Chapter LXII: Section 7 (19)

In November, 1879, "the Czar paid his annual visit to the
memorial church at Sevastopol, when a requiem was celebrated,
and he left the Crimea on November 30. The following
evening, as his train was entering Moscow, followed by another
carrying his baggage, an explosion took place under the
baggage train from a mine of dynamite below the rails, which
destroyed one carriage, and threw seven more off the line: He
was informed of the cause of the noise he had just heard, as
he stepped on to the platform at Moscow, and it proved to be
another Nihilist outrage [see NIHILISM], designed chiefly by
an ex-Jew, who escaped to France, and by Sophia Perovsky, who
was afterwards concerned in the Emperor's death. A similar
mine, of which the wire was accidentally cut by a passing cart
before the train arrived, had been laid further south at
Alexandrovsk; and another nearer to Odessa was discovered in
time by the officials, who reversed the usual position of the
Imperial trains, thereby probably saving the Czar's life. He
telegraphed the same night to the Empress at Cannes that he
had arrived safely at Moscow, but did not mention his escape,
which she learned from the newspapers, and from her
attendants. In her weak, nervous state, it is not surprising
that the effect was most injurious. … Another plot was
discovered to blow up the landing stage at Odessa when the
Emperor embarked for Yalta on his way from Warsaw in
September; but the arrest of the conspirators frustrated a
scheme by which hundreds as well as the sovereign might have
perished. … The Revolutionary Committee put forth a circular
acknowledging their part in the explosion, and calling on the
people to aid them against the Czar. … A formal sentence of
death was forwarded to him at Livadia by the Revolutionary
Committee in the autumn of 1879; and December 1 was evidently
selected for the Moscow attempt, being the anniversary of the
death of Alexander I.; therefore a fatal day for monarchs in
the eyes of the Nihilists. The Empress continued very ill, and
her desire to return to Russia increased. At last it was
decided to gratify her, as her case was pronounced hopeless. …
The Emperor joined her in the train three stations before she
arrived at St. Petersburg, and drove alone with her in the
closed carriage, in which she was removed from the station to
the Winter Palace. Only a fortnight later [February 17, 1880],
a diabolical attempt was made to destroy the whole Imperial
family. The hours when they assembled in the dining-room were
well known. … The Empress was confined to her room, only kept
alive by an artificial atmosphere being preserved in her
apartment, which was next to the dining-room. Her only
surviving brother, Prince Alexander of Hesse-Darmstadt, had
arrived the same evening on a visit, and his letter to his
wife on the occasion describes the result of the plot: … 'We
were proceeding through a large corridor to His Majesty's
rooms, when suddenly a fearful thundering was heard. The
flooring was raised as if by an earthquake, the gas lamps were
extinguished, and we were left in total darkness. At the same
time a horrible dust and the smell of gunpowder or dynamite
filled the corridor. Some one shouted to us that the
chandelier had fallen down in the saloon where the table was
laid for the dinner of the Imperial family. I hastened thither
with the Czarovitz and the Grand-Duke Vladimir, while Count
Adlerberg, in doubt as to what might happen next, held back
the Emperor. We found all the windows broken, and the walls in
ruins. A mine had exploded under the room. The dinner was
delayed for half an hour by my arrival, and it was owing to
this that the Imperial family had not yet assembled in the
dining-hall.' One of the Princes remarked that it was a gas
explosion; but the Emperor, who fully retained his composure,
said, 'O no, I know what it is;' and it was subsequently
stated that for several weeks past he had found a sealed
black-bordered letter on his table every morning, always
containing the same threat, that he should not survive the 2nd
of March, the twenty-fifth anniversary of his accession. His
first care was to see that his daughter was safe, and he then
asked her to go to the Empress, and prevent her from being
alarmed, while he personally inspected the scene of the
catastrophe. General Todleben was of opinion that 144 lbs. of
dynamite must have been used; and one of the cooks —a
foreigner—and another official disappeared; but none of those
concerned in the plot was arrested at that time. Subsequent
information showed that the explosion was intended for the 2nd
of March, but hastened on account of the arrest of some one
acquainted with the plot. It was caused by machinery placed in
the flue, and set for 6 P. M. It killed and wounded two
servants and thirty-three brave soldiers of the Finnish Guard,
who were assembled in the hall under the dining-room and above
the flue where the dynamite was laid. … The Russian and
foreign newspapers teemed with advice to the Emperor to grant
a constitution, or abdicate in order to save his life; and it
is reported that in a Council of his Ministers and relations
he offered to hand over the sceptre at once to his eldest son,
if they agreed that it would be best for their own safety, and
for Russia; but that he was earnestly requested to continue in
power. However this might be, he took an extraordinary and
decisive step. He appointed an Armenian, General Melikof, a
man of 56 years of age, distinguished in the war with Turkey,
and subsequently as Governor of Charkof, to be the temporary
dictator of the Empire, with almost absolute powers, and over
the six Governors-General who in 1879 were established
throughout Russia. The Commission was for six months. … The
explosion in the Winter Palace caused the greatest panic in
St. Petersburg, and people would no longer take tickets for
the opera, till they ascertained that the Emperor was not
likely to be there. … The sad condition of the Empress, who
lingered, hardly conscious, between life and death, the
incessant Nihilist circulars which day after day were found
among his clothes, or on his writing table, with the real
attempts made to poison him in letters and other ways, and of
assassins to penetrate into the Palace under the guise of
sweeps, petitioners, fire-lighters, and guards, the danger to
which his nearest relations were exposed, and the precautions
which he looked upon as a humiliation that were taken to
ensure his safety, added to the cares of Empire, must have
rendered his [the Emperor's] existence hardly tolerable. It is
not surprising that at last he desired to be left to take his
chance. … He was again seen driving in the streets in an open
droschky, with only his coachman and one Cossack. … In May the
Court usually repaired to Gateschina for the summer manœuvres
of the troops. … The Empress, having somewhat rallied, desired
to go as usual to Gateschina. … But early in the morning of
June 3, she passed quietly away in her sleep. …
{2785}
It has been since ascertained that the Nihilists had planned
to blow up the bridge over which the funeral procession must
pass, so as to destroy all the mourners, including the foreign
princes, the Imperial hearse, and the numerous guards and
attendants; but a tremendous storm of rain and wind on the
previous night and morning, which raised the Neva to a level
with its banks, and threatened to postpone the ceremony,
prevented the last measures being taken to secure the success
of the plot. … On March 2, the Emperor, as usual, attended the
Requiem Mass for his father, and the service to celebrate his
own accession to the throne. During the last week of his life,
he lived in comparative retirement, as it was Lent, and he was
preparing for the Holy Communion, which he received with his
sons on the morning of Saturday, March 12. At 12 that day,
Melikof came to tell him of the capture of one of the
Nihilists concerned in the explosion in the Winter Palace.
This man refused to answer any questions, except that his
capture would not prevent the Emperor's certain assassination,
and that his Majesty would never see another Easter. Both
Melikof and the Czarovitz begged the Emperor in vain not to
attend the parade the next day. … After the Parade [Sunday,
March 13, 1881] the Emperor drove with his brother Michael to
the Michael Palace, the abode of their cousin, the widowed
Grand-Duchess Catherine; and, leaving his brother there, he
set off about two o'clock by the shortest way to the Winter
Palace, along the side of the Catherine Canal. There, in the
part where the road runs between the Summer Garden and the
Canal, a bombshell was hurled under the Imperial carriage, and
exploded in a shower of snow, throwing down two of the horses
of the escort, tearing off the back of the carriage, and
breaking the glass, upsetting two lamp-posts, and wounding one
of the Cossacks, and a baker's boy who was passing with a
basket on his head. As soon as he saw the two victims lying on
the pavement, the Emperor called to the coachman to stop, but
the last only drove on faster, having received private orders
from the Emperor's family to waive all ceremony, and to
prevent his master from going into dangerous situations, or
among crowds. However, the Emperor pulled the cord round the
coachman's arm till he stopped; and then, in spite of the
man's request to let himself be driven straight home, got out
to speak to the sufferers, and to give orders for their prompt
removal to the hospital, as the thermometer was below zero. …
The Emperor gave his directions, and seeing the man who had
thrown the bomb in the grasp of two soldiers, though still
struggling to point a revolver at his sovereign, he asked his
name, on which the aid-de-camp replied: 'He calls himself
Griaznof, and says he is a workman.' The Emperor made one or
two more remarks, and then turned to go back to his carriage.
It was observed he was deadly pale, and walked very slowly;
and as splashes of blood were found in the carriage, it was
afterwards supposed that he had already received slight
wounds. Several men had been placed at different points of the
road with explosive bombs, and hearing the first explosion,
two of these hurried up to see the effect. One of them flung a
bomb at the Emperor's feet when he had gone a few paces
towards his carriage, and it exploded, blowing off one leg,
and shattering the other to the top of the thigh, besides
mortally wounding the assassin himself, who fell with a shriek
to the ground, and injuring twenty foot passengers. The other
accomplice, according to his own evidence, put down his bomb,
and instinctively ran forward to help the Emperor, who did not
utter a sound, though his lips moved as if in prayer. He was
supporting himself with his back against a buttress by
grasping the rails on the canal. His helmet was blown off, his
clothes torn to rags, and his orders scattered about on the
snow, while the windows of houses 150 yards distant were
broken by the explosion, which raised a column of smoke and
snow, and was heard even at the Anitchkof Palace. … Besides
his shattered limbs, the Emperor had a frightful gash in the
abdomen, his left eyelid was burnt, and his sight gone, his
right hand was crushed, and the rings broken. … The Emperor
expired from loss of blood at five-and-twenty minutes to four.
… More than twenty persons were killed and injured by the two
bombs."

_C. Joyneville,
Life of Alexander II.,
chapter 13._

ALSO IN:
_Annual Register, 1879-1881._

RUSSIA: A. D. 1881.
Accession of Alexander III.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1881-1894.
Character and reign of Alexander III.
Persecution of Jews and unorthodox Christians.
Hostility to western civilization.

"According to an apparently authentic report in the Cracow
paper 'Czas,' confirmed by later publications, the Emperor
Alexander II. had signed the very morning of the day on which
he was murdered a Ukase addressed to the Senate, by which a
committee was to be appointed for realising Count Loris
Melikow's project of a general representative assembly
composed of delegates from the provincial assemblies. On March
20th Alexander III. convoked a grand council of the principal
dignitaries, asking their opinion on Loris Melikow's proposal.
A lively discussion took place, of which the 'Czas' gives a
detailed account. … The Emperor, thanking the members, said
that the majority had declared for the convening of an
assembly elected by the nation for discussing the affairs of
the State, adding, 'I share this opinion of the majority, and
wish that the reform Ukase shall be published as under the
patronage of my father, to whom the initiative of this reform
is due.' The Ukase, however, was not published, Podobenoszew
and Ignatiew having succeeded in discrediting it in the eyes
of the Czar, asserting that it would only create excitement
and increase the existing fermentation. On May 13th a
manifesto appeared, in which the Czar declared his will 'to
keep firmly the reins in obedience to the voice of God, and,
in the belief in the force and truth of autocratic power, to
fortify that power and to guard it against all encroachments.'
A few days later Count Ignatiew, the head of the Slavophil
party, was appointed Minister of the Interior, and by-and-by
the other more liberal Ministers of Alexander II. disappeared.
By far the most important personage under the present
government is Podobenoszew, High Procurator of the Holy Synod,
an office equivalent to a Minister of Public Worship for the
State Church. Laborious and of unblemished integrity, this man
is a fanatic by conviction. Under Alexander II., who was too
much of a European to like him, he had but a secondary
position, but under his pupil, the present Emperor, he has
become all-powerful, the more so because his orthodoxy wears
the national garb, and he insists that the break-down of the
Nicolas I. system was only caused through governing with
Ministers of German origin.
{2786}
He is seconded by Count Tolstoi, the Minister of Internal
Affairs (who replaced the more liberal Saburow), to whom
belong the questions concerning the foreign, i. e.,
non-orthodox, confessions. These two, supported by the
Minister of Justice, Manasseïn, have enacted persecutions
against Catholics, Uniates, Protestants, and Jews [see JEWS:
19TH CENTURY], which seem incredible in our age, but which are
well attested. Thousands of persons who have committed no
wrong other than that of being faithful to their inherited
creed have been driven from their homes, and exiled to
Siberia, or to distant regions without any means of
livelihood. As regards Catholics, these measures are
principally directed against the clergy; but the Uniates, i.
e., the Catholics who have the Slav liturgy, are unsparingly
deported if they refuse to have their children baptised by an
orthodox Pope, and this is done with men, women, and children,
peasants and merchants. Twenty thousand Uniates alone have
been removed from the western provinces to Szaratow. Those who
remain at home have Cossacks quartered upon them, and all
sorts of compulsory means are used to stamp out this sect. …
It is pretty certain that Alexander III. is ignorant of the
atrocities committed in his name, for he is not a man to
sanction deliberate injustice or to tolerate persons of
manifest impurity in important offices. Though the Czar
insists upon having personally honest Ministers, mere honesty
is not sufficient for governing a great empire. Truth does not
penetrate to the ear of the autocrat; the Russian Press does
not reflect public opinion with its currents, but is simply
the speaking-tube of the reigning coterie, which has
suppressed all papers opposed to it, while the foreign Press
is only allowed to enter mutilated by the censorship. Some
people have, indeed, the privilege to read foreign papers in
their original shape, but the Autocrat of All the Russias does
not belong to them. … The Emperor is peaceful and will not
hear of war: he has, in fact, submitted to many humiliations
arising from Russia's conduct towards Bulgaria. … With all
this, however, he is surrounded by Panslavists and allows them
to carry on an underground warfare against the Balkan States.
… He is strongly opposed to all Western ideas of civilisation,
very irritable, and unflinching in his personal dislikes, as
he has shown in the case of Prince Alexander of Battenberg;
and, with his narrow views, he is unable to calculate the
bearing of his words and actions, which often amount to direct
provocation against his neighbours. If, nevertheless,
tolerable relations with England, Austria, and Germany have
been maintained, this is for the most part the merit of M. de
Giers, the Foreign Secretary, an unpretending, cautious, and
personally reliable man of business, whose influence with the
Czar lies in the cleverness with which he appears not to
exercise any."

_Professor Geffcken,
Russia under Alexander III.
(New Review, September, 1891)._

ALSO IN:
_H. von Samson-Himmelstierna,
Russia under Alexander III._

RUSSIA: A. D. 1894.
Death of Alexander III.
Accession of Nicholas II.

The Czar Alexander III. died on the 1st of November, 1894, at
Livadia, and the accession of his eldest son, who ascends the
throne as Nicholas II., was officially proclaimed at St.
Petersburg on the following day. The new autocrat was born in
1868. He is to wed the Princess Alix of Hesse Darmstadt.

----------RUSSIA: End--------

RUSSIA, Great, Little, White, and Black.

"Little Russia consists of the governments of Podolia,
Volhynia, Kief, Tchernigof, Poltava, and Kharkof. … To protect
Poland from Tartar raids, the Polish king entrusted to the
keeping of the Cossacks the whole south-east frontier of
Poland, the former Grand Duchy of Kief, which acquired the
name of Ukraine, 'borderland,' and also of Little Russia, in
contradistinction to the Grand Duchy of Moscow or Great
Russia. …

See COSSACKS.

The provinces of Moghilef, Minsk, and Vitebsk are popularly
known by the name of White Russia. … The peaceful,
industrious, good tempered White Russians are descendants of
the old Slav race of the Krevitchi. … The name of 'the land
of the Krevitchi,' by which White Russia was called in the
11th century, died out on the rise of the Principalities of
Polotsk, Misteslavsk, and Minsk, which belonged first to
Kief, next to Lithuania, and later still to Poland."

_H. M. Chester,
Russia, Past and Present,
pages 225. 228, 270-271._

"The epithet of 'White,' applied also to the Muscovite
Russians in the sense of 'free,' at the time when they were
rescued from the Tatar yoke, has been the special designation
of the Russians of the Upper Dnieper only since the end of the
14th century. At first applied by the Poles to all the
Lithuanian possessions torn from the Muscovites, it was
afterwards used in a more restricted sense. Catherine II. gave
the name of White Russia to the present provinces of Vitebsk
and Moghilov, and Nicholas abolished the expression
altogether, since when it has lost all its political
significance, while preserving its ethnical value. … The term
'White' is generally supposed to refer to the colour of their
dress in contradistinction to the 'Black Russians,' between
the Pripet and Niemen, who form the ethnical transition from
the Little to the White Russians. … The terms Little Russia
(Malo-Russia, Lesser Russia), Ukrania, Ruthenia, have never
had any definite limits, constantly shifting with the
vicissitudes of history, and even with the administrative
divisions. … The name itself of Little Russia appears for the
first time in the Byzantine chronicles of the 13th century in
association with Galicia and Volhynia, after which it was
extended to the Middle Dnieper, or Kiyovia. In the same way
Ukrania—that is 'Frontier'—was first applied to Podolia to
distinguish it from Galicia, and afterwards to the southern
provinces of the Lithuanian state, between the Bug and
Dnieper."

_É. Reclus,
The Earth and its Inhabitants: Europe,
volume 5. pages 282-290._

RUSSIAN AMERICA.

See ALASKA.

RUSTCHUK, Battle of (1594).

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES:
14-18TH CENTURIES (ROUMANIA, ETC.).

RUTENI, The.

The Ruteni were a Gallic tribe, who bordered on the Roman
Gallia Provincia, between the Cevennes and the Cadurci
occupying the district of France called Rouergue before the
Revolution.

_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 4, chapter 17._

RUTENNU, The.

See ROTENNU.

{2787}

RÜTLI, GRÜTLI, The Meadow of.

See SWITZERLAND: THE THREE FOREST CANTONS.

RUTULIANS, The.

See LATIUM.

RUTUPIÆ.

The principal Kentish seaport of Roman Britain; now
Richborough. It was celebrated for its oysters.

_T. Wright,
Celt, Roman and Saxon,
chapter 5._

ALSO IN:
_C. Roach Smith,
Antiquities of Richborough._

See ENGLAND: A. D. 449-473.

RUWARD OF BRABANT.

"This office was one of great historical dignity, but somewhat
anomalous in its functions. … A Ruward was not exactly
dictator, although his authority was universal. He was not
exactly protector, nor governor, nor stadholder. His functions
… were commonly conferred on the natural heir to the
sovereignty—therefore more lofty than those of ordinary
stadholders."

_J. L. Motley,
The Rise of the Dutch Republic;
part 5, chapter 4._

RYE-HOUSE PLOT, The.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1681-1683.

RYOTS OF BENGAL, The.

See INDIA: A. D. 1785-1793.

RYSWICK, The Peace of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1695-1696; and 1697.

S

SAARBRÜCK, OR SAARBRÜCKEN: United to France (1680).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1679-1681.

SAARBRÜCK, OR SAARBRÜCKEN, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1870 (JULY-AUGUST).

SABÆANS, The.

See ARABIA: ANCIENT SUCCESSION
AND FUSION OF RACES.

SABANA DE LA CRUZ, Battle of (1859).

See VENEZUELA: A. D. 1829-1886.

SABBATHAISTS.

A Jewish sect, believers in the Messianic pretensions of one
Sabbathai Sevi, of Smyrna, who made an extraordinary commotion
in the Jewish world about the middle of the 17th century, and
who finally embraced Mahometanism.

_H. H. Milman,
History of the Jews,
book 28._

SABELLIANS, The.

See SABINES;
also, ITALY: ANCIENT.

SABELLIANS, The sect of the.

See NOËTIANS.

SABINE CROSS ROADS, OR MANSFIELD, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MARCH-MAY: LOUISIANA).

SABINE WARS, The.

The Roman historians—Dionysius, Plutarch, Livy, and others—
gave credit to traditions of a long and dangerous war, or
series of wars, with the Sabines, following the expulsion of
the Tarquins from Rome and the founding of the Republic. But
modern skeptical criticism has left little ground for any part
of the story of these wars. It seems to have been derived from
the chronicles of an ancient family, the Valerian family, and,
as a recent writer has said, it is suspicious that "a Valerius
never holds a magistracy but there is a Sabine war." Ihne
conjectures that some annalist of the Valerian family used the
term Sabine in relating the wars of the Romans with the
Latins, and with the Tarquins, struggling to regain their lost
throne, and that this gave a start to the whole fictitious
narrative of Sabine wars.

_W. Ihne,
History of Rome,
book 1, chapter 12._

SABINE WOMEN, The Rape of the.

See ROME: B. C. 753-510.

SABINES, OR SABELLIANS, The.

"The greatest of the Italian nations was the Sabellian. Under
this name we include the Sabines, who are said by tradition to
have been the progenitors of the whole race, the Samnites, the
Picenians, Vestinians, Marsians, Marrucinians, Pelignians, and
Frentanians. This race seems to have been naturally given to a
pastoral life, and therefore fixed their early settlements in
the upland valleys of the Apennines. Pushing gradually along
this central range, they penetrated downwards towards the Gulf
of Tarentum; and as their population became too dense to find
support in their native hills, bands of warrior youths issued
forth to settle in the richer plains below. Thus they mingled
with the Opican and Pelasgian races of the south, and formed
new tribes known by the names of Apulians, Lucanians, and
Campanians. These more recent tribes, in turn, threatened the
Greek colonies on the coast. … It is certain that the nation
we call Roman was more than half Sabellian. Traditional
history … attributes the conquest of Rome to a Sabine tribe.
Some of her kings were Sabine; the name borne by her citizens
was Sabine; her religion was Sabine; most of her institutions
in war and peace were Sabine; and therefore it may be
concluded that the language of the Roman people differed from
that of Latium Proper by its Sabine elements, though this
difference died out again as the Latin communities were
gradually absorbed into the territory of Rome.'

_H. G. Liddell,
History of Rome,
introduction, section 2._

See, also, ITALY, ANCIENT; and LATIUM.

SABINIAN, Pope, A. D. 604-606.

SABRINA.

The ancient name of the Severn river.

SAC AND SOC.

A term used in early English and Norman times to signify
grants of jurisdiction to individual land-owners. The
manorial court-leets were the products of these grants.

_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 7, section 73._

See, also, MANORS.

SAC, OR SAUK, INDIANS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
ALGONQUIAN FAMILY, and SACS, FOXES, ETC.

SACÆ, The.

"The Sacæ were neighbours of the Hyrcanians, the Parthians,
and the Bactrians in the steppes of the Oxus. Herodotus tells
us that the Sacæ were a nation of the tribe of the Scyths, and
that their proper name was Amyrgians; the Persians called all
the Scythians Sacæ."

_M. Duncker,
History of Antiquity,
book 8, chapter 2 (volume 5)._

See, also, SCYTHIANS.

SACERDOTES.

These were the public priests of the ancient Romans, who
performed the 'sacra publica' or religious rites for the
people, at public expense.

_E. Guhl and W. Koner.
Life of the Greeks and Romans,
section 103. _

SACHEM. SAGAMORE.

"Each totem of the Lenape [or Delaware Indians of North
America] recognized a chieftain, called sachem, 'sakima,' a
word found in most Algonkin dialects, with slight variations
(Chip., 'ogima,' Cree, 'okimaw, Pequot, 'sachimma '), and
derived from a root 'ŏki,' signifying above in space, and, by
a transfer frequent in all languages, above in power. …
{2789}
It appears from Mr. Morgan's inquiries, that at present and of
later years, 'the office of sachem is hereditary in the gens,
but elective among its members.' Loskiel, however, writing on
the excellent authority of Zeisberger, states explicitly that
the chief of each totem was selected and inaugurated by those
of the remaining two. By common and ancient consent, the chief
selected from the Turtle totem was head chief of the whole
Lenape nation. The chieftains were the 'peace chiefs.' They
could neither go to war themselves, nor send nor receive the
war belt—the ominous string of dark wampum, which indicated
that the tempest of strife was to be let loose. … War was
declared by the people at the instigation of the 'war
captains,' valorous braves of any birth or family who had
distinguished themselves by personal prowess."

_D. G. Brinton,
The Lenape and their Legends,
chapter 3._

"At the institution of the League [of the Iroquois] fifty
permanent sachemships were created, with appropriate names;
and in the sachems who held these titles were vested the
supreme powers of the confederacy. … The sachems themselves
were equal in rank and authority, and instead of holding
separate territorial jurisdictions, their powers were joint,
and coextensive with the League. As a safeguard against
contention and fraud, each sachem was 'raised up' and invested
with his title by a council of all the sachems, with suitable
forms and ceremonies. … The sachemships were distributed
unequally between the five nations, but without thereby giving
to either a preponderance of political power. Nine of them
were assigned to the Mohawk nation, nine to the Oneida,
fourteen to the Onondaga, ten to the Cayuga and eight to the
Seneca. The sachems united formed the Council of the League,
the ruling body, in which resided the executive, legislative
and judicial authority."

_L. H. Morgan,
The League of the Iroquois,
book 1, chapter 3._

"The New England Indians had functionaries; … the higher class
known as sachems, the subordinate, or those of inferior note
or smaller jurisdiction, as sagamores. … This is the
distinction commonly made (Hutchinson, Massachusetts, I. 410).
But Williamson Maine, I. 494) reverses it; Dudley (Letter to
the Countess of Lincoln) says, 'Sagamore, so are the kings
with us called, as they are sachems southward' (that is, in
Plymouth); and Gookin (Massachusetts Historical Collection.,
1. 154) speaks of the two titles of office as equivalent."

_J. G. Palfrey,
History of New England,
volume 1, chapter 1, and foot-note._

SACHEVERELL, Henry: Impeachment of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1710-1712.

SACKETT'S HARBOR:
Naval headquarters in the war of 1812.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1812 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).

SÄCKINGEN: Capture by Duke Bernhard (1637).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1634-1639.

SACRAMENTARIANS.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1528-1531.

SACRED BAND OF CARTHAGE.

See CARTHAGE, THE DOMINION OF.

SACRED BAND OF THEBES.

See THEBES, GREECE: B. C. 378.

SACRED MONTH OF THE CHARTISTS, The.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1838-1842.

SACRED MOUNT AT ROME, The.

See ROME: B. C. 494-492.

SACRED PROMONTORY, The.

The southwestern extremity of Spain—Cape St. Vincent—was
anciently called the Sacred Promontory, and supposed by early
geographers to be the extreme western point of the known
world.

_E. H. Bunbury,
History of Ancient Geography,
chapter 28, part 1 (volume 2)._

SACRED ROADS IN GREECE.

"After the chariot races came into vogue [at the sacred
festivals and games] these equally necessitated good carriage
roads, which it was not easy to make in a rocky locality like
Delphi. Thus arose the sacred roads, along which the gods
themselves were said to have first passed, as Apollo once came
through pathless tracks to Delphi. … Hence the art of
road-making and of building bridges, which deprived the wild
mountain streams of their dangers, took its first origin from
the national sanctuaries, especially from those of Apollo.
While the foot-paths led across the mountain ridges, the
carriage-roads followed the ravines which the water had
formed. The rocky surface was leveled, and ruts hollowed out
which, carefully smoothed, served as tracks in which the
wheels rolled on without obstruction. This style of roads made
it necessary, in order to a more extended intercourse, to
establish an equal gauge, since otherwise the festive as well
as the racing chariots would have been prevented from visiting
the various sanctuaries. And since as a matter of fact, as far
as the influence of Delphi extended in the Peloponnesus and in
central Greece, the same gauge of 5 ft. 4 in. demonstrably
prevailed, not merely the extension, but also the
equalization, of the net-work of Greek roads took its origin
from Delphi."

_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 2, chapter 4._

SACRED TRUCE, The.

See OLYMPIC GAMES.

----------SACRED WAR: Start--------

SACRED WAR, The First.

See ATHENS: B. C. 610-586,
and DELPHI.

SACRED WAR: The Second.

The Phocians, B. C. 449, counting on the support of Athens,
whose allies they were, undertook to acquire possession of the
sacred and wealthy city of Delphi. The Spartans sent an army
to the defense of the sanctuary and expelled them;· whereupon
the Athenians sent another and restored them.

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 45._

SACRED WAR: The Ten Years.

See GREECE: B. C. 357-336.

----------SACRED WAR: End--------

SACRED WAY AT ATHENS.

The road which led from the great gate of Athens called
Dipylum straight to Eleusis, along which the festive
processions moved, was called the Sacred Way.

_W. M. Leake,
Topography of Athens,
section 2._

SACRED WAY AT ROME, The.

See VIA SACRA.

SACRIPORTUS, Battle of (B. C. 83).

See ROME: B. C. 88-78.

{2789}

SADDUCEES, The.

"There is a tradition that the name of Sadducee was derived
from Zadok, a disciple of Antigonus of Socko. But the
statement is not earlier than the seventh century after the
Christian Era, and the person seems too obscure to have
originated so widespread a title. It has been also ingeniously
conjectured that the name, as belonging to the whole priestly
class, is derived from the famous high priest of the time of
Solomon. But of this there is no trace in history or
tradition. It is more probable that, as the Pharisees derived
their name from the virtue of Isolation (pharishah) from the
Gentile world on which they most prided themselves, so the
Sadducees derived theirs from their own special virtue of
Righteousness (zadikah), that is, the fulfillment of the Law,
with which, as its guardians and representatives of the law,
they were specially concerned. The Sadducees—whatever be the
derivation of the word—were less of a sect than a class."

_Dean Stanley,
Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church,
lecture 49._

"At the time when we first meet with them [the Sadducees] in
history, that is to say, under Jonathan the Asmonean [B. C.
159-144—see JEWS: B. C. 166-40], they were, though in a
modified form, the heirs and successors of the Hellenists [see
JEWS: B. C. 332-167]. … Hellenism was conquered under the
Asmoneans, and beaten out of the field, and a new gush of
Jewish patriotism and zeal for the law had taken its place.
The Sadducees, who from the first appear as a school suited
for the times, including the rich and educated statesmen,
adopted the prevailing tone among the people. They took part
in the services and sacrifices of the temple, practised
circumcision, observed the Sabbath, and so professed to be
real Jews and followers of the law, but the law rightly
understood, and restored to its simple text and literal sense.
They repudiated, they said, the authority of the new teachers
of the law (now the Pharisees), and of the body of tradition
with which they had encircled the law. In this tradition they
of course included all that was burdensome to themselves. …
The peculiar doctrines of the Sadducees obviously arose from
the workings of the Epicurean philosophy, which had found
special acceptance in Syria. They admitted indeed the
creation, as it seems, but denied all continuous operation of
God in the world. … The Sadducees proved they were real
followers of Epicurus, by denying the life of the soul after
death. The soul, they said, passes away with the body. … The
mass of the people stood aloof from the Sadducees, whom they
regarded with mistrust and aversion."

_J. J. I. Döllinger,
The Gentile and the Jew in the
Courts of the Temple of Christ,
volume 2, page 302-303._

ALSO IN:
_E. Schürer,
History of the Jewish People in the Time of Christ,
section 26 (division 2, volume 2). _

SADOWA, OR KÖNIGGRÄTZ, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1866.

SAFFARY DYNASTY, The.

See SAMANIDES.

SAGAMORE.

See SACHEM.

SAGAMOSO, Battle of (1819).

See COLOMBIAN STATES: A. D. 1810-1819.

SAGARTIANS, The.

A nomadic people, described by Herodotus, who wandered on the
western borders of the great Iranian desert—the desert region
of modern Persia.

SAGAS.

See NORMANS.—NORTHMEN: A. D. 860-1100.

SAGGENASH, The.

See YANKEE.

SAGUENAY.

See CANADA: NAMES.

SAGUNTUM, Capture of, by Hannibal.

See PUNIC WAR, THE SECOND.

SAHAPTINS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: NEZ PERCÉS.

SAHAY, Battle of.

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1742 (JUNE-DECEMBER).

SAILOR'S CREEK, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (APRIL: VIRGINIA).

SAIM.

See TIMAR.

SAINT ALBANS (England).
Origin of.

See VERULAMIUM.

SAINT ALBANS (England): A. D. 1455-1461.
Battles of York and Lancaster.

The town of St. Albans, in England, was the scene of two
battles in the lamentable Wars of the Roses. The first
collision of the long conflict between Lancaster and York
occurred in its streets on the 23d of May, 1455, when King
Henry VI. was taken prisoner by the Duke of York and 5,000 to
8,000 of his supporters were slain. Six years later, on the
17th of February, 1461, the contending forces met again in the
streets of St. Albans with a different result. The Yorkists
were put to flight by the Lancastrians under Queen Margaret.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1455-1471.

SAINT ALBANS CONFEDERATE RAID.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER) THE ST. ALBANS RAID.

SAINT ALBANS FENIAN RAID.

See CANADA: A. D. 1866-1871.

SAINT ANDREW, The Russian order of.

An order of knighthood instituted in 1698 by Peter the Great.

SAINT ANDREW, The Scottish order of.

"To keep pace with other sovereigns, who affected forming
orders of knighthood, in which they themselves should preside,
like Arthur at his round table, or Charlemagne among his
paladins, James [IV. of Scotland, A. D. 1488-1513] established
the order of Saint Andrew, assuming the badge of the thistle,
which since that time has been the national emblem of
Scotland."

_Sir W. Scott,
History of Scotland,
chapter 21._

SAINT ANDREWS, Siege of the Castle of.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1546.

SAINT ANGELO, Castle.

See CASTLE ST. ANGELO.

SAINT AUGUSTINE, Canons of.

See AUSTIN CANONS.

----------SAINT AUGUSTINE, Florida: Start--------

SAINT AUGUSTINE, Florida: A. D. 1565.
Founded by the Spaniards.

See FLORIDA: A. D. 1565.

SAINT AUGUSTINE, Florida: A. D. 1701.
Attack from South Carolina.

See SOUTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1701-1706.

SAINT AUGUSTINE, Florida: A. D. 1740.
Unsuccessful attack by the English of Georgia and Carolina.

See GEORGIA: A. D. 1738-1743.

SAINT AUGUSTINE, Florida: A. D. 1862.
Temporary occupation by Union forces.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (FEBRUARY-APRIL: GEORGIA-FLORIDA).

----------SAINT AUGUSTINE, Florida: End--------

SAINT BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY, The Massacre of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1572 (AUGUST).

SAINT BRICE'S DAY, The Massacre of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 979-1016.

SAINT CHRISTOPHER, The Island:
Ceded to England (1713).

See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.

{2790}

SAINT CLAIR, General Arthur.
Campaign against the Indians, and defeat.

See NORTHWEST TERRITORY: A. D. 1790-1795.

SAINT CLOUD DECREE, The.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1806-1810.

SAINT DENIS (France), Battle of (1567).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1563-1570.

SAINT DENIS (Belgium), Battle of (1678).

See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1674-1678.

SAINT DIDIER, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1814 (JANUARY-MARCH).

SAINT DOMINGO, OR HAYTI, The Island.

See HAYTI.

SAINT DOMINGO, The Republic.

See HAYTI: A. D. 1804-1880.

SAINT GEORGE, Bank of.

See MONEY AND BANKING: GENOA;
also GENOA: A. D. 1407-1448.

SAINT GEORGE, The order of.

Founded by Catherine II. of Russia in 1769.

SAINT GERMAIN-EN-LAYE, Peace of (1570).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1563-1570.

SAINT GERMAINS, The French court.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1647-1648.

SAINT GERMAINS, The Jacobite court.

When James II., driven from England by the Revolution of 1688,
took refuge in France, he was received with great hospitality
by Louis XIV., who assigned to the exiled king the palace of
Saint-Germains for his residence, with a pension or allowance
which enabled him to maintain a regal court of imposing
splendor. "There was scarcely in all Europe a residence more
enviably situated than that which the generous Lewis had
assigned to his suppliants. The woods were magnificent, the
air clear and salubrious, the prospects extensive and
cheerful. No charm of rural life was wanting; and the towers
of the greatest city of the Continent were visible in the
distance. The royal apartments were richly adorned with
tapestry and marquetry, vases of silver, and mirrors in gilded
frames. A pension of more than 40,000 pounds sterling was
annually paid to James from the French treasury. He had a
guard of honour composed of some of the finest soldiers in
Europe. … But over the mansion and the domain brooded a
constant gloom, the effect, partly of bitter regrets and of
deferred hopes, but chiefly of the abject superstition which
had taken complete possession of his own mind, and which was
affected by all those who aspired to his favour. His palace
wore the aspect of a monastery. … Thirty or forty
ecclesiastics were lodged in the building; and their
apartments were eyed with envy by noblemen and gentlemen who
had followed the fortunes of their Sovereign, and who thought
it hard that, when there was so much room under his roof, they
should be forced to sleep in the garrets of the neighbouring
town. … All the saints of the royal household were praying for
each other and backbiting each other from morning to night."

_Lord Macaulay,
History of England,
chapter 20 (volume 4)._

SAINT GOTHARD, Battle of (1664).

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1660-1664.

SAINT GREGORY, Order of.

Instituted in 1831 by Pope Gregory XVI.

SAINT HELENA, Napoleon's captivity at.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1815 (JUNE-AUGUST).

SAINT ILDEFONSO, Treaty of.

See ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1580-1777;
and LOUISIANA: A. D. 1798-1803.

SAINT ILDEFONSO, University of.

See EDUCATION, MEDIÆVAL: SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.

SAINT JAGO, Knights of the order of.

See CALATRAVA.

SAINT JAMES, The Palace and Court of.

"Of the British Monarchy the official and diplomatic seat is
St. James', a dingy and shabby pile of brick, which by its
meanness, compared with the Tuileries and Versailles, aptly
symbolizes the relation of the power which built it to that of
the Monarchy of Louis XIV. … At St. James' are still held the
Levees. But those rooms having been found too small for the
prodigiously increasing crowds of ladies, foreign and
colonial, who pant, by passing under the eye of Royalty, to
obtain the baptism of fashion, the Drawing-Rooms are now held
in Buckingham Palace. … The modern town residence of Royalty,
Buckingham Palace, is large without being magnificent, and
devoid of interest of any kind, historical or architectural."

_Goldwin Smith,
A Trip to England,
page 54._

SAINT JAMES OF COMPOSTELLA, Knights of.

See CALATRAVA.

SAINT JEAN D'ACRE.

See ACRE.

SAINT JOHN, Knights of; or Hospitallers.

See HOSPITALLERS.

SAINT JOHN OF THE LATERAN, Order of.

An order of knighthood instituted in 1560 by Pope Pius IV.

SAINT JUST,
and the French Revolutionary Committee of Public Safety.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JUNE-OCTOBER), to 1794 (JULY).

SAINT LAWRENCE:
Discovery and naming of the River by Jacques Cartier.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1534-1535.

SAINT LAZARUS, Knights of.

"Some historians of the order of St. Lazarus have traced its
origin to a supposed association of Christians in the first
century against the persecution of their Jewish and Pagan
enemies. This account is fabulous. It appears certain,
however, that in very early times Christian charity founded
establishments for the sick. … Lazarus became their tutelary
saint and the buildings were styled Lazarettos. One of those
hospitals was in existence at Jerusalem at the time of the
first crusade. It was a religious order, as well as a
charitable institution, and followed the rule of St. Augustin.
For purposes of defence against the Muselman tyrants, the
members of the society became soldiers, and insensibly they
formed themselves into distinct bodies of those who attended
the sick, and those who mingled with the world. The cure of
lepers was their first object, and they not only received
lepers into their order, for the benefit of charity, but their
grand master was always to be a man who was afflicted with the
disorder, the removal whereof formed the purpose of their
institution. The cavaliers who were not lepers, and were in a
condition to bear arms, were the allies of the Christian kings
of Palestine. … The habits of those knights is not known; it
only appears that the crosses on their breasts were always
green, in opposition to those of the knights of St. John,
which were white, and the red crosses of the Templars. … But
neither the names nor the exploits of the knights of St.
Lazarus often appear in the history of the Crusades."

_C. Mills,
History of the Crusades,
chapter 8, with foot-notes._

{2791}

SAINT LEGER'S EXPEDITION.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1777 (JULY-OCTOBER).

SAINT LOUIS, MISSOURI: A. D. 1764.
The founding of the city.

"St. Louis had arisen out of the transfer of the east bank of
the Mississippi to Great Britain.

See SEVEN YEARS WAR: THE TREATIES.

Rather than live as aliens, under English laws, many French
settlers went with Pierre Laclede, across the Mississippi, to
a place already nicknamed by them Pain Court, where, in
February, 1764, they founded a new town with the name of St.
Louis, in honor of Louis XV. These people were mostly French
Canadians."

_S. A. Drake,
The Making of the Great West,
page 179._

See, also, ILLINOIS: A. D. 1765.

SAINT LOUIS, MISSOURI: A. D. 1861.
Events at the outbreak of the rebellion.
The capture of Camp Jackson.

See MISSOURI: A. D. 1861 (FEBRUARY-JULY).

SAINT LOUIS, MISSOURI: A. D. 1864.
General Price's attempt against.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MARCH-OCTOBER: ARKANSAS-MISSOURI).

SAINT LOUIS, The Order of.

An order of knighthood instituted in 1693 by Louis XIV. of
France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1693 (JULY).

SAINT MAHÉ, Battle of.

A fierce naval fight, April 24, 1293, off St. Mahé, on the
coast of Brittany, between English and French fleets, both of
which were put afloat without open authority from their
respective governments. The French were beaten with a loss of
8,000 men and 180 ships.

_C. H. Pearson,
History of England during the Early and Middle Ages,
volume 2, chapter 13._

SAINT MALO: Abortive English expeditions against.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1758 (JUNE-AUGUST).

SAINT MARK, The winged lion of.

See LION OF ST. MARK,
and VENICE: A. D. 829.

SAINT MARKS, Jackson's capture of.

See FLORIDA: A. D. 1816-1818.

SAINT MICHAEL, Knights of the Order of, in France.

"Louis XI. [of France] determined on instituting an order of
chivalry himself. It was to be select in its membership,
limited in its number, generous in its professions, and he
fondly hoped the Garter and Fleece would soon sink into
insignificance compared to the Order of Saint Michael. The
first brethren were named from the highest families in France;
the remaining great feudatories, who had preserved some relics
of their hereditary independence, were fixed upon to wear this
mark of the suzerain's friendship. But when they came to read
the oaths of admission, they found that the Order of St.
Michael was in reality a bond of stronger obligation than the
feudal laws had ever enjoined. It was a solemn association for
the prevention of disobedience to the sovereign. … The
brotherhood of noble knights sank, in the degrading treatment
of its founder, into a confederation of spies."

_J. White,
History of France,
chapter 7._

SAINT MICHAEL, Knights of the Order of, in Portugal.

See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1095-1325.

SAINT MICHAEL AND SAINT GEORGE, The Order of.

A British Order of Knighthood, founded in 1818, "for the
purpose of bestowing marks of Royal favour on the most
meritorious of the Ionians [then under the protection of Great
Britain] and Maltese, as well as on British subjects who may
have served with distinction in the Ionian Isles or the
Mediterranean Sea."

_Sir B. Burke,
Book of the Orders of Knighthood,
page 107._

SAINT OMER: A. D. 1638.
Unsuccessful siege by the French.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1635-1638.

SAINT OMER: A. D. 1677.
Taken by Louis XIV.

See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1674-1678.

SAINT OMER: A. D. 1679.
Ceded to France.

See NIMEGUEN, THE PEACE OF.

SAINT PATRICK, The order of.

An order of knighthood instituted in 1783 by George III. of
England.

SAINT PAUL, Republic of.

See BRAZIL: A. D. 1531-1641.

SAINT PAUL'S SCHOOL.

See EDUCATION, RENAISSANCE: ENGLAND.

SAINT PETER'S CHURCH AT ROME.

"The first church which existed on or near the site of the
present building was the oratory founded in A. D. 90, by
Anacletus, bishop of Rome, who is said to have been ordained
by St. Peter himself, and who thus marked the spot where many
Christian martyrs had suffered in the circus of Nero, and
where St. Peter was buried after his crucifixion. In 306
Constantine the Great yielded to the request of Pope
Sylvester, and began the erection of a basilica on this spot,
labouring with his own hands at the work. … Of the old
basilica, the crypt is now the only remnant. … Its destruction
was first planned by Nicholas V. (1450), but was not carried
out till the time of Julius II., who in 1506 began the new St.
Peter's from designs of Bramante. … The next Pope, Leo X.,
obtained a design for a church in the form of a Latin cross
from Raphael, which was changed, after his death (on account
of expense) to a Greek cross, by Baldassare Peruzzi, who only
lived to complete the tribune. Paul III. (1534) employed
Antonio di Sangallo as an architect, who returned to the
design of a Latin cross, but died before he could carry out
any of his intentions. Giulio Romano succeeded him and died
also. Then the pope, 'being inspired by God,' says Vasari,
sent for Michael Angelo, then in his seventy-second year, who
continued the work under Julius III., returning to the plan of
a Greek cross, enlarging the tribune and transepts, and
beginning the dome on a new plan, which he said would 'raise
the Pantheon in the air.' … The present dome is due to Giacomo
della Porta, who brought the great work to a conclusion in
1590, under Sixtus V. … The church was dedicated by Urban
VIII., November 18th, 1626; the colonnade added by Alexander
VII., 1667, the sacristy by Pius VI., in 1780. The building of
the present St. Peter's extended altogether over 176 years,
and its expenses were so great that Julius II. and Leo X. were
obliged to meet them by the sale of indulgences, which led to
the Reformation. The expense of the main building alone has
been estimated at £10,000,000. The annual expense of repairs
is £6,300."

_A. J. C. Hare,
Walks in Rome,
chapter 15._

_ALSO IN:
H. Grimm,
Life of Michael Angelo,
chapters 15-16._

{2792}

SAINT PETERSBURG: The founding of the city.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1703-1718.

SAINT PRIVAT, OR GRAVELOTTE, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1870 (JULY-AUGUST).

SAINT QUENTIN: Origin of the town.

See BELGÆ.

SAINT QUENTIN,
Battle and siege of (1557).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1547-1559.

Battle of (1871).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1870-1871.

SAINT SEBASTIAN, Siege and capture of (1813).

See SPAIN: A. D. 1812-1814.

SAINT STEPHEN, The Apostolic order.

This, the Hungarian national order of knighthood, was founded
by Maria Theresa, on the day (May 5, 1764) when the Archduke,
afterwards the Emperor Joseph II., was crowned King of Rome.

SAINT STEPHEN, The Crown of.
The crown of Hungary.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 972-1114.

SAINT STEPHEN'S CHAPEL.
The Chamber of the House of Commons.

See WESTMINSTER PALACE.

SAINT THOMAS OF ACRE, The Knights of.

"This was a little body of men who had formed themselves into
a semi-religious order on the model of the Hospitallers. In
the third Crusade, one William, an English priest, chaplain to
Ralph de Diceto, Dean of S. Paul's, had devoted himself to the
work of burying the dead at Acre, as the Hospitallers had
given themselves at first to the work of tending the sick. He
had built himself a little chapel there, and bought ground for
a cemetery; like a thorough Londoner of the period, he had
called it after S. Thomas the Martyr; and, somehow or other,
as his design was better known, the family of the martyr seem
to have approved of it; the brother-in-law and sister of
Becket became founders and benefactors, and a Hospital of S.
Thomas the Martyr of Canterbury, of Acre, was built in London
itself on the site of the house where the martyr was born. …
They [the knights] had their proper dress and cross: according
to Favin their habit was white, and the cross a full red cross
charged with a white scallop; but the existing cartulary of
the order describes the habit simply as a mantle with a cross
of red and white. … The Chronicle of the Teutonic knights, in
relating the capture of Acre, places the knights of S. Thomas
at the head of the 5,000 soldiers whom the king of England had
sent to Palestine, and Herman Corner, who however wrote a
century later, mentions them amongst the defenders of Acre. We
know from their cartulary that they had lands in Yorkshire,
Middlesex, Surrey, and Ireland."

_W. Stubbs,
Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Medieval and Modern History,
lecture 8._

SAINT VALERY.

The port, at the mouth of the Somme, from which the fleet of
William the Conqueror sailed for England, September 27, A. D.
1066.

SAINT VINCENT, Naval battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1797.

SAINTONGE, Origin of the name of.

See PICTONES.

SAIONES.