Chapter CVIII: Act 8: Parliament 1. repeated in Act 99. Parliament 7 (34)

"In the twelfth century, the Romance-Wallon [or the 'langue
d'oil' of northern France] became a literary language,
subsequent, by at least a hundred years, to the
Romance-provençal. … The reciters of tales, and the poets,
giving the name of Troubadour a French termination, called
themselves Trouvères. With the exception of the difference of
language, it may be thought that the Troubadour and the
Trouvère, whose merit was pretty nearly equal; who were
equally ignorant or well-informed: who both of them spent
their lives at courts, at which they composed their poems, and
where they mingled with knights and ladies; and who were both
accompanied by their jongleurs and minstrels, should have
preserved the same resemblance in their productions. Nothing,
however, can be more dissimilar than their poems. All that
remains of the poetry of the Troubadours is of a lyrical
character, while that of the Trouvères is decidedly epic. …
The Trouvères have left us many romances of chivalry, and
fabliaux."

_J. C. L. S. de Sismondi,
Literature of the South of Europe,
chapter 7 (volume 1)._

"We know nothing of the rise or origin of the two classes of
Trouveurs and Jongleurs. The former (which it is needless to
say is the same word as Troubadour, and Trobador, and
Trovatore) is the term for the composing class, the latter for
the performing one. But the separation was not sharp or
absolute."

_G. Saintsbury,
Short History of French Literature,
book 1, chapter 1._

TROY.

See TROJA.

TROYES,
Treaty of (1420).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1417-1422.

Treaty of (1564).

See FRANCE: A. D, 1563-1564.

TRUCE, The Five Years.

See FIVE YEARS TRUCE.

TRUCE, The Sacred.

See OLYMPIC GAMES.

TRUCE, The Thirty Years.

See GREECE: B. C. 449-445.

TRUCE OF GOD, The.

"This extraordinary institution is the most speaking witness,
at once to the ferocity of the times [11th century], and also
to the deep counter feeling which underlay men's minds. Clergy
and laity alike felt that the state of things which they saw
daily before their eyes was a standing sin against God and
man, repugnant alike to natural humanity and to the precepts
of the Christian religion. States were everywhere so
subdivided, governments were everywhere so weak, that, in most
parts of Europe, every man who had the needful force at his
command simply did that which was right in his own eyes. …
Every man claimed the right of private war against every other
man who was not bound to him by some special tie as his lord
or his vassal. And the distinction between private war and
mere robbery and murder was not always very sharply drawn. … A
movement on behalf of peace and good will towards men could
not fail in those days to assume an ecclesiastical form. As of
old the Amphiktyonic Council, the great religious synod of
Greece, strove to put some bounds to the horrors of war as
waged between Greek and Greek, so now, in the same spirit, a
series of Christian synods strove, By means of ecclesiastical
decrees and ecclesiastical censures, to put some bounds to the
horrors of war as waged between Christian and Christian. … The
movement began in Aquitaine [A. D. 1034], and the vague and
rhetorical language of our authority would seem to imply that
all war, at any rate all private war, was forbidden under pain
of ecclesiastical censures. It must not be forgotten that, in
that age, it must have been exceedingly difficult to draw the
distinction between public and private war. …
{3128}
But the doctrine, hard as it might be to carry out in
practice, was rapturously received at its first announcement.
As the first preaching of the Crusade was met with one
universal cry of 'God wills it,' so the Bishops, Abbots, and
other preachers of the Truce were met with a like universal
cry of Peace, Peace, Peace. Men bound themselves to God and to
one an·other to abstain from all wrong and violence, and they
engaged solemnly to renew the obligation every five years.
From Aquitaine the movement spread through Burgundy Royal and
Ducal. But it seems to have been gradually found that the
establishment of perfect peace on earth was hopeless. After
seven years from the first preaching of peace, we find the
requirements of its apostles greatly relaxed. It was found
vain to forbid all war, even all private war. All that was now
attempted was to forbid violence of every kind from the
evening of Wednesday till the morning of Monday. It was in
this shape that the Truce was first preached in northern and
eastern Gaul. The days of Christ's supper, of His passion, of
His rest in the grave and His resurrection, were all to be
kept free from strife and bloodshed."

_E. A. Freeman,
Norman Conquest,
chapter 8, section 2 (volume 2)._

ALSO IN:
_P. Schaff,
History of the Christian Church,
volume 4, chapter 6, section. 78._

TRUCELESS WAR, The.

See CARTHAGE: B. C. 241-238.

TRUELLAS, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JULY-DECEMBER)
PROGRESS OF THE WAR.

TRYON, Governor, The flight of.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1775 (APRIL-SEPTEMBER),
and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1776 (AUGUST).

TSHEKHS, The.

See BOHEMIA: ITS PEOPLE &c.

TSING, OR CH'ING, Dynasty, The.

See CHINA: A. D. 1294-1882.

TUARIKS, The.

See LIBYANS.

TUATH.

"Among the people of Gaelic race [in Ireland and Scotland] the
original social unit appears to have been the 'Tuath,' a name
originally applied to the tribe, but which came to signify
also the territory occupied by the tribe community. … Several
of these Tuaths were grouped together to form a still larger
tribe, termed a Mortuath or great tribe, over whom one of the
kings presided as Ri Mortuath. … Then several of these
Mortuath formed a province, called in Irish 'Cuicidh,' or a
fifth. … Over each province was the Ri Cuicidh, or provincial
king, and then over the whole was the Ardri, or sovereign of
all Ireland. The succession to these several grades of Ri, or
king, was the same as that of the Ri Tuath, and was regulated
by the law of Tanistry, that is, hereditary in the family but
elective in the individual, the senior of the family being
usually preferred."

_W. F. Skene,
Celtic Scotland,
volume 3, page 136-150._

TUATHA-DE-DANAAN.

One of the races named in Irish legend as original settlers of
Ireland, represented to have come from Greece and to have been
extraordinarily proficient in the arts of magic. They were
conquered, after two centuries, as the legend runs, by the
Milesians, or Scots.

_T. Wright,
History of Ireland,
book 1, chapter 2 (volume 1)._

See IRELAND: THE PRIMITIVE INHABITANTS.

TUBANTES, The.

See FRANKS: ORIGIN AND EARLIEST HISTORY.

TUCUMAN, The province of.

See ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1580-1777.

TUDELA, Battle of.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1808 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER).

TUDORS, The.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1485-1603.

TUGENDBUND, The.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1808 (APRIL-DECEMBER).

TUILERIES, The.

The palace of the Tuileries is said to have taken its name
from the tile-making which had been carried on formerly in the
vicinity of the ground on which it was built. "The history of
it begins in the year 1564, when Catherine de Medicis
conceived the idea of having a palace to herself near the
Louvre, yet independent, in which she might be near enough to
her son Charles IX. to have influence over him. … The palace
was never very long or very closely connected with the history
of the monarchy. It is not at all comparable to Windsor in
that respect. Henry IV. liked it, Louis XIV. preferred
Versailles, Louis XV. lived at the Tuileries in his minority.
The chosen association of the palace with the sovereigns of
France is very recent. Louis XVI. lived in it, and so did
Charles X. and Louis-Philippe. The two Napoleons were fond of
it. … The last inhabitant was the Empress Eugénie, as Regent.
… The parliamentary history of the Tuileries is important, as
it has been not only a palace but a parliament house. … The
destruction of the Tuileries by the Communards [1871] was a
lamentable event from the point of view of the historian and
the archaeologist, but artistically the loss is not great."

_P. G. Hamerton,
Paris in Old and Present Times,
chapter 5._

ALSO IN:
_History of Paris
(London: 1827), volume 2, chapter 2._

TUILERIES: A. D. 1792.
Mobbing of the King.
The attack of August 10.
Massacre of the Swiss.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1792 (JUNE-AUGUST).

TUKUARIKAS.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

TULCHAN BISHOPS.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1572.

TULLAHOMA CAMPAIGN, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (JUNE-JULY: TENNESSEE).

TULLIANUM, The.

See MAMERTINE PRISON.

TUMULT OF AMBOISE.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1559-1561.

TUMULUS.

A mound; usually a grave mound, or barrow.

TUN. TUNSCIPE.

See TOWN; TOWNSHIP;
and BOROUGH.

TUNIC, The Roman.

"The tunica was put on in the same way as the Greek chiton.
Its cut was the same for men and women, and its simple
original type was never essentially modified by the additions
of later fashion. It was light and comfortable, and was worn
especially at home; out of doors the toga was arranged over
it."

_E. Guhl and W. Koner,
Life of the Greeks and Romans,
section 95._

TUNIS, Ancient.

See CARTHAGE, THE DOMINION OF;
also, AFRICA, THE ROMAN PROVINCE.

TUNIS: A. D. 1270-1271.
Crusade of Saint Louis.

See CRUSADES: A. D. 1270-1271.

TUNIS: Modern history.

See BARBARY STATES.