Chapter VII: Part 7

=Gol´thred= (_Lawrence_), mercer, near Cumnor Place.—Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time Elizabeth).

=Gold´y.= Oliver Goldsmith was so-called by Dr. Johnson (1728-1774).

=Gol´gotha= (“_the place of a skull_”), a small elevated spot north-west of Jerusalem, where criminals were executed. Used in poetry to signify a battle-field or place of great slaughter.

Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds,
Or memorize another Golgotha.
Shakespeare, _Macbeth_, act i. sc. 2. (1606).

⁂ In the University of Cambridge, the dons’ gallery in Great St. Mary’s is called “Golgotha” because the _heads_ of the colleges sit there.

_Golgotha_ (_The City_), Temple Bar, London; so called because the heads of traitors, etc., used at one time to be exposed there after decapitation. This was not done from any notion of punishment, but simply to advertise the fact as a warning to evil-doers. Temple Bar was taken away from the Strand in 1878.

=Golightly= (_Mr._), the fellow who wants to borrow 5_s._ in _Lend me Five Shillings_, a farce by J.M. Morton.

=Goltho=, the friend of Ul´finore (3 _syl._). He was in love with Birtha, daughter of Lord As´tragon, the sage; but Birtha loved the Duke Gondibert. The tale being unfinished, the sequel of Goltho is not known.—Sir William Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

=Gomer= or =Godmer=, a British giant, slain by Canu´tus, one of the companions of Brute. (See GOEMOT.)

Since Gomer’s giant brood inhabited this isle.
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xiv. (1613.)

=Gomez=, a rich banker, 60 years of age, married to Elvi´ra, a young wife. He is mean, covetous, and jealous. Elvira has a liaison with Colonel Lorenzo, which Dominick, her father confessor, aids and abets; but the amour is constantly thwarted, and it turns out that Lorenzo and Elvira are brother and sister.—Dryden, _The Spanish Fryar_ (1680).

=Gond´ibert= (_Duke_), of the royal line of Lombardy. Prince Oswald of Verona, out of jealousy, stirs up a faction fight against him, which is limited by agreement to four combatants on each side. Oswald is slain by Gondibert, and Gondibert is cured of his wounds by Lord As´tragon, a philosopher and sage. Rhodalind, the only child of Aribert, king of Lombardy, is in love with Gondibert, and Aribert hopes that he will become his son-in-law and heir, but Gondibert is betrothed to Birtha. One day while walking with his affianced Birtha, a messenger from the king comes post haste to tell him that Aribert had publicly proclaimed him his heir, and that Rhodalind was to be his bride. Gondibert still told Birtha he would remain true to her, and gave her an emerald ring, which would turn pale if his love declined. As the tale was never finished, the sequel cannot be given.—Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

=Gon´eril=, eldest daughter of King Lear, and wife of the duke of Albany. She treated her aged father with such scant courtesy, that he could not live under her roof; and she induced her sister Regan to follow her example. Subsequently both the sisters fell in love with Edmund, natural son of the earl of Gloucester, whom Regan designed to marry when she became a widow. Goneril, out of jealousy, now poisoned her sister, and “after slew herself.” Her name is proverbial for “filial ingratitude.”—Shakespeare, _King Lear_ (1605).

=Gonin=, a buffoon of the sixteenth century, who acquired great renown for his clever tricks, and gave rise to the French phrase, _Un tour de maître Gonin_ (“a trick of Master Gonin’s”).

=Gonnella=, domestic jester to the Margrave Nicolo d’Este, and to his son Borso, duke of Ferrara. The horse he rode on was _ossa atque pellis totus_, and like Rosinantê, has become proverbial. Gonnella’s jests were printed in 1506.

=Gonsalez= [_Gon.zalley_], Fernan Gonsalez or Gonsalvo, a Spanish hero of the tenth century, whose life was twice saved by his wife Sancha. His adventures have given birth to a host of ballads.

(There was a Hernandez Gonsalvo of Cordŏva, called “The great Captain” (1443-1515), to whom some of the ballads refer, and this is the hero of Florian’s historical novel entitled _Gonzalve de Cordoue_ (1791), borrowed from the Spanish romance called _The Civil Wars of Granada_, by Gines Perez de la Hita).

=Gonza´lo=, an honest old counsellor of Alonso, King of Naples.—Shakespeare, _The Tempest_ (1609).

_Gonzalo_, an ambitious but politic lord of Venice.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Laws of Candy_ (1647.)

=Good Earl= (_The_), Archibald, eighth earl of Angus, who died in 1588.

=Good Regent= (_The_), James Stuart, earl of Murray, regent of Scotland after the imprisonment of Queen Mary, his half-sister. (Born 1533, regent 1567, assassinated 1570).

=Goodfellow= (_Robin_), son of King Oberon. When six years old, he was so mischievous that his mother threatened to whip him, and he ran away; but falling asleep, his father told him he should have anything he wished for, with power to turn himself into any shape, so long as he did harm to none but knaves and queens.

His first exploit was to turn himself into a horse, to punish a churl, whom he conveyed into a great plash of water and left there, laughing, as he flew off “Ho, ho, ho!” He afterwards went to a farm-house, and taking a fancy to a maid, does her work during the night. The maid, watching him, and observing him rather bare of clothes, provides him with garments, which he puts out, laughing “Ho, ho, ho!” He next changes himself into a Will-o-the-wisp, to mislead a party of merry-makers, and having misled them all night, he left them at daybreak, with a “Ho, ho, ho!” At another time, seeing a fellow ill-using a maiden, he changed himself into a hare, ran between his legs, and then growing into a horse, tossed him into a hedge, laughing, “Ho, ho, ho!”—_The Mad Pranks and Merry Jests of Robin Goodfellow_ (1580). (Percy Society, 1841).

_Goodfellow_ (_Robin_), a general name for any domestic spirit, as imp, urchin, elf, hag, fay, Kit-wi’-the-can´stick, spoorn, man-i’-the-oak, Puck, hobgoblin, Tom-tumbler, bug, bogie, Jack-o’-lantern, Friar’s lantern, Will-o’-the-wisp, Ariel, nixie, kelpie, etc., etc.

A bigger kind than these German kobolds is that called with us Robin Goodfellows, that would in those superstitious times grind corn for a mess of milk, cut wood, or do any manner of drudgery work.... These have several names ... but we commonly call them Pucks.—Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, 47.

⁂ The Goodfellows, being very numerous, can hardly be the same as Robin, son of Oberon, but seem to obtain the name because their character was similar, and, indeed, Oberon’s son must be included in the generic name.

=Goodman of Ballengeich=, the assumed name of James V. of Scotland when he made his disguised visits through the districts round Edinburgh and Stirling.

⁂ Haroun-al-Raschid, Louis XI., Peter “The Great,” etc., made similar visits in disguise, for the sake of obtaining information by personal inspection.

=Good´man Grist=, the miller, a friend of the smugglers.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Goodricke= (_Mr._), a Catholic priest at Middlemas.—Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_ (time, George II.).

=Goodsire= (_Johnnie_), a weaver, near Charles’s Hope farm.—Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time George II.).

=Goodwill=, a man who had acquired £10,000 by trade, and wished to give his daughter Lucy in marriage to one of his relations, in order to keep the money in the family: but Lucy would not have any one of the boobies, and made choice instead of a strapping footman. Goodwill had the good sense to approve of the choice.—Fielding, _The Virgin Unmasked_.

=Goody Blake=, a poor old woman detected by Harry Gill picking up sticks from his farm-land. The farmer compelled her to leave them, and threatened to punish her for trespass. Goody Blake turned on the lusty yeoman, and said never from the moment should he know the blessing of warmth; and sure enough, neither clothing, fire, nor summer sun ever did make him warm again.

No word to any man he utters,
A bed or up, to young or old;
But ever to himself he mutters,
“Poor Harry Gill is very cold.”
Wordsworth, _Goody Blake and Harry Gill_ (1798).

=Goody Palsgrave=, a name of contempt given to Frederick V., elector palatine. He is also called the “Snow King” and the “Winter King,” because the Protestants made him king of Bohemia in the autumn of 1619, and he was set aside in the autumn of 1620.

=Goody Two-shoes=, a nursery tale supposed to be by Oliver Goldsmith, written in 1765 for Newbery, the bookseller of St. Paul’s Churchyard.

=Goose Gibbie=, a half-witted lad, first entrusted to “keep the turkeys,” but afterwards “advanced to the more important office of minding the cows.”—Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

=Goosey Goderich=, Frederick Robinson, created viscount Goderich in 1827. So called by Cobbett, for his incapacity as a statesman (premier 1827-1828).

=Gor´boduc=, GORBODUG, or GORBOGUD, a mythical British king, who had two sons (Ferrex and Porrex). Ferrex was driven by his brother out of the kingdom, and on attempting to return with a large army, was defeated by him and slain. Soon afterwards, Porrex himself was murdered in his bed by his own mother, Widen, who loved Ferrex the better.—Geoffrey, _British History_, ii. 16 (1142).

_Gorboduc_, the first historical play in the language. The first three acts by Thomas Norton, and the last two by Thomas Sackville, afterwards Lord Buckhurst (1562). It is further remarkable as being the father of Iambic ten-syllable blank verse.

Those who last did tug
In worse than civil war, the sons of Gorbodug.
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612).

=Gor´brias=, lord-protector of Ibe´ria, and father of King Arba´ces (3 _syl._).—Beaumont and Fletcher, _A King or No King_ (1611).

=Gor´dius=, a Phrygian peasant, chosen by the Phrygians for their king. He consecrated to Jupiter his wagon, and tied the yoke to the draught-tree so artfully that the ends of the cord could not be discovered. A rumor spread abroad that he who untied this knot would be king of Asia, and when Alexander the Great was shown it, he cut it with his sword, saying, “It is thus we loose our knots.”

=Gordon= (_The Rev. Mr._), chaplain in Cromwell’s troop.—Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

_Gordon_ (_Lord George_), leader of the “No Popery riots” of 1779. Half mad, but really well-intentioned, he countenanced the most revolting deeds, urged on by his secretary, Gashford. Lord George Gordon died in jail, 1793.—C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841).

=Gordo´nius= or =Gordon= (_Bernard_), a noted physician of the thirteenth century in the Rouergue (France), author of _Lilium Medicinœ, de Morborum prope Omnium Curatione, septem Particulis Distributum_ (Naples, 1480).

And has Gordonius “the divine,”
In his famous _Lily of Medicine_ ...
No remedy potent enough to restore you?
Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_.

=Gor´gibus=, an honest, simple-minded citizen of middle life, father of Madelon and uncle of Cathos. The two girls have their heads turned by novels, but are taught by a harmless trick to discern between the easy manners of a gentleman and the vulgar pretentions of a lackey.—Molière, _Les Précieuses Ridicules_ (1659).

_Gorgibus_, father of Célie. He is a headstrong, unreasonable old man, who tells his daughter that she is forever reading novels, and filling her mind with ridiculous notions about love. “Vous parlez de Dieu bien moins que de Lélie,” he says, and insists on her giving up Lélie for Valère, saying, “S’il ne l’est amant, il le sera mari,” and adds, “L’amour est souvent un fruit du mariage.”

Jetez-moi dans le feu tous ces méchants écrits [i.e. _romances_]
Qui gatent tous les jours tant de jeunes esprits;
Lisez moi, comme il faut, an lieu de ces sornettes,
_Les Quatrains_ de Pibrac, et les doctes _Tablettes_
Du conseiller Matthieu; l’ouvrage est de valeur.
Et plein de beaux dictons à réciter par cœur.
Molière, _Sganarelle_ (1660).

=Gor´loïs= (3 _syl._), said by some to be the father of King Arthur. He was lord of Tintag´il Castle, in Cornwall; his wife was Igrayne (3 _syl._) or Igerna, and one of his daughters (Bellicent) was, according to some authorities, the wife of Lot, king of Orkney.

⁂ Gorloïs was not the father of Arthur, although his wife (Igrayne or Igerna) was his mother.

Then all the kings asked Merlin, “For what cause is that beardless boy Arthur made king?” “Sirs,” said Merlin, “because he is King Uther’s son, born in wedlock ... More than three hours after the death of Gorlois, did the king wed the fair Igrayne.”—Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 2, 6 (1470).

[_Uther_] was sorry for the death of Gorlois, but rejoiced that Igerna was now at liberty to marry again ... they continued to live together with much affection, and had a son and daughter, whose names were Arthur and Anne.—Geoffrey, _British History_, iii. 20 (1142).

⁂ It is quite impossible to reconcile the contradictory accounts of Arthur’s sister and Lot’s wife. Tennyson says Bellicent, but the tales compiled by Sir T. Malory all give Margawse. Thus in _La Mort d’Arthur_, i. 2, we read: “King Lot of Lothan and of Orkeney wedded Margawse [_Arthur’s sister_]” (pt. i. 36), “whose sons were Gawaine, Agravaine, Gaheris, and Gareth;” but Tennyson says Gareth was “the last tall son of Lot and Bellicent.”

=Gosh=, the Right Hon. Charles Arbuthnot, the most confidential friend of the duke of Wellington, with whom he lived.

=Gosling= (_Giles_), landlord of the Black Bear inn, near Cumnor place.

_Cicely Gosling_, daughter of Giles.—Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Gospel Doctor= (_The_), John Wycliffe (1324-1384).

=Gospeller= (_The Hot_), Dr. R. Barnes, burnt at Smithfield, 1540.

=Gossips= (_Prince of_), Samuel Pepys, noted for his gossiping _Diary_, commencing January 1, 1659, and continued for nine years (1632-1703).

=Goswin=, a rich merchant of Bruges, who is in reality Florez, son of Gerrard, king of the beggars. His mistress, Bertha, the supposed daughter of Vandunke, the burgomaster of Bruges, is in reality the daughter of the duke of Brabant.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggar’s Bush_ (1622).

=Goths= (_The last of the_), Roderick, the thirty-fourth of the Visigothic line of kings in Spain. He was the son of Cor´dova, who had his eyes put out by Viti´za, the king of the Visigoths, whereupon Roderick rose against Vitiza and dethroned him; but the sons and adherents of Vitiza applied to the Moors, who sent over Tarik with 90,000 men, and Roderick was slain at the battle of Xerres, A.D. 711.

⁂ Southey has an epic poem called _Roderick, the Last of the Goths_. He makes “Rusilla” to be the mother of Roderick.

=Gothland= or =Gottland=, an island called “The eye of the Baltic.” Geoffrey of Monmouth says that when King Arthur had added Ireland to his dominions, he sailed to Iceland, which he subdued, and then both “Doldavius, king of Gothland, and Gunfasius, king of the Orkneys, voluntarily became his tributaries.”—_British History_, ix. 10 (1142).

To Gothland now again this conqueror maketh forth ...
Where Iceland first he won, and Orkney after got.
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612).

=Gottlieb= [_Got.leeb_], a cottage farmer, with whom Prince Henry of Hoheneck went to live after he was struck with leprosy. The cottager’s daughter Elsie volunteered to sacrifice her life for the cure of the prince, and was ultimately married to him.—Hartmann von der Aue, _Poor Henry_ (twelfth century); Longfellow, _Golden Legend_.

=Gour´lay= (_Ailsie_), a privileged fool or jester.—Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

_Gourlay_ (_Ailsie_), an old sibyl at the death of Alice Gray.—Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

=Gourmaz= (_Don_), a national portrait of the Spanish nobility.—Pierre Corneille, _The Cid_ (1636).

The character of Don Gourmaz, for its very excellence, drew down the censure of the French Academy.—Sir W. Scott, _The Drama_.

=Go´vernale= (3 _syl._), first the tutor and then the attendant of Sir Tristram de Lionês.

=Gow= (_Old Niell_), the fiddler.

_Nathaniel Grow_, son of the fiddler.—Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.).

_Gow_ (_Henry_) or HENRY SMITH, also called “Gow Chrom” and “Hal of the Wynd,” the armorer. Suitor of Catharine Glover “the fair maid of Perth,” whom he marries.—Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

=Gowk-thrapple= (_Maister_), a covenanting preacher.—Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

A man of coarse, mechanical, perhaps rather intrinsically feeble intellect, with the vehemence of some pulpit-drumming Gowk-thrapple.—Carlyle.

=Graaf= (_Count_), was a great speculator in corn. One year a sad famine prevailed, and he expected, like Pharaoh, king of Egypt, to make an enormous fortune by his speculation, but an army of rats, pressed by hunger, invaded his barns, and then swarming into the castle, fell on the old baron, worried him to death, and then devoured him. (See HATTO).

=Graal= (_Saint_) or ST. GREAL, is generally said to be the vessel or platter used by Christ at the last supper, in which Joseph of Arimathea caught the blood of the crucified Christ. In all descriptions of it in the Arthurian romances, it is simply the visible “presence” of Christ, or realization of the Catholic idea that the wafer, after consecration, is changed into the very body of the Saviour, and when Sir Galahad “achieved the quest of the Holy Graal,” all that is meant is that he saw with his bodily eyes the visible Saviour into which the holy wafer had been transmuted.

Then the bishop took a wafer, which was made in the likeness of bread, and at the lifting up [_the elevation of the host_] there came a figure in the likeness of a child, and the visage was as red and as bright as fire, and he smote himself into that bread: so they saw that the bread was formed of a fleshly man, and then he put it into the holy vessel again ... then [_the bishop_] took the holy vessel and came to Sir Galahad as he kneeled down, and there he received his Saviour.—Pt. iii. 101, 102.

King Pelles and Sir Launcelot caught a sight of the St. Graal; but did not “achieve it,” like Galahad.

When they went into the castle to take their repast ... there came a dove to the window, and in his bill was a little censer of gold, and there withall was such a savor as if all the spicery of the world had been there ... and a damsel, passing fair, bare a vessel of gold between her hands, and thereto the king kneeled devoutly and said his prayers ... “Oh mercy!” said Sir Launcelot, “what may this mean?”... “This,” said the king, “is the holy Sancgreall which ye have seen.”—Pt. iii. 2.

When Sir Bors de Ganis went to Corbin, and saw Galahad, the son of Sir Launcelot, he prayed that the boy might prove as good a knight as his father, and instantly the white dove came with the golden censer, and the damsel bearing the Sancgraal, and told Sir Bors that Galahad would prove a better knight than his father, and would “achieve the Sancgreall;” then both dove and damsel vanished.—Pt. iii. 4.

Sir Percival, the son of Sir Pellinore, king of Wales, after his combat with Sir Ector de Maris (brother of Sir Launcelot), caught a sight of the Holy Graal, and both were cured of their wounds thereby. Like Sir Bors, he was with Sir Galahad when the quest was achieved (pt. iii. 14). Sir Launcelot was also miraculously cured in the same way (pt. iii. 18).

King Arthur, the queen, and all the 150 knights saw the Holy Graal as they sat at supper when Galahad was received into the fellowship of the Round Table:

First they heard a crackling and crying of thunder ... and in the midst of the blast entered a sun-beam more clear by seven times than ever they saw day, and all were lighted of the grace of the Holy Ghost ... then there entered the hall the Holy Greal [_consecrated bread_] covered with white samite; but none might see it, nor who bare it ... and when the Holy Greal had been borne thro’ the hall, the vessel suddenly departed.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 35 (1470).

⁂ The chief romances of the St. Graal are: _Parceval le Gallois_, by Chrétien de Troyes, in verse, and _Roman des Diverses Quêtes de St. Graal_, by Walter Mapes, in prose, both written in the latter part of the twelfth century; _Titurel, or the Guardian of the Holy Graal_, by Wolfram von Eschenbach; _the Romance of Parzival_, by the same—partly founded upon the poem of Chrétien—and the _Life of Joseph of Arimathēa_, by Robert de Borron, all belonging to the early part of the thirteenth century; _The Holy Grail_, by Tennyson.

=Gracchi= (_The_). Caius and Tiberius Gracchus, sons of the Roman matron, Cornelia, and leaders of the populace in several revolutions.

=Grace= (_Lady_), a sister of Lady Townly, and the engaged wife of Mr. Manly. The very opposite of a lady of fashion. She says:

“In summer I could pass my leisure hours in reading, walking, ... or sitting under a green tree: in dressing, dining, chatting with an agreeable friend; perhaps hearing a little music, taking a dish of tea, or a game at cards; managing my family, looking into its accounts, playing with my children ... or in a thousand other innocent amusements.”—Vanbrugh and Cibber, _The Provoked Husband_, iii. (1728).

“No person,” says George Colman, “has ever more successfully performed the elegant levities of ‘Lady Townly’ upon the stage, or more happily practiced the amiable virtues of ‘Lady Grace’ in the circles of society, than Miss Farren (the countess of Dirby, 1759-1829).”

=Grace-be-here Humgudgeon=, a corporal in Cromwell’s troop.—Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

=Grace= (_Rev. Paul_), mild, nervous little Oxonian curate who yet does good parish-work among colliers and peasants.—Frances Hodgson Burnett, _That Lass o’ Lowrie’s_, (1877).

_Grace Pelham_, accomplished and good daughter of the Colonel who plays a prominent part in the army novels of Captain Charles King.—Charles King, U.S.A., _The Colonel’s Daughter_.

=Gracio´sa=, a lovely princess, who is the object of a step-mother’s most implacable hatred. The step-mother’s name is Grognon, and the tale shows how all her malicious plots are thwarted by Percinet, a fairy prince, in love with Graciosa.

=Gracio´so=, the licensed fool of Spanish drama. He has his coxcomb and truncheon, and mingles with the actors without aiding or abetting the plot. Sometimes he transfers his gibes from the actors to the audience, like our circus clowns.

=Gradas´so=, king of Serica´na, “bravest of the pagan knights.” He went against Charlemagne with 100,000 vassals in his train, “all discrowned kings,” who never addressed him but on their knees.—Bojardo, _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495); Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Grad´grind= (_Thomas_), a man of facts and realities. Everything about him is square; his forehead is square, and so is his fore-finger, with which he emphasizes all he says. Formerly he was in the wholesale hardware line. In his greatness he becomes M.P. for Coketown, and he lives at Stone Lodge, a mile or so from town. He prides himself on being eminently practical; and though not a bad man at heart, he blights his children by his hard, practical way of bringing them up.

_Mrs. Gradgrind_, wife of Thomas Gradgrind. A little thin woman, always taking physic, without receiving from it any benefit. She looks like an indifferently executed transparency without light enough behind the figure. She is always complaining, always peevish, and dies soon after the marriage of her daughter Louisa.

_Tom Gradgrind_, son of the above, a sullen young man, much loved by his sister, and holding an office in the bank of his brother-in-law, Josiah Bounderby. Tom robs the bank, and throws suspicion on Stephen Blackpool, one of the hands in Bounderby’s factory. When found out, Tom takes refuge in the circus of the town, disguised as a black servant, till he effects his escape from England.

_Louisa Gradgrind_, eldest daughter of Thomas Gradgrind, M.P. She marries Josiah Bounderby, banker and mill-owner. Louisa has been so hardened by her bringing up, that she appears cold and indifferent to everything, but she dearly loves her brother Tom.—C. Dickens, _Hard Times_, (1854).

=Græme= (_Roland_), heir of Avenel (2 _syl._). He first appears as page to the lady of Avenel, then as page to Mary Queen of Scots.

_Magdalen Græme_, dame of Heathergill, grandmother of Roland Græme. She appears to Roland disguised as Mother Nicneven, an old witch at Kinross.—Sir W. Scott, _The Abbott_ (time Elizabeth).

_Græme_ (_William_), the red riever [_free-booter_] at Westburnflat.—Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne).

=Grævius= or _J.G. Græfe_ of Saxony, editor of several of the Latin classics (1632-1703).

Believe me, lady, I have more satisfaction in beholding you than I should have in conversing with Grævius and Gronovius.—Mrs. Cowley, _Who’s the Dupe?_ i. 3.

(Abraham Gronovius was a famous philologist, 1694-1775.)

=Gra´hame= (_Colonel John_), of Claverhouse, in the royal army under the duke of Monmouth. Afterwards viscount of Dundee.

_Cornet Richard Grahame_, the colonel’s nephew, in the same army.—Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

=Grahams=, nicknamed “Of the Hen.” The reference is this: The Grahams, having provided for a great marriage feast, found that a raid had been made upon their poultry by Donald of the Hammer (_q.v._). They went in pursuit, and a combat took place; but as the fight was for “cocks and hens,” it obtained for the Grahams the nickname of _Gramoch an Garrigh_.

=Gram=, Siegfried’s sword.

=Grammarians= (_Prince of_), Apollonios, of Alexandria. Priscian called him _Grammaticorum Princeps_ (second century B.C.)

=Grammont= (_The Count of_). He promised marriage to la belle Hamilton, but left England without performing the promise; whereupon the brothers followed him and asked him if he had not forgotten something. “True, true,” said the count, “excuse my short memory;” and returning with the brothers, he made the young lady countess of Grammont.

=Grand Jument=, meant for Diana, of Poitiers.—Rabelais, _Gargantua and Pantagruel_.

=Grand Monarque= [_mo.nark´_], Louis XIV. (1638, 1643-1715).

=Grandison=, (_Sir Charles_), the hero of a novel by S. Richardson, entitled _The History of Sir Charles Grandison_. Sir Charles is the beau ideal of a perfect hero, the union of a good Christian and perfect English gentleman; but such a “faultless monster the world ne’er saw.” Richardson’s ideal of this character was Robert Nelson, reputed author of the _Whole Duty of Man_ (1753).

Like the old lady mentioned by Sir Walter Scott, who chose _Sir Charles Grandison_ because she could go to sleep for half an hour at any time during its reading, and still find the personages just where she left them, conversing in the cedar parlor.—_Encyc. Brit._, Art. “Romance.”

Grandison is the English _Emile_, but an Emile completely instructed. His discourses are continual precepts, and his actions are examples. Miss Byron is the object of his affection.—_Editor of Arabian Nights Continued_, iv. 72.

=Grandmother.= Lord Byron calls the _British Review_ “My Grandmother’s Review,” and jestingly says he purchased its favorable criticism of _Don Juan_.

For fear some prudish readers should grow skittish,
I’ve bribed “My Grandmother’s Review,” _The British_;
I sent it in a letter to the editor,
Who thanked me duly by return of post....
And if my gentle Muse he please to roast....
All I can say is—that he had the money.
Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 209, 210 (1819).

=Grane= (2 _syl._), Siegfried’s horse, whose speed outstripped the wind.

=Grane´angowl= (_Rev. Mr._), chaplain to Sir Duncan Campbell, at Ardenvohr Castle.—Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time Charles I.).

=Granger= (_Captain_), in love with Elizabeth Doiley, daughter of a retired slop-seller. The old father resolves to give her to the best scholar, himself being judge. Gradus, an Oxford pedant, quotes two lines of Greek, in which the word _panta_ occurs four times. “Pantry!” cries old Doiley; “no, no; you can’t persuade me that’s Greek.” The captain talks of “refulgent scintillations in the ambient void opake; crysalic spheroids, and astifarous constellations;” and when Gradus says, “It is a rant in English,” the old man boils with indignation. “Zounds!” says he; “d’ye take me for a fool? D’ye think I don’t know my own mother tongue? ’Twas no more like English than I am like Whittington’s cat!” and he drives off Gradus as a vile impostor.—Mrs. Cowley, _Who’s the Dupe?_

_Granger._ (See EDITH.)

=Grangousier=, father of Gargantua, “a good sort of a fellow in his younger days, and a notable jester. He loved to drink neat, and would eat salt meat” (bk. i. 3). He married Gargamelle (3 _syl._) daughter of the king of the Parpaillons, and had a son named Gargantua.—Rabelais, _Gargantua_, i. 3 (1533).

⁂ “Grangousier” is meant for John d’Albret, king of Navarre; “Gargamelle” for Catherine de Foix, queen of Navarre; and “Gargantua” for Henri d’Albert, king of Navarre. Some fancy that “Grangousier” is meant for Louis XII., but this cannot be, inasmuch as he is distinctly called a “heretic for declaiming against the saints” (ch. xlv.).

=Grantam= (_Miss_), a friend of Miss Godfrey, engaged to Sir James Elliot.—Sam. Foote, _The Liar_ (1761).

=Grant´mesnil= (_Sir Hugh de_), one of the knights challengers at the tournament.—Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Grantorto=, the personification of rebellion in general, and of the evil genius of the Irish rebellion of 1580 in particular. Grantorto is represented as a huge giant, who withheld from Irēna [i.e. _Iernê_ or _Ireland_] her inheritance. Sir Artĕgal [_Arthur, Lord Grey of Wilton_], being sent to destroy him, challenged him to single combat, and having felled him to the earth with his sword Chrysa´or, “reft off his head to ease him of his pain.”—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 12 (1596).

=Grass= (_Cronos_), a grass which gives those who taste it an irresistible desire for the sea. Glaucus, the Bœo´tian fisherman, observed that all the fishes which he laid on the grass instantly leaped back into the water, whereupon he also tasted the grass, and was seized with the same irresistible desire. Leaping into the sea, he became a minor sea-god, with the gift of prophecy.

=Gra´tian= (_Father_), the begging friar at John Mengs’s inn at Kirchhoff.—Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Gratia´no,= one of Antonio’s friends. He “talked an infinite deal of nothing, more than any man in all Venice.” Gratiano married Nerissa, the waiting-gentlewoman of Portia.—Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_ (1598).

_Gratiano_, brother of Brabantio, and uncle of Desdemona.—Shakespeare, _Othello_ (1611).

=Graunde Amoure= (_Sir_), walking in a meadow, was told by Fame of a beautiful lady named La belle Pucell, who resided in the Tower of Musyke. He was then conducted by Gouvernance and Grace to the Tower of Doctrine, where he received instruction from the seven Sciences:—Gramer, Logyke, Rethorike, Arismetricke, Musyke, Geometry, and Astronomy. In the Tower of Musyke he met La belle Pucell, with whom he fell in love, but they parted for a time. Graunde Amoure went to the Tower of Chivalry to perfect himself in the arts of knighthood, and there he received his degree from King Melyz´yus. He then started on his adventures, and soon encountered False Report, who joined him and told him many a lying tale; but Lady Correction, coming up, had False Report soundly beaten, and the knight was entertained at her castle. Next day he left, and came to a wall where hung a shield and horn. On blowing the horn, a three-headed monster came forth, with whom he fought, and cut off the three heads, called, Falsehood, Imagination, and Perjury. He passed the night in the house of Lady Comfort, who attended to his wounds; and next day he slew a giant fifteen feet high and with seven heads. Lastly, he slew the monster Malyce, made by enchantment of seven metals. His achievements over, he married La belle Pucell, and lived happily till he was arrested by Age, having for companions Policye and Avarice. Death came at last to carry him off, and Remembrance wrote his epitaph.—Stephen Hawes, _The Passe-tyme of Plesure_ (1515).

_Graunde Amoure’s Steed_, Galantyse, the gift of King Melyz´yus when he conferred on him the degree of knighthood.

I myselfe shall give you a worthy stede,
Called Galantyse, to helpe you in your nede.
Stephen Hawes, _The Passe-tyme of Plesure_, xxviii. (1515).

_Graunde Armoure’s sword_, Clare Prudence.

Drawing my swerde, that was both faire and bright,
I clippëd Clare Prudence.
Stephen Hawes, _The Passe-tyme of Plesure_, xxxiii. (1515).

=Grave´airs= (_Lady_), a lady of very dubious virtue, in _The Careless Husband_, by Colley Cibber (1704).

Mrs. Hamilton [1730-1788], upon her entrance, was saluted with a storm of hisses, and advancing to the footlights said, “Gemmen and ladies, I s’pose as how you hiss me because I wouldn’t play ‘Lady Graveairs’ last night at Mrs. Bellamy’s benefit. I would have done so, but she said as how my audience stunk, and were all tripe people.” The pit roared with laughter, and the whole house shouted “Mrs. Tripe!” a title which the fair speechifier retained ever after.—_Memoir of Mrs. Hamilton_ (1803.)

=Gray=, (_Old Alice_), a former tenant of the Ravenswood family.—Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

_Gray_ (_Dr. Gideon_), the surgeon at Middlemas.

_Mrs. Gray_, the surgeon’s wife.

_Menie Gray_, the “surgeon’s daughter,” taken to India and given to Tippoo Saib as an addition to his harem, but, being rescued by Hyder Ali, was restored to Hartley; after which she returned to her country.—Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_ (time, George II.).

_Gray_ (_Daniel_). A Christian of the olden type; Puritan by ancestry, rigid in creed, austere in manner. Supposed to be a portrait of the author’s father.

“He could see naught but vanity in beauty
And naught but weakness in a fond caress,
And pitied men whose views of Christian duty
Allowed indulgence in such foolishness.”

Yet so true of heart and faithful in duty to _God_ and man that—

“If I ever win the home in heaven
For whose sweet rest I ever hope and pray,
In the great company of the forgiven
I shall be sure to find old Daniel Gray.”
Josiah Gilbert Holland, _Old Daniel Gray_ (1879).

_Gray_ (_Duncan_) wooed a young lass called Maggie, but as Duncan looked asklent, Maggie “coost her head” and bade Duncan behave himself. “Duncan fleeched, and Duncan prayed,” but Meg was deaf to his pleadings; so Duncan took himself off in dudgeon. This was more than Maggie meant, so she fell sick and like to die. As Duncan “could na be her death,” he came forward manfully again, and then “they were crouse [_merry_] and canty bath. Ha, ha! the wooing o’t.”—R. Burns, _Duncan Gray_ (1792).

_Gray_ (_Mary_), daughter of a country gentleman of Perth. When the plague broke out in 1668, Mary Gray and her friend Bessy Bell retired to an unfrequented spot called Burn Braes, where they lived in a secluded cottage and saw no one. A young gentleman brought them food, but he caught the plague, communicated it to the two ladies, and all three died.—Allan Ramsay, _Bessy Bell and Mary Gray_.

_Gray_ (_Auld Robin_). Jennie, a Scotch lass, was loved by young Jamie; “but saving a crown, he had naething else besides.” To make that crown a pound, young Jamie went to sea, and both were to be for Jennie. He had not been gone many days when Jennie’s mother fell sick, her father broke his arm, and their cow was stolen; then auld Robin came forward and maintained them both. Auld Robin loved the lass, and “wi’ tears in his ’ee,” said, “Jennie, for their sakes, oh, marry me!” Jennie’s heart said “nay,” for she looked for Jamie back; but her father urged her, and the mother pleaded with her eye, and so she consented. They had not been married above a month when Jamie returned. They met; she gave him one kiss, and though she “gang like a ghaist,” she made up her mind, like a brave good lassie, to be a gude wife, for auld Robin was very kind to her (1772).

This ballad was composed by Lady Anne Lindsay, daughter of the earl of Balcarres (afterwards Lady Barnard). It was written to an old Scotch tune called _The Bridegroom Grat when the Sun went down_. Auld Robin Gray was her father’s herdsman. When Lady Anne was writing the ballad, and was piling distress on Jennie, she told her sister that she had sent Jamie to sea, made the mother sick, and broken the father’s arm, but wanted a fourth calamity. “Steal the cow, sister Anne,” said the little Elizabeth; and so “the cow was stolen awa’,” and the song completed.

=Grayson= (_Mrs._). Brave wife who, weaponless and alone, when an Indian tries to enter the block-house by an upper window, clamps his wrist to the window sill in such a way that, as his foot slips, he is suspended by it. He hangs thus for a moment, and the wrist breaks. She lets him go, and he falls to ground without.—William Gilmore Simms, _The Yemassee_ (1835).

=Graysteel=, the sword of Kol, fatal to its owner. It passed into several hands, and always brought ill-luck with it.—_Icelandic Edda._

=Gray Swan=. Ship in which a sailor-boy sails away, not to return for twenty years, when he comes back to his mother and incites her to defence of the missing son by feigning to blame him for his twenty years’ silence. Her spirited vindication of her darling causes him to discover himself to her.—Alice Cary, _Poems_ (1876).

=Great Captain= (_The_), Gonsalvo de Cor´dova, _el Gran Capitan_ (1453-1515).

Manuel I. [Comnēnus], emperor of Trebizond, is so called also (1120, 1143-1180).

=Great Cham of Literature=, Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784).

=Great Commoner= (_The_), William Pitt (1759-1806).

=Great Dauphin= (_The_), Louis, the son of Louis XIV. (1661-1711).

⁂ The “Little Dauphin” was the duke of Bourgoyne, son of the Great or Grand Dauphin. Both died before Louis XIV.

=Great Duke= (_The_), the duke of Wellington (1769-1852).

Bury the Great Duke
With an empire’s lamentation;
Let us bury the Great Duke
To the noise of the mourning of a mighty nation.
Tennyson.

=Great-Head= or CANMORE, Malcolm III. of Scotland (* 1057-1093).

=Great Heart=. The valiant guide reappears in George Wood’s satire. _Modern Pilgrims_, published in 1855.

=Great-heart= (_Mr._), the guide of Christiana and her family to the Celestial City. Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, ii. (1685).

=Great Magician= (_The_) or _The Great Magician of the North_, Sir Walter Scott. So called by Professor John Wilson (1771-1832).

=Great Marquis= (_The_), James Graham, marquis of Montrose (1612-1650).

I’ve told thee how we swept Dundee,
And tamed the Lindsays’ pride;
But never have I told thee yet
How the Great Marquis died.
Aytoun.

_Great Marquis_ (_The_), Dom Sebastiano Jose de Carvalho, Marquis de Pombal, greatest of all the Portuguese statesmen (1699-1782).

=Great Moralist= (_The_), Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784).

=Great Unknown= (_The_), Sir Walter Scott, who published his _Waverley Novels_ anonymously (1771-1832).

=Great Unwashed= (_The_). The artisan class were first so called by Sir W. Scott.

=Greaves= (_Sir Launcelot_), a well-bred young English squire of the George II. period; handsome, virtuous, and enlightened, but crack-brained. He sets out, attended by an old sea-captain, to detect fraud and treason, abase insolence, mortify pride, discourage slander, disgrace immodesty, and punish ingratitude. Sir Launcelot, in fact, is a modern Don Quixote, and Captain Crow is his Sancho Panza. T. Smollet, _The Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves_ (1760).

Smollett became editor of the _Critical Review_, and an attack in that journal on Admiral Knowles led to a trial for libel. The author was sentenced to pay a fine of £100, and suffer three months imprisonment. He consoled himself in prison by writing his novel of _Launcelot Greaves_.—Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 65.

=Grecian Daughter= (_The_), Euphrasia, daughter of Evander, a Greek who dethroned Dionysius the Elder, and became king of Syracuse. In his old age he was himself dethroned by Dionysius the Younger, and confined in a dungeon in a rock, where he was saved from starvation by his daughter, who fed him with “the milk designed for her own babe.” Timoleon having made himself master of Syracuse, Dionysius accidentally encountered Evander, his prisoner, and was about to kill him, when Euphrasia rushed forward and stabbed the tyrant to the heart.—A. Murphy, _The Grecian Daughter_ (1772).

⁂ As an historical drama, this plot is much the same as if the writer had said that James I. (of England) abdicated and retired to St. Germain, and when his son James II. succeeded to the crown, he was beheaded at White hall; for Murphy makes Dionysius the Elder to have been dethroned, and going to Corinth to live (act i.), and Dionysius the Younger to have been slain by the dagger of Euphrasia; whereas Dionysius the Elder never was dethroned, but died in Syracuse at the age of 63; and Dionysius the Younger was not slain in Syracuse, but being dethroned, went to Corinth, where he lived and died in exile.

=Greedy= (_Justice_), thin as a thread paper, always eating and always hungry. He says to Sir Giles Overreach (act iii. 1), “Oh, I do much honor a chine of beef! Oh, I do reverence a loin of veal!” As a justice, he is most venial—the promise of a turkey will buy him, but the promise of a haunch of venison will out-buy him.—Massinger, _A New Way to Pay Old Debts_ (1628).

=Greek Church= (_Fathers of the_): Eusebius, Athana´sius, Basil “the great,” Gregory Nazianze´nus, Gregory of Nyssa, Cyril of Jerusalem, Chrys´ostom, Epipha´nius, Cyril of Alexandria, and Ephraim, deacon of Edessa.

=Greeks= (_Last of the_) Philopœ´men of Megalop´olis, whose great object was to infuse into the Achæans a military spirit, and establish their independence (B.C. 252-183).

_Greeks joined Greeks._ Clytus said to Alexander that Philip was the greater warrior:

I have seen him march,
And fought beneath his dreadful banner, where
The boldest at this table would have trembled.
Nay, frown not, sir, you cannot look me dead;
When Greeks joined Greeks, then was the tug of
war.
N. Lee, _Alexander the Great, iv. 2_ (1678).

⁂ Slightly altered into _When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war_. This line of Nathaniel Lee has become a household phrase.

_To play the Greek_, to act like a harlot. When Cressid says of Helen, “Then she’s a merry Greek indeed,” she means that Helen is no better than a _fille publique_. Probably Shakespeare had his eye upon “fair Hiren,” in Peel’s play called _The Turkish Mahomet and Hyren the Fair Greek._ “A fair Greek” was at one time a euphemism for a courtezan.

=Green= (_Mr. Paddington_), clerk at Somerset House.

_Mrs. Paddington Green_, his wife.—T.M. Morton, _If I had a Thousand a Year_.

_Green_ (_Verdant_), a young man of infinite simplicity, who goes to college, and is played upon by all the practical jokers of _alma mater_. After he has bought his knowledge by experience, the butt becomes the “butter” of juveniles greener than himself. Verdant Green wore spectacles, which won for him the nickname of “Gig-lamps.”—Cuthbert Bede [Rev. Edw. Bradley], _Verdant Green_ (1860).

_Green_ (_Widow_), a rich, buxom dame of 40, who married first for money, and intended to choose her second husband “to please her vanity.” She fancied Waller loved her, and meant to make her his wife, but Sir William Fondlove was her adorer. When the politic widow discovered that Waller had fixed his love on another, she gave her hand to the old beau, Sir William; for if the news got wind of her love for Waller, she would become the laughing-stock of all her friends.—S. Knowles, _The Love-Chase_ (1837).

_Green Bird_ (_The_), a bird that told one everything it was asked. An oracular bird, obtained by Fairstar after the failure of Cherry and her two brothers. It was this bird who revealed to the king that Fairstar was his daughter and Cherry his nephew. Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Fairstar and Prince Cherry,” 1682).

=Green Horse= (_The_), the 5th Dragoon Guards (_not_ the 5th Dragoons). So called from their green velvet facings.

=Green Howard=, (_The_), the 19th Foot. So called from the Hon. Charles Howard, their colonel from 1738 to 1748.

=Green Knight= (_The_), Sir Pertolope (3 _syl_.), called by Tennyson “Evening Star” or “Hesperus.” He was one of the four brothers who kept the passages of Castle Perilous, and was overthrown by Sir Gareth.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 127 (1470); Tennyson, _Idylls_ (“Gareth and Lynette”).

⁂ Tennyson in his “Gareth and Lynette” chooses to call the _Green_ Knight “Evening Star,” and the _Blue_ Knight “Morning Star.” In the old romance the combat with the “Green Knight” was at _dawn_, and with the “Blue Knight” at _sunset_.—See _Notes_ and _Queries_ (February 16, 1878).

_Green Knight_ (_The_), a pagan knight, who demanded Fezon in marriage, but being overcome by Orson, was obliged to resign his claim.—_Valentine and Orson_ (fifteenth century).

=Green Linnets=, the 39th Foot. Their facings are green.

=Green Man= (_The_). The man who used to let off fireworks was so called in the reign of James I.

Have you any squibs, any green man in your shows?—John Kirke [R. Johnson], _The Seven Champions of Christendom_ (1617).

_Green Man_ (_The_), a gentleman’s gamekeeper, at one time clad in green.

But the green man shall I pass by unsung?...
A squire’s attendant clad in keeper’s green.
Crabbe, _Borough_ (1810).

=Greenhalgh=, messenger of the earl of Derby.—Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Greenhorn= (_Mr. Gilbert_), an attorney, in partnership with Mr. Gabriel Grinderson.

_Mr. Gernigo Greenhorn_, father of Mr. Gilbert.—Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

=Greenleaf= (_Gilbert_), the old archer at Douglas Castle.—Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

=Gregory=, a faggot-maker of good education, first at a charity school, then as waiter on an Oxford student, and then as the fag of a travelling physician. When compelled to act the doctor, he says the disease of his patient arises from “propria quæ maribus tribuuntur mascula dicas, ut sunt divorum, Mars, Bacchus, Apollo, virorum.” And when Sir Jasper says, “I always thought till now that the heart is on the left side and the liver on the right,” he replies, “Ay, sir, so they were formerly, but we have changed all that.” In Molière’s comedy, _Le Médecin Malgré Lui,_ Gregory is called “Sganarelle,” and all these jokes are in act ii. 6.—Henry Fielding, _The Mock Doctor_.

_Gregory_, father and son, hangmen in the seventeenth century. In the time of the Gregorys, hangmen were termed “esquires.” In France, executioners were termed “monsieur,” even to the breaking out of the Revolution.

=Gregson= (_Widow_), Darsie Latimer’s landlady at Shepherd’s Bush.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

_Gregson_ (_Gilbert_), the messenger of Father Buonaventura.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Gre´mio,= an old man who wishes to marry Bianca, but the lady prefers Lucentio, a young man.—Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_ (1594).

=Grendel=, the monster from which Beowulf delivered Hrothgar, king of Denmark. It was half monster, half man, whose haunt was the marshes among “a monster race.” Night after night it crept stealthily into the palace called Heorot, and slew sometimes as many as thirty of the inmates. At length Beowulf, at the head of a mixed band of warriors, went against it and slew it.—_Beowulf_, an Anglo-Saxon epic (sixth century).

=Grenville= (_Sir Richard_), the commander of _The Revenge_, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Out of his crew, ninety were sick on shore, and only a hundred able-bodied men remained on board. _The Revenge_ was one of the six ships under the command of Lord Thomas Howard. While cruising near the Azores, a Spanish fleet of fifty-three ships made towards the English, and Lord Howard sheered off, saying, “My ships are out of gear, and how can six ships-of-the-line fight with fifty-three?” Sir Richard Grenville, however, resolved to stay and encounter the foe, and “ship after ship the whole night long drew back with her dead; some were sunk, more were shattered;” and the brave hundred still fought on. Sir Richard was wounded and his ship riddled, but his cry was still “Fight on!” When resistance was no longer possible, he cried, “Sink the ship, master gunner! sink her! Split her in twain, nor let her fall into the hands of the foe!” But the Spaniards boarded her and praised Sir Richard for his heroic daring. “I have done my duty for my queen and faith,” he said, and died. The Spaniards sent the prize home, but a tempest came on, and _The Revenge_, shot-shattered, “went down, to be lost evermore in the main.”—Tennyson, _The Revenge_, a ballad of the fleet (1878).

Froude has an essay on the subject. Canon Kingsley, in _Westward Ho_! has drawn Sir Richard Grenville, and alludes to the fight. Arber published three small volumes on Sir Richard’s noble exploit. Gervase Markham has a long poem on the subject. Sir Walter Raleigh says: “If Lord Howard had stood to his guns, the Spanish fleet would have been annihilated.” Probably Browning’s _Hervé Riel_ was present to the mind of Tennyson when he wrote the ballad of _The Revenge_.

=Gresham and the Pearl.= When Queen Elizabeth visited the Exchange, Sir Thomas Gresham pledged her health in a cup of wine containing a precious stone crushed to atoms, and worth £15,000.

Here £15,000 at one clap goes Instead of sugar; Gresham drinks the pearl Unto his queen and mistress. Pledge it lords. Heywood, _If You Know not Me, You Know Nobody_.

⁂ It is devoutly to be hoped that Sir Thomas was above such absurd vanity. Very well for Queen Cleopatra, but more than ridiculous in such an imitation.

_Gresham and the Grasshopper._ There is a vulgar tradition that Sir Thomas Gresham was a foundling, and that the old beldame who brought him up was attracted to the spot where she found him, by the loud chirping of a grasshopper.

⁂ This tale arose from the grasshopper, which forms the crest of Sir Thomas.

_To Sup with Sir Thomas Gresham_, to have no supper. Similarly, “to dine with Duke Humphrey,” is to have nowhere to dine. The Royal Exchange was at one time a common lounging-place for idlers.

Tho’ little coin thy purseless pockets line,
Yet with great company thou’rt taken up;
For often with Duke Humphrey thou dost dine,
And often with Sir Thomas Gresham sup.
Hayman, _Quidlibet_ (Epigram on a loafer, 1628).

=Gretchen.= Viragoish wife of _Rip Van Winkle,_ in Washington Irving’s story of that name.

_Gretchen_, a German diminutive of Margaret; the heroine of Goethe’s _Faust_. Faust meets her on her return from church, falls in love with her, and at last seduces her. Overcome with shame, Gretchen destroys the infant to which she gives birth, and is condemned to death. Faust attempts to save her; and, gaining admission to the dungeon, finds her huddled on a bed of straw, singing wild snatches of ballads, quite insane. He tries to induce her to flee with him, but in vain. At daybreak Gretchen dies, and Faust is taken away.

Gretchen is a perfect union of homeliness and simplicity, though her love is strong as death; yet is she a human woman throughout, and never a mere abstraction. No other character ever drawn takes so strong a hold on the heart.

=Greth´el= (_Gammer_), the hypothetical narrator of the tales edited by the brothers Grimm.

⁂ Said to be Frau Viehmänin, wife of a peasant in the suburbs of Hessê Cassel, from whose mouth the brothers transcribed the tales.

=Grey= (_Lady Jane_), a tragedy by N. Rowe, (1715).

In _French_, Laplace (1745), Mde. de Staël (1800), Ch. Brifaut (1812), and Alexandre Soumet (1844), produced tragedies on the same subject. Paul Delaroche has a fine picture called “Le Supplice de Jane Grey” (1835).

=Gribouille=, the wiseacre who threw himself into a river that his clothes might not get wetted by the rain.—_A French Proverbial Saying._

=Gride= (_Arthur_), a mean old usurer, who wished to marry Madeline Bray, but Madeline loved Nicholas Nickleby, and married him. Gride was murdered.—C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

=Grier= (_Mrs._), straight-laced pietist, who says “if she didn’t think the heathen would be lost she wouldn’t see the use of the plan of salvation.”—Margaret Deland, _John Ward, Preacher_.

=Grieux= (_le chevalier de_), the hero of a French novel by the Abbé Antoine François Prévost (1697-1763). The passionate love of the hero, the Chevalier de Grieux, for Manon, leads him into a hundred dangers, the consequences of her frivolity and inconstancy. But he dares and suffers all for her sake, and at last, when she is sent into shameful exile by the authorities, he follows her, shares her privations, and remains with her till she dies.

=Grieve= (_Jackie_), landlord of an ale-house near Charlie’s Hope.—Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Griffin= (_Allan_), landlord of the Griffin inn, at Perth.—Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

=Griffin-feet=, the mark by which the Desert Fairy was known in all her metamorphoses.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The Yellow Dwarf,” 1682).

=Griffiths= (_Old_), steward of the earl of Derby.—Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time Charles II.).

_Griffiths_ (_Samuel_), London agent of Sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time George III.).

=Griflet= (_Sir_), knighted by King Arthur at the request of Merlin, who told the king that Sir Griflet would prove “one of the best knights of the world, and the strongest man of arms.”—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 20 (1470).

=Griggsby’s Station.= Old home of a newly-made rich family, for which they pine,—

“In a great big house with cyarpets on the stairs
And the pump right in the kitchen.”

“Let’s go a-visitin’ back to Griggsby Station.
Back where they’s nothin’ aggervatin’ any more,
Shet away safe in the woods around the old location,
Back where we ust to be so happy an’ so pore.”
James Whitcomb Reilly, _Afterwhiles_ (1888).

=Grildrig=, a mannikin.

She gave me the name “Grildrig,” which the family took up, and afterwards the whole kingdom. The word imports what the Latin calls _manunculus_ the Italian _homunceletion_, and the English _mannikin_.—Dean Swift, _Gulliver’s Travels_ (“Voyage to Brobdingnag,” 1726).