Chapter XXIII: Part 23

=Maidens’ Castle= (_The_), on the Severn. It was taken from a duke by seven knights, and held by them till Sir Galahad expelled them. It was called “The Maidens’ Castle,” because these knights made a vow that every maiden who passed it should be made a captive. This is an allegory.

=Mailsetter= (_Mrs._), keeper of the Fairport post-office.

_Davie Mailsetter_, her son.—Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

=Maimou´ne= (_3 syl._), a fairy, daughter of Damriat, “king of a legion of genii.” When the Princess Badoura, in her sleep, was carried to the bed of Prince Camaral´zaman, to be shown to him, Maimounê changed herself into a flea, and bit the prince’s neck to wake him. Whereupon he sees the sleeping princess by his side, falls in love with her, and afterwards marries her.—_Arabian Nights_ (“Camaralzaman and Badoura”).

=Mai´muna= or =Maimu´na=, one of the sorceresses of Dom-Daniel, who repents and turns to Allah. Thal´aba first encounters her, disguised as an old woman spinning the finest thread. He greatly marvels at its extreme fineness, but she tells him he cannot snap it; whereupon he winds it round his two wrists, and becomes powerless. Maimuna, with her sister-sorceress, Khwala, then carry him to the island of Moha´reb, where he is held in durance; but Maimuna releases him, repents, and dies.—Southey, _Thalaba, the Destroyer_, ix. (1797).

=Mainote= (_2 syl._), a pirate who infests the coast of Attica.

... boat
Of island-pirate of Mainote.
Byron, _The Giaour_ (1813).

=Mainy= (_Richard_), out of whom the Jesuits cast the seven deadly sins, each in the form of some representative animal. As each devil came forth, Mainy indicated the special sin by some trick or gesture. Thus, for _pride_, he pretended to curl his hair, for _gluttony_, to vomit, for _sloth_, to gape, and so on.—Bishop Harsnett, _Declaration of Popish Impostures_, 279, 280.

=Maitland= (_Thomas_), the pseudonym of Robert Buchanan, in _The Contemporary Review_, when he attacked the “Fleshly school.”

=Maitre des Forges.= By Georges Ohnet. A wealthy ironmaster, Phillippe Derblay, who loves Clarie de Beaulieu. In pique at her desertion by her high-born love, Gaston de Bligny, Clarie accepts and marries Phillippe. She eventually learns to love him.

=Malachi=, the canting, preaching assistant of Thomas Turnbull, a smuggler and schoolmaster.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Malacoda=, the fiend sent as an envoy to Virgil, when he conducted Dantê through hell.—Dantè, _Hell_, xxi. (1300).

=Malade Imaginaire= (_Le_), Mons. Argan, who took seven mixtures and twelve lavements in one month instead of twelve mixtures with twenty lavements, as he had hitherto done. “No wonder,” he says, “he is not so well.” He fancies his wife loves him dearly, and that his daughter is undutiful, because she declines to marry a young medical prig instead of Cléante (_2 syl._) whom she loves. His brother persuades “the malade” to counterfeit death, in order to test the sincerity of his wife and daughter. The wife rejoices greatly at his death, and proceeds to filch his property, when Argan starts up and puts an end to her pillage. Next comes the daughter’s turn. When she hears of her father’s death, she bewails him with great grief, says she has lost her best friend, and that she will devote her whole life in prayer for the repose of his soul. Argan is delighted, starts up in a frenzy of joy, declares she is a darling, and shall marry the man of her choice freely, and receive a father’s blessing.—Molière, _Le Malade Imaginaire_ (1673).

=Malagi´gi=, son of Buovo, brother of Aldĭger and Vivian (of Clarmont’s race), one of Charlemagne’s paladins, and cousin of Rinaldo. Being brought up by the fairy Orianda, he became a great enchanter.—Oriosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Malagri´da= (_Gabriel_), an Italian Jesuit and missionary to Brazil, who was accused of conspiring against the king of Portugal (1689-1761).

Lord Shelburne was nicknamed “Malagrida.” He was a zealous oppositionist during Lord North’s administration (1737-1805).

=Malagrowther= (_Sir Mungo_), a crabbed old courtier, soured by misfortune, and peevish from infirmities. He tries to make every one as sour and discontented as himself.—Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

_Malagrowther (Malachi)_, Sir W. Scott, “On the proposed change of currency, etc.” (1826).

Lockhart says that these “diatribes produced in Scotland a sensation not inferior to that of the Drapier’s letters in Ireland.” They came out in the _Edinburgh Weekly Journal_.

=Malambru´no=, a giant, first cousin to Queen Maguncia, of Candaya. “Exclusive of his natural barbarity, Malambruno was also a wizard,” who enchanted Don Calvijo and the Princess Antonomasia—the former into a crocodile of some unknown metal, and the latter into a monkey of brass. The giant sent Don Quixote the wooden horse, and was appeased “by the simple attempt of the knight to disenchant the victims of his displeasure.”—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. iii. 4, 5, (1615).

=Malaprop= (_Mrs._), aunt and guardian to Lydia Languish, the heiress. Mrs. Malaprop sets her cap at Sir Lucius O’Trigger, “a tall Irish baronet,” and corresponds with him under the name of Delia. Sir Lucius fancies it is the niece, and, when he discovers his mistake, declines the honor of marriage with the aunt. Mrs. Malaprop is a synonym for those who misapply words without mispronouncing them. Thus Mrs. Malaprop talks of a _Darbyshire putrefaction_, an _allegory on the banks of the Nile_, a _barbarous Vandyke_, she requests that _no delusions to the past_ be made, and talks of flying with the _utmost felicity_.—Sheridan, _The Rivals_ (1775).

(Mrs. Malaprop’s name is itself a clever invention; by no means _mal à propos_.)

=Malbecco=, “a cankered, crabbed carl,” very wealthy and very miserly, husband of a young wife named Hel´inore (_3 syl._), of whom he is very jealous, and not without cause. Helinore, falling in love with Sir Paridel, her guest, sets fire to the closet where her husband keeps his treasures, and elopes with Paridel, while Malbecco stops to put out the flames. This done, Malbecco starts in pursuit, and finds that Paridel has tired of the dame, who has become the satyr’s dairy-maid. He soon finds her out, but she declines to return with him; and he, in desperation, throws himself from a rock, but receives no injury. Malbecco then creeps into a cave, feeds on toads and frogs, and lives in terror lest the rock should crush him or the sea overwhelm him. “Dying, he lives on, and can never die,” for he is no longer Malbecco, “but JEALOUSY is hight.”—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 9, 10 (1590).

=Malbrough´=, corrupted in English into _Malbrook_, the hero of a popular French song. Generally thought to refer to John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, so famous for his victories over the French in the reign of Louis XIV.; but no incident of the one corresponds with the life of the other. The Malbrough of the song was evidently a crusader or ancient baron, who died in battle; and his lady, climbing the castle tower and looking out for her lord, reminds one of the mother of Sisera, who “looked out at a window, and cried through the lattice, ‘Why is his chariot so long in coming? Why tarry the wheels of his chariots? ... Have they not sped? Have they not divided the spoil?’” (_Judges_, v. 28-30). The following are the words of the song:—

“Malbrough is gone to the wars. Ah! when will he return?” “He will come back by Easter, lady, or at latest by Trinity.” “No, no! Easter is past, and Trinity is past; but Malbrough has not returned.” Then did she climb the castle tower, to look out for his coming. She saw his page, but he was clad in black. “My page, my bonnie page,” cried the lady, “what tidings bring you—what tidings of my lord?” “The news I bring,” said the page, “is very sad, and will make you weep. Lay aside your gay attire, lady, your ornaments of gold and silver, for my lord is dead. He is dead, lady, and laid in earth. I saw him borne to his last home by four officers; one carried his cuirass, one his shield, one his sword, and the fourth walked beside the bier, but bore nothing. They laid him in earth. I saw his spirit rise through the laurels. They planted his grave with rosemary. The nightingale sang his dirge. The mourners fell to the earth; and when they rose up again, they chanted his victories. Then retired they all to rest.”

This song used to be sung as a lullaby to the infant son of Louis XVI.; and Napoleon I. never mounted his charger for battle without humming the air of _Malbrough s’en va-t-en guerre_. Mon. de Las Casas says he heard him hum the same air a little before his death.

=Malbrouk=, of Basque legend, is a child brought up by his godfather of the same name. At the age of seven he is a tall, full-grown man, and, like Proteus, can assume any form by simply naming the form he wishes to assume. Thus, by saying “Jesus, ant,” he becomes an ant; and “Jesus, pigeon,” he becomes a pigeon. After performing most wonderful prodigies, and releasing the king’s three daughters who had been stolen by his godfather, he marries the youngest of the princesses, and succeeds the king on his throne.

⁂ The name Malbrouk occurs in the _Chanson de Gestes_, and in the Basque _Pastorales_. (See above MALBROUGH.)

=Malcolm=, surnamed “Can More” (“great head”), eldest son of Duncan, “the Meek,” king of Scotland. He, with his father and younger brother, was a guest of Macbeth at Inverness Castle, when Duncan was murdered. The two young princes fled—Malcolm to the English court, and his brother Donalbain to Ireland. When Macduff slew Macbeth in the battle of Dunsin´ane, the son of Duncan was set on the throne of Scotland, under the name and title of Malcolm III.—Shakespeare, _Macbeth_ (1606).

=Mal´ecasta=, the mistress of Castle Joyous, and the impersonation of lust. Britomart (the heroine of chastity) entered her bower, after overthrowing four of the six knights that guarded it; and Malecasta sought to win the stranger to wantonness, not knowing her sex. Of course, Britomart resisted all her wiles, and left the castle next morning.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 1 (1590).

=Maledisaunt=, a damsel who threw discredit on her knightly lover to prevent his encountering the danger of the battlefield. Sir Launcelot condoned her offense, and gave her the name of Bienpensaunt.

The Cape of Good Hope was called the “Cape of Storms” (_Cabo Tormentoso_) by Bartholomew Diaz, when discovered in 1493; but the king of Portugal (John II.) changed the name to “Good Hope.”

So the Euxine (that is, “the hospitable”) Sea was originally called “The Axine” (or “the inhospitable”) Sea.

=Maleffort=, seneschal of Lady Bria´na; a man of “mickle might,” slain by Sir Calidore.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, vi. 1 (1596).

=Male´ger=, (_3 syl._), captain of the host which besieged Body Castle, of which Alma was queen. Prince Arthur found that his sword was powerless to wound him, so he took him up in his arms and tried to crush him, but without effect. At length the prince remembered that the earth was the carl’s mother, and supplied him with new strength and vigor as often as he went to her for it; so he carried the body, and flung it into a lake. (See ANTÆOS.)—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 11 (1590).

=Malen´gin=, Guile personified. When attacked by Talus, he changed himself into a fox, a bush, a bird, a hedgehog, and a snake; but Talus, with his iron flail, beat him to powder, and so “deceit did the deceiver fail.” On his back Malengin carried a net “to catch fools” with.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 9 (1596).

=Malepardus=, the castle of Master Reynard, the fox, in the beast epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498).

=Males and Females.= The proportion in England is 104.5 males to 100 females; in Russia it is 108.9; and the Jews in Livonia give the ratio of 120 males born to every 100 females. The mortality of males in infancy exceeds that of females, and war greatly disturbs the balance.

=Mal-Fet= (_The chevalier_), the name assumed by Sir Launcelot in Joyous Isle, during his fit of madness, which lasted two years.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. (1470).

=Malfort= (_Mr._), a young man who has ruined himself by speculation.

_Mrs. Malfort_, the wife of the speculator, “houseless, friendless, defenceless, and forlorn.” The wants of Malfort are temporarily relieved by the bounty of Frank Heartall and the kindness of Mrs. Cheerly “the soldier’s daughter.” The return of Malfort, senior, from India, restores his son to ease and affluence.—Cherry, _The Soldier’s Daughter_ (1804).

=Malfy= (_Duchess of_), twin-sister of Ferdinand, duke of Calabria. She fell in love with Antonio, her steward, and gave thereby mortal offense to her twin-brother, Ferdinand, and to her brother, the cardinal, who employed Bosola to strangle her.—John Webster, _Duchess of Malfy_ (1618).

=Malgo,= a mythical king of Britain, noted for his beauty and his vices, his munificence and his strength. Malgo added Ireland, Iceland, Gothland, the Orkneys, Norway, and Dacia to his dominions. Geoffrey, _British History_, xi. 7 (1142).

Next Malgo ... first Orkney overran.
Proud Denmark then subdued, and spacious Norway wan.
Seized Iceland for his own, and Gothland to each shore.
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xix. (1622).

=Malesherbes= (2 _syl._). If anyone asked Malesherbes his opinion about any French words, he always sent him to the street porters at the Port au Foin, saying that they were his “masters in language.”—Racan, _Vie de Malesherbes_ (1830).

It is said that Shakespeare read his plays to an oyster-woman when he wished to know if they would suit the popular taste.

=Mal´inal=, brother of Yuhid´thiton. When the Aztecas declared war against Madoc and his colony, Malinal cast in his lot with the white strangers. He was a noble youth, who received two arrow-wounds in his leg while defending the white women; and being unable to stand, fought in their defense on his knees. When Malinal was disabled, Amal´ahta caught up the princess, and ran off with her; but Mervyn the “young page” (in fact a girl) struck him on the hamstrings with a bill-hook, and Malinal, crawling to the spot, thrust his sword in the villain’s groin and killed him.—Southey, _Madoc_, ii. 16 (1805).

=Mal´iom.= Mahomet is so called in some of the old romances.

“Send five, send six against me! By Maliom! I swear I’ll take them all.”—_Fierabras_.

=Malkin.= The maid Marian of the morris-dance is so called by Beaumont and Fletcher:

Put on the shape of order and humanity,
Or you must marry Malkin, the May-Lady.
_Monsieur Thomas_ (1619).

=Mall Cutpurse=, Mary Frith, a thief and receiver of stolen goods. John Day, in 1610, wrote “a booke called _The Madde Prancks of Merry Mall of the Bankside, with her Walks in Man’s Apparel, and to what Purpose_.” It is said that she was an androgyne (1584-1659).

=Malluch=, merchant of Antioch, who befriends Ben-Hur when he most needs substantial aid.—Lew Wallace, _Ben-Hur; A Tale of the Christ_ (1880).

=Mal-Orchol=, king of Fuär´fed (an island of Scandinavia). Being asked by Ton-Thormod to give him his daughter in marriage, he refused, and the rejected suitor made war on him. Fingal sent his son Ossian to assist Mal-Orchol, and on the very day of his arrival he took Ton-Thormod prisoner. Mal-Orchol, in gratitude, now offered Ossian his daughter in marriage; but Ossian pleaded for Ton-Thormod, and the marriage of the lady with her original suitor was duly solemnized. (The daughter’s name was Oina-Moral).—Ossian, _Oina-Morul_.

=Malony= (_Kitty_), a much maltreated cook, to whom her mistress introduced a “hay-thun Chineser” as an assistant. His imitation, in good faith, of her practice of taking toll of groceries brought into the kitchen awakens her employer’s suspicions.

“She give me such sass as I cudn’t take from no lady, an’ I give her warnin’, an’ left that instant, an’ she a-pointin’ to the door.”—Mary Mapes Dodge, _Thophilus and Others_ (1876).

=Maltworm=, a tippler. Similarly, bookworm means a student.

=Mal´venu=, Lucif´ĕra’s porter.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 4 (1590).

=Malvina=, daughter of Toscar. She was betrothed to Oscar, son of Ossian; but he was slain in Ulster by Cairbar, before the day of marriage arrived.—_Temora_, i.

I was a lovely tree in thy presence, Oscar, with all my branches round me; but thy death came like a blast from the desert, and laid my green head low. The spring returned with its showers; no leaf of mine arose.... The tear was on the cheek of Malvina.—Ossian, _Croma_.

=Malvoisin= (_Sir Albert de_), a preceptor of the Knights Templars.

_Sir Philip de Malvoisin_, one of the knights challengers at the tournament.—Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Malvo´lio=, Olivia’s steward. When he reproves Sir Toby Belch for riotous living, the knight says to him, “Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale?” Sir Toby and Sir Andrew Ague-cheek join Maria in a trick against the steward. Maria forges a letter in the handwriting of Olivia, leading Malvolio to suppose that his mistress is in love with him, telling him to dress in yellow stockings, and to smile on the lady. Malvolio falls into the trap; and when Olivia shows astonishment at his absurd conduct, he keeps quoting parts of the letter he has received, and is shut up in a dark room as a lunatic.—Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_ (1614).

=Mamamouchi,= an imaginary order of knighthood. M. Jourdain, the _parvenu_, is persuaded that the grand seignior of the order has made him a member, and he submits to the ceremony of a mock installation.—Molière, _Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme_ (1670).

All the women most devoutly swear,
Each would be rather a poor actress here
Than to be made a Mamamouchi there.
Dryden.

=Mambrino’s Helmet=, a helmet of pure gold, which rendered the wearer invisible. It was taken possession of by Rinaldo, and stolen by Scaripantê.

Cervantes tells us of a barber who was caught in a shower of rain, and who, to protect his hat, clapped his brazen basin on his head. Don Quixote insisted that this basin was the helmet of the Moorish king; and, taking possession of it, wore it as such.

⁂ When the knight set the galley-slaves free, the rascals “snatched the basin from his head, and _broke it to pieces_” (pt. I. iii. 8); but we find it sound and complete in the next book (ch. 15), when the gentlemen at the inn sit in judgment on it, to decide whether it is really a “helmet or a basin.” The judges, of course, humor the don, and declare the basin to be an undoubted helmet.—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_ (1605).

“I will lead the life I have mentioned, till, by the force and terror of my arm, I take a helmet from the head of some other knight.” ... The same thing happened about Mambrino’s helmet, which cost Scaripante so dear.—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. ii. 2 (1605).

=Mamillius=, a young prince of Sicilia.—Shakespeare, _Winter’s Tale_ (1604).

=Mammon=, the personification of earthly ambition, be it wealth, honors, sensuality, or what not. “Ye cannot serve God and Mammon” (_Matt_. vi. 24). Milton makes Mammon one of the rebellious angels:

Mammon, the least-erected spirit that fell
From heaven; for e’en in heaven his looks and thoughts
Were always downward bent, admiring more
The riches of heaven’s pavement, trodden gold,
Than aught, divine or holy, else enjoyed.
_Paradise Lost_, i. 679, etc. (1665).

_Mammon_ tells Sir Guyon, if he will serve him, he shall be the richest man in the world; but the knight replies that money has no charm in his sight. The god then takes him into his smithy, and tells him to give any order he likes; but Sir Gruyon declines the invitation. Mammon next offers to give the knight Philotine to wife; but Sir Gruyon still declines. Lastly, the knight is led to Proserpine’s bower, and told to pluck some of the golden fruit, and to rest him awhile on the silver stool; but Sir Gruyon resists the temptation. After three day’s sojourn in the infernal regions, the knight is led back to earth, and swoons.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 7 (1590).

_Mammon_ (_Sir Epicure_), the rich dupe who supplies Subtle, “the alchemist,” with money to carry on his artifices, under pretence of transmuting base metals into gold. Sir Epicure believes in the possibility, and glories in the mighty things he will do when the secret is discovered.—Ben Jonson, _The Alchemist_ (1610).

=Mammoth= (_The_), or big buffalo, is an emblem of terror and destruction among the American Indians. Hence, when Brandt, at the head of a party of Mohawks and other savages, was laying waste Pennsylvania, and approached Wyo´ming, Outalissi exclaims:

The mammoth comes—the foe—the monster Brandt,
With all his howling, desolating band ...
Red is the cup they drink, but not of wine!
Campbell, _Gertrude of Wyoming_, iii. 16 (1809).

=Mammoun=, eldest of the four sons of Corcud. One day he showed kindness to a mutilated serpent, which proved to be the fairy Gialout, who gave him for his humanity the power of joining and mending whatever was broken. He mended a pie’s egg which was smashed into twenty pieces, and so perfectly that the egg was hatched. He also mended in a moment a ship which had been wrecked and broken in a violent storm.—T.S. Gueulette, _Chinese Tales_ (“Corcud and His four Sons,” 1723).

=Man.= His descent according to the Darwinian theory: (1) The larvæ of ascidians, a marine mollusc; (2) fish lowly organized, as the lancelet; (3) ganoids, lepidosiren, and other fish; (4) amphibians; (5) birds and reptiles; (6) from reptiles we get the monotremata, which connects reptiles with the mammalia; (7) the marsupials; (8) placental mammals; (9) lemurĭdæ; (10) simiădæ; (11) the New World monkeys called platyrhines, and the Old World monkeys called catarrhines; (12) between the catarrhines and the race of men the “missing link” is placed by some; but others think between the highest organized ape and the lowest organized man the gradation is simple and easy.

_Man_ (_Races of_). According to the Bible, the whole human race sprang from one individual, Adam. Virey affirms there were two original pairs. Jacquinot and Latham divide the race into three primordial stocks; Kent into four; Blumenbach into five; Buff on into six; Hunter into seven; Agassiz into eight; Pickering into eleven; Bory St. Vincent into fourteen; Desmoulins into sixteen; Morton into twenty-two; Crawfurd into sixty; and Burke into sixty-three.

=Man in Black= (_The_), said to be meant for Goldsmith’s father. A true oddity, with the tongue of a Timon and the heart of an Uncle Toby. He declaims against beggars, but relieves every one he meets; he ridicules generosity, but would share his last cloak with the needy.—Goldsmith, _Citizen of the World_ (1759).

⁂ Washington Irving has a tale called _The Man in Black_.

=Man in the Moon= _(The)_. Some say it is the man who picked up a bundle of sticks on the Sabbath day (_Numb._ xv. 32-36). Dantê says it is Cain, and that the “bush of thorns” is an emblem of the curse pronounced on the earth: “Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee” (_Gen._ iii. 18). Some say it is Endymion, taken there by Diana.

The _curse_ pronounced on the “man” was this: “As you regarded not ‘Sunday’ on earth, you shall keep a perpetual ‘Moon-day’ in heaven.” This, of course, is a Teutonic tradition.

The _bush of thorns_, in the Schaumburglippê version, is to indicate that the man strewed thorns in the church path, to hinder people from attending mass on Sundays.

Now doth Cain with fork of thorns confine
On either hemisphere, touching the wave
Beneath the towers of Seville. Yesternight
The moon was round.
Dantê, _Inferno_, xx (1300).

Her gite was gray and full of spottis black.
And on her brest a chorle painted ful even,
Bering a bush of thornis on his back,
Which for his theft might clime so ner the heven.
Chaucer.

A North Frisian version gives _cabbages_ instead of a faggot of wood.

⁂ There are other traditions, among which may be mentioned “The Story of the Hare and the Elephant.” In this story “the man in the moon” is a hare.—_Pantschatantra_ (a collection of Sanskrit fables).

_Man in the Moon_, a man who visits the “inland parts of Africa.”—W. Thomson, _Mammuth_ or _Human Nature Displayed on a Grand Scale_ (1789).

_Man in the Moon_, the man who, by the aid of a magical glass, shows Charles Fox (the man of the people), various eminent contemporaries.—W. Thomson, _The Man in the Moon_ or _Travels into the Lunar Regions_ (1783).

=Man of Blood.= Charles I. was so called by the puritans, because he made war on his parliament. The allusion is to 2 _Sam._ xvi. 7.

=Man of Brass=, Talos, the work of Hephæstos (_Vulcan_). He traversed the Isle of Crete thrice a year. Apollo´nius (_Argonautica_, iv.) says he threw rocks at the Argonauts, to prevent their landing. It is also said that when a stranger was discovered on the island, Talos made himself red-hot, and embraced the intruder to death.

That portentous Man of Brass
Hephæstus made in days of yore,
Who stalked about the Cretan shore,
And saw the ships appear and pass,
And threw stones at the Argonauts.
Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_ (1863).

=Man of December.= Napoleon III. So called because he was made president December 11, 1848; made the _coup d’état_, December 2, 1851; and was made emperor December 2, 1852.

(Born in the Rue Lafitte, Paris (_not_ in the Tuileries), April 20, 1808; reigned 1852-1870; died at Chiselhurst, Kent, January 9, 1873).

=Man of Destiny=, Napoleon I., who always looked upon himself as an instrument in the hands of destiny, and that all his acts were predestined.

The Man of Destiny ... had power for a time “to bind kings with chains, and nobles with fetters of iron.”—Sir W. Scott.

=Man of Feeling= (_The_), Harley, a sensitive, bashful, kind-hearted, sentimental sort of a hero.—H. Mackenzie, _The Man of Feeling_ (1771).

⁂ Sometimes Henry Mackenzie is himself called “The Man of Feeling.”

=Man of Ross=, John Kyrle, of Ross, in Herefordshire, distinguished for his benevolence and public spirit. “Richer than miser, nobler than king or king-polluted lord.”—Pope, _Epistle_, iii. (“On the Use of Riches,” 1709).

=Man of Salt= (_A_). Tears are called salt, hence a man of salt is one who weeps on slight provocation.

This would make a man, a man of salt,
To use his eyes for garden water-pots.
Shakespeare, _King Lear_, act iv. sc. 6 (1605).

=Man of Sedan=, Napoleon III. So called because he surrendered his sword to William, king of Prussia, after the battle of Sedan in September, 1870.

(Born in the Rue Lafitte, 1808; reigned 1852-1870; died at Chiselhurst, 1873).

=Man of Sin= (_The_), mentioned in _2 Thess._ ii. 3.

Whitby says the “Man of sin” means the Jews as a people.

Grotius says it means Caius Cæsar or else Caligula.

Wetstein says it is Titus.

Olshausen thinks it is typical of some one yet to come.

Roman Catholics say it means Anti-christ.

Protestants think it refers to the pope.

The Fifth-Monarchy men applied it to Cromwell.

=Man of the Hill=, a tedious “hermit of the vale,” introduced by Fielding in his novel of _Tom Jones_ (1749).

=Man of the Mountain= (_Old_). (See KOPPENBURG.)

=Man of the People,= Charles James Fox (1749-1806).

=Man of the Sea= (_The Old_), the man who got upon the shoulders of Sindbad, the sailor, and would not get off again, but clung there with obstinate pertinacity till Sindbad made him drunk, when he was easily shaken off. Sindbad then crushed him to death with a large stone.

“You had fallen,” said they, “into the hands of the Old Man of the Sea, and you are the first whom he has not strangled.”—_Arabian Nights_ (“Sindbad,” fifth voyage).

=Man of the World= (_The_), Sir Pertinax McSycophant, who acquires a fortune by “booing” and fawning on the great and rich. He wants his son Egerton to marry the daughter of Lord Lumbercourt, but Egerton, to the disgust of his father, marries Constantia, the _protégée_ of Lady McSycophant. Sir Pertinax had promised his lordship a good round sum of money if the marriage was effected; and when this _contretemps_ occurs, his lordship laments the loss of money, “which will prove his ruin.” Sir Pertinax tells Lord Lumbercourt that his younger son Sandy will prove more pliable, and it is agreed that the bargain shall stand good if Sandy will marry the young lady.—C. Macklin, _The Man of the World_ (1764).

⁂ This comedy is based on Voltaire’s _Nanine_ (1749).

=Man without a Skin.= Richard Cumberland, the dramatist, was so called by Garrick, because he was so extremely sensitive that he could not bear “to be touched” by the finger of criticism (1732-1811).

=Managarm=, the most gigantic and formidable of the race of hags. He dwells in the Iron-wood, Jamvid. Managarm will first fill himself with the blood of man, and then will he swallow up the moon. This gigantic hag symbolizes _War_, and the “Iron-wood” in which he dwells is the wood of spears.—_Prose Edda_.

=Manchester Poet= (_The_), Charles Swain, born 1803.

=Manciple’s Tale.= Phœbus had a crow which he taught to speak; it was white as down, and as big as a swan. He had also a wife, whom he dearly loved. One day, when he came home, the crow cried, “Cuckoo, cuckoo, cuckoo!” and Phœbus asked the bird what it meant; whereupon it told the god that his wife was unfaithful to him. Phœbus, in his wrath, seized his bow, and shot his wife through the heart; but to the bird he said, “Curse on thy tell-tale tongue! never more shall it brew mischief.” So he deprived it of the power of speech, and changed its plumage from white to black. Moral—Be no tale-bearer, but keep well thy tongue, and think upon the crow.

My sone, bewar, and be noon auctour newe,
Of tydyings, whether they ben fals or trewe;
Wherso thou comest, amongst high or lowe,
Kep wel thy tonge, and think upon the crowe.
Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_, 17, 291-4 (1388).

⁂ This is Ovid’s tale of “Coronis” in the _Metamorphoses_, ii. 543, etc.

=Manda´ne= (_3 syl._), wife of Zamti, the Chinese mandarin, and mother of Hamet. Hamet was sent to Corea to be brought up by Morat, while Mandanê brought up Zaphimri (under the name of Etan), the orphan prince and only surviving representative of the royal race of China. Hamet led a party of insurgents against Ti´murkan´, was seized, and ordered to be put to death as the supposed prince. Mandanê tried to save him, confessed he was not the prince; and Etan came forward as the real “orphan of China.” Timurkan, unable to solve the mystery, ordered both to death, and Mandanê with her husband to the torture; but Mandanê stabbed herself.—Murphy, _The Orphan of China_ (1759).

_Mandane_ (2 _syl._), the heroine of Mdlle. Scud´eri’s romance called _Cyrus the Great_ (1650).

=Manda´ne and Stati´ra=, stock names of melodramatic romance. When a romance writer hangs the world on the caprice of a woman, he chooses Mandanê or Statira for his heroine. Mandanê of classic story was the daughter of King Astyăgês, wife of Cambysês, and mother of Cyrus the Great. Statīra was daughter of Darius, the Persian, and wife of Alexander the Great.

=Man´dans=, an Indian tribe of Dakota, in the United States, noted for their skill in horsemanship.

Marks not the buffalo’s track, nor the Mandans’ dexterous horse-race.
Longfellow, _Evangeline_ (1849).

=Mandeville=, any one who draws the long-bow; a flam. Sir John Mandeville [_Man’.de.vil_], an English traveller, published a narrative of his voyages, which abounds in the most extravagant fictions (1300-1372).

Oh! he is a modern Mandeville. At Oxford he was always distinguished by the facetious appellation of “The Bouncer.”—Samuel Foote, _The Liar_, ii. 1 (1761).

_Mandeville_ (_Bernard de_), a licentious, deistical writer, author of _The Virgin Unmasked_ (1709), _Free Thoughts on Religion_ (1712), _Fable of the Bees_ (1714), etc. (1670-1733).

=Man´drabul’s Offering=, one that decreases at every repetition. Mandrabul, of Samos, having discovered a gold-mine, offered a golden ram to Juno for the discovery. Next year he offered a silver one, the third year a brazen one, and the fourth year nothing.

=Mandricardo=, king of Tartary, son of Agrican. Mandricardo wore Hector’s cuirass, married Derălis, and was slain by Roge´ro in single combat.—Bojardo, _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495); Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Mandriccardo=, a knight whose adventures are recorded by Barahona (_Mandriccardo, etc._, i. 70, 71).

=Mandel= (_Mrs._), salaried society “coach” of the Dryfoos family after their removal to New York.—W.D. Howells, _A Hazard of New Fortunes_ (1889).

=Manduce= (_2 syl._), the idol Gluttony, venerated by the Grastrol´aters, a people whose god was their belly.

=Maiiette= (_Dr._), of Beauvais. He had been imprisoned eighteen years, and had gradually lost his memory. After his release he somewhat recovered it, but any train of thought connected with his prison life produced a relapse. While in prison, the doctor made shoes, and, whenever the relapse occurred, his desire for cobbling returned.

_Lucie Manette_, the loving, golden-haired, blue-eyed daughter of Dr. Manette. She marries Charles Darnay.

Lucie Manette had a forehead with the singular capacity of lifting and knitting itself into an expression that was not quite one of perplexity, or wonder, or alarm, or merely of bright, fixed attention, though it included all the four expressions.—C. Dickens, _A Tale of Two Cities_, i. 4 (1859).

=Maney= or MANNY (_Sir Walter_), a native of Belgium, who came to England as page to Philippa, queen of Edward III. When he first began his career of arms, he and some young companions of his own age put a black patch over their left eye, and vowed never to remove it till they had performed some memorable act in the French wars (died 1372).

With whom our Maney here deservedly doth stand,
Which first inventor was of that courageous band
Who closed their left eyes up, as never to be freed,
Till there they had achieved some high adventurous deed.
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xviii. (1613).

=Man´fred= (_Count_), son of Sig´ismund. He sells himself to the prince of darkness, and received from him seven spirits to do his bidding. They were the spirits of “earth, ocean, air, night, mountains, winds, and the star of his own destiny.” Wholly without human sympathies, the count dwelt in splendid solitude among the Alpine Mountains. He once loved the beautiful As´tarte (_2 syl._), and, after her murder, went to the hall of Arima´nês to see her. The spirit of Astarte informed him that he would die the following day; and when asked if she loved him, she sighed “Manfred,” and vanished.—Byron, _Manfred_ (1817).

⁂ Byron sometimes makes Astarte two syllables, and sometimes three. The usual pronunciation is _As.tar-te_.

=Mangerton= (_The laird of_), John Armstrong, an old warrior who witnesses the national combat in Liddesdale valley between his own son (the Scotch champion), and Foster (the English champion). The laird’s son is vanquished.—Sir W. Scott, _The Laird’s Jock_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Maniche´an= (_4 syl._), a disciple of Manês or Manichee, the Persian heresiarch. The Manicheans believe in two opposing principles—one of good, and the other of evil. Theodora, wishing to extirpate these heretics, put 100,000 of them to the sword.

Yet would she make full many a Manichean.
Byron, _Don Juan_, vi. 3 (1824).

=Man´ito= or =Mani´tou=, the Great Spirit of the North American Indians. These Indians acknowledge two supreme spirits—a spirit of good and a spirit of evil. The former they call _Gitchê-Manĭto_, and the latter _Mitchê-Manito_. The good spirit is symbolized by an egg, and the evil one by a serpent.—Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, xiv.

As when the evil Manitou that dries
Th’ Ohio woods, consumes them in his ire.
Campbell, _Gertrude of Wyoming_, i. 17 (1809).

=Manlius=, surnamed _Torquātus_, the Roman consul. In the Latin war, he gave orders that no Roman, on pain of death, should engage in single combat. One of the Latins having provoked young Manlius by repeated insults, he slew him; but when the young man took the spoils to his father, Manlius ordered him to be put to death for violating the commands of his superior officer.—_Roman Story_.

=Man´lius Capitoli´nus=, consul of Rome, B.C. 392, then military tribune. After the battle of Allia (390), seeing Rome in the power of the Gauls, he threw himself into the capitol with 1000 men, surprised the Gauls, and put them to the sword. It was for this achievement he was called _Capitolinus_. Subsequently he was charged with aiming at sovereignty, and was hurled to death from the Tarpeian Rock.

⁂ Lafosse (1698) has a tragedy called _Manlius Capitolinus_, and “Manlius” was one of the favorite characters of Talma, the French actor. Lafosse’s drama is an imitation of Otway’s tragedy of _Venice Preserved_ (1682).

=Manly=, the lover of Lady Grace Townly, sister-in-law of Lord Townly. Manly is the cousin of Sir Francis Wronghead, whom he saves from utter ruin. He is noble, judicious, upright, and sets all things right that are going wrong.—Vanbrugh and Cibber, _The Provoked Husband_ (1728).

The address and manner of Dennis Delane [1700-1753] were easy and polite; and he excelled in the well-bred man, such as “Manly.”—T. Davies.

_Manly_, “the plain dealer.” An honest, surly sea-captain, who thinks every one a rascal, and believes himself no better. Manly forms a good contrast to Olivia, who is a consummate hypocrite of most unblushing effrontery.

“Counterfeit honors,” says Manly, “will not be current with me. I weigh the man, not his titles. ’Tis not the king’s stamp can make the metal better or heavier.”—Wycherly, _The Plain Dealer_ i. 1 (1677).

⁂ Manly, the plain dealer, is a copy of Molière’s “Misanthrope,” the prototype of which was the duc de Montausier.

_Manly_ (_Captain_), the _fiancé_ of Arabella, ward of Justice Day, and an heiress.

_Arabella_. I like him much—he seems plain and honest.
_Ruth_. Plain enough, in all conscience.
T. Knight, _The Honest Thieves_.

_Manly_ (_Colonel_), a bluff, honest soldier, to whom honor is dearer than life. The hero of the drama.—Mrs. Centlivre, _The Beaux’ Duel_ (1703).

=Mann= (_Mrs._), a dishonest, grasping woman, who kept a branch workhouse, where children were farmed. Oliver Twist was sent to her child-farm. Mrs. Mann systematically starved the children placed under her charge.—C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

=Mannaia=, goddess of retribution. The word in Italian means “an axe.”

All in a terrible moment came the blow That beat down Paolo’s ’fence, ended the play O’ the foil, and brought Mannaia on the stage. R. Browning, _The Ring and the Book_, iii. (date of the story, 1487).

=Mannering= (_Guy_) or Colonel Mannering.

_Mrs. Mannering_ (_née_ Sophia Wellwood), wife of Guy Mannering.

_Julia Mannering_, daughter of Guy. She marries Captain Bertram. “Rather a hare-brained girl, but well deserving the kindest regards” (act i. 2 of the dramatized version).

_Sir Paul Mannering_, uncle to Guy Mannering.—Sir. W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

⁂ Scott’s tale of _Guy Mannering_ has been dramatized by Daniel Terry.

=Manon l’Escaut=, the heroine of a French novel, entitled _Histoire de Chevalier Desgrieux et de Manon Lescot_, by A. F. Prévost (1733). Manon is the “fair mischief” of the story. Her charms seduce and ruin the Chevalier des Grieux, who clings to her through all her career with an unconquered passion, forgiving and forgetting to the tragic end when she dies as a convict in the wilds of Louisiana.

=Manri´co=, the supposed son of Azuce´na, the gypsy, but in reality the son of Garzia (brother of the conte di Luna). Leono´ra is in love with him, but the count entertains a base passion for her, and, getting Manrico into his power, condemns him to death. Leonora promises the count to give herself to him if he will spare the life of Manrico. He consents, but while he goes to release his “nephew,” Leonora sucks poison from a ring and dies. Manrico, on perceiving this, dies also.—Verdi, _Il Trovato´rê_ (an opera, 1853).

_Mans_ (_The Count of_), Roland, nephew of Charlemagne. He is also called the “knight of Blaives.”

=Mansel= (_Sir Edward_), lieutenant of the Tower of London.

_Lady Mansel_, wife of Sir Edward.—Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_, (time, James I).

=Mansfield= (_The Miller of_), a humorous, good-natured countryman, who offered Henry VIII. hospitality when he had lost himself in a hunting expedition. The miller gave the king half a bed with his son Richard. Next morning, the courtiers were brought to the cottage by under-keepers, and Henry, in merry pin, knighted his host, who thus became Sir John Cockle. He then made him “overseer of Sherwood Forest,” with a salary of 1000 marks a year.—R. Dodsley, _The King and the Miller of Mansfield_ (1737).

⁂ In the ballad called _The King and the Miller of Mansfield_, the king is Henry II., and there are several other points of difference between the ballad and the play. In the play, Cockle hears a gun fired, and goes out to look for poachers, when he lays hold of the king, but, being satisfied that he is no poacher, he takes him home. In the ballad, the king out-rides his lords, gets lost, and, meeting the miller, asks of him a night’s lodging. When the miller feels satisfied with the face and bearing of the stranger, he entertains him right hospitably. He gives him for supper a venison pasty, but tells him on no account to tell the king “that they made free with his deer.” Another point of difference is this: In the play, the courtiers are seized by the under-keepers, and brought to Cockle’s house; but in the ballad they track the king and appear before him next morning. In the play, the king settles on Sir John Cockle 1000 marks; in the ballad, £300 a year.—Percy, _Reliques_, III. ii. 20.

(Of course, as Dodsley introduced the “firing of a gun,” he was obliged to bring down his date to more modern times, and none of the Henrys between Henry II. and Henry VIII. would be the least likely to indulge in such a prank.)

=Mansur= (_Elijah_), a warrior, prophet, and priest, who taught a more tolerant form of Islâm, but not being an orthodox Moslem, he was condemned to imprisonment in the bowels of a mountain. Mansur is to re-appear and wave his conquering sword, to the terror of the Muscovite.—Milner, _Gallery of Geography_, 781. (See BARBAROSSA.)

=Mantacci´ni=, a charlatan, who professed to restore the dead to life.

=Mantali´ni= (_Madame_), a fashionable milliner, near Cavendish Square, London. She dotes upon her husband, and supports him in idleness.

_Mr. Mantalini_, the husband of madame; he is a man-doll and cockney fop, noted for his white teeth, his minced oaths, and his gorgeous morning gown. This “exquisite” lives on his wife’s earnings, and thinks he confers a favor on her by lavishing her money on his selfish indulgences.—C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

=Mantle= (_The Boy and the_). One day, a little boy presented himself before King Arthur, and showed him a curious mantle “which would become no wife that was not leal” to her true lord. The queen tried it on, but it changed its color and fell into shreds; Sir Kay’s lady tried it on, but with no better success; others followed, but only Sir Cradock’s wife could wear it.—Percy, _Reliques_.

=Mantuan= (_The_) that is, Baptista Spagn´olus, surnamed _Mantua´nus_, from the place of his birth. He wrote poems and eclogues in Latin. His works were translated into English by George Tuberville in 1567. He lived 1443-1516.

Ah, good old Mantuan! I may speak of thee
as the traveller doth of Venice:

Vinegia, Vinegia,
Chi non te vede, ei non te pregia.
Shakespeare, _Love’s Labor’s Lost_, act iv. sc. 2 (1594).

=Mantuan Swan= (_The_), Virgil, a native of Mantua (B. C. 70-19).

Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere; tenet nunc
Pathenopè; cecini pascua, rura, duces.
_Virgil’s Epitaph_ (composed by himself).

Ages elapsed ere Homer’s lamp appeared;
And ages ere the Mantua Swan was heard.
Cowper.

=Ma´nucodia´ta=, a bird resembling a swallow, found in the Molucca Islands. “It has no feet, and though the body is not bigger than that of a swallow, the span of its wings is equal to that of an eagle. These birds never approach the earth, but the female lays her eggs on the back of the male, and hatches them in her own breast. They live on the dew of heaven, and eat neither animal nor vegetable food.”—Cardan, _De Rerum Varietate_ (1557).

Less pure the footless fowl of heaven, that never
Rest upon earth, but on the wing forever,
Hovering o’er flowers, their fragrant food inhale,
Drink the descending dew upon the way,
And sleep aloft while floating on the gale.
Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xxi. 6 (1809).

=Manuel du Sosa=, governor of Lisbon, and brother of Guiomar (mother of the vainglorious Duarte), (3 _syl._).—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Custom of the Country_ (1647).

=Mapp= (_Mrs._), bone-setter. She was born at Epsom, and at one time was very rich, but she died in great poverty at her lodgings in Seven Dials, 1737.

⁂ Hogarth has introduced her in his heraldic picture, “The Undertakers’ Arms.” She is the middle of the three figures at the top, the other two being Dr. Ward, on the right hand of the spectator, and Dr. Taylor on the left.

=Maqueda=, the queen of the South, who visited Solomon, and had by him a son named Melech.—Zaga Zabo, _Ap. Damian a Goes_.

⁂ Maqueda is generally called Balkîs, queen of Saba or Zaba.

=Mara Lincoln=, orphaned grandchild of Captain and Mrs. Fennell; betrothed to Moses Fennell. She dies young, and is long and sincerely mourned.—Harriet Beecher Stowe, _The Pearl of Orr’s Island_.

=Marcassin= (_Prince_). This nursery tale is from the _Nights_, of Straparola, an Italian (sixteenth century). Translated into French in 1585.

=Marce´lia=, the “Desdemona” of Massinger’s _Duke of Milan_. Sforza, “the More,” doted on his young bride, and Marcelia returned his love. During Sforza’s absence at the camp, Francesco, “the lord protector,” tried to seduce the young bride from her fidelity, and, failing in his purpose, accused her to the duke of wishing to play the wanton. “I labored to divert her ... urged your much love ... but hourly she pursued me.” The duke, in a paroxysm of jealousy, flew on Marcelia and slew her.—Massinger, _The Duke of Milan_ (1622).

=Marcella=, daughter of William, a farmer. Her father and mother died while she was young, leaving her in charge of an uncle. She was “the most beautiful creature ever sent into the world,” and every bachelor who saw her fell madly in love with her, but she declined their suits. One of her lovers was Chrysostom, the favorite of the village, who died of disappointed hope, and the shepherds wrote on his tombstone: “From Chrysostom’s fate, learn to abhor Marcella, that common enemy of man, whose beauty and cruelty are both in the extreme.”—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. ii. 4, 5 (1605).

=Marcellin de Peyras.= The chevalier to whom the Baron de Peyras gave up his estates when he retired to Grenoble. De Peyras eloped with Lady Ernestine, but soon tired of her, and fell in love with his cousin Margaret, the baron’s daughter.—E. Stirling, _The Gold-Mine or The Miller of Grenoble_ (1854).

=Marcelli´na=, daughter of Rocco, jailer of the State prison of Seville. She fell in love with Fidelio, her father’s servant; but this Fidelio turned out to be Leonora, wife of the State prisoner Fernando Florestan.—Beethoven, _Fidelio_ (an opera, 1791).

=Marcello=, in Meyerbeer’s opera of _Les Huguenots_, unites in marriage Valenti´na and Raoul (1836).

=Marcellus= (_M. Claudius_), called “The Sword of Rome.” Fabius “Cunctator” was “The Shield of Rome.”

_Marcellus_, an officer of Denmark, to whom the ghost of the murdered king appeared before it presented itself to Prince Hamlet.—Shakespeare, _Hamlet_ (1596).

=Marchioness= (_The_), the half-starved girl-of-all-work, in the service of Sampson Brass and his sister Sally. She was so lonesome and dull that it afforded her relief to peep at Mr. Swiveller, even through the keyhole of his door. Though so dirty and ill-cared for, “the marchioness” was sharp-witted and cunning. It was Mr. Swiveller who called her the “marchioness,” when she played cards with him, “because it seemed more real and pleasant” to play with a marchioness than with a domestic slavey (ch. lvii.) When Dick Swiveller was turned away and fell sick, the “marchioness” nursed him carefully, and he afterwards married her.—C. Dickens, _The Old Curiosity Shop_ (1840).

=Marchmont= (_Miss Matilda_), the _confidante_ of Julia Mannering.—Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Marcian=, armorer to Count Robert of Paris.—Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

=Marck= (_William de la_), a French nobleman, called “The Wild Boar of Ardennes” (_Sanglier des Ardennes_).—Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Marcliffe= (_Theophilus_), pseudonym of William Godwin (author of _Caleb Williams_, 1756-1836).

=Marco Bozzaris.= Leader of the Suliotes in the successful rebellion against the Turks. A night-attack upon the Turkish camp results in the victory of the Greeks. Bozzaris is killed as the cry of triumph is raised by his command.

“His few surviving comrades saw
His smile when rang their proud hurrah,
And the red field was won;
Then saw in death his eyelids close
Calmly, as to a night’s repose
Like flowers at set of sun.”
Fitz-Green Halleck, _Marco Bozzaris_.

=Marcomanic War=, a war carried on by the Marcomanni, under the leader-ship of Maroboduus, who made himself master of Bohemia, etc. Maroboduus was defeated by Arminius, and his confederation broken up (A.D. 20). In the second Christian century a new war broke out between the Marcomanni and the Romans, which lasted thirteen years. In A.D. 180 peace was purchased by the Romans, and the war for a time ceased.

=Marcos de Obregon=, the hero of a Spanish romance, from which Lesage has borrowed very freely in his _Gil Blas_.—Vicente Espinel, _Vida del Escudero Marcos de Obregon_ (1618).

=Marculf=, in the comic poem of _Salomon and Marculf_, a fool who outwits the sage of Israel by knavery and cunning. The earliest version of the poem extant is a German one of the twelfth century.

=Marcus,= son of Cato of Utĭca, a warm-hearted, impulsive young man, passionately in love with Lucia, daughter of Lucius; but Lucia loved the more temperate brother, Portius. Marcus was slain by Cæsar’s soldiers when they invaded Utica.

Marcus is furious, wild in his complaints;
I hear with a secret kind of dread,
And tremble at his vehemence of temper.
Addison, _Cato_, i. 1 (1713).

=Mardonius= (_Captain_), in Beaumont and Fletcher’s drama called _A King or No King_ (1619).

=Mareschal of Mareschal Wells= (_Young_), one of the Jacobite conspirators, under the leadership of Mr. Richard Vere, laird of Ellieslaw.—Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne).

=Marfi´sa=, an Indian queen.—Bojardo, _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495), and Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Marforio’s Statue.= This statue lies on the ground in Rome, and was at one time used for libels, lampoons, and jests, but was never so much used as Pasquin’s.

=Margar´elon= (4 _syl._), a Trojan hero of modern fable, who performed deeds of marvellous bravery. Lydgate, in his _Boke of Troy_ (1513), calls him a son of Priam. According to this authority, Margarelon attacked Achillês, and fell by his hand.

=Margaret=, only child and heiress of Sir Giles Overreach. Her father set his heart on her marrying Lord Lovel, for the summit of his ambition was to see her a peeress. But Margaret was modest, and could see no happiness in ill-assorted marriages; so she remained faithful to Tom Allworth, the man of her choice.—Massinger, _A New Way to Pay Old Debts_ (1628).

_Margaret_, wife of Vandunke (2 _syl._), the drunken burgomaster of Bruges.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggars’ Bush_ (1622).

_Margaret_ (_Ladye_), “the flower of Teviot,” daughter of the Duchess Margaret and Lord Walter Scott, of Branksome Hall. The Ladye Margaret was beloved by Henry of Cranstown, whose family had a deadly feud with that of Scott. One day the elfin page of Lord Cranstown inveigled the heir of Branksome Hall (then a lad) into the woods, where the boy fell into the hands of the Southerners. The captors then marched with 3000 men against the castle of the widowed duchess, but being told by a spy that Douglass, with 10,000 men, was coming to the rescue, an arrangement was made to decide by single combat whether the boy should become King Edward’s page, or be delivered up into the hands of his mother. The English champion (Sir Richard Musgrave) fell by the hand of Sir William Deloraine, and the boy was delivered to his mother. It was then discovered that Sir William was in reality Lord Cranstown, who claimed and received the hand of the fair Margaret as his reward.—Sir W. Scott, _Lay of the Last Minstrel_ (1805).

_Margaret_, the heroine of Goethe’s _Faust_. Faust first encounters her on her return from church, falls in love with her, and seduces her. Overcome with shame, she destroys the infant to which she gives birth, and is condemned to death. Faust attempts to save her, and, gaining admission to her cell, finds her huddled up on a bed of straw, singing, like Ophelia, wild snatches of ancient ballads, her reason faded, and her death at hand. Faust tries to persuade the mad girl to flee with him, but in vain. At last the day of execution arrives, and with it Mephistoph´elês, passionless and grim. Faust is hurried off, and Margaret is left to her fate. Margaret is often called by the pet diminutive “Gretchen,” and in the opera “Margheri´ta” (_q.v._).—Goethe, _Faust_ (1790).

Shakespeare has drawn no such portrait as that of Margaret; no such peculiar union of passion, simplicity, homeliness, and witchery. The poverty and inferior social position of Margaret are never lost sight of—she never becomes an abstraction. It is love alone which exalts her above her station.—Lewes.