Chapter VII: Front Matter (7)

"The two tasks … which the Tractarians set themselves, were to
establish first that the authority of the primitive Church
resided in the Church of England, and second, that the
doctrines of the English Church were really identical with
those of pre-Tridentine Christianity. … The Tractarians'
second object is chiefly recollected because it produced the
Tract which brought their series to an abrupt conclusion
[1841]. Tract XC. is an elaborate attempt to prove that the
articles of the English Church are not inconsistent with the
doctrines of mediæval Christianity; that they may be
subscribed by those who aim at being Catholic in heart and
doctrine. … Few books published in the present century have
made so great a sensation as this famous Tract. … Bagot,
Bishop of Oxford, Mr. Newman's own diocesan, asked the author
to suppress it. The request placed the author in a singular
dilemma. The double object which he had set himself to
accomplish became at once impossible. He had laboured to prove
that authority resided in the English Church, and authority,
in the person of his own diocesan, objected to his
interpretation of the articles. For the moment Mr. Newman
resolved on a compromise. He did not withdraw Tract XC., but
he discontinued the series. … The discontinuance of the
Tracts, however, did not alter the position of authority. The
bishops, one after another; 'began to charge against' the
author. Authority, the authority which Mr. Newman had laboured
to establish, was shaking off the dust of its feet against
him. The attacks of the bishops made Mr. Newman's continuance
in the Church of England difficult. But, long before the
attack was made, he had regarded his own position with
dissatisfaction." It became intolerable to him when, in 1841,
a Protestant bishop of Jerusalem was appointed, who exercised
authority over both Lutherans and Anglicans. "A communion with
Lutherans, Calvinists, and even Monophysites seemed to him an
abominable thing, which tended to separate the English Church
further and further from Rome. … From the hour that the see
was established, his own lot was practically decided. For a
few years longer he remained in the fold in which he had been
reared, but he felt like a dying man. He gradually withdrew
from his pastoral duties, and finally [in 1845] entered into
communion with Rome. … A great movement never perishes for
want of a leader. After the secession of Mr. Newman, the
control of the movement fell into the hands of Dr. Pusey."

_S. Walpole,
History of England from 1815,
chapter 21 (volume 4)._

ALSO IN:
_J. H. Newman,
History of my Religious Opinions (Apologia pro Vita Sua)._

_J. H. Newman,
Letters and Correspondence to 1845._

_R. W. Church,
The Oxford Movement._

_W. Palmer,
Narrative of Events Connected with
the Tracts for the Times._

_T. Mozley,
Reminiscences._

_Sir J. T. Coleridge,
Life of John Keble._

OXFORD UNIVERSITY.

See EDUCATION, MEDIÆVAL: ENGLAND, and after.

OXGANG.

See BOVATE.

OXUS, The.

Now called the Amoo, or Jihon River, in Russian Central Asia.

OYER AND TERMINER, Courts of.

See LAW, CRIMINAL: A. D. 1285.

P.

PACAGUARA, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.

PACAMORA, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.

PACHA.

See BEY.

PACIFIC OCEAN:
Its Discovery and its Name.

The first European to reach the shores of the Pacific Ocean
was Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, who saw it, from "a peak in Darien"
on the 25th of September, 1513 (see AMERICA: A. D. 1513-1517).
"It was not for some years after this discovery that the name
Pacific was applied to any part of the ocean; and for a long
time after parts only of it were so termed, this part of it
retained the original name of South Sea, so called because it
lay to the south of its discoverer. The lettering of the early
maps is here significant. All along from this time to the
middle of the 17th century, the larger part of the Pacific was
labeled 'Oceanus Indicus Orientalis,' or 'Mar del Sur,' the
Atlantic, opposite the Isthmus, being called 'Mar del Norte.'
Sometimes the reporters called the South Sea 'La Otra Mar,' in
contradistinction to the 'Mare Oceanus' of Juan de la Cosa, or
the 'Oceanus Occidentalis' of Ptolemy, as the Atlantic was
then called. Indeed, the Atlantic was not generally known by
that name for some time yet. Schöner, in 1520, terms it, as
does Ptolemy in 1513, 'Oceanus Occidentalis'; Grynæus, in
1532, 'Oceanus Magnus'; Apianus, appearing in the Cosmography
of 1575, although thought to have been drawn in 1520, 'Mar
Atlicum.' Robert Thorne, 1527, in Hakluyt's Voy., writes'
Oceanus Occiden.'; Bordone, 1528, 'Mare Occidentale'; Ptolemy,
1530, 'Occean Occidentalis'; Ramusio, 1565, Viaggi, iii. 455,
off Central America, 'Mar del Nort,' and in the great ocean,
both north and south, 'Mar Ociano'; Mercator, 1569, north of
the tropic of cancer, 'Oceanius Atlanticvs'; Hondius, 1595,
'Mar del Nort'; West-Indische Spieghel, 1624, 'Mar del Nort';
De Laet, 1633, 'Mar del Norte'; Jacob Colon, 1663, 'Mar del
Nort'; Ogilby, 1671, 'Oceanus Atlanticum,' 'Mar del Norte,'
and 'Oceanus Æthiopicus'; Dampier, 1699, 'the North or
Atlantick Sea.' The Portuguese map of 1518, Munich Atlas, iv.,
is the first upon which I have seen a name applied to the
Pacific; and there it is given … as 'Mar visto pelos
Castelhanos,' Sea seen by the Spaniards. … On the globe of
Johann Schöner, 1520, the two continents of America are
represented with a strait dividing them at the Isthmus.
{2409}
The great island of Zipangri, or Japan, lies about midway
between North America and Asia. North of this island … are the
words 'Orientalis Oceanus,' and to the same ocean south of the
equator the words 'Oceanus Orientalis Indicus' are applied.
Diego Homem, 1558, marks out upon his map a large body of
water to the north-west of 'Terra de Florida,' and west of
Canada, and labels it 'Mare leparamantium.' … Colon and Ribero
call the South Sea 'Mar del Svr.' In Hakluyt's Voy. we find
that Robert Thorne, in 1527, wrote 'Mare Australe.' Ptolemy,
in 1530, places near the Straits of Magellan, 'Mare
pacificum.' Ramusio, 1565, Viaggi, iii. 455, off Central
America, places 'Mar del Sur,' and off the Straits of
Magellan, 'Mar Oceano.' Mercator places in his atlas of 1569
plainly, near the Straits of Magellan, 'El Mar Pacifico,' and
in the great sea off Central America 'Mar del Zur.' On the map
of Hondius, about 1595, in Drake's' 'World Encompassed,' the
general term 'Mare Pacificvm' is applied to the Pacific Ocean,
the words being in large letters extending across the ocean
opposite Central America, while under it in smaller letters is
'Mar del Sur.' This clearly restricts the name South Sea to a
narrow locality, even at this date. In Hondius' Map, 'Purchas,
His Pilgrimes,' iv. 857, the south Pacific is called 'Mare
Pacificum,' and the central Pacific 'Mar del Sur.'"

_H. H. Bancroft,
History of the Pacific States,
volume 1, pages 373-374, foot-note._

PACTA CONVENTA, The Polish.

See POLAND: A. D. 1573.

PACTOLUS, Battle of the (B. C. 395).

See GREECE: B. C. 399-387.

PADISCHAH.

See BEY; also CRAL.

----------PADUA: Start--------

PADUA: Origin.

See VENETI OF CISALPINE GAUL.

PADUA: A. D. 452.
Destruction by the Huns.

See HUNS: A. D. 452;
also VENICE: A. D. 452.

PADUA: 11-12th Centuries.
Rise and acquisition of Republican independence.

See ITALY: A. D. 1056-1152.

PADUA: A. D. 1237-1256:
The tyranny of Eccelino di Romano.
The Crusade against him.
Capture and pillage of the city by its deliverers.

See VERONA: A. D. 1236-1259.

PADUA: A. D. 1328-1338.
Submission to Can' Grande della Scala.
Recovery from his successor.
The founding of the sovereignty of the Carrara family.

See VERONA: A. D. 1260-1338.

PADUA: A. D. 1388.
Yielded to the Visconti of Milan.

See MILAN: A. D. 1277-1447.

PADUA: A. D. 1402.
Struggle of Francesco Carrara with Visconti of Milan.

See MILAN: A. D. 1277-1447;
and FLORENCE: A. D. 1390-1406.

PADUA: A. D. 1405.
Added to the dominion of Venice.

See ITALY: A. D. 1402-1406.

PADUA: A. D. 1509-1513.
In the War of the League of Cambrai.
Siege by the Emperor Maximilian.

See ITALY: A. D. 1510-1513.

----------PADUA: End--------

PADUCAH: Repulse of Forrest.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (APRIL: TENNESSEE).

PADUS, The.

The name by which the river Po was known to the Romans.
Dividing Cisalpine Gaul, as the river did, into two parts,
they called the northern part Transpadane and the southern
part Cispadane Gaul.

PÆANS.

"The pæans [among the ancient Greeks] were songs of which the
tune and words expressed courage and confidence. 'All sounds
of lamentation,' … says Callimachus, 'cease when the Ie Pæan,
Ie Pæan, is heard.' … Pæans were sung, not only when there was
a hope of being able, by the help of the gods, to overcome a
great and imminent danger, but when the danger was happily
past; they were songs of hope and confidence as well as of
thanksgiving for, victory and safety."

_K. O. Müller,
History of the Literature of Ancient Greece,
volume 1, page 27._

PÆONIANS, The.

"The Pæonians, a numerous and much-divided race, seemingly
neither Thracian nor Macedonian nor Illyrian, but professing
to be descended from the Teukri of Troy, … occupied both banks
of the Strymon, from the neighbourhood of Mount Skomius, in
which that river rises, down to the lake near its mouth. … The
Pæonians, in their north-western tribes, thus bordered upon
the Macedonian Pelagonia, —in their northern tribes upon the
Illyrian Dardani and Autariatæ,—in the eastern, southern and
south-eastern tribes, upon the Thracians and Pierians."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 25._

Darius, king of Persia, is said to have caused a great part of
the Pæonians to be transported to a district in Phrygia, but
they escaped and returned home.

PAGANISM: Suppressed in the Roman Empire.

See ROME: A. D. 391-395.

PAGE.

See CHIVALRY.

PAGUS.

See GENS, ROMAN;
also, HUNDRED.

PAIDONOMUS, The.

The title of an officer who was charged with the general
direction of the education and discipline of the young in
ancient Sparta.

_G. Schömann,
Antiquities of Greece: The State,
part 3, chapter 1._

PAINE, Thomas, and the American Revolution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1776 (JANUARY-JUNE)
KING GEORGE'S WAR MEASURES.

PAINTED CHAMBER.

See WESTMINSTER PALACE.

PAINTSVILLE, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY: KENTUCKY-TENNESSEE).

PAIONIANS, The.

See ALBANIANS.

PAIRS, Legislative.

See WHIPS, PARTY.

PAITA: A. D. 1740.
Destroyed by Commodore Anson.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1739-1741.

PAITA, The.

See CASTE SYSTEM OF INDIA.

PALACE, Origin of the name.

The house of the first of the Roman Emperors, Augustus, was on
the Palatine Hill, which had been appropriated by the nobility
for their residence from the earliest age of the republic. The
residence of Augustus was a quite ordinary mansion until A. U.
C. 748 (B. C. 6) when it was destroyed by fire. It was then
rebuilt on a grander scale, the people contributing, in small
individual sums—a kind of popular testimonial—to the cost.
Augustus affected to consider it public property, and gave up
a large part of it to the recreation of the citizens. His
successors added to it, and built more and more edifices
connected with it; so that, naturally, it appropriated to
itself the name of the hill and came to be known as the
Palatium, or Palace.

_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 40._

PALÆOLITHIC PERIOD.

See STONE AGE.

{2410}

PALÆOLOGI, The.

The family which occupied the Greek imperial throne, at Nicæa
and at Constantinople, from 1260, when Michael Palæologus
seized the crown, until the Empire was extinguished by the
Turks in 1453.

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 62 (Genealogical table)._

ALSO IN:
_Sir J. E. Tennant,
History of Modern Greece._

PALÆOPOLIS, PALÆPOLIS.

See NEAPOLIS.

PALÆSTRA, The.

See GYMNASIA, GREEK.

PALAIS ROYAL, The.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1642-1643.

----------PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: Start--------

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE. PALATINE ELECTORATE.

The Palatine Electorate or Palatinate (Pfalz in German), arose
in the breaking up of the old Duchy of Franconia.

See FRANCONIA;
also PALATINE COUNTS,
and GERMANY: A. D. 1125-1152.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1214.
Acquisition by the Wittelsbach or Bavarian House.

The House of Wittelsbach (or Wisselbach), which acquired the
Duchy of Bavaria in 1180, came also into possession of the
Palatinate of the Rhine in 1214 (see BAVARIA: A. D.
1180-1356). In the next century the two possessions were
divided. "Rudolph, the elder brother of Louis III. [the
emperor, known as Louis the Bavarian] inherited the County
Palatine, and formed a distinct line from that of Bavaria for
many generations. The electoral dignity was attached to the
Palatine branch."

_Sir A. Halliday,
Annals of the House of Hanover,
volume I, page 424._

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1518-1572.
The Protestant Reformation.
Ascendancy of Calvinism.

"The Electors Palatine of the Rhine might be justly regarded,
during the whole course of the 16th century, as more powerful
princes than those of Brandenburg. The lower Palatine, of
which Heidelberg was then the capital, formed a considerable
tract of country, situate on the banks of the Rhine and the
Neckar, in a fertile, beautiful, and commercial part of
Germany. … The upper Palatinate, a detached and distant
province situated between Bohemia, Franconia, and Bavaria,
which constituted a part of the Electoral dominions, added
greatly to their political weight, as members of the Germanic
body. … Under Louis V., Luther began to disseminate his
doctrines at Heidelberg, which were eagerly and generally
imbibed; the moderate character of the Elector, by a felicity
rare in that age, permitting the utmost freedom of religious
opinion, though he continued, himself, to profess the Catholic
faith. His successors, who withdrew from the Romish see,
openly declared their adherence to Lutheranism; but, on the
accession of Frederic III., a new ecclesiastical revolution
took place. He was the first among the Protestant German
princes who introduced and professed the reformed religion
denominated Calvinism. As the toleration accorded by the
'Peace of religion' to those who embraced the 'Confession of
Augsburg,' did not in a strict and legal sense extend to or
include the followers of Calvin, Frederic might have been
proscribed and put to the Ban of the Empire: nor did he owe
his escape so much to the lenity or friendship of the
Lutherans, as to the mild generosity of Maximilian II., who
then filled the Imperial throne, and who was an enemy to every
species of persecution. Frederic III., animated with zeal for
the support of the Protestant cause, took an active part in
the wars which desolated the kingdom of France under Charles
IX.; protected all the French exiles who fled to his court or
dominions; and twice sent succours, under the command of his
son John Casimir, to Louis, Prince of Condé, then in arms, at
the head of the Hugonots."

_Sir N. W. Wraxall,
History of France, 1574-1610,
volume 2, pages 163-165._

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1608.
The Elector at the head of the Evangelical Union.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1608-1618.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1619-1620.
Acceptance of the crown of Bohemia by the Elector.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1618-1620.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1621-1623.
The Elector placed under the ban of the empire.
Devastation and conquest of his dominions.
The electoral dignity transferred to the Duke of Bavaria.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1621-1623.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1631-1632.
Temporary recovery by Gustavus Adolphus.
Obstinate bigotry of the Elector.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1631-1632.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1632.
Death of Frederick V.
Treaty with the Swedes.
Nominal restoration of the young Elector.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1632-1634.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1648.
Division in the Peace of Westphalia.
Restoration of the Lower Palatinate to the old Electoral Family.
Annexation of the Upper to Bavaria.
The recreated electorate.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1648.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1674.
In the Coalition against Louis XIV.
Ravaged by Turenne.

See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1672-1674; and 1674-1678.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1679-1680.
Encroachments by France upon the territory of the Elector.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1679-1680.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1686.
The claims of Louis XIV. in the name of the Duchess of Orleans.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1686.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1690.
The second devastation and the War of the League of Augsburg.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1689-1690, and after.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1697.
The Peace of Ryswick.
Restitutions by France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1697.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1705.
The Upper Palatinate restored to the Elector.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1705.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A: D. 1709-1710.
Emigration of inhabitants to England,
thence to Ireland and America.

See PALATINES.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1714.
The Upper Palatinate ceded to the Elector of Bavaria
in exchange for Sardinia.

See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1801-1803.
Transferred in great part to Baden.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1801-1803.

PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: A. D. 1849.
Revolution suppressed by Prussian troops.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1848-1850.

----------PALATINATE OF THE RHINE: Start--------

PALATINATES, American.

See MARYLAND: A. D. 1632;
NEW ALBION;
MAINE: A. D. 1639;
NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1610-1655;
NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1669-1693.

PALATINE, Counts.

In Germany, under the early emperors, after the dissolution of
the dominion of Charlemagne, an office came into existence
called that of the 'comes palatii'—Count Palatine. This office
was created in the interest of the sovereign, as a means of
diminishing the power of the local rulers.
{2411}
The Counts Palatine were appointed as their coadjutors, often
with a concurrent and sometimes with a sole jurisdiction.
Their "functions were more extensive than those of the ancient
'missi dominici.' Yet the office was different. Under the
Carlovingian emperors there had been one dignitary with that
title, who received appeals from all the secular tribunals of
the empire. The missi dominici were more than his mere
colleagues, since they could convoke any cause pending before
the ordinary judges and take cognisance of more serious cases
even in the first instance. As the missi were disused, and as
the empire became split among the immediate descendants of
Louis le Debonnaire, the count palatine (comes palatii) was
found inadequate to his numerous duties; and coadjutors were
provided him for Saxony, Bavaria, and Swabia. After the
elevation of Arnulf, however, most of these dignities ceased;
and we read of one count palatine only—the count or duke of
Franconia or Rhenish France. Though we have reason to believe
that this high functionary continued to receive appeals from
the tribunals of each duchy, he certainly could not exercise
over them a sufficient control; nor, if his authority were
undisputed, could he be equal to his judicial duties. Yet to
restrain the absolute jurisdiction of his princely vassals was
no less the interest of the people than the sovereign; and in
this view Otho I. restored, with even increased powers, the
provincial counts palatine. He gave them not only the
appellant jurisdiction of the ancient comes palatii, but the
primary one of the missi dominici. … They had each a castle,
the wardenship of which was intrusted to officers named
burgraves, dependent on the count palatine of the province. In
the sequel, some of these burgraves became princes of the
empire."

_S. A. Dunham,
History of the Germanic Empire,
volume 1, pages 120-121._

PALATINE, The Elector.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1125-1152;
and PALATINATE OF THE RHINE.

PALATINE, The English Counties.

"The policy of the Norman kings stripped the earls of their
official character. They ceased to have local jurisdiction or
authority. Their dignity was of a personal nature, and they
must be regarded rather as the foremost of the barons, and as
their peers, than as a distinct order in the state. … An
exception to the general policy of William [the Conqueror] as
to earldoms was made in those governments which, in the next
century, were called palatine. These were founded in Cheshire,
and perhaps in Shropshire, against the Welsh, and in the
bishopric of Durham both to oppose the Scots, and to restrain
the turbulence of the northern people, who slew Walcher, the
first earl bishop, for his ill government. An earl palatine
had royal jurisdiction within his earldom. So it was said of
Hugh, earl of Chester, that he held his earldom in right of
his sword, as the king held all England in right of his crown.
All tenants-in–chief held of him; he had his own courts, took
the whole proceeds of jurisdiction, and appointed his own
sheriff. The statement that Bishop Odo had palatine
jurisdiction in Kent may be explained by the functions which
he exercised as justiciary."

_W. Hunt,
Norman Britain,
pages 118-119._

"The earldom of Chester has belonged to the eldest son of the
sovereign since 1396; the palatinate jurisdiction of Durham
was transferred to the crown in 1836 by act of Parliament, 6
Will. IV, c. 19."

_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 9,
section 98, footnote (volume 1)._

See, also, PALATINE, THE IRISH COUNTIES.

PALATINE, The Hungarian.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1301-1442.

PALATINE, The Irish Counties.

"The franchise of a county palatine gave a right of exclusive
civil and criminal jurisdiction; so that the king's writ
should not run, nor his judges come within it, though judgment
in its courts might be reversed by writ of error in the king's
bench. The lord might enfeoff tenants to hold by knights'
service of himself; he had almost all regalian rights; the
lands of those attainted for treason escheated to him; he
acted in every thing rather as one of the great feudatories of
France or Germany than a subject of the English crown. Such
had been the earl of Chester, and only Chester, in England;
but in Ireland this dangerous independence was permitted to
Strongbow in Leinster, to Lacy in Meath, and at a later time
to the Butlers and Geraldines in parts of Munster. Strongbow's
vast inheritance soon fell to five sisters, who took to their
shares, with the same palatine rights, the counties of Carlow,
Wexford, Kilkenny, Kildare, and the district of Leix, since
called the Queen's County. In all these palatinates, forming
by far the greater portion of the English territories, the
king's process had its course only within the lands belonging
to the church."

_E. Hallam,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 18 (volume 3)._

PALATINE HILL, The.
The Palatine City.
The Seven Mounts.

"The town which in the course of centuries grew up as Rome, in
its original form embraced according to trustworthy testimony
only the Palatine, or 'square Rome' (Roma quadrata), as it was
called in later times from the irregularly quadrangular form
of the Palatine hill. The gates and walls that enclosed this
original city remained visible down to the period of the
empire. … Many traces indicate that this was the centre and
original seat of the urban settlement. … The 'festival of the
Seven Mounts' ('septimontium'), again, preserved the memory of
the more extended settlement which gradually formed round the
Palatine. Suburbs grew up one after another, each protected by
its own separate though weaker circumvallation and joined to
the original ring-wall of the Palatine. … The 'Seven Rings'
were, the Palatine itself; the cermalus, the slope of the
Palatine in the direction of the morass that in the earliest
times extended between it and the Capitoline (velabrum); the
Velia, the ridge which connected the Palatine with the
Esquiline, but in subsequent times was almost wholly
obliterated by the buildings of the empire; the Fagutal, the
Oppius, and the Cispius, the three summits of the Esquiline;
lastly, the Sucusa, or Subura, a fortress constructed outside
of the earthern rampart which protected the new town on the
Carinae, in the low ground between the Esquiline and the
Quirinal, beneath S. Pietro in Vincoli. These additions,
manifestly the results of a gradual growth, clearly reveal to
a certain extent the earliest history of the Palatine Rome. …
The Palatine city of the Seven Mounts may have had a history
of its own; no other tradition of it has survived than simply
that of its having once existed. But as the leaves of the
forest make room for the new growth of spring, although they
fall unseen by human eyes, so has this unknown city of the
Seven Mounts made room for the Rome of history."

_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 1, chapter 4 (volume 1)._

See, also, QUIRINAL;
and SEVEN HILLS OF ROME.

{2412}

PALATINES: A. D. 1709-1710.
Migration to Ireland and America.

"The citizens of London [England] were astonished to learn, in
May and June, 1709, that 5,000 men, women and children,
Germans from the Rhine, were under tents in the suburbs. By
October the number had increased to 13,000, and comprised
husbandmen, tradesmen, school teachers and ministers. These
emigrants had deserted the Palatinate, owing to French
oppression and the persecution by their prince, the elector
John William, of the House of Newburgh, who had become a
devoted Romanist, though his subjects were mainly Lutherans
and Calvinists. Professor Henry A. Homes, in a paper treating
of this emigration, read before the Albany Institute in 1871,
holds that the movement was due not altogether to unbearable
persecutions, but largely to suggestions made to the Palatines
in their own country by agents of companies who were anxious
to obtain settlers for the British colonies in America, and
thus give value to the company's lands. The emigrants were
certainly seized with the idea that by going to England its
government would transport them to the provinces of New York,
the Carolinas, and Pennsylvania. Of the latter province they
knew much, as many Germans were already there. … Great efforts
were made to prevent suffering among these poor people;
thousands of pounds were collected for their maintenance from
churches and individuals all over England; they were lodged in
warehouses, empty dwellings and in barns, and the Queen had a
thousand tents pitched for them back of Greenwich, on
Blackheath. … Notwithstanding the great efforts made by the
English people, very much distress followed this unhappy
hegira. … Numbers of the younger men enlisted in the British
army serving in Portugal, and some made their own way to
Pennsylvania. … The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland petitioned the
Queen that some of the people might be sent to him, and by
February, 1710, 3,800 had been located across the Irish Sea,
in the province of Munster, near Limerick. … Professor Homes
recites in his monograph that they 'now number about 12,000
souls, and, under the name of Palatinates, continue to impress
a peculiar character upon the whole district they inhabit.' …
According to 'Luttrell's Diary,' about one-tenth of the whole
number that reached England were returned by the Crown to
Germany." A Swiss land company, which had bought 10,000 acres
of land from the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, "covenanted
with the English authorities for the transfer of about 700 of
these poor Heidelberg refugees to the colony. Before the end
of the year they had arrived with them at a point in North
Carolina where the rivers Neuse and Trent join. Here they
established a town, calling it New-Berne, in honor of Berne,
Switzerland. … It has not been found possible to properly
account for all the 13,000 Palatines who reached England.
Queen Anne sent some of them to Virginia, settling them above
the falls of the Rappahanock, in Spottsylvania County, from
whence they spread into several adjoining counties, and into
North Carolina. … After the Irish transportation, the largest
number that was moved in one body, and probably the final one
under government auspices, was the fleet-load that in the
spring of 1710 was despatched to New York. … A fleet of ten
ships set sail with Governor Hunter in March, having on board,
as is variously estimated, between 3,000 and 4,000 Germans. …
The immigrants were encamped on Nut, now Governor's Island,
for about three months, when a tract of 6,000 acres of the
Livingston patent was purchased for them, 100 miles up the
Hudson, the locality now being embraced in Germantown,
Columbia County. Eight hundred acres were also acquired on the
opposite side of the river at the present location of
Saugerties, in Ulster County. To these two points most of the
immigrants were removed." But dissatisfaction with their
treatment and difficulties concerning land titles impelled
many of these Germans to move off, first into Schoharie
County, and afterwards to Palatine Bridge, Montgomery County
and German Flats, Herkimer County, New York, to both of which
places they have affixed the names. Others went into
Pennsylvania, which was for many years the favorite colony
among German immigrants.

_A. D. Mellick, Jr.,
The Story of an Old Farm,
chapter 4._

ALSO IN:
_C. B. Todd,
Robert Hunter and the Settlement of the Palatines
(Memorial History of the City of New York,
volume 2, chapter 4)._

PALE, The English.

"That territory within which the English retreated and
fortified themselves when a reaction began to set in after
their first success [under Henry II.] in Ireland," acquired
the name of the Pale or the English Pale. But "that term did
not really come into use until about the beginning of the 16th
century. In earlier times this territory was called the
English Land. It is generally called Galldacht, or the
'foreigner's territory,' in the Irish annals, where the term
Galls comes to be applied to the descendants of the early
adventurers, and that of Saxons to Englishmen newly arrived.
The formation of the Pale is generally considered to date from
the reign of Edward I. About the period of which we are now
treating [reign of Henry IV.—beginning of 15th century] it
began to be limited to the four counties of Louth, Meath,
Kildare, and Dublin, which formed its utmost extent in the
reign of Henry VIII. Beyond this the authority of the king of
England was a nullity."

_M. Haverty,
History of Ireland,
pages 313-314, foot-note._

See IRELAND: A. D. 1169-1175; and 1515.

PALE, The Jewish, in Russia.

See JEWS: A. D. 1727-1880, and 19TH CENTURY.

PALE FACES, The (Ku-Klux Klan).

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1866-1871.

PALENQUE, Ruins of.

See MEXICO, ANCIENT;
and AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MAYAS.

----------PALERMO: Start--------

PALERMO: Origin.

See PANORMUS;
also SICILY: EARLY INHABITANTS.

PALERMO: A. D. 1146.
Introduction of silk culture.

See BYZANTINE EMPIRE: A. D. 1146.

PALERMO: A. D. 1282.
The Sicilian Vespers.

See ITALY (SOUTHERN): A. D. 1282-1300.

PALERMO: A. D. 1848-1849.
Expulsion of the Neapolitan garrison.
Surrender to King "Bomba."

See ITALY: A. D. 1848-1849.

PALERMO: A. D. 1860.
Capture by Garibaldi and his volunteers.
Bombardment by the Neapolitans.

See ITALY: A. D. 1859-1861.

{2413}

----------PALESTINE: Start--------

PALESTINE:
Early inhabitants.

See
AMALEKITES;
AMMONITES;
AMORITES;
HITTITES;
JEWS: EARLY HEBREW HISTORY;
MOABITES; PHILISTINES; PHŒNICIANS.

PALESTINE:
Name.

After the suppression of the revolt of the Jews in A. D. 130,
by Hadrian, the name of their province was changed from Judæa
to Syria Palæstina, or Syria of the Philistines, as it had
been called by Herodotus six centuries before. Hence the
modern name, Palestine.

See JEWS: A. D. 130-134.

PALESTINE:
History.

See
EGYPT: about B. C. 1500-1400;
JEWS;
JERUSALEM;
SYRIA;
CHRISTIANITY;
MAHOMETAN CONQUEST AND EMPIRE;
CRUSADES.

----------PALESTINE: End--------

PALESTRO, Battle of (1859).

See ITALY: A. D. 1856-1859.

PALFREYS, PALAFRENI.

See DESTRIERS.

PALI.

"The earlier form of the ancient spoken language [of the Aryan
race in India], called Pali or Magadhi, … was introduced into
Ceylon by Buddhist missionaries from Magadha when Buddhism
began to spread, and is now the sacred language of Ceylon and
Burmah, in which all their Buddhist literature is written."
The Pali language is thought to represent one of the stages in
the development of the Prakrit, or common speech of the
Hindus, as separated from the Sanskrit, or language of the
learned.

See SANSKRIT.

_M. Williams,
Indian Wisdom,
introduction, pages xxix-xxx, foot-note._

PALILIA, Festival of the.

"The festival named Palilia [at Rome] was celebrated on the
Palatine every year on the 21st April, in honour of Pales, the
tutelary divinity of the shepherds, who dwelt on the Palatine.
This day was held sacred as an anniversary of the day on which
Romulus commenced the building of the city."

_H. M. Westropp,
Early and Imperial Rome,
page 40._

PALLA, The.

See STOLA.

PALLADIUM, The.

"The Palladium, kept in the temple of Vesta at Rome, was a
small figure of Pallas, roughly carved out of wood, about
three feet high. Ilos, King of Troy, grandfather of Priam,
after building the city asked Zeus to give him a visible sign
that he would take it under his special protection. During the
night the Palladium fell down from heaven, and was found the
next morning outside his tent. The king built a temple for it,
and from that time the Trojans firmly believed that as long as
they could keep this figure their town would be safe; but if
at any time it should be lost or stolen, some dreadful
calamity would overtake them. The story further relates that,
at the siege of Troy, its whereabouts was betrayed to Diomed,
and he and the wily Ulysses climbed the wall at night and
carried it off. The Palladium, enraged at finding itself in
the Grecian camp, sprang three times in the air, its eyes
flashing wildly, while drops of sweat stood on its brow. The
Greeks, however, would not give it up, and Troy, robbed of her
guardian, was soon after conquered by the Greeks. But an
oracle having warned Diomed not to keep it, he, on landing in
Italy, gave it to one of Æneas' companions, by whom it was
brought into the neighbourhood of the future site of Rome.
Another legend relates that Æneas saved it after the
destruction of Troy, and fled with it to Italy, where it was
afterwards placed by his descendants in the Temple of Vesta,
in Rome. Here the inner and most sacred place in the Temple
was reserved for it, and no man, not even the chief priest,
was allowed to see it except when it was shown on the occasion
of any high festival. The Vestals had strict orders to guard
it carefully, and to save it in case of fire, as the welfare
of Rome depended on its preservation."

_F. Nösselt,
Mythology, Greek and Roman,
page 3._

PALLESCHI, The.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1498-1500.

PALLIUM, The.

"The pallium, or mantle of the Greeks, from its being less
cumbersome and trailing than the toga of the Romans, by
degrees superseded the latter in the country and in the camp.
When worn over armour, and fastened on the right shoulder with
a clasp or button, this cloak assumed the name of
paludamentum."

_T. Hope,
Costume of the Ancients,
volume 1, p 37._

PALM, The Execution of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1806 (JANUARY-AUGUST).

PALMERSTON MINISTRIES.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1855; 1858-1859.

PALMI.

See FOOT, THE ROMAN.

----------PALMYRA: Start--------

PALMYRA,
Earliest knowledge of.

"The outlying city of Palmyra—the name of which is first
mentioned during the wars of M. Antony in Syria [B. C. 41]—was
certainly at this period [of Augustus, B. C. 31-A. D. 14]
independent and preserved a position of neutrality between the
Romans and Parthians, while it carried on trade with both. It
does not appear however to have as yet risen to a place of
great importance, as its name is not mentioned by Strabo. The
period of its prosperity dates only from the time of Hadrian."

_E. H. Bunbury,
History of Ancient Geography,
chapter 20, section 1 (volume 2)._

PALMYRA:
Rise and fall.

"Amidst the barren deserts of Arabia a few cultivated spots
rise like islands out of the sandy ocean. Even the name of
Tadmor, or Palmyra, by its signification in the Syriac as well
as in the Latin language, denoted the multitude of palm-trees
which afforded shade and verdure to that temperate region. The
air was pure, and the soil, watered by some invaluable
springs, was capable of producing fruits as well as corn. A
place possessed of such singular advantages, and situated at a
convenient distance between the gulf of Persia and the
Mediterranean, was soon frequented by the caravans which
conveyed to the nations of Europe a considerable part of the
rich commodities of India. [It has been the opinion of some
writers that Tadmor was founded by Solomon as a commercial
station, but the opinion is little credited at present.]
Palmyra insensibly increased into an opulent and independent
city, and, connecting the Roman and the Parthian monarchies by
the mutual benefits of commerce, was suffered to observe an
humble neutrality, till at length, after the victories of
Trajan, the little republic sunk into the bosom of Rome, and
flourished more than one hundred and fifty years in the
subordinate though honourable rank of a colony." On the
occasion of the invasion of Syria by the Persian king, Sapor,
when the Emperor Valerian was defeated and taken prisoner (A.
D. 260-261), the only effectual resistance opposed to him was
organized and led by a wealthy senator of Palmyra, Odenathus
(some ancient writers call him a Saracen prince), who founded,
by his exploits at that time, a substantial military power.
{2414}
Aided and seconded by his famous wife, Zenobia, who is one of
the great heroines of history, he extended his authority over
the Roman East and defeated the Persian king in several
campaigns. On his death, by assassination, in 267, Zenobia
ascended the Palmyrenian throne and ruled with masculine
firmness of character. Her dominions were extended from the
Euphrates and the frontiers of Bithynia to Egypt, and are
said, with some doubtfulness, to have included even that rich
province, for a time. But the Romans, who had acquiesced in
the rule of Odenathus, and recognized it, in the day of their
weakness, now resented the presumption and the power of his
widowed queen. Perhaps they had reason to fear her ambition
and her success. Refusing to submit to the demands that were
made upon her, she boldly challenged the attack of the warlike
emperor, Aurelian, and suffered defeat in two great, battles,
fought A. D. 272 or 273, near Antioch and near Emesa. A vain
attempt to hold Palmyra against the besieging force of the
Roman, an unsuccessful flight and a capture by pursuing
horsemen, ended the political career of the brilliant 'Queen
of the East.' She saved her life somewhat ignobly by giving up
her counsellors to Aurelian's vengeance. The philosopher
Longinus was one who perished. Zenobia was sent to Rome and
figured among the captives in Aurelian's triumph. She was then
given for her residence a splendid villa at Tibur (Tivoli)
twenty miles from Rome, and lived quietly through the
remainder of her days, connecting herself, by the marriage of
her daughters, with the noble families of Rome. Palmyra, which
had been spared on its surrender, rashly rose in revolt
quickly after Aurelian had left its gates. The enraged emperor
returned and inflicted on the fated city a chastisement from
which it never rose."

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapters 10-11._

----------PALMYRA: End--------

PALMYRÊNÉ, The.

"Palmyrêné, or the Syrian Desert—the tract lying between
Cœle-Syria on the one hand, and the valley of the middle
Euphrates on the other, and abutting towards the south on the
great Arabian Desert, to which it is sometimes regarded as
belonging. It is for the most part a hard sandy, or gravelly
plain, intersected by low rocky ranges, and either barren or
productive only of some sapless shrubs and of a low thin
grass. Occasionally, however, there are oases, where the
fertility is considerable. Such an oasis is the region about
Palmyra itself, which derived its name from the palm groves in
the vicinity; here the soil is good, and a large tract is even
now under cultivation. … Though large armies can never have
traversed the desert even in this upper region, where it is
comparatively narrow, trade in ancient times found it
expedient to avoid the long 'détour' by the Orontes valley,
Aleppo, and Bambuk and to proceed directly from Damascus by
way of Palmyra to Thapsacus on the Euphrates."

_G. Rawlinson,
Five Great Monarchies: Babylonia,
chapter 1._

PALO ALTO, Battle of.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1846-1847.

PALSGRAVE.

An Anglicized form of Pfalzgraf.

See PALATINE COUNT.

PALUDAMENTUM, The.

"As soon as the [Roman] consul entered upon his military
career, he assumed certain symbols of command. The cloak of
scarlet or purple which the imperator threw over his corslet
was named the paludamentum, and this, which became in later
times the imperial robe, he never wore except on actual
service."

_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 31._

See, also, PALLIUM.

PALUS MÆOTIS, MÆOTIS PALUS.

The ancient Greek name of the Sea of Azov.

PAMLICOS.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

PAMPAS. LLANOS.

"In the southern continent [of America], the regions which
correspond with the prairies of the United States are the
'pampas' of the La Plata and the 'llanos' of Columbia [both
'pampa' and 'llano' having in Spanish the signification of 'a
plain']. … The llanos of Venezuela and New Granada have an
area estimated at 154,000 square miles, nearly equal to that
of France. The Argentine pampas, which are situated at the
other extremity of the continent, have a much more
considerable extent, probably exceeding 500,000 square miles.
This great central plain … stretches its immense and nearly
horizontal surface over a length of at least 1,900 miles, from
the burning regions of tropical Brazil to the cold countries
of Patagonia."

_E. Reclus,
The Earth,
chapter 15._

For an account of the Indian tribes of the Pampas.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.

PAMPELUNA: Siege by the French (1521).

See NAVARRE: A. D. 1442-1521.

PAMPTICOKES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1889-1890.

PAN-HANDLE, The.

See VIRGINIA: A. D. 1779-1786.

PAN-IONIC AMPHICTYONY.

See IONIC AMPHICTYONY.

----------PANAMA: Start--------

PANAMA: A. D. 1501-1502.
Discovery by Bastidas.
Coasted by Columbus.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1498-1505, and 1500.

PANAMA: A. D. 1509.
Creation of the Province of Castilla del Oro.
Settlement on the Gulf of Uraba.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1509-1511.

PANAMA: A. D. 1513-1517.
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa and the discovery of the Pacific.
The malignant rule of Pedrarias Davila.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1513-1517.

PANAMA: A. D. 1519.
Name and Origin of the city.

Originally, Panama was the native name of an Indian fishing
village, on the Pacific coast of the Isthmus, the word
signifying "a place where many fish are taken." In 1519 the
Spaniards founded there a city which they made their capital
and chief mart on the Pacific coast.

_H. H. Bancroft,
History of the Pacific States,
volume 1, chapters 10-11 and 15._

PANAMA: A. D. 1671-1680.
Capture, destruction and recapture of the city of Panama
by the Buccaneers.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1639-1700.

PANAMA: A. D. 1688-1699.
The Scottish colony of Darien.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1695-1699.

PANAMA: A. D. 1826.
The Congress of American States.

See COLOMBIAN STATES: A. D. 1826.

PANAMA: A. D. 1846-1855.
American right of transit secured by Treaty.
Building of the Panama Railroad.

See NICARAGUA: A. D. 1850.

PANAMA: A. D. 1855.
An independent state in the Colombian Confederation.
Opening of the Panama Railway.

See COLOMBIAN STATES: A. D. 1830-1886.

{2415}

PANAMA CANAL. PANAMA SCANDAL.

"The commencement of an undertaking [projected by Count
Ferdinand de Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal] for
connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, through the
Isthmus of Panama, was a natural result of the success
achieved by the Suez Canal. Various sites have been proposed
from time to time for the construction of a canal across the
Isthmus, the most northern being the Tehuantepec route, at a
comparatively broad part of the Isthmus, and the most southern
the Atrato route, following for some distance the course of
the Atrato River. The site eventually selected, in 1879, for
the construction of a canal was at the narrowest part of the
Isthmus, and where the central ridge is the lowest, known as
the Panama route, nearly following the course of the Panama
Rail way. It was the only scheme that did not necessarily
involve a tunnel or locks. The length of the route between
Colon on the Atlantic, and Panama on the Pacific, is 46 miles,
not quite half the length of the Suez Canal; but a tide-level
canal involved a cutting across the Cordilleras, at the
Culebra Pass, nearly 300 feet deep, mainly through rock. The
section of the canal was designed on the lines of the Suez
Canal, with a bottom width of 72 feet, and a depth of water of
27 feet, except in the central rock cutting, where the width
was to be increased to 78¾ feet on account of the nearly
vertical sides, and the depth to 29½ feet. … The work was
commenced in 1882. … The difficulties and expenses, however,
of the undertaking had been greatly under–estimated. The
climate proved exceptionally unhealthy, especially when the
soil began to be turned up by the excavations. The actual cost
of the excavation was much greater than originally estimated;
and the total amount of excavation required to form a level
canal, which had originally been estimated at 100 million
cubic yards, was subsequently computed, on more exact data, at
176½ million cubic yards. The preliminary works were also very
extensive and costly; and difficulties were experienced, after
a time, in raising the funds for carrying on the works, even
when shares were offered at a very great discount. Eventually,
in 1887, the capital at the disposal of the company had nearly
come to an end; whilst only a little more than one-fifth of
the excavation had been completed. … At that period it was
determined to expedite the work, and reduce the cost of
completing the canal, by introducing locks, and thus diminish
the remaining amount of excavation by 85 million cubic yards;
though the estimated cost, even with this modification, had
increased from £33,500,000 to £65,500,000. … The financial
embarrassments, however, of the company have prevented the
carrying out of this scheme for completing the canal; and the
works are at present [1891] at a standstill, in a very
unfinished state."

_L. F. Vernon-Harcourt,
Achievements in Engineering,
chapter 14._

"It was on December 14, 1888, that the Panama Canal Company
stopped payments. Under the auspices of the French Government,
a parliamentary inquiry was started in the hope of finding
some means of saving the enterprise. Facts soon came to light,
which, in the opinion of many, justified a prosecution. The
indignation of the shareholders against the Count de Lesseps,
his son, and the other Directors, waxed loud. In addition to
ruinous miscalculations, these men were charged with corrupt
expenditure with a view to influence public opinion. … The
gathering storm finally burst on November 21 [1892], when the
interpellation in regard to the Canal question was brought
forward in the Chamber. M. Delahaye threw out suggestions of
corruption against a large number of persons, alleging that
3,000,000 francs had been used by the company to bribe 150
Senators and Deputies. Challenged to give their names, he
persisted in merely replying that if the Chamber wanted
details, they must vote an inquiry. … It was ultimately
agreed, by 311 to 243, to appoint a special Committee of 33
Members to conduct an investigation. The judicial summonses
against the accused Directors were issued the same day,
charging them with 'the use of fraudulent devices for creating
belief in the existence of a chimerical event, the spending of
sums accruing from issues handed to them for a fixed purpose,
and the swindling of all or part of the fortune of others.'
The case being called in the Court of Appeals, November 25,
when all of the defendants—M. Ferdinand de Lesseps; Charles,
his son; M. Marius Fontanes, Baron Cottu, and M. Eiffel—were
absent, it was adjourned to January 10, 1893. … On November
28, the Marquis de la Ferronaye, followed by M. Brisson, the
Chairman of the Committee of Inquiry, called the attention of
the Government to the rumors regarding the death of Baron
Reinach, and pressed the demand of the Committee that the body
be exhumed, and the theory of suicide be tested. But for his
sudden death, the Baron would have been included in the
prosecution. He was said to have received immense sums for
purposes of corruption; and his mysterious and sudden death on
the eve of the prosecution started the wildest rumors of
suicide and even murder. Public opinion demanded that full
light be thrown on the episode; but the Minister of Justice
said, that, as no formal charges of crime had been laid, the
Government had no power to exhume the body. M. Loubet would
make no concession in the matter; and, when M. Brisson moved a
resolution of regret that the Baron's papers had not been
sealed at his death, petulantly insisted that the order of the
day 'pure and simple' be passed. This the Chamber refused to
do by a vote of 304 to 219. The resignation of the Cabinet
immediately followed. … A few days' interregnum followed
during which M. Brisson and M. Casimir-Périer successively
tried in vain to form a Cabinet. M. Ribot, the Foreign
Minister, finally consented to try the task, and, on December
5, the new Ministry was announced. … The policy of the
Government regarding the scandal now changed. … In the course
of the investigation by the Committee, the most startling
evidence of corruption was revealed. It was discovered that
the principal Paris papers had received large amounts for
puffing the Canal scheme. M. Thierrée, a banker, asserted that
Baron Reinach had paid into his bank 3,390,000 francs in
Panama funds, and had drawn it out in 26 checks to bearer. …
On December 13, M. Rouvier, the Finance Minister, resigned,
because his name had been connected with the scandal. … In the
meantime, sufficient evidence had been gathered to cause the
Government, on December 16, to arrest M. Charles de Lesseps,
M. Fontane, and M. Sans-Leroy, Directors of the Canal Company,
on the charge, not, as before, of maladministration of the
company's affairs, but of corrupting public functionaries.
This was followed by the adoption of proceedings against five
Senators and five Deputies.

_Quarterly Register of Current History,
March, 1893._

{2416}

"The trial of the De Lesseps, father and son, MM. Fontane,
Cottu, and Eiffel, began January 10, before the court of
appeals. MM. Fontane and Eiffel confessed, the latter to the
bribery of Hebrard, director of 'Le Temps,' a newspaper, with
1,750,000 francs. On February 14, sentence was pronounced
against Ferdinand and Charles De Lesseps, each being condemned
to spend five years in prison and to pay a fine of 3,000
francs; MM. Fontane and Cottu, two years and 3,000 francs
each; and M. Eiffel, two years and 20,000 francs. … On March
8, the trial of the younger de Lesseps, MM. Fontane, Baihaut,
Blondin, and ex-Minister Proust, Senator Beral, and others, on
charges of corruption, began before the assize court. … De
Lesseps, … with MM. Baihaut and Blondin, was found guilty
March 21, and sentenced to one year more of imprisonment. M.
Blondin received a two-year sentence; but M. Baihaut was
condemned to five years, a fine of 75,000 francs, and loss of
civil rights. The others were acquitted."

_Cyclopedic Review of Current History,
volume 3, number 1 (1803)._

"On June 15 the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment in the
first trial on the ground that the acts had been committed
more than three years before the institution of proceedings,
reversing the ruling of the trial court that a preliminary
investigation begun in 1891 suspended the three years'
prescription. Fontane and Eiffel were set at liberty, but
Charles de Lesseps had still to serve out the sentence for
corruption."

_Appleton's Annual Cyclopædia, 1893,
page 321._

The enemies of the Republic had wished to establish the
venality of the popular representatives; "they succeeded only
in showing the resistance that had been made to a temptation
of which the public had not known before the strength and
frequency. Instead of proving that many votes had been sold,
they proved that many were found ready to buy them, which was
very different."

_P. De Coubertin,
L'Evolution Frarçaise sous la Troisième Republique,
page 266._

PANATHENÆA, The Festival of the.

See PARTHENON AT ATHENS.

PANDECTS OF JUSTINIAN.

See CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS.

PANDES.

See CASTE SYSTEM OF INDIA.

PANDOURS.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1567-1604.

PANICS OF 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1835-1837, 1873, 1893-1894;
and TARIFF LEGISLATION (UNITED STATES): A. D. 1846-1861.

PANIPAT, PANNIPUT, Battles of (1526, 1556, and 1761).

See INDIA: A. D. 1399-1605; and 1747-1761.

PANIUM, Battle of (B. C. 198).

See SELEUCIDÆ: B. C. 224-187.

PANJAB, The.

See PUNJAB.

PANNONIA AND NORICUM.

"The wide extent of territory which is included between the
Inn, the Danube, and the Save—Austria, Styria, Carinthia,
Carniola, the Lower Hungary, and Sclavonia—was known to the
ancients under the names of Noricum and Pannonia. In their
original state of independence their fierce inhabitants were
intimately connected. Under the Roman government they were
frequently united."

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 1._

Pannonia embraced much the larger part of the territory
described above, covering the center and heart of the modern
Austro-Hungarian empire. It was separated from Noricum, lying
west and northwest of it, by Mons Cetius. For the settlement
of the Vandals in Pannonia, and its conquest by the Huns and
Goths:

See VANDALS: ORIGIN, &c.;
HUNS: A. D. 433-453, and 453;
and GOTHS: A. D. 473-474.

PANO, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.

PANORMUS.