Chapter XII: Part 12

=Hubbard= (_Mother_). _Mother Hubbard’s Tale_, by Edmund Spenser, is a satirical fable in the style of Chaucer, supposed to be told by an old woman (Mother Hubbard) to relieve the weariness of the poet during a time of sickness. The tale is this: An ape and a fox went into partnership to seek their fortunes. They resolved to begin their adventures as beggars, so Master Ape dressed himself as a broken soldier, and Reynard pretended to be his dog. After a time they came to a farmer, who employed the ape as shepherd, but when the rascals had so reduced the flock that detection was certain, they decamped. Next they tried the Church, under advice of a priest; Reynard was appointed rector to a living, and the ape was his parish clerk. From this living they were obliged also to remove. Next they went to court as foreign potentates, and drove a splendid business, but came to grief ere long. Lastly, they saw King Lion asleep, his skin was lying beside him, with his crown and sceptre. Master Ape stole the regalia, dressed himself as King Lion, usurped the royal palace, made Reynard his chief minister, and collected round him a band of monsters, chiefly amphibious, as his guard and court. In time Jupiter sent Mercury to rouse King Lion from his lethargy; so he awoke from sleep, broke into his palace, and bit off the ape’s tail, with a part of its ear.

Since which, all apes but half their ears have left,
And of their tails are utterly bereft.

As for Reynard, he ran away at the first alarm, and tried to curry favor with King Lion; but the king only exposed him and let him go (1591).

_Hubbard (Old Mother)_ went to her cupboard to get a bone for her dog, but, not finding one, trotted hither and thither to fetch sundry articles for his behoof. Every time she returned she found Master Doggie performing some extraordinary feat, and at last, having finished all her errands, she made a grand curtsey to Master Doggie. The dog, not to be outdone in politeness, made his mistress a profound bow; upon which the dame said, “Your servant!” and the dog replied, “Bow, wow!”—_Nursery Tales_.

=Hubble= (_Mr._), wheelwright; a tough, high-shouldered, stooping old man, of a sawdusty fragrance, with his legs extraordinarily wide apart.

_Mrs. Hubble_, a little, curly, sharp-edged person, who held a conventionally juvenile position, because she had married Mr. Hubble when she was much younger than he.—C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_ (1860).

=Hubert=, “the keeper” of young Prince Arthur. King John conspired with him to murder the young prince, and Hubert actually employed two ruffians to burn out both the boy’s eyes with red-hot irons. Arthur pleaded so lovingly with Hubert to spare his eyes, that he relented; however, the lad was found dead soon afterwards, either by accident or foul play.—Shakespeare, _King John_, (1596).

⁂ This “Hubert” was Hubert de Burgh, justice of England and earl of Kent.

One would think, had it been possible, that Shakespeare, when he made King John excuse his intentions of perpetrating the death of Arthur by his comment on Hubert’s face, by which he saw the assassin in his mind, had Sanford in idea, for he was rather deformed, and had a most forbidding countenance.—C. Dibdin, _History of the Stage_.

_Hubert_, an honest lord, in love with Jac´ulin, daughter of Gerrard, king of the beggars.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggar’s Bush_ (1622).

_Hubert_, brother of Prince Oswald, severely wounded by Count Hurgonel, in the combat provoked by Oswald, against Gondibert, his rival for the love of Rhodalind, the heiress of Aribert, king of Lombardy.—Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1568).

_Hubert_, an archer in the service of Sir Philip de Malvoisin.—Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

_Hubert (St)_, patron saint of huntsmen. He was son of Bertrand, duc d’Acquitaine, and cousin of King Pepin.

=Huddibras= (_Sir_), a man “more huge in strength than wise in works,” the suitor of Perissa (_extravagance_).—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 2 (1590).

=Hudibras=, the hero and title of a rhyming political satire, by S. Butler. Sir Hudibras is a Presbyterian justice in the Commonwealth, who sets out with his squire, Ralph (an independent), to reform abuses, and enforce the observance of the laws for the suppression of popular sports and amusements (1663, 1664, 1678).

=Hudjadge=, a shah of Persia, suffered much from sleeplessness, and commanded Fitead, his porter and gardener, to tell him tales to while away the weary hours. Fitead declared himself wholly unable to comply with this request. “Then find some one who can,” said Hudjadge, “or suffer death for disobedience.” On reaching home, greatly dejected, he told his only daughter, Moradbak, who was motherless, and only 14 years old, the shah’s command, and she undertook the task. She told the shah the stories called _The Oriental Tales_, which not only amused him, but cured him, and he married her.—Comte de Caylus, _Oriental Tales_ (1743).

=Hudson= (_Sir Geoffrey_), the famous dwarf, formerly page to Queen Henrietta Maria. Sir Geoffrey tells Julian Peveril how the late queen had him enclosed in a pie and brought to table. Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

⁂ Vandyke has immortalized Sir Geoffrey by his brush; and some of his clothes are said to be preserved in Sir Hans Sloane’s museum.

_Hudson_ (_Tam_), gamekeeper.—Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Hugh=, blacksmith at Ringleburn; a friend of Hobbie Elliott, the Heughfoot farmer.—Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne).

_Hugh_, servant at the Maypole Inn. This giant in stature and ringleader in the “No Popery riots,” was a natural son of Sir John Chester and a gypsy. He loved Dolly Varden, and was very kind to Barnaby Rudge, the half-witted lad. Hugh was executed for his participation in the “Gordon riots.”—C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841).

_Hugh_ (_Langmuir_), young man from the country, who comes to New York to seek his fortune and gets a clerkship. He becomes attached to an ambitious, but well-meaning girl, and to hasten their marriage, he embezzles one thousand dollars. He confesses it to her and attempts suicide. She pays the money out of her own savings and marries him. They begin the world together humbly and wisely.—Charlotte Dunning, _A Step Aside_ (1886).

=Hugh, Count of Vermandois=, a crusader.—Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

=Hugh de Brass= (_Mr._), in _A Regular Fix_, by J.M. Morton.

=Hugh of Lincoln=, a boy eight years old, said to have been stolen, tortured and crucified by Jews in 1255. Eighteen of the wealthiest Jews of Lincoln were hanged for taking part in this affair, and the boy was buried in state.

⁂ There are several documents in Rymer’s _Fœdera_ relative to this event. The story is told in the _Chronicles_ of Matthew Paris. It is the subject of the _Prioress’s Tale_ in Chaucer, and Wordsworth has a modernized version of Chaucer’s tale.

A similar story is told of William of Norwich, said to have been crucified by the Jews in 1137.

Percy, in his _Reliques_, i. 3, has a ballad about a boy named Hew, whose mother was “Lady Hew of Merryland” (_? Milan_). He was enticed by an apple, given him by a Jewish damsel, who “stabbed him with a penknife, rolled him in lead, and cast him into a well.”

Werner is another boy said to have been crucified by the Jews. The place of this alleged murder was Bacharach.

=Hugo=, count of Vermandois, brother of Phillippe I. of France, and leader of the Franks in the first crusade. Hugo died before Godfrey was appointed general-in-chief of the allied armies (bk. i.), but his spirit appeared to Godfrey when the army went against the Holy City (bk. xviii.).—Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

_Hugo_, brother of Arnold; very small of stature, but brave as a lion. He was slain in the faction fight stirred up by Prince Oswald against Duke Gondibert, his rival in the love of Rhodalind, daughter and only child of Aribert, king of Lombardy.

Of stature small, but was all over heart,
And tho’ unhappy, all that heart was love.
Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_, i. 1 (died 1668).

_Hugo_, natural son of Azo, chief of the house of Este (2 _syl._) and Bianca, who died of a broken heart, because, although a mother, she was never wed. Hugo was betrothed to Parisina, but his father, not knowing it, made Parisina his own bride. One night Azo heard Parisina in her sleep confess her love for Hugo, and the angry marquis ordered his son to be beheaded. What became of Parisina “none knew, and none can ever know.”—Byron, _Parisina_ (1816).

=Hugo Hugonet=, minstrel of the earl of Douglas.—Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

=Hugo von Kronfels=. At the age of twenty-two or three, a handsome man with the world before him, has a fall that cripples him hopelessly. He becomes a bitter-thoughted recluse, more feared than beloved by the few who see him, until the sunshine of a young girl’s society and the wholesome talk of a man of the people change the tenor of thought and feeling, teaching him that to live is nobler than to cast away the existence GOD has given.—Blanche Willis Howard, _The Open Door_ (1889).

=Hugon= (_King_), the great nursery ogre of France.

=Huguenot Pope= (_The_). Philippe de Mornay, the great supporter of the French Huguenots, is called _Le Pape des Huguenots_ (1549-1623).

⁂ Of course, Philippe de Mornay was not one of the “popes of Rome.”

=Huguenots= (_Les_), an opera by Meyerbeer (1836). The subject of this opera is the massacre of the French Huguenots or Protestants, planned by Catharine de Medicis on St. Bartholomew’s Day (August 24, 1572), during the wedding festivities of her daughter Margherita (_Marguerite_) and Henri le Bearnais (afterwards Henri IV. of France).

=Hul´sean Lectures=, certain sermons preached at Great St. Mary’s Church, Cambridge, and paid for by a fund, the gift of the Rev. John Hulse, of Cheshire, in 1777.

⁂ Till the year 1860, the Hulsean Lecturer was called “The Christian Advocate.”

=Hull=, (_Dr._). Person of imposing deportment and plausible speech, business-manager of Mrs. Legrand, a spiritualistic medium and imposter.—Edward Bellamy, _Miss Luddington’s Sister_ (1884).

=Humber= or =Humbert=, mythical king of the Huns, who invaded England during the reign of Locrin, some 1000 years B.C. In his flight, he was drowned in the river Abus, which has ever since been called the Humber.—Geoffrey, _British History_, ii. 2; Milton, _History of England_.

=Humgud´geon= (_Grace-be-here_), a corporal in Cromwell’s troop.—Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

=Humm= (_Anthony_), chairman of the “Brick Lane Branch of the United Grand Junction Ebenezer Temperance Association.”—C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

=Humma=, a fabulous bird, of which it was said that “the head over which the shadow of its wings passes will assuredly wear a crown.”—Wilkes, _South of India_, v. 423.

Belike he thinks
The humma’s happy wings have shadowed him,
And, therefore, Fate with royalty must crown
His chosen head.
Southey, _Roderick, etc._, xxiii. (1814).

=Humming-bird=. John James Audubon’s story of the Loves of the Hummingbirds reads like romantic fiction rather than fact. The male, when wooing his bride, feeds her with honey, and fans her with his wings while she sips it. After marriage and during incubation, his tender assiduities are redoubled instead of abated. By John James Audubon, _Ornithological Biography_ (1831).

=Humorous Lieutenant= (_The_), the chief character and title of a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). The lieutenant has no name.

=Humpback= (_The_). Andrea Sola´ri, the Italian painter, was called _Del Gobbo_ (1470-1527).

Geron´imo Amelunghi was also called _Il Gobbo di Pisa_ (sixteenth century).

=Humphrey= (_Master_), the hypothetical compiler of the tale entitled “Barnaby Rudge” in _Master Humphrey’s Clock_, by Charles Dickens (1840).

_Humphrey_ (_Old_), pseudonym of George Mogridge.

⁂ George Mogridge has also issued several books under the popular name of “Peter Parley,” which was first assumed by S.G. Goodrich, in 1828. Several publishers of high standing have condescended to palm books on the public under this _nom de plume_, some written by William Martin, and others by persons wholly unknown.

_Humphrey_ (_The good duke_), Humphrey Plantagenet, duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Henry IV., murdered in 1446.

_Humphrey_ (_To dine with duke_), to go without dinner. To stay behind in St. Paul’s aisles, under pretence of finding out the monument of Duke Humphrey, while others more fortunate go home to dinner.

⁂ It was really the monument of John Beauchamp that the “dinnerless” hung about, and not that of Duke Humphrey. John Beauchamp died in 1359, and Duke Humphrey in 1446.

=Huncamunca= (_Princess_), daughter of King Arthur and Queen Dollallolla, beloved by Lord Grizzle and Tom Thumb. The king promises her in marriage to the “pigmy giant-queller.” Huncamunca kills Frizaletta “for killing her mamma.” But Frizaletta killed the queen for killing her sweetheart Noodle, and the queen killed Noodle because he was the messenger of ill news.—_Tom Thumb_, by Fielding, the novelist (1730), altered by O’Hara, author of _Midas_ (1778).

=Hunchback= (_The_). Master Walter, “the hunchback,” was the guardian of Julia, and brought her up in the country, training her most strictly in knowledge and goodness. When grown to womanhood, she was introduced to Sir Thomas Clifford, and they plighted their troth to each other. Then came a change. Clifford lost his title and estates, while Julia went to London, became a votary of fashion and pleasure, abandoned Clifford, and promised marriage to Wilford, earl of Rochdale. The day of espousals came. The love of Julia for Clifford revived, and she implored her guardian to break off the obnoxious marriage. Master Walter now showed himself to be the earl of Rochdale, and the father of Julia; the marriage with Wilford fell through, and Julia became the wife of Sir Thomas Clifford.——S. Knowles, (1831).

⁂ Similarly, Maria, “the maid of the Oaks,” was brought up by Oldworth as his ward, but was in reality his motherless child.—J. Burgoyne, _The Maid of the Oaks_.

_Hunchback_ (_The Little_), the buffoon of the sultan of Casgar. Supping with a tailor, the little fellow was killed by a bone sticking in his throat. The tailor, out of fear, carried the body to the house of a physician, and the physician, stumbling against it, knocked it downstairs. Thinking he had killed the man, he let the body down a chimney into the store-room of his neighbor, who was a purveyor. The purveyor, supposing it to be a thief, belabored it soundly; and then, thinking he had killed the little humpback, carried the body into the street, and set it against a wall. A Christian merchant, reeling home, stumbled against the body, and gave it a blow with his fist. Just then the patrol came up, and arrested the merchant for murder. He was condemned to death; but the purveyor came forward and accused himself of being the real offender. The merchant was accordingly released, and the purveyor condemned to death; but then the physician appeared, and said he had killed the man by accident, having knocked him downstairs. When the purveyor was released, and the physician led away to execution, the tailor stepped up, and told his tale. All were then taken before the sultan, and acquitted; and the sultan ordered the case to be enrolled in the archives of his kingdom amongst the _causes célèbres_.—_Arabian Nights_ (“The Little Hunchback”).

=Hundebert=, steward to Cedric of Rotherwood.—Sir. W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_.

=Hundred Fights= (_Hero of a_), Conn, son of Cormac, king of Ireland. Called in Irish “Conn Keadcahagh.”

Arthur Wellesley, Lord Wellington.

For this is England’s greatest son,
He who gained a hundred fights
And never lost an English gun.—_Tennyson_.
Admiral Horatio, Lord Nelson.

=Hundred-Handed= (_The_). Briar´eos (4 _syl._) or Ægæon, with his brothers Gygês and Kottos, were all hundred-handed giants.

Homer makes Briareos 4 _syl._; but Shakespeare writes it in the Latin form, “Briareus,” and makes it 3 _syl._

Then, called by thee, the monster Titan came,
Whom gods Briareös, men Ægēon name.
Pope, _Iliad_, 1 (1715).

He is a gouty Briareus. Many hands,
And of no use.
Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_, act, i. sc. 2 (1602).

=Hundwolf=, steward to the old lady of Baldringham.—Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

=Hunia´des= (4 _syl._), called by the Turks “The Devil.” He was surnamed “Corvīnus,” and the family crest was a crow (1400-1456).

The Turks employed the name of Huniadês to frighten their perverse children. He was corruptly called “Jancus Lain.”—Gibbon, _Decline and Fall, etc._, xii. 166 (1776-88).

=Hunsdon= (_Lord_), cousin of Queen Elizabeth.—Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Hunter= (_Mr._ and _Mrs. Leo_), persons who court the society of any celebrity, and consequently invite Mr. Pickwick and his three friends to an entertainment in their house. Mrs. Leo Hunter wrote an “Ode to an Expiring Frog,” considered by her friends a most masterly performance.—C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

Can I view thee panting, lying
On thy stomach, without sighing;
Can I unmoved see thee dying
On a log, expiring frog!

Say, have fiends in shape of boys,
With wild halloo, and brutal noise,
Hunted thee from marshy joys,
With a dog, expiring frog!
_Ch. xv._

_Hunter_ (_The Mighty_), Nimrod; so called in _Gen._ x. 9.

Proud Nimrod first the bloody chase [_war_] began,
A mighty hunter, and his prey was man.
Pope, _Windsor Forest_ (1713).

=Huntingdon= (_Robert, earl of_), generally called “Robin Hood.” In 1601 Anthony Munday and Henry Chettle produced a drama entitled _The Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntingdon_ (attributed often to T. Heywood). Ben Jonson began a beautiful pastoral drama on the subject of Robin Hood (_The Sad Shepherd or A Tale of Robin Hood_), but left only two acts of it when he died (1637). We have also _Robin Hood and His Crew of Souldiers_, a comedy acted at Nottingham, and printed 1661; _Robin Hood_, an opera (1730). J. Ritson edited, in 1795, _Robin Hood: a Collection of Poems, Songs and Ballads relative to that Celebrated English Outlaw_.

_Huntingdon_ (_the earl of_), in the court of Queen Elizabeth.—Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Huntingdon_ (_David, earl of_), prince royal of Scotland. He appears first as Sir Kenneth, knight of the Leopard, and afterwards as Zohauk, the Nubian slave.—Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Huntinglen= (_The earl of_), an old Scotch nobleman.—Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

=Huntley= (_Earl_), George of Gordon was killed in battle with the troops of the Regent Murray. His body was taken to Holyrood and tried for high treason.

“No word he spake, though thrice adjured;
Then came the sentence drear:
Foul traitor to thy queen and realm,
Our laws denounce thee here.”
* * * * * * * * *
“Light thing to him that earthly doom,
Or man’s avenging rod,
Who in the land of souls doth bide
The audit of his God.”

Lydia Huntley Sigourney, _The Western Home and Other Poems_ (1854).

=Huntly= (_The Marquis of_), a royalist.—Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I.).

=Huon=, a serf, secretary and tutor of the Countess Catherine, with whom he falls in love. He reads with music in his voice, talks enchantingly, writes admirably, translates “dark languages,” is “wise in rare philosophy,” is master of the hautboy, lute, and viol, “proper in trunk and limb and feature;” but the proud countess, though she loves him, revolts from the idea of marrying a serf. At length it comes to the ears of the duke that his daughter loves Huon, and the duke commands him, on pain of death, to marry Catherine, a freed serf. He refuses until the countess interferes; he then marries and rushes to the wars. Here he greatly distinguishes himself, and is created a prince, when he learns that the Catherine he has wed is not Catherine, the freed serf, but Catherine the countess.—S. Knowles, _Love_ (1840.)

=Huon de Bordeaux= (_Sir_), who married Esclairmond, and, when Oberon went to paradise, succeeded him as “king of all Faëry.”

In the second part, Huon visits the terrestrial paradise, and encounters Cain, the first murderer, in performance of his penance.—_Huon de Bordeaux_.

⁂ An abstract of this romance is in Dunlop’s _History of Fiction_. See also Keightley’s _Fairy Mythology_. It is also the subject of Wieland’s _Oberon_, which has been translated by Sotheby.

=Hur al Oyûn=, the black-eyed daughters of paradise, created of pure musk. They are free from all bodily weakness, and are ever young. Every believer will have seventy-two of these girls as his household companions in paradise, and those who desire children will see them grow to maturity in an hour.—_Al Korân_, Sale’s notes.

=Hurgonel= (_Count_), the betrothed of Orna, sister of Duke Gondibert.—Sir Wm. Davenant, _Gondibert_, iii. (died 1668).

=Hurry=, servant of Oldworth, of Oldworth Oaks. He is always out of breath, wholly unable to keep quiet or stand still, and proves the truth of the proverb, “The more haste the worse speed.” He fancies everything must go wrong if he is not bustling about, and he is a constant fidget.—J. Burgoyne, _The Maid of the Oaks_.

_Hurry_ (_Harry_), _alias_ Hurry Skurry. Gigantic backwoodsman and hunter, friend of _Deerslayer_, and enamoured of Judith Hutter.—James Fenimore Cooper, _The Deerslayer_.

=Hurtali=, a giant who reigned in the time of the Flood.

The Massorets affirm that Hurtali, being too big to get into the ark, sat astride upon it, as children stride a wooden horse—Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 1.

(According to Menage, the rabbins say that it was Og, not Hurtali, who thus outrode the Flood.—See Le Pelletier, chap. XXV. of his _Noah’s Ark_.)

=Hush´ai= (2 _syl._), in Dryden’s satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, is Hyde, earle of Rochester. As Hushai was David’s friend and wise counsellor, so was Hyde the friend and wise counsellor of Charles II. As the counsel of Hushai rendered abortive that of Achitophel, and caused the plot of Absalom to miscarry, so the counsel of Hyde rendered abortive that of Lord Shaftesbury, and caused the plot of Monmouth to miscarry.

Hushai, the friend of David in distress;
In public storms of manly steadfastness;
By foreign treaties he informed his youth,
And joined experience to his native truth.
Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_, I. (1681).

=Hut´cheon=, the auld domestic in Wandering Willie’s tale.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

_Hutcheon_, one of Julian Avenel’s retainers.—Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Hutter= (_Tom_). A trapper, with two handsome daughters, who has built a house upon a long shoal extending far into the _Glimmerglass_ (Lake George). Wary, stolid, old fellow, with a reputation for cunning and skill among the Indians.

_Hutter_ (_Hetty_). “Feeble-minded, but right-thinking and right-feeling girl,” daughter of “Old Tom.” She is hurt by a chance ball in a fight between whites and Indians, and dies, seeing her “mother and bright beings” around her.—James Fenimore Cooper, _The Deer-slayer_.

=Hutin= (_Le_), Louis X. of France; so called from his expedition against the Hutins, a seditious people of Navarre and Lyons (1289, 1314-1316).

=Hy´acinth=, son of Amyclas, the Spartan king. He was playing quoits with Apollo, when the wind drove the quoit of the sun-god against the boy’s head, and killed him on the spot. From the blood grew the flower called hyacinth, which bears on its petals the words, “AI! AI!” (“alas! alas!”).—_Grecian Fable_.

=Hyacinthe= (3 _syl._), the daughter of Seigneur Géronte (2 _syl._). who passed into Tarentum under the assumed name of Pandolphe (2 _syl._). When he quitted Tarentum, he left behind him his wife and daughter Hyacinthe. Octave (2 _syl._), son of Argante (2 _syl._) fell in love with Hyacinthe (supposing her surname to be Pandolphe), and Octave’s father wanted him to marry the daughter of his friend, Seigneur Géronte. The young man would not listen to his father, and declared that Hyacinthe, and Hyacinthe alone, should be his wife. It was then explained to him that Hyacinthe Pandolphe was the same person as Hyacinthe Géronte, and that the choice of father and son were in exact accord.—Molière, _Les Fourberies de Scapin_ (1671).

(In _The Cheats of Scapin_, Otway’s version of this play, Hyacinthe is called “Clara,” her father, Géronte, “Gripe,” and Octave is Anglicized into “Octavian.”).

_Hyacinthe_ (_Father_), Charles Loyson, a celebrated pulpit orator and French theologian (1827-).

=Hyder= (_El_), chief of the Ghaut Mountains; hero and title of a melodrama by Barrymore.

=Hyder Ali Khan Behauder=, the nawaub of Mysore (2 _syl._), disguised as the Sheik Hali.—Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_ (time, George II.).

=Hydra= or _Dragon of the Hesperian Grove_. The golden apples of the Hesperian field were guarded by women called the Hesperĭdês, assisted by the hydra or dragon named Ladon.

Her flowery store
To thee nor Tempê shall refuse, nor watch
Of wingéd hydra guard Hesperian fruits
From thy free spoil.
Akenside, _Pleasures of Imagination_, i. (1744).

=Hydropsy=, personified by Thomson:

On limbs enormous, but withal unsound,
Soft, swoln and wan, here lay pale Hydropsy—
Unwieldy man; with belly monstrous round,
For ever fed with watery supply,
For still he drank, and yet was ever dry.
_Castle of Indolence_, i. 73 (1748).

=Hymbercourt= (_Baron d’_), one of the duke of Burgundy’s officers.—Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Hymen=, god of marriage; the personification of the bridal song; marriage.

Till Hymen brought his love-delighted hour,
There dwelt no joy in Eden’s rosy bower...
The world was sad, the garden was a wild,
And man, the hermit, sighed—till woman smiled.
Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799).

=Hyndman= (_Master_), usher to the council-chamber at Holyrood.—Sir W. Scott, _The Abbott_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Hypatia=. Beautiful and learned pagan, whose school of philosophy was celebrated in Alexandria in 415 A. D. She was torn to pieces in a church by a Christian mob, in the flower of her youth and beauty.—Charles Kingsley, _Hypatia_ (1853).

=Hyperi´on=, the sun. His parents were Cælum and Tellus (_heaven_ and _earth_). Strictly speaking, he was the father of the sun, but Homer uses the word for the sun itself.

When the might
Of Hyperi´on from his noon-tide throne
Unbends their languid pinions [i.e. _of the winds_].
Akenside, _Hymn to the Naiads_ (1767).

Blow, gentle Africus,
Play on our poops, when Hyperion’s son
Shall couch in west.
_Fuimus Troes_.

Placat equo Persis radiis Hyperīone sinctum.
Ovid, _Fasti_, i, 385.

Shakespeare throws the accent on the antepenult: “Hype´rion to a satyr” (_Hamlet_, act i. sc. 2). In this he is followed by almost all English poets, but as shown above, Akenside returns to the classical accent.

⁂ Keats has left the fragment of a poem entitled _Hyperion_, of which Byron says: “It seems inspired by the Titans, and is as sublime as Æschylus.”

=Hypnos=, god of sleep, brother of Oneiros (_dreams_) and Thanătos (_death_).

In every creature that breathes, from the conqueror, resting on a field of blood, to the nest-bird cradled in its bed of leaves, Hypnos holds a sovereignty which nothing mortal can long resist.—Ouida, _Folle-Farine_, iii. 11.

=Hypochondria=, personified by Thomson:

And moping here, did Hypochondria sit,
Mother of spleen, in robes of various dye...
And some her frantic deemed, and some her deemed a wit.
_Castle of Indolence_, i. 75 (1748).

=Hyp´ocrite= (_The_), Dr. Cantwell, in the English comedy by Isaac Bickerstaff, and Tartuffe in the French comedy by Molière. He pretends to great sanctity, but makes his “religion” a mere trade for getting money, advancing his worldly prospects, and for the better indulgence of his sensual pleasures. Dr. Cantwell is made the guest of Sir John Lambert (in French, “Orgon”), who looks on him as a saint, and promises him his daughter in marriage; but his mercenary views and his love-making to Lady Lambert being at length exposed, Sir John forbids him to remain in the house, and a tipstaff arrests him for a felonious fraud (1768).

=Hyp´ocrites= (_The_). Abdallah ibn Obba and his partisans were so called by Mahomet.

_Hypocrites_ (_The prince of_), Tiberius Cæsar (B. C. 42, 14 to A. D. 37).

=Hyppolito=. (See HIPPOLYTUS.)

=Iachimo= [_Eák´.ĭ.mo_], an Italian libertine. When Posthu´mus, the husband of Imogen, was banished for marrying the king’s daughter, he went to Rome, and in the house of Philario the conversation fell on the fidelity of wives. Posthumus bet a diamond ring that nothing could change the fidelity of Imogen, and Iachimo accepted the wager. The libertine contrived to get into a chest in Imogen’s chamber, made himself master of certain details, and took away with him a bracelet belonging to Imogen. With these vouchers, Iachimo easily persuaded Posthumus that he had won the bet, and Posthumus handed over to him the ring. A battle subsequently ensued, in which Iachimo and other Romans, with Imogen disguised as a page, were made prisoners, and brought before King Cymbeline. Imogen was set free, and told to ask a boon. She asked that Iachimo might be compelled to say how he came by the ring which he had on his finger, and the whole villainy was brought to light. Posthumus was pardoned, and all ended happily—Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605).

⁂ The tale of _Cymbeline_ is from the _Decameron_ of Boccaccio (day ii. 9), in which Iachimo is called “Ambrose,” Imogen is “Zineura,” her husband, Bernard “Lomellin,” and Cymbeline is the “sultan.” The assumed name of Imogen is “Fidelê,” but in Boccaccio it is “Sicurano da Finale.”

=Ia´go= (3 _syl._), ancient of Othello, commander of the Venetian army, and husband of Emilia. Iago hated Othello, both because Cassio (a Florentine) was promoted to the lieutenancy over his head, and also from a suspicion that the Moor had tampered with his wife; but he concealed his hatred so artfully that Othello felt confident of his “love and honesty.” Iago strung together such a mass of circumstantial evidence in proof of Desdemona’s love for Cassio, that the Moor killed her out of jealousy. One main argument was that Desdemona had given Cassio the very handkerchief which Othello had given her as a love-gift; but in reality Iago had induced his wife Emilia to purloin the handkerchief. When this villainy was brought to light, Othello stabbed Iago; but his actual death is no incident of the tragedy.—Shakespeare, _Othello_ (1611).

The cool malignity of Iago, silent in his resentment, subtle in his designs, and studious at once of his interest and his vengeance,...are such proofs of Shakespeare’s skill in human nature as it would be vain to seek in any modern writer.—Dr. Johnson.

⁂ Bryon, speaking of John P. Kemble, says: “Was not his ’Iago’ perfection—particularly the last look? I was close to him, and I never saw an English countenance half so expressive.”

=Iambic Verse= (_The Father of_), Achil´ochos of Paros (B. C. 714-676).

=Ianthe= (3 _syl._), in _The Siege of Rhodes_, by Sir William Davenant.

Mrs. Betterton was called “Ianthe” by Pepys, in his _Diary_, as having performed that character to his great approval. The old gossip greatly admired her, and praised her “sweet voice and incomparable acting.”—W.C. Russell, _Representative Actors_.

_Ianthe_ (3 _syl._), to whom Lord Byron dedicated his _Childe Harold_, was Lady Charlotte Harley, who was only eleven years old at the time (1809).

=Ibe´ria’s Pilot=. Christopher Columbus. Spain is called “Iberia” and the Spaniards the “Ibe´ri.” The river _Ebro_ is a corrupt form of the Latin word Ibe´rus.

Launched with Iberia’s pilot from the steep,
To worlds unknown, and isles beyond the deep.
Campbell, _The Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799).

=Iblis= (“_despair_”), called Aza´zil before he was cast out of heaven. He refused to pay homage to Adam, and was rejected by God.—_Al Korân_.

“We created you, and afterwards formed you, and all worshipped except Eblis.” ... And God said unto him, “What hindered you from worshipping Adam, since I commanded it?” He answered, “I am more excellent than he. Thou hast created me of fire, but him of clay.” God said, “Get thee down, therefore, from paradise ... thou shalt be one of the contemptible.”—_Al Korân_, vii.

=Ib´rahim= or =L’Illustre Bassa=, an heroic romance of Mdlle. de Scudéri (1641).

=Ice´ni= (_3 syl._), the people of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdonshire. Their metropolis was Venta (_Caistar near Norwich_).—Richard of Cirencester, _Chronicle_, vi. 30.

The Angles, ... allured with ... the fitness of the place
Where the Iceni lived, did set their kingdom down ...
And the East Angles’ kingdom those English did instile.
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xvi. (1613).

=Ida Slater=, daughter of a charlatan calling himself Dr. Hull. She lends herself to his scheme of imposing her upon a rich, superstitious spinster as the materialization of her dead sister until the adopted mother’s kindness and the girl’s love for the dupe’s nephew impel her to confession.—Edward Bellamy, _Miss Luddington’s Sister_ (1884).

=Idalia=, Venus; so called from _Idălĭum_, a town in Cyprus, where she was worshipped.

=Iden= (_Alexander_), a poor squire of Kent, who slew Jack Cade, the rebel, and brought the head to King Henry VI., for which service the king said to him:

Iden, kneel down. Rise up a knight.
We give thee for reward a thousand marks;
And will that thou henceforth attend on us.
Shakespeare, _2 Henry VI._ act v. sc. 1 (1591).

=Idenstein= (_Baron_), nephew of General Kleiner, governor of Prague. He marries Adolpha, who turns out to be the sister of Meeta, called “The Maid of Mariendorpt.”—S. Knowles, _The Maid of Mariendorpt_ (1838).

=Idiot= (_The Inspired_), Oliver Goldsmith. So called by Horace Walpole (1728-1774).

=Idleness= (_The Lake of_). Whoever drank thereof grew instantly “faint and weary.” The Red Cross Knight drank of it, and was readily made captive by Orgoglio.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. (1590).

=Idom´eneus= [_I.dom´.e.nuce_], king of Crete. He made a vow when he left Troy, if the gods would vouchsafe him a safe voyage, to sacrifice to them the first living being that he encountered in his own kingdom. The first living object he met was his own son, and when the father fulfilled his vow, he was banished from his country as a murderer.

⁂ The reader will call to mind Jephthah’s rash vow.—_Judges_ xi.

Agamemnon vowed to Diana to offer up in sacrifice to her the most beautiful thing that came into his possession within the next twelve months. This was an infant daughter named Iphigeni´a; but Agamemnon deferred the offering till she was full grown. The fleet, on its way to Troy, being wind-bound at Aulis, the prophet Calchas told Agamemnon that it was because the vow had not been fulfilled; accordingly Iphigenia was laid on the altar for sacrifice, but Diana interposed, carried the victim to Tauris, and substituted a hind in her place. Iphigenia in Tauris became a priestess of Diana.

⁂ Abraham, being about to sacrifice his son to Jehovah, was stayed by a voice from heaven, and a ram was substituted for the lad Isaac.—_Gen._ xxii.

=Idwal=, king of North Wales, and son of Roderick the Great. (See LUDWAL).

=Idyl= (_An Old Man’s)._ The old man dreams over a checquered life, since the golden days of the beautiful early summer weather, to the time when—

“We sit by our household fires together,
Dreaming the dreams of long ago;
Then it was balmy summer weather,
And now the valleys are laid in snow;
Icicles hang from the slippery eaves;
The wind blows cold—’tis growing late;
Well, well! we have garnered all our sheaves,
I and my darling, and we can wait.”
Richard Realf (1866).

=Iger´na, Igerne= (_3 syl._), or =Igrayne= (_3 syl._), wife of Gorloïs, duke of Tintag´il, in Cornwall. Igerna married Uther, the pendragon of the Britons, and thus became the mother of Prince Arthur. The second marriage took place a few hours after the duke’s death, but was not made public till thirteen days afterwards.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470).

=Igna´ro=, foster-father of Orgoglio. The old dotard walked one way and looked another. To every question put to him, his invariable answer was, “I cannot tell.”—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_ i. (1590).

⁂ Lord Flint, chief minister of state to one of the sultans of India, used to reply to every disagreeable question, “My people know, no doubt; but I cannot recollect.”—Mrs. Inchbald, _Such Things Are_ (1786).

The Italian witnesses summoned on the trial of Queen Charlotte, answered to almost every question, “non mi ricordo.”

⁂ The “Know-Nothings” of the United States, replied to every question about their secret society, “I know nothing about it.”

=Igna´tius= (_Brother_), Joseph Leycester Lyne, monk of the order of St. Benedict.

_Ignatius (Father)_, the Hon. and Rev. George Spencer, superior of the order of Passionists (1799-1864).

=Ig´noge= (_3 syl._), daughter of Pan´drasus of Greece, given as wife to Brute, mythical king of Britain. Spenser calls her “Inogene” (_3 syl._), and Drayton “Innogen.”—Geoffrey, _British History_, i. 11 (1142).

=I.H.S.= In German, =I= [esus], =H= [eiland], =S= [eligmacher], i.e. _Jesus_, _Saviour_, _Sanctifier_. In Greek, =Ι= [ησους], =Ἡ= [μετερος] =Σ= [οτηρ], i.e. _Jesus, our Saviour_. In Latin, =I= [esus], =H= [ominum], =S= [alvator], i.e. _Jesus, Men’s Saviour_. Those who would like an English equivalent may adopt =J= [esus], =H= [eavenly] =S= [aviour].

The Latin equivalent is attributed to St. Bernardine of Sienna (1347).

=Ilderton= (_Miss Lucy and Miss Nancy_), cousins to Miss Vere.—Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne).

=Il´iad= (_3 syl._), the tale of the siege of Troy, an epic poem in twenty-four books, by Homer. Menelāos, king of Sparta, received as a guest, Paris, a son of Priam, king of Troy. Paris eloped with Helen, his host’s wife, and Menelaos induced the Greeks to lay siege to Troy, to avenge the perfidy. The siege lasted ten years, when Troy was taken and burned to the ground. Homer’s poem is confined to the last year of the siege.

Book I. opens with a pestilence in the Grecian camp, sent by the sun-god to avenge his priest, Chrysês. The case is this: Chrysês wished to ransom his daughter, whom Agamemnon, the Greek commander-in-chief, kept as a concubine, but Agamemnon refused to give her up; so the priest prayed to Apollo for vengeance, and the god sent a pestilence. A council being called, Achillês upbraids Agamemnon as the cause of the divine wrath, and Agamemnon replies he will give up the priest’s daughter, but shall take instead Achillês’ concubine. On hearing this, Achillês declares he will no longer fight for such an extortionate king, and accordingly retires to his tent and sulks there.

II. Jupiter, being induced to take the part of Achillês, now sends to Agamemnon a lying dream, which induces him to believe that he shall take the city at once; but in order to see how the soldiers are affected by the retirement of Achillês, the king calls them to a council of war, asks them if it would not be better to give up the siege and return home. He thinks the soldiers will shout “no” with one voice; but they rush to their ships, and would set sail at once if they were not restrained by those privy to the plot.

III. The soldiers, being brought back, are then arrayed for battle. Paris proposes to decide the contest by single combat, and Menelaos accepts the challenge. Paris, being overthrown, is carried off by Venus, and Agamemnon demands that the Trojans shall give up Troy in fulfillment of the compact.

IV. While Agamemnon is speaking, Pandărus draws his bow at Menelaos and wounds him, and the battle becomes general.

V. Pandarus, who had violated the truce, is killed by Diomed.

VI. Hector, the general of the Trojan allied armies, recommends that the Trojan women in a body should supplicate the gods to pardon the sin of Pandarus, and in the meantime he and Paris make a sally from the city gate.

VII. Hector fights with Ajax in single combat, but the combatants are parted by the heralds, who declare it a drawn battle; so they exchange gifts and return to their respective tents.

VIII. The Grecian host, being discomfitted, retreats; and Hector prepares to assault the enemy’s camp.

IX. A deputation is sent to Achillês, but the sulky hero remains obdurate.

X. A night attack is made on the Trojans by Diomed and Ulyssês;

XI. And the three Grecian chiefs (Agamemnon, Diomed, and Ulyssês) are all wounded.

XII. The Trojans force the gates of the Grecian ramparts.

XIII. A tremendous battle ensues in which many on both sides are slain.

XIV. While Jupiter is asleep, Neptune interferes in the quarrel in behalf of the Greeks;

XV. But Jupiter rebukes him, and Apollo, taking the side of the Trojans, puts the Grecians to a complete rout. The Trojans, exulting in their success, prepare to set fire to the Grecian camp.

XVI. In this extremity, Patroclos arrays himself in Achillês’ armor, and leads the Myrmĭdons to the fight; but he is slain by Hector.

XVII. Achillês is told of the death of his friend,

XVIII. Resolves to return to the battle;

XIX. And is reconciled to Agamemnon.

XX. A general battle ensues, in which the gods are permitted to take part.

XXI. The battle rages with great fury, the slaughter is frightful; but the Trojans, being routed, retreat into their town, and close the gates.

XXII. Achillês slays Hector before he is able to enter the gates, and the battle is at an end. Nothing now remains but

XXIII. To burn the body of Patroclos, and celebrate the funeral games.

XXIV. Old Priam, going to the tent of Achillês, craves the body of his son Hector; Achillês gives it up, and the poem concludes with the funeral rites of the Trojan hero.

⁂ Virgil continues the tale from this point. Shows how the city was taken and burnt, and then continues with the adventures of Æne´as, who escapes from the burning city, makes his way to Italy, marries the king’s daughter, and succeeds to the throne. (See ÆNEID).

_Iliad (The French), The Romance of the Rose (q.v.)._

_Iliad (The German), The Nibelungen Lied (q.v.)._

_Iliad (The Portuguese), The Lusiad (q.v.)._

_Iliad (The Scotch), The Epigoniad_, by William Wilkie (_q.v._).

=Iliad of Old English Literature=, “The Knight’s Tale” of Palămon and Arcite (_2 syl._) in Chaucer’s _Canterbury Tales_ (1388).

=Illuminated Doctor= (_The_), Raymond Lully (1235-1315).

John Tauler, the German mystic, is so called also (1294-1361).

=Imis=, the daughter and only child of an island king. She was enamoured of her cousin Philax. A fay named Pagan loved her, and, seeing she rejected his suit, shut up Imis and Philax in the “Palace of Revenge.” This palace was of crystal, and contained everything the heart could desire except the power of leaving it. For a time Imis and Philax were happy enough, but after a few years they longed as much for a separation as they had once wished to be united.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Palace of Revenge,” 1682).

=Imlac of Goiama=, near the mouth of the Nile; the son of a rich merchant. Imlac was a great traveller and a poet, who accompanied Rasselas in his rambles, and returned with him to the “happy valley.”—Dr. Johnson, _Rasselas_ (1759).

=Immo and Hildegard.= As the sun went down, it threw its golden light over the heights on which the Idisburg stands. The old tower glowed, bathed in the many-colored light, and the branches of the bramble-berry overspread the low wall of the castle with a net work of purple and gold. In the lower portion of the enclosed court, the children of the townspeople, brought there by their parents, were shouting and calling in their play. On the highest point within the castle wall, stands a linden tree, that makes a thick arbor, with its broad leaves reaching nearly to the ground. It was a lovely spot. Wild hare-bells bloomed in its light shade, and little butterflies fluttered here and there. The birds gathered their young ones together in the sheltering branches of the tree, and the crickets chirped in chorus to the note of the feathered songsters. Here sat Hildegard, the count’s daughter, her hands folded in her lap as she looked down into the valley, over the fields of heather, over the forest trees, and over the rolling hills, far into the distance, where earth and sky seemed to melt together in the evening glow. At a respectful distance, some old servingmen, who had been sent up there for her protection, were lying on the ground, but their backs were turned to the maiden as they looked down to the Main, and pointed out to one another the border towns of the enemy, descried under the light clouds. Where Hildegard sat all was still; only a few sounds from the bustling camp made their way up to her. From one side came the lowing of the cows, and every now and then a hoof drew nearer, and the leaves of her tree were pulled about, and there was a crackling and a rustling in the branches. Hildegard turned and scared away the intruders, but they came back again, and the maiden at last forgot in her dreaming her dainty-mouthed visitors.

Her lips stirred, and softly sounded the words of a holy hymn, as she sang:

Audi, benigne Conditor,
Nostras preces cum fletibus
Hear, Kind Creator,
Our prayers and our weeping.

But, in her singing, her thoughts dwelt less on the Creator than on a certain suppliant who, only a few weeks before, had repeated these same words to her in jest. And while she sang, and with clear eyes looked straight before her, it seemed to her that her song was echoed from above her in the tree. She stopped singing; then there was a rustling in the branches, and through the whispering of the leaves, she heard the same air repeated above her head, but to other words; and she heard from the height:

Rana coaxit suaviter
In foliis viridibus.

The frog croaks softly
In the green herbage.

Hildegard sat motionless; a smile hovered about her mouth, and a deep blush suffused her cheek; but she dared not risk looking up, for fear lest the pleasant dream should be ended. “Is it thou, my comrade?” she softly murmured. But hardly had she spoken before she repented the too familiar speech.

“I am lying here above thee, in the green leaves,” sounded back to her from overhead. “Right comfortable is my bed on the strong branch; look upward, if so please thee, that I may once more see those large eyes of thine, since it is they that have brought me hither.”

The maiden sprang lightly up, and turned toward the branch. In the same instant Immo thrust his head quickly out, and clinging to the branch with one hand he threw the other round her neck, and kissed her on the mouth. “Good day, comrade,” he said. “That is what I made up my mind to do, and I have done it!” He looked out once more from his hiding-place, and gazed tenderly upon her blushing cheek.—Gustav Freytag, _The Wrens’ Nest_.

=Immortal Four of Italy= (_The_): Dantê (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-1374), Ariosto (1474-1533), and Tasso (1544-1595).

The poets read he o’er and o’er,
And most of all the Immortal Four
Of Italy.
Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_, (prelude).

=Imogen=, daughter of Cym´beline (3 _syl._), king of Britain, married clandestinely Posthumus Leonātus; and Posthumus, being banished for the offence, retired to Rome. One day, in the house of Philario, the conversation turned on the merits of wives, and Posthumus bet his diamond ring that nothing could tempt the fidelity of Imogen. Iachimo accepted the wager, laid his plans, and after due time induced Posthumus to believe that Imogen had played false, showing, by the way of proof, a bracelet, which he affirmed she had given him; so Posthumus handed over to him the ring given him by Imogen at parting. Posthumus now ordered his servant Pisanio to inveigle Imogen to Milford Haven, under pretence of seeing her husband, and to murder her on the road; but Pisanio told Imogen his instructions, advised her to enter the service of Lucius, the Roman general in Britain, as a page, and promised that he would make Posthumus believe that she was dead. This was done; and not long afterwards a battle ensued, in which the Romans were defeated, and Lucius, Iachimo, and Imogen were taken prisoners. Posthumus also took part in the battle, and obtained for his services the royal pardon. The captives being brought before Cymbeline, Lucius entreated the king to liberate Imogen. The petition was not only granted, but Imogen was permitted, at the same time, to ask a boon of the British king. She only begged that Iachimo should inform the court how he came by the ring he was wearing on his finger. The whole villainy was thus revealed, a reconciliation took place, and all ended happily. (See ZINEURA.)—Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605).

=Im´ogine= (_The Fair_), the lady betrothed to Alonzo “the Brave,” and who said to him, when he went to the wars: “If ever I marry another, may thy ghost be present at the bridal feast, and bear me off to the grave.” Alonzo fell in battle; Imogine married another; and, at the marriage feast, Alonzo’s ghost, claiming the fulfilment of the compact, carried away the bride.—M. G. Lewis, _Alonzo the Brave and the Fair Imogine_ (1795).

_Imogine_ (_The lady_), wife of St. Aldobrand. Before her marriage she was courted by Count Bertram, but the attachment fell through, because Bertram was outlawed and became the leader of a gang of thieves. It so happened one day that Bertram, being shipwrecked off the coast of Sicily, was conveyed to the castle of Lady Imogine, and the old attachment revived on both sides. Bertram murdered St. Aldobrand; Imogine, going mad, expired in the arms of Bertram; and Bertram killed himself.—C. Maturin, _Bertram_ (1816).

=Imoin´da= (3 _syl._), daughter of a white man who went to the court of Angola, changed his religion, and grew great as commander of the forces. His daughter was married to Prince Oroonoko. Soon afterwards the young prince was trapanned by Captain Driver, taken to Surinam, and sold for a slave. Here he met his young wife, whom the lieutenant-governor wanted to make his mistress, and Oroonoko headed a rising of the slaves. The end of the story is that Imoinda slew herself; and Oroonoko, having stabbed the lieutenant-governor, put an end to his own life.—Thomas Southern, _Oroonoko_ (1696).

=Impertinent= (_The Curious_), an Italian, who, to make trial of his wife’s fidelity, persuades his friend to try and seduce her. The friend succeeds in winning the lady’s love, and the impertinent curiosity of the husband is punished by the loss of his friend and wife too.—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iv. 5 (an episode, 1605).

=Impostors= (_Literary_).

1. BERTRAM (_Dr. Charles Julius_), professor of English at Copenhagen. He gave out that he had discovered, in 1747, in the library of that city, a book entitled _De Situ Britanniæ_, by Richardus Corinensis. He published this with two other treatises (one by Gildas Badon´icus, and the other by Nennius Banchorensis) in 1757. The forgery was exposed by J. E. Mayor, in his preface to _Ricardi de Cirencestria Speculum Historiale_.

2. CHATTERTON (_Thomas_), published in 1777 a volume of poems, which he asserted to be from the pen of Thomas Rowley, a monk of the fifteenth century. The forgery was exposed by Mason and Gray.

3. IRELAND (_Samuel William Henry_), published, in 1796, a series of papers which he affirmed to be by Shakespeare, together with the tragedy of _Lear_ and a part of _Hamlet_. Dr. Parr, Dr. Valpy, James Boswell, Herbert Croft, and Pye, the laureate, signed a document certifying their convictions that the collection was genuine; but Ireland subsequently confessed the forgery. He also wrote a play entitled _Vortigern and Rowena_, which he asserted was by Shakespeare; but Malone exposed the imposition.

4. LAUDER (_William_), published, in 1751, false quotations from Masenius, a Jesuit of Cologne, Taubman, a German, Staphorstius, a learned Dutchman, and others, to “prove Milton a gross plagiarist.” Dr. Douglas demonstrated that the citations were incorrect, and that often several lines had been foisted in to make the parallels. Lauder confessed the fact afterwards (1754).

5. MENTZ, who lived in the ninth century, published fifty-nine decretals, which he ascribed to Isadore of Seville, who died in the sixth century. The object of these letters was either to exalt the papacy, or to enforce some law assuming such exaltation. Among them is the decretal of St. Fabian, instituting the rite of the chrism, with the decretals of St. Anaclētus, St. Alexander, St. Athanasius, and so on. They have all been proved to be barefaced forgeries.

6. PEREIRA (_Colonel_), a Portuguese, professed to have discovered in the convent of St. Maria de Merinhâo, nine books of Sanchoni´athon, which he published in 1837. It was found that the paper of the MS. bore the water-mark of the Osnabrück paper-mills.

7. PSALMANAZAR (_George_), who pretended to be a Japanese, published, in 1705, an _Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa, an Island belonging to the Empire of Japan_. He was an Englishman, born in London, name unknown (died 1763).

8. SMITH (_Joseph_), professed that his _Book of Mormon_, published in 1830, was a direct revelation to him by the angel Mormon; but it was really the work of a Rev. Solomon Spalding. Smith was murdered in Carthage jail in 1844.

9. SURTEES (_Robert_), sent Sir Walter Scott several ballads, which were inserted in good faith in the _Border Minstrelsy_, but were in fact forgeries. For example, a ballad on _A Feud between the Ridleys and the Featherstones_, said to be taken down from the mouth of an old woman on Alston Moor (1806); _Lord Ewrie_, said to be taken down from the mouth of Rosa Smith of Bishop Middleham, æt. 91 (1807); and _Barthram’s Dirge_ (1809).

The _Korân_ was said by Mahomet to be revealed to him by the angel Gabriel, but it was in reality the work of a Persian Jew, a Jacobite and a Nestorian. The detached parts of the _Korân_ were collected into a volume by Abû Bekr in 634. Mahomet died in 632.

=Improvisators.=

ACCOLTI (_Bernardo_), of Arezzo, called the _Unico Areti´no_ (1465-1535).