

BERNARD (Teut.), bold as a bear.--Dim. BARNEY.--L. _Bernardus_, Fr. _Bernard_, _Bernardin_, It. _Bernardo_, _Bernardino_, Sp. _Bernardo_, _Bernal_, Ger. _Bernhard_, _Barend_, _Berend_.

BERTHA (Teut.), bright.--Dims. BERTIE, BERTY.--Fr. _Berthe_, It. and Sp. _Berta_.

BERTRAM (Teut.), bright raven.--Dim. BERT.--Fr. _Bertrand_, It. _Bertrando_, Sp. _Beltran_.

BESSIE, BETSY, a dim. of _Elisabeth_ (q.v.).

BLANCHE (Teut.), white.--Fr. _Blanche_, It. _Bianca_, Sp. _Blanca_.

BONIFACE (L.), a benefactor.--L. _Bonifacius_, It. _Bonifacio_, _Bonifazio_, Sp. _Bonifacio_.

BRIAN (Celt.), strong.--It. _Briano_.

BRIDGET (Celt.), strength.--Dim. BIDDY.--Fr. _Brigitte_, It. and Sp. _Brigida_, Ger. _Brigitta_.

CADWALLADER (W.), arranger of battle.

CÆSAR (L.), hairy, or blue-eyed, or born under the Cæsarean operation.--Fr. _César_, It. _Cesare_, Ger. _Cäsar_.

CAIN (Heb.), artificer, smith.

CALEB (Heb.), a dog.

CALVIN (L.), bald.--L. _Calvinus_, Fr. _Calvin_, _Cauvin_, Sp. _Calvo_.

CAMILLA (L.), an attendant at a sacrifice.--Fr. _Camille_.

CAROLINE, a French form of the fem. of _Carolus_, the Latin of Charles.--Dims. CARRIE, CADDIE.

CASIMIR (Slav.), show forth peace.--Dim. CASSIE.

CASSANDRA (Gr.), she who inflames with love.

CATHERINE, also _Catherina_, _Catharine_, _Katharine_, _Katherine_ (Gr.), pure.--Dims. CASY, KATE, KATHLEEN, KATIE, CATHIE, KATHIE, KATRINE, KIT, KITTY.--Fr. _Catherine_, It. _Caterina_, Sp. _Catalina_, Ger. _Katharine_.

CECIL (L.), blind.

CECILIA, CECILY, fem. of _Cecil_.--Dims. SISELY, SIS, CIS, CISSY.--Fr. _Cécile_, It. _Cecilia_.

CHARLES (Teut.), strong, manly.--Dims. CHARLEY, CHARLIE.--L. _Carolus_, Fr. _Charles_, It. _Carlo_, Sp. _Carlos_, Ger. _Carl_, _Karl_.--Fem. CAROLINE, CHARLOTTE.

CHRISTIAN (L.), belonging to Christ.--Dims. CHRISTIE, CHRISTY.--L. _Christianus_, Fr. _Chrestien_, _Chrétien_, It. and Sp. _Cristiano_.--Fem. CHRISTIANA, CHRISTINA.

CHRISTINA, fem. of _Christian_.--Dims. CHRISSIE, TEENIE, TINA, XINA.

CHRISTOPHER (Gr.), bearing Christ.--Dims. KESTER, KIT, CHRIS.--L. _Christophorus_, Fr. _Christophe_, It. _Cristoforo_, Sp. _Cristoval_, Ger. _Christoph_.

CICELY, a form of _Cecilia_ (q.v.).

CLARA (L.), bright.--Dim. CLARE.--Fr. _Claire_, It. _Chiara_, Sp. _Clara_.

CLARENCE (L.), illustrious.

CLARIBEL (L.), brightly fair.

CLARICE, CLARISSA, derivatives from _Clara_.

CLAUD, CLAUDIUS (L.), lame.

CLAUDIA, fem. of _Claudius_.

CLEMENT (L.), mild, merciful.--L. _Clemens_, It. and Sp. _Clemente_, Fr. _Clément_, Ger. _Clemens_.--Fem. and dim. forms are CLEMENTINA, CLEMENTINE.

CONRAD (Teut.), bold in counsel, resolute.--L. _Conradus_, Fr. _Conrade_, It. _Conrado_, _Corrado_, Ger. _Konrad_.

CONSTANCE, a fem. form of _Constant_.--Dim. CONNIE.--L. _Constantia_, Fr. _Constance_, It. _Costanza_.

CONSTANT (L.), firm, faithful.--L. _Constans_, _Constantius_, It. _Costante_, _Costanzo_, Sp. _Constancio_, Ger. _Constanz_.

CONSTANTINE (L.), firm.--L. _Constantinus_, It. _Costantino_, Sp. _Constantino_, Ger. _Constantin_.

CORA, CORINNA (Gr.), maiden.--Fr. _Corinne_.

CORDELIA (L.), warm-hearted.--Fr. _Cordélie_.

CORNELIUS, prob. related to L. _cornu_, a horn.--Fr. _Cornélius_ (fem. _Cornélie_), It. and Sp. _Cornelio_.--Fem. CORNELIA.

CRISPIN, CRISPIAN, CRISPUS (L.), curly-haired.--L. _Crispinus_, _Crispianus_, Fr. _Crispin_, _Crépin_, It. _Crispino_, _Crispo_, Ger. _Crispus_.

CUTHBERT (A.S.), well-known splendour.

CYNTHIA (Gr.), of or from Mount Cynthus.

CYPRIAN (Gr.), of Cyprus.--L. _Cyprianus_.

CYRIL (Gr.), lordly.--L. _Cyrillus_, Fr. _Cyrille_, Sp. _Cirilo_, Ger. _Cyrill_.

CYRUS (Pers.), the sun.

DANIEL (Heb.), God is judge.--Dims. DAN, DANNY.

DARIUS (Pers.), preserver.

DAVID (Heb.), beloved.--Dims. DAVY, DAVE.--Fr. _David_, It. _Davide_, _Davidde_, Ger. _David_.--Fem. DAVIDA, VIDA.

DEBORAH (Heb.), a bee.

DELIA (Gr.), of Delos.

DEMETRIUS (Gr.), belonging to Demeter or Ceres.--Fr. _Demétrius_, It. _Demetrio_.

DENIS, DENNIS, DENYS, a French form of _Dionysius_.

DERRICK, a corruption of _Theodoric_.

DIANA (L.), goddess.--Dims. DI, DIE.

DINAH (Heb.), judged.

DIONYSIUS (Gr.), belonging to Dionysos or Bacchus.--Fr. _Denys_, _Denis_, It. _Dionigio_, _Dionigi_, _Dionisio_, Ger. _Dionysius_, _Dionys_.

DOMINIC (L.), Sunday child.--L. _Dominicus_, Fr. _Dominique_, It. _Domenico_, Sp. _Domingo_.

DONALD (Celt.), proud chief.

DORA, a dim. of _Dorothea_ (q.v.).

DORCAS (Gr.), a gazelle.

DOROTHEA, DOROTHY (Gr.), the gift of God.--Dims. DOL, DOLLY.--Fr. _Dorothée_, _Dorette_, It. and Sp. _Dorotea_.

DOUGAL (Celt.), black stranger.

DRUSILLA (L.), strong.

DUNCAN (Celt.), brown chief.

EBENEZER (Heb.), the stone of help.

EDGAR (A.S.), rich spear.--L. _Edgarus_, It. _Edgaro_.

EDITH (A.S.), rich gift.--L. _Editha_, It. _Edita_.

EDMUND (A.S.), rich protection.--Dims. ED, NED.--L. _Edmundus_, Fr. _Edmond_, It. _Edmondo_, Sp. _Edmundo_.

EDNA (Heb.) pleasure.

EDWARD (A.S.), rich guard.--Dims. ED, EDDY, NED, NEDDY, TED, TEDDY.--L. _Edvardus_, Fr. _Edouard_, It. _Eduardo_, _Edoardo_, Sp. _Eduardo_, Ger. _Eduard_.

EDWIN (A.S.), rich friend.--Dims. ED, EDDY.--L. _Edvinus_, It. _Eduino_.

EFFIE, a dim. of _Euphemia_ (q.v.).

EGBERT (A.S.), terribly bright.--L. _Egbertus_, It. _Egberto_, Ger. _Eckbert_, _Egbert_.

ELDRED (A.S.), terrible.

ELEANOR, ELINOR (Gr.), light--the same as _Helen_.--Dims. ELLA, ELLEN, NELL, NELLIE, NORA.--It. _Eleonora_, Ger. _Eleonore_, Fr. _Aliénor_.

ELEAZER (Heb.), God is a help.

ELI (Heb.), going up, or my God.

ELIAB (Heb.), God is his father.

ELIAS, the same as _Elijah_ (q.v.).

ELIHU (Heb.), God the Lord.

ELIJAH (Heb.), God is the Lord.--L. _Elija_, Fr. _Élie_, It. _Elia_, Ger. _Elias_, _Elia_.

ELISABETH, ELIZABETH, ELIZA (Heb.), God of the oath.--Dims. BESS, BESSIE, BESSY, BETH, BETSY, BETTY, ELSIE, LIZ, LIZZIE, LIBBY, LISA, LIZA.--Fr. _Elisabeth_, _Élise_, It. _Elisabetta_, _Elisa_, Ger. _Elisabeth_, _Elise_.

ELISHA (Heb.), God of salvation.--L. _Eliseus_, Fr. _Élisée_, It. and Sp. _Eliseo_.

ELLA, ELLEN, dims. of _Eleanor_.

ELSPETH (Heb.), God of the oath--a Scotch form of _Elisabeth_.--Dims. ELSPIE, ELSIE.

EMELINE, EMMELINE, EMILY (Teut.), industrious, energetic.--Fr. _Émilie_, It. and Sp. _Emilia_, Ger. _Emilie_.

EMMA, the same as _Emeline_.--Dims. EMM, EMMIE.--Fr. _Emma_, It. _Emma_, Sp. _Ema_.

EMMANUEL, IMMANUEL (Gr. from Heb.), God with us.--Fr. _Emmanuel_, It. _Emmanuele_, Sp. _Manuel_, Ger. _Emanuel_.

ENOCH (Heb.), consecrated.

EPHRAIM (Heb.), fruitful.

ERASMUS (Gr.), lovely, deserving love.--Fr. _Erasme_, It. and Sp. Erasmo.

ERASTUS (Gr.), lovely.--Fr. _Eraste_.

ERIC (A.S.), rich, powerful.--L. _Ericus_.

ERNEST (Ger.), earnest.--Fr. _Ernest_, It. and Sp. _Ernesto_, Ger. _Ernst_.--Fem. ERNESTINE.

ERNESTINE, fem. and dim. of _Ernest_.

ESAU (Heb.), hairy.

ESTHER (Pers.), a star, good fortune.--Dim. ESSIE.--Fr. _Esther_, It. _Ester_, _Esterre_, Sp. _Ester_, Ger. _Esther_.

ETHEL (A.S.), noble.

ETHELINDA (Teut.), noble snake.

EUDORA (Gr.), good gift.--Fr. _Eudore_.

EUGENE (Gr.), well born, noble.--L. _Eugenius_, Fr. _Eugène_, It. _Eugenio_, Sp. _Eugenio_, Ger. _Eugenius_, _Eugen_.--Fem. EUGENIA.

EUGENIA, fem. of _Eugene_.--Dim. GENIE.--Fr. _Eugénie_, It. and Sp. _Eugenia_.

EULALIA (Gr.), fair speech.--Fr. _Eulalie_, It. _Eulalia_.

EUNICE (Gr.), happy victory.

EUPHEMIA (Gr.), of good report.--Dims. EFFIE, EUPHIE, PHEMIE, PHAMIE.--Fr. _Euphémie_, It. and Sp. _Eufemia_.

EUSEBIUS (Gr.), pious.--Fr. _Eusèbe_, It. and Sp. _Eusebio_.

EUSTACE (Gr.), healthy, firm.--L. _Eustachius_, _Eustathius_, Fr. _Eustach_, _Eustathe_, It. _Eustazio_, _Eustachio_, Ger. _Eustathius_.

EVA, EVE (Heb.), life.--Dims. EVELINA, EVELINE, EVELYN.--Fr. _Eve_, It. and Sp. _Eva_, Ger. _Eva_.

EVAN (W.), young warrior.

EVANGELINE (Gr.), bringing glad news.

EVERARD (Teut.), strong as a wild boar.--Fr. _Evraud_, It. _Everardo_, _Eberardo_, Ger. _Eberhard_, _Ebert_.

EZEKIEL (Heb.), God will strengthen.--Dim. ZEKE.--Fr. _Ezéchiel_.

EZRA (Heb.), help.--L. _Ezra_, _Ezdras_, Fr. _Esdras_.

FAITH (L.), faith.

FAUSTINA, FAUSTINE (L.), fortunate.--Fr. _Faustine_, It. _Faustina_.

FELICIA (L.), happiness.--Fr. _Félicie_, _Félicite_, It. _Felicia_, Sp. _Felicidad_.

FELIX (L.), happy.--Fr. _Félix_, It. _Felice_, Sp. _Felix_, Port. _Feliz_, Ger. _Felix_.--Fem. FELICIA.

FERDINAND (Teut.), brave.--Fr. _Ferdinand_, _Ferrand_, It. _Ferdinando_, _Ferrando_, Sp. _Hernando_, _Fernando_, Ger. _Ferdinand_.

FESTUS (L.) joyful.

FIDELIA (L.), faithful.

FLORA (L.), flowers.--Fr. _Flore_, It. _Flora_.

FLORENCE (L.), blooming.--Dims. FLO, FLOSSIE, FLOY.--L. _Florentia_.

FRANCES, fem. of _Francis_.--Dim. FANNY.--L. _Francisca_, Fr. _Françoise_, _Francisque_, It. _Francesca_, Sp. _Francisca_, Ger. _Franziske_.

FRANCIS (Fr.), free--dim. FRANK--L. _Franciscus_, Fr. _François_, It. _Francesco_, _Franco_, Sp. _Francisco_, Ger. _Franciscus_, _Franz_.--Fem. FRANCES--dim. FANNY.

FREDERIC, FREDERICK (Teut.), peace ruler.--Dims. FRED, FREDDY.--L. _Fredericus_, Fr. _Frédéric_, It, _Frederigo_, _Frederico_, Sp. _Federico_, Ger. _Friedrich_, _Fritz_.--Fem. FREDERICA.

FREDERICA, fem. of _Frederic_.--Dim. FREDDIE.--Fr. _Frédérique_, It. _Frederica_, Sp. _Federica_, Ger. _Friederike_.

GABRIEL (Heb.), hero of God.--Dim. GABE.--Fr. _Gabriel_, It. _Gabriello_.

GAMALIEL (Heb.), God is a recompenser.

GEOFFREY, the same as _Godfrey_.

GEORGE (Gr.), a husbandman--dims. GEORGIE, GEORDIE--L. _Georgius_, Fr. _Georges_, It. _Giorgio_, Sp. _Jorge_, Ger. _Georg_.--Fem. GEORGIANA, GEORGINA--dim. GEORGIE.

GERALD, GERARD (Teut.), spear-power.--L. _Geraldus_, _Gerardus_, Fr. _Gérard_, _Géraud_, _Giraud_, _Girauld_, It. _Gerardo_, _Giraldo_, Ger. _Gerhard_.--Fem. GERALDINE.

GERMAN, GERMAINE (L.), German.--L. _Germanus_, Fr. _Germain_, It. _Germano_.

GERTRUDE (Teut.), spear-maid.--Dims. GERTIE, TRUDY.--Fr. _Gertrude_, It. _Gertrude_, _Geltruda_, Sp. _Gertrudes_, Ger. _Gertraud_, _Gertrud_.

GIDEON (Heb.), a hewer down.

GILBERT (Teut.), bright pledge.--Dim. GIL.--L. _Gilbertus_, Fr. _Guilbert_, _Gilbert_, It. and Sp. _Gilberto_, Ger. _Gilbert_, _Giselbert_.

GILES (Gr.), with the ægis, or a kid.--L. _Ægidius_, Fr. _Gilles_, _Égide_, It. _Egidio_, Ger. _Egidius_.

GODFREY (Teut.), God's peace.--L. _Godefridus_, _Galfridus_, Fr. _Godefroi_, _Geoffroi_, It. _Godofredo_, _Goffredo_, _Giotto_, Sp. _Godofredo_, _Gofredo_, Ger. _Gottfried_.

GODWIN (A.S.), divine friend.

GRACE (L.), grace.

GREGORY (Gr.), watchman.--L. _Gregorius_, Fr. _Grégoire_, It. and Sp. _Gregoiro_, Ger. _Gregorius_, _Gregor_.

GRIFFITH (W.), ruddy.

GRISELDA (Teut.), stone heroine.--Dim. GRISSEL.

GUSTAVUS (Teut.), Goth's staff--Fr. _Gustave_, It. and Sp. _Gustavo_, Ger. _Gustav_.