Chapter LXXV: Act 8: Parliament 1. repeated in Act 99. Parliament 7 (1)

ratified in Act 23. Parliament 11 and 14. Act of K. James VI
and 4 Act of K. Charles, that all Kings and Princes at their
coronation and reception of their princely authority, shall
make their faithful promise by their solemn oath in the
presence of the Eternal God, that during the whole time of
their lives they shall serve the same Eternal God to the
utmost of their power, according as He hath required in His
most Holy Word, contained in the Old and New Testaments, and
according to the same Word shall maintain the true religion of
Christ Jesus, the preaching of His Holy Word, the due and
right ministration of the sacraments now received and preached
within this realm (according to the confession of faith
immediately preceding); and shall abolish and gainstand all
false religion contrary to the same; and shall rule the people
committed to their charge according to the will and
commandment of God revealed in His aforesaid Word, and
according to the lowable laws and constitutions received in
this realm, no ways repugnant to the said will of the Eternal
God; and shall procure to the utmost of their power, to the
Kirk of God, and whole Christian people, true and perfect
peace in all time coming; and that they shall be careful to
root out of their Empire all heretics and enemies to the true
worship of God, who shall be convicted by the true Kirk of God
of the aforesaid crimes. Which was also observed by His
Majesty at his coronation in Edinburgh, 1633, as may be seen
in the Order of the Coronation. In obedience to the commands
of God, conform to the practice of the godly in former times,
and according to the laudable example of our worthy and
religious progenitors, and of many yet living amongst us,
which was warranted also by act of council, commanding a
general band to be made and subscribed by His Majesty's
subjects of all ranks for two causes: one was, for defending
the true religion, as it was then reformed, and is expressed
in the confession of faith above written, and a former large
confession established by sundry acts of lawful general
assemblies and of Parliament unto which it hath relation, set
down in public catechisms, and which had been for many years
with a blessing from heaven preached and professed in this
Kirk and kingdom, as God's undoubted truth grounded only upon
His written Word. The other cause was for maintaining the
King's Majesty, his person and estate: the true worship of God
and the King's authority being so straitly joined, as that
they had the same friends and common enemies, and did stand
and fall together. And finally, being convinced in our minds;
and confessing with our mouths, that the present and
succeeding generations in this land are bound to keep the
aforesaid national oath and subscription inviolable:—We
noblemen, barons, gentlemen, burgesses, ministers, and commons
under subscribing, considering divers times before, and
especially at this time, the danger of the true reformed
religion of the King's honour, and of the public of the
kingdom, by the manifold innovations and evils generally
contained and particularly mentioned in our late
supplications, complaints, and protestations, do hereby
profess, and before God, His angels and the world, solemnly
declare, that with our whole hearts we agree and resolve all
the days of our life constantly to adhere unto and to defend
the aforesaid true religion, and forbearing the practice of
all novations already introduced in the matters of the worship
of God, or approbation of the corruptions of the public
government of the Kirk, or civil places and power of kirkmen
till they be tried and allowed in free assemblies and in
Parliaments, to labour by all means lawful to recover the
purity and liberty of the Gospel as it was established and
professed before the aforesaid novations; and because, after
due examination, we plainly perceive and undoubtedly believe
that the innovations and evils contained in our supplications,
complaints and protestations have no warrant of the Word of
God, are contrary to the articles of the aforesaid
confessions, to the intention and meaning of the blessed
reformers of religion in this land, to the above-written Acts
of Parliament, and do sensibly tend to the reestablishing of
the popish religion and tyranny, and to the subversion and
ruin of the true reformed religion, and of our liberties, laws
and estates; we also declare that the aforesaid confessions
are to be interpreted, and ought to be understood of the
aforesaid novations and evils, no less than if everyone of
them had been expressed in the aforesaid confessions; and that
we are obliged to detest and abhor them, amongst other
particular heads of papistry abjured therein.
{2867}
And therefore from the knowledge and conscience of our duty to
God, to our King and country, without any worldly respect or
inducement so far as human infirmity will suffer, wishing a
further measure of the grace of God for this effect, we
promise and swear by the great name of the Lord our God, to
continue in the profession and obedience of the aforesaid
religion; that we shall defend the same, and resist all these
contrary errors and corruptions according to our vocation, and
to the utmost of that power that God hath put into our hands,
all the days of our life. And in like manner, with the same
heart we declare before God and men, that we have no intention
or desire to attempt anything that may turn to the dishonour
of God or the diminution of the King's greatness and
authority; but on the contrary we promise and swear that we
shall to the utmost of our power, with our means and lives,
stand to the defence of our dread Sovereign the King's
Majesty, his person and authority, in the defence and
preservation of the aforesaid true religion, liberties and
laws of the kingdom; as also to the mutual defence and
assistance everyone of us of another, in the same cause of
maintaining the true religion and His Majesty's authority,
with our best counsels, our bodies, means and whole power,
against all sorts of persons whatsoever; so that whatsoever
shall be done to the least of us for that cause shall be taken
as done to us all in general, and to everyone of us in
particular; and that we shall neither directly or indirectly
suffer ourselves to be divided or withdrawn by whatsoever
suggestion, combination, allurement or terror from this
blessed and loyal conjunction; nor shall cast in any let or
impediment that may stay or hinder any such resolution as by
common consent shall be found to conduce for so good ends; but
on the contrary shall by all lawful means labour to further
and promote the same; and if any such dangerous and divisive
motion be made to us by word or writ, we and everyone of us
shall either suppress it or (if need be) shall incontinently
make the same known, that it may be timously obviated. Neither
do we fear the foul aspersions of rebellion, combination or
what else our adversaries from their craft and malice would
put upon us, seeing what we do is so well warranted, and
ariseth from an unfeigned desire to maintain the true worship
of God, the majesty of our King, and the peace of the kingdom
for the common happiness of ourselves and posterity. And
because we cannot look for a blessing from God upon our
proceedings, except with our profession and subscription, we
join such a life and conversation as beseemeth Christians who
have renewed their covenant with God: we therefore faithfully
promise, for ourselves, our followers, and all other under us,
both in public, in our particular families and personal
carriage, to endeavour to keep ourselves within the bounds of
Christian liberty, and to be good examples to others of all
godliness, soberness and righteousness, and of every duty we
owe to God and man; and that this our union and conjunction
may be observed without violation we call the living God, the
searcher of our hearts to witness, who knoweth this to be our
sincere desire and unfeigned resolution, as we shall answer to
Jesus Christ in the great day, and under the pain of God's
everlasting wrath, and of infamy, and of loss of all honour
and respect in this world; most humbly beseeching the Lord to
strengthen us by His Holy Spirit for this end, and to bless
our desires and proceedings with a happy success, that
religion and righteousness may flourish in the land, to the
glory of God, the honour of our King, and peace and comfort of
us all.' In witness whereof we have subscribed with our hands
all the premises, &c."

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1638-1640.
The First Bishops' War.

In November, 1638, a General Assembly was convened at Glasgow,
with the consent of the king, and was opened by the Marquis of
Hamilton as Royal Commissioner. But when the Assembly took in
hand the trial of the bishops, Hamilton withdrew and ordered
the members to disperse. They paid no heed to the order, but
deposed the bishops and excommunicated eight of them. "The
Canons and the Liturgy were then rejected, and all acts of the
Assemblies held since 1606 were annulled. In the North, where
Huntly was the King's lieutenant, the Covenant had not been
received, and the Tables resolved to enforce it with the
sword. Scotland was now full of trained soldiers just come
back from Germany, where they had learnt to fight in the
Thirty Years' war, and as plenty of money had been collected
among the Covenanters, an army was easily raised. Their banner
bore the motto, 'For Religion, the Covenant, and the Country,'
and their leader was James Graham, Earl of Montrose, one of
the most zealous among the champions of the cause. … While
Montrose had been thus busy for the Covenant in the North, the
King had been making ready to put down his rebellious Scottish
subjects with the sword. Early in May a fleet entered the
Forth under the command of Hamilton. But the Tables took
possession of the strongholds, and seized the ammunition which
had been laid in for the King. They then raised another army
of 22,000 foot and 1,200 horse, and placed at its head
Alexander Leslie, a veteran trained in the German war. Their
army they sent southwards to meet the English host which the
King was bringing to reduce Scotland. The two armies faced
each other on opposite banks of the Tweed. The Scots were
skilfully posted on Dunse Law, a hill commanding the Northern
road. To pass them without fighting was impossible, and to
fight would have been almost certain defeat. The King seeing
this agreed to treat. By a treaty called the Pacification of
Berwick, it was settled that the questions at issue between
the King and the Covenanters should be put to a free Assembly,
that both armies should be disbanded, and that the strongholds
should be restored to the King (June 9, 1639). The Assembly
which met at Edinburgh repeated and approved all that had been
done at Glasgow. When the Estates met for the first time in
the New Parliament-house, June 2, 1640, they went still
further, for they not only confirmed the Acts of the
Assemblies, but ordered every one to sign the Covenant under
pain of civil penalties.
{2868}
Now for the first time they acted in open defiance of the
King, to whom hitherto they had professed the greatest loyalty
and submission. Three times had they been adjourned by the
King, who had also refused to see the Commissioners whom they
sent up to London. Now they met in spite of him, and, as in
former times of troubles and difficulties, they appealed to
France for help. When this intrigue with the French was found
out, the Lord Loudon, one of their Commissioners, was sent to
the Tower, and the English Parliament was summoned to vote
supplies for putting down the Scots by force of arms."

_M. Macarthur,
History of Scotland,
chapter 7._

ALSO IN:
_S. R. Gardiner,
History of England, 1603-1641,
chapters 88-89 (volume 9)._

_D. Masson,
Life of John Milton,
volume 2, book 1, chapter 1._

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1640.
The Second Bishops' War.-
Invasion of England.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1640.

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1643.
The Solemn League and Covenant with the English Parliament.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1643 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1644-1645.
The exploits of Montrose.

At the beginning of the conflict between Charles I. and the
Covenanters, James Graham, the brilliant and accomplished Earl
of Montrose, attached himself to the latter, but soon deserted
their cause and gave himself with great earnestness to that of
the court. For his reward, he was raised to the dignity of
Marquis of Montrose. After the great defeat of Prince Rupert
at Marston Moor, Montrose obtained a commission to raise
forces among the Highlanders and proved to be a remarkably
successful leader of these wild warriors. Along with his
Highlanders he incorporated a body of still wilder Celts,
received from Ireland. On the 1st of September, 1644, Montrose
attacked an army of the Covenanters, 6,000 foot and horse, at
Tippermuir, "totally routed them, and took their artillery and
baggage, without losing a man. Perth immediately surrendered
to Montrose, and he had some further successes; but threatened
by a superior force under the Marquis of Argyll, he retreated
northwards into Badenoch, and thence sweeping down into
Argyllshire, he mercilessly ravaged the country of the
Campbells. Exasperated with the devastation of his estates,
Argyll marched against Montrose, who, not waiting to be
attacked, surprised the army of the Covenanters at Inverlochy,
2d February, 1645, and totally defeated them, no fewer than
1,500 of the clan Campbell perishing in the battle, while
Montrose lost only four or five men. Brilliant as were these
victories, they had no abiding influence in quenching this
terrible civil war. It was a game of winning and losing; and
looking to the fact that the Scotch generally took the side of
the Covenant, the struggle was almost hopeless. Still Montrose
was undaunted. After the Inverlochy affair, he went southwards
through Elgin and Banff into Aberdeenshire, carrying
everything before him. Major-general Baillie, a second-rate
Covenanting commander, and his lieutenant, General Hurry, were
at Brechin, with a force to oppose him; but Montrose, by a
dexterous movement, eluded them, captured and pillaged the
city of Dundee, and escaped safely into the Grampians. On the
4th May, he attacked, and by extraordinary generalship routed
Hurry at Auldearn, near Nairn. After enjoying a short respite
with his fierce veterans in Badenoch, he again issued from his
wilds, and inflicted a still more disastrous defeat on
Baillie, at Alford, in Aberdeenshire, July 2. There was now
nothing to prevent his march south, and he set out with a
force of from 5,000 to 6,000 men." Overtaken by Baillie at
Kilsyth, he once more defeated that commander overwhelmingly.
"The number of slain was upwards of 6,000, with very few
killed on the side of the royalists. The victory so effected,
15th August 1645, was the greatest Montrose ever gained. His
triumph was complete, for the victory of Kilsyth put him in
possession of the whole of Scotland. The government of the
country was broken up; every organ of the recent
administration, civil and ecclesiastical, at once vanished.
The conqueror was hailed as 'the great Marquis of Montrose.'
Glasgow yielded him tribute and homage; counties and burghs
compounded for mercy. The city of Edinburgh humbly deprecated
his vengeance, and implored his pardon and forgiveness." But,
if the conquest of Scotland was complete for the moment, it
came too late. The battle of Naseby had been fought two months
before the battle of Kilsyth, and the king's cause was lost.
It was in vain that Charles sent to his brilliant champion of
the north a commission as Lieutenant-governor of Scotland.
Montrose's army melted away so rapidly that when, in
September, he marched south, leading his forlorn hope to the
help of the king in England, he had but 700 foot and 200
mounted gentlemen. The small force was intercepted and
surprised at Philiphaugh (September 13, 1645) by Leslie, with
4,000 horse. Montrose, after fighting with vain obstinacy
until no more fighting could be done, made his escape, with a
few followers. Most of his troops, taken prisoners, were
massacred a few days afterwards, cold-bloodedly, in the
courtyard of Newark Castle; and the deed is said to have been
due, not to military, but to clerical malignity.

_W. Chambers,
Stories of Old Families,
pages 206-217._

ALSO in:
_M. Napier,
Montrose and the Covenanters._

_J. H. Burton,
History of Scotland,
chapter 73 (volume 7)._

_Lady V. Greville,
Montrose._

_P. Bayne,
The Chief Actors in the Puritan Revolution,
chapter 7._

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1646-1647.
Flight of King Charles to the Scots army
and his surrender to the English Parliament.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1646-1647.

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1648.
Royalist invasion of England and Battle of Preston.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1648 (APRIL-AUGUST).

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1650 (MARCH-JULY).
Scottish loyalty revived.
Charles II. accepted as a "Covenant King."

"The Scots had begun the great movement whose object was at
once to resist the tyranny of the Stuarts and the tyranny of
Rome, and which was destined to result in incalculable
consequences for Europe. But now they retraced their steps,
and put themselves in opposition to the Commonwealth of
England. They wanted a leader. 'With Oliver Cromwell born a
Scotchman,' says Carlyle; 'with a Hero King and a unanimous
Hero Nation at his back, it might have been far otherwise.
With Oliver born Scotch, one sees not but the whole world
might have become Puritan.' Without shutting our eyes to the
truth there may be in this pas·sage, we find the cause of this
northern war elsewhere. In spiritual things the Scots
acknowledged Jesus Christ as their king; in temporal, they
recognized Charles II.
{2869}
They had no wish that the latter should usurp the kingdom of
the former; but they also had no desire that Cromwell should
seize upon the Stuarts' throne. They possessed a double
loyalty—one towards the heavenly king, and another to their
earthly sovereign. They had cast off the abuses of the latter,
but not the monarchy itself. They accordingly invited the
prince, who was then in Holland, to come to Scotland, and take
possession of his kingdom. … Charles at this time was
conniving at Montrose, who was spreading desolation throughout
Scotland; and the young king hoped by his means to recover a
throne without having to take upon himself any embarrassing
engagement. But when the marquis was defeated, he determined
to surrender to the Scottish parliament. One circumstance had
nearly caused his ruin. Among Montrose's papers was found a
commission from the king, giving him authority to levy troops
and subdue the country by force of arms. The indignant
parliament immediately recalled their commissioner from
Holland; but the individual to whom the order was addressed
treacherously concealed the document from his colleagues, and
by showing it to none but the prince, gave him to understand
that he could no longer safely temporize. Charles being thus
convinced hurried on board, and set sail for Scotland,
attended by a train of unprincipled men. The most serious
thinkers in the nation saw that they could expect little else
from him than duplicity, treachery, and licentiousness. It has
been said that the Scotch compelled Charles to adopt their
detested Covenant voluntarily. Most certainly the political
leaders cannot be entirely exculpated of this charge; but it
was not so with the religious part of the government. When he
declared his readiness to sign that deed on board the ship,
even before he landed, Livingston, who doubted his sincerity,
begged him to wait until he had reached Scotland, and given
satisfactory proofs of his good faith. But it was all to no
effect. … If Charles Stuart had thought of ascending his
native throne only, Cromwell and the English would have
remained quiet; but he aimed at the recovery of the three
kingdoms, and the Scotch were disposed to aid him. Oliver
immediately saw the magnitude of the danger which threatened
the religion, liberty, and morals of England, and did not
hesitate."

_J. H. Merle d'Aubigne,
The Protector,
chapter 7._

ALSO IN:
_A. Bisset,
Omitted Chapters of the History of England,
volume 1, chapter 5._

_J. H. Burton,
History of Scotland,
chapter 75 (volume 7)._

_P. Bayne,
The Chief Actors in the Puritan Revolution,
chapter 6._

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1650 (September).
Cromwell's victory at Dunbar.

War with Scotland having been determined upon by the English
Council of State, and Fairfax having declined the command,
Cromwell was recalled from Ireland to head the army. "He
passed the Tweed with an army of 16,000 men on the 16th of
July. The Scots had placed themselves under the command of the
old Earl of Leven and of David Leslie. As yet their army was a
purely Covenanting one. By an act of the Scotch Church, called
the Act of Classes, all known Malignants, and the Engagers (as
those men were called who had joined Hamilton's insurrection),
had been removed from the army. The country between the Tweed
and Edinburgh had been wasted; and the inhabitants, terrified
by ridiculous stories of the English cruelty, had taken
flight; but Cromwell's army, marching by the coast, was
supplied by the fleet. He thus reached the immediate
neighbourhood of Edinburgh; but Leslie skilfully availed
himself of the advantages of the ground and refused to be
brought to an engagement. It became necessary for Cromwell to
withdraw towards his supplies. He fell back to Dunbar, which
lies upon a peninsula, jutting out into the Firth of Forth.
The base of this peninsula is at a little distance encircled
by high ground, an offshoot of the Lammermuir Hills. These
heights were occupied by the Scotch army, as was also the pass
through which the road to Berwick lies. Cromwell was therefore
apparently shut up between the enemy and the sea, with no
choice but to retire to his ships or surrender. Had Leslie
continued his cautious policy, such might have been the event.
A little glen, through which runs a brook called the Broxburn,
separated the two enemies. Between it and the high grounds lay
a narrow but comparatively level tract. Either army attacking
the other must cross this glen. There were two convenient
places for passing it: one, the more inland one, towards the
right of the English, who stood with their back to the sea,
was already in the hands of the Scotch. Could Leslie secure
the other, at the mouth of the glen, he would have it in his
power to attack when he pleased. The temptation was too strong
for him; be gradually moved his army down from the hills
towards its own right flank, thereby bringing it on the narrow
ground between the hill and the brook, intending with his
right to secure the passage at Broxmouth, Cromwell and Lambert
saw the movement, saw that it gave them a corresponding
advantage if they suddenly crossed the glen at Broxmouth, and
fell upon Leslie's right wing, while his main body was
entangled in the narrow ground before mentioned. The attack
was immediately decided upon, and [next morning] early on the
3rd of September carried out with perfect success. The Scotch
horse of the right wing were driven in confusion back upon
their main body, whom they trampled under foot, and the whole
army was thus rolled back upon itself in inextricable
confusion."

_J. F. Bright,
History of England,
period 2, pages 694-696._

"The pursuit extended over a distance of eight miles, and the
total loss of the Scots amounted to 3,000 killed and 10,000
prisoners, while 30 guns and 15,000 stand of arms were taken;
the casualties of the English army did not exceed 20 men. Of
the prisoners, 5,000, being wounded, old men or boys, were
allowed to return home; the remaining 5,000 were sent into
England, whence, after enduring terrible hardships, they were,
as had been the prisoners taken at Preston, sold either as
slaves to the planters or as soldiers to the Venetians. On the
day following that of the battle, Lambert pushed on to
Edinburgh with six regiments of horse and one of foot;
Cromwell himself, after a rest of a few days, advanced on the
capital, which at once surrendered to the victors. The example
thus set was followed by Leith, but Edinburgh Castle still
held out [until the following December] against the English.
The remnant of the Scottish army (but 1,300 horse remained of
the 6,000 who took part in the battle) retired on Stirling,
while Charles himself took up his residence at Perth."

_N. L. Walford,
Parliamentary Generals of the Great Civil War,
chapter 8._

ALSO IN:
_A. Bisset,
Omitted Chapters of the History of England,
chapter 6._

_T. Carlyle,
Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches,
part 6._

{2870}

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1651 (August).
Charles' rash advance into England.
Cromwell's pursuit and crushing victory at Worcester.

"Lesley was gathering the wreck of his army about him at
Stirling. Charles, with the Scottish authorities, had retired
to Perth. The Presbyterian party became divided; and the
royalists obtained a higher influence in the direction of the
national policy. Charles, without further question of his real
intentions, was crowned at Scone on the 1st of January, 1651.
After a three months' blockade, and then a bombardment,
Edinburgh Castle was surrendered to Cromwell on the 18th of
December. He had little to do to make himself master of
Scotland on the south of the Forth. On the 4th of February the
army marched towards Stirling, but returned without any
result, driven to the good quarters of Edinburgh by terrible
storms of sleet and snow. The Lord-General became seriously
ill through this exposure. But on the 5th of June he was out
again; and at the end of the month was vigorously prosecuting
the campaign. The Scottish army was entrenched at Stirling.
The king had been invited to take its command in person.
Cromwell, on the 2nd of August, had succeeded in possessing
himself of Perth. At that juncture the news reached him that
the royal camp at Stirling was broken up, on the 31st of July;
and that Charles was on his march southward, at the head of
11,000 men, his lieutenant-general being David Lesley. Argyll
was opposed to this bold resolution, and had retired to
Inverary. Charles took the western road by Carlisle; and when
on English ground issued a proclamation offering pardon to
those who would return to their allegiance—exempting from his
promised amnesty Bradshaw, Cromwell, and Cook. He was also
proclaimed king of England, at the head of his army: and
similar proclamation was made at Penrith and other
market-towns. Strict discipline was preserved, and although
the presence of Scots in arms was hateful to the people, they
were not outraged by any attempts at plunder. Charles,
however, had few important accessions of strength. There was
no general rising in his favour. The gates of Shrewsbury were
shut against him. At Warrington, his passage of the Mersey was
opposed by Lambert and Harrison, who had got before him with
their cavalry. On the 22nd of August Charles reached
Worcester, the parliamentary garrison having evacuated the
city. He there set up his standard, and a summons went forth
for all male subjects of due age to gather round their
Sovereign Lord, at the general muster of his forces on the
26th of August. An inconsiderable number of gentlemen came,
with about 200 followers. Meanwhile Cromwell had marched
rapidly from Scotland with 10,000 men, leaving behind him
6,000 men under Monk. The militias of the counties joined him
with a zeal which showed their belief that another civil war
would not be a national blessing. On the 28th of August the
General of the Commonwealth was close to Worcester, with
30,000 men." On the 3d of September (the anniversary of the
victory of Dunbar, won just a year before), he attacked the
royalist army and made an end of it. "'We beat the enemy from
hedge to hedge [he wrote to parliament] till we beat him into
Worcester. The enemy then drew all his forces on the other
side the town, all but what he had lost; and made a very
considerable fight with us, for three hours' space; but in the
end we beat him totally, and pursued him to his royal fort,
which we took,—and indeed have beaten his whole army.' The
prisoners taken at the battle of Worcester, and in the
subsequent flight, exceeded 7,000. They included some of the
most distinguished leaders of the royalists in England and
Scotland. Courts-martial were held upon nine of these; and
three, amongst whom was the earl of Derby, were executed."
Charles Stuart escaped by flight, with his long cavalier locks
cut close and his royal person ignobly disguised, wandering
and hiding for six weeks before he reached the coast and got
ship for France. The story of his adventures—his concealment
in the oak at Boscobel, his ride to Bristol as a serving man,
with a lady on the pillion behind him, &c., &c.,—has been told
often enough.

_C. Knight,
Crown History of England,
chapter 27._

ALSO IN:
_T. Carlyle,
Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches,
part 6, letters 96-124._

_Earl of Clarendon,
History of the Rebellion,
book 13 (volume 5)._

_A. Bisset,
Omitted Chapters of English History,
chapters 10-11 (volume 2)._

_F. P. Guizot,
History of Oliver Cromwell,
book 2 (volume 1)._

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1651 (August-September).
The conquest completed by Monk.

When Cromwell followed Charles and his Scottish army into
England, to destroy them at Worcester, he left Monk in
Scotland, with a few thousand men, and that resolute general
soon completed the conquest of the kingdom. He met with most
resistance at Dundee. "Dundee was a town well fortified,
supplied with a good garrison under Lumisden, and full of all
the rich furniture, the plate, and money of the kingdom, which
had been sent thither as to a place of safety. Monk appeared
before it: and having made a breach, gave a general assault.
He carried the town; and, following the example and
instructions of Cromwell, put all the inhabitants to the
sword, in order to strike a general terror into the kingdom.
Warned by this example, Aberdeen, St. Andrew's, Inverness, and
other towns and forts, yielded, of their own accord, to the
enemy. … That kingdom, which had hitherto, through all ages,
by means of its situation, poverty, and valour, maintained its
independence, was reduced to total subjection."

_D. Hume,
History of England,
chapter 60 (volume 5)._

ALSO IN:
_J. Browne,
History of the Highlands,
volume 2, chapter 4._

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1654.
Incorporated with England by Protector Cromwell.

In 1654, "Cromwell completed another work which the Long
Parliament and the Barebone Parliament had both undertaken and
left unfinished. Under favour of the discussions which had
arisen between the great powers of the Commonwealth, the
Scottish royalists had once more conceived hopes, and taken up
arms. … The insurrection, though chiefly confined to the
Highlands, descended occasionally to ravage the plains; and
towards the beginning of February, 1654, Middleton had been
sent from France, by Charles II., to attempt to give, in the
king's name, that unity and consistency of action in which it
had until then been deficient.
{2871}
No sooner had he been proclaimed Protector, than Cromwell took
decisive measures to crush these dangers in their infancy: he
despatched to Ireland his second son, Henry, an intelligent,
circumspect, and resolute young man, and to Scotland, Monk,
whom that country had already once recognized as her
conqueror. Both succeeded in their mission. … Monk, with his
usual prompt and intrepid boldness, carried the war into the
very heart of the Highlands, established his quarters there,
pursued the insurgents into their most inaccessible retreats,
defeated Middleton and compelled him to re-embark for the
Continent, and, after a campaign of four months, returned to
Edinburgh at the end of August, 1654, and began once more,
without passion or noise, to govern the country which he had
twice subjugated. Cromwell had reckoned beforehand on his
success, for, on the 12th of April, 1654, at the very period
when he ordered Monk to march against the Scottish insurgents,
be had, by a sovereign ordinance, incorporated Scotland with
England, abolished all monarchical or feudal jurisdiction in
the ancient realm of the Stuarts, and determined the place
which its representatives, as well as those of Ireland, should
occupy in the common Parliament of the new State."

_F. P. Guizot,
History of Oliver Cromwell,
book 5 (volume 2)._

ALSO IN:
_J. Lingard,
History of England,
volume 11, chapter 1._

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1660-1666.
The restored King and the restored prelatical Church.
The oppression of the Covenanters.

"In Scotland the restoration of the Stuarts had been hailed
with delight; for it was regarded as the restoration of
national independence. And true it was that the yoke which
Cromwell had imposed was, in appearance, taken away, that the
Scottish Estates again met in their old hall at Edinburgh, and
that the Senators of the College of Justice again administered
the Scottish law according to the old forms. Yet was the
independence of the little kingdom necessarily rather nominal
than real: for, as long as the King had England on his side,
he had nothing to apprehend from disaffection in his other
dominions. He was now in such a situation that he could renew
the attempt which had proved destructive to his father without
any danger of his father's fate. … The government resolved to
set up a prelatical church in Scotland. The design was
disapproved by every Scotchman whose judgment was entitled to
respect. … The Scottish Parliament was so constituted that it
had scarcely ever offered any serious opposition even to Kings
much weaker than Charles then was. Episcopacy, therefore, was
established by law. As to the form of worship, a large
discretion was left to the clergy. In some churches the
English Liturgy was used. In others, the ministers selected
from that Liturgy such prayers and thanksgivings as were
likely to be least offensive to the people. But in general the
doxology was sung at the close of public worship, and the
Apostles' Creed was recited when baptism was administered. By
the great body of the Scottish nation the new Church was
detested both as superstitious and as foreign; as tainted with
the corruptions of Rome, and as a mark of the predominance of
England. There was, however, no general insurrection. The
country was not what it had been twenty-two years before.
Disastrous war and alien domination had tamed the spirit of
the people. … The bulk of the Scottish nation, therefore,
sullenly submitted, and, with many misgivings of conscience,
attended the ministrations of the Episcopal clergy, or of
Presbyterian divines who had consented to accept from the
government a half toleration known by the name of the
Indulgence. But there were, particularly in the western
lowlands, many fierce and resolute men who held that the
obligation to observe the Covenant was paramount to the
obligation to obey the magistrate. These people, in defiance
of the law, persisted in meeting to worship God after their
own fashion. The Indulgence they regarded, not as a partial
reparation of the wrongs inflicted by the State on the Church,
but as a new wrong, the more odious because it was disguised
under the appearance of a benefit. Persecution, they said,
could only kill the body; but the black Indulgence was deadly
to the soul. Driven from the towns, they assembled on, heaths
and mountains. Attacked by the civil power, they without
scruple repelled force by force. At every conventicle they
mustered in arms. They repeatedly broke out into open
rebellion. They were easily defeated and mercilessly punished:
but neither defeat nor punishment could subdue their spirit.
Hunted down like wild beasts, tortured till their bones were
beaten fiat, imprisoned by hundreds, hanged by scores, exposed
at one time to the license of soldiers from England, abandoned
at another time to the mercy of troops of marauders from the
Highlands, they still stood at bay, in a mood so savage that
the boldest and mightiest oppressor could not but dread the
audacity of their despair."

_Lord Macaulay,
History of England,
chapter 2 (volume 1)._

The Scottish Parliament by which Episcopacy was established at
the king's bidding is known as the Drunken Parliament. "Every
man of them, with one exception, is said to have been
intoxicated at the time of passing it [October 1, 1662]. Its
effect was that 350 ministers were ejected from their livings.
The apparatus of ecclesiastical tyranny was completed by a
Mile Act, similar to the Five Mile Act of England, forbidding
any recusant minister to reside within twenty miles of his own
parish, or within three miles of a royal borough."

_J. F. Bright,
History of England,
period 2, page 729._

"The violence of the drunken parliament was finally shown in
the absurdity of what was called the 'Act Rescissory,' by
which every law that had been passed in the Scottish
parliament during twenty-eight years was wholly annulled. The
legal foundations of Presbytery were thus swept away."

_C. Knight,
Crown History of England,
chapter 29._

ALSO IN:
_J. Aikman,
Annals of the Persecution in Scotland,
volume 1, books 2-5._

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1669-1679.
Lauderdale's despotism.
The Highland host.

"A new Parliament was assembled [October 19, 1669] at
Edinburgh, and Lauderdale was sent down commissioner. … It
were endless to recount every act of violence and arbitrary
authority exercised during Lauderdale's administration. All
the lawyers were put from the bar, nay banished, by the king's
order, twelve miles from the capital, and by that means the
whole justice of the kingdom was suspended for a year, till
these lawyers were brought to declare it as their opinion that
all appeals to Parliament were illegal. A letter was procured
from the king, for expelling twelve of the chief magistrates
of Edinburgh, and declaring them incapable of an public
office, though their only crime had been their want of
compliance with Lauderdale. …
{2872}
The private deportment of Lauderdale was as insolent and
provoking as his public administration was violent and
tyrannical. Justice likewise was universally perverted by
faction and interest: and from the great rapacity of that
duke, and still more of his duchess, all offices and favours
were openly put to sale. No one was allowed to approach the
throne who was not dependent on him; and no remedy could be
hoped for or obtained against his manifold oppressions. … The
law enacted against conventicles had called them seminaries of
rebellion. This expression, which was nothing but a flourish
of rhetoric, Lauderdale and the privy council were willing to
understand in a literal sense; and because the western
counties abounded in conventicles, though otherwise in
profound peace, they pretended that these counties were in a
state of actual war and rebellion. They made therefore an
agreement with some highland chieftains to call out their
clans, to the number of 8,000 men; to these they joined the
guards, and the militia of Angus: and they sent the whole to
live at free quarters upon the lands of such as had refused
the bonds [engaging them as landlords to restrain their
tenants from attending conventicles] illegally required of
them. The obnoxious counties were the most populous and most
industrious in Scotland. The highlanders were the people the
most disorderly and the least civilized. It is easy to imagine
the havoc and destruction which ensued. … After two months'
free quarter, the highlanders were sent back to their hills,
loaded with the spoils and the execrations of the west. … Lest
the cry of an oppressed people should reach the throne, the
council forbad, under severe penalties, all noblemen or
gentlemen of landed property to leave the kingdom. … It is
reported that Charles, after a full hearing of the debates
concerning Scottish affairs, said, 'I perceive that Lauderdale
has been guilty of many bad things against the people of
Scotland; but I cannot find that he has acted anything
contrary to my interest.'"

_D. Hume,
History of England,
chapter 66 (volume 6)._

ALSO IN:
_G. Burnet,
History of My Own Time,
books 2-3._

_J. H. Burton,
History of Scotland,
chapter 78 (volume 7)._

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1679 (May-June).
The Defeat of Claverhouse at Drumclog.

"The public indignation which these measures [under
Lauderdale] roused was chiefly directed against the Archbishop
of St. Andrews [Dr. James Sharp], who was generally regarded
as their author or instigator, and was doubly obnoxious as the
Judas of the Presbyterian Church." On the 3d of May, 1679, the
Archbishop was dragged from his carriage on Magus Moor, three
miles from St. Andrews, and murdered, by a band of twelve
Covenanters, headed by Hackston of Rathillet, and Balfour of
Burley, his brother-in-law. "The great body of the
Presbyterians, though doubtless thinking that 'the loon was
weel away,' condemned this cruel and bloody deed as a foul
murder; and they could not fail to see that it would greatly
increase the severity of the persecution against their party.
… It was now declared a treasonable act to attend a
conventicle, and orders were issued to the commanders of the
troops in the western district to disperse all such meetings
at the point of the sword. … Towards the end of May
preparations were made to hold a great conventicle on a moor
in the parish of Avondale, near the borders of Lanarkshire.
The day selected for the service was the first of June. No
secret was made of the arrangement, and it became known to
John Graham of Claverhouse, the 'Bloody Claverhouse,' as he
was called, who commanded a body of dragoons, stationed at
Glasgow, for the purpose of suppressing the Covenanters in
that district. … Having been apprised of the intended meeting,
he hastened towards the spot at the head of his own troop of
horse and two companies of dragoons. … The Covenanters had
assembled on the farm of Drumclog, in the midst of a high and
moorland district out of which rises the wild craggy eminence
of Loudoun Hill, in whose vicinity Robert Bruce gained his
first victory. … The preacher, Thomas Douglas, had proceeded
only a short way with his sermon when a watchman posted on an
adjoining height fired his gun as a signal that the enemy was
approaching. The preacher paused in his discourse, and closed
with the oft-quoted words—'You have got the theory; now for
the practice.' The women and children were sent to the rear.
The armed men separated from the rest of the meeting and took
up their position. … Claverhouse and his dragoons were
descending the slope of the opposite eminence, called Calder
Hill, and with a loud cheer they rushed towards the morass and
fired a volley at the Covenanters. It was returned with great
effect, emptying a number of saddles. The dragoons made
several unsuccessful attempts to cross the marsh, and flanking
parties sent to the right and to the left were repulsed with
considerable loss. At this juncture John Nisbet [an old
soldier of the Thirty Years' War] cried out, 'Jump the ditch
and charge the enemy.' The order was instantly obeyed.
Balfour, at the head of the horsemen, and Cleland, with a
portion of the infantry, crossed the marsh and attacked the
dragoons with such fury that they were thrown into confusion
and took to flight, leaving from forty to fifty of their
number dead on the field. Claverhouse himself had his horse
killed under him and narrowly escaped his pursuers. … The
victory at Drumclog roused the whole country. Great numbers
poured in to join the victors, and in a short time their ranks
had swelled to upwards of 6,000 men."

_J. Taylor,
The Scottish Covenanters,
chapter 4._

ALSO IN:
_M. Morris,
Claverhouse,
chapter 4._

_Sir W. Scott,
Old Morality._

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1679 (June).
Monmouth's success at Bothwell Bridge.

"The King was for suppressing the insurrection immediately by
forces from England to join those in Scotland, and the Duke of
Monmouth to command them all. … The Duke of Monmouth, after a
friendly parting with the King, who had been displeased with
him, set out from London, June 18, for Scotland, where he
arrived in three days, with an expedition considered
incredible, and took the command. The Covenanters were 5,000
or 6,000 strong, and had taken up a position six miles from
Hamilton, at Bothwell Bridge, which they barricaded and
disputed the Duke's passage. These Covenanters were
irresolute. An attempt to negotiate was made, but they were
told that no proposal could be received from rebels in arms.
One half hour was allowed. The Covenanters went on consuming
their time in theological controversy, considering 'the Duke
to be in rebellion against the Lord and his people.'
{2873}
While thus almost unprepared, they were entirely defeated in
an action, 22d of June, which, in compliment to the Duke of
Monmouth, was too proudly called the battle of Bothwell
Bridge. Four hundred Covenanters were killed, and 1,200 made
prisoners. Monmouth was evidently favourable to them. … The
Duke would not let the dragoons pursue and massacre those (as
Oldmixon calls them) Protestants. … The same historian adds,
that the Duke of York talked of Monmouth's expedition to
Scotland, as a courting the people there, and their friends in
England, by his sparing those that were left alive; and that
Charles himself said to Monmouth, 'If I had been there, we
would not have had the trouble of prisoners.' The Duke
answered, 'I cannot kill men in cold blood; that's work only
for butchers.' The prisoners who promised to live peaceably
were set at liberty; the others, about 270, were transported
to our plantations, but were all cast away at sea! The Duke of
Lauderdale's creatures pressed the keeping the army some time
in Scotland, with a design to have them eat it up; but the
Duke of Monmouth sent home the militia, and put the troops
under discipline; so that all the country was sensible he had
preserved them from ruin. The Duke asked the King to grant an
indemnity for what was past, and liberty to the Covenanters to
hold their meetings under the King's license; but these
softening measures fell with Monmouth, and rage and slaughter
again reigned when the Duke of York obtained the government of
Scotland."

_G. Roberts,
Life of Monmouth,
chapter 4 (volume 1)._

ALSO IN:
_J. H. Burton,
History of Scotland,
chapter 79 (volume 7)._

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1681-1689.
The pitiless rule of James II.
The hunting of the Cameronians.
Claverhouse's brutalities.

In 1681 the government of Scotland was committed to the king's
brother, the duke of York (afterwards James II.), as viceroy.
"Succeeding the duke of Monmouth, who was universally beloved,
he was anxious to exhibit as a statesman that capacity which
he thought he had given sufficient proof of as a general and
as a naval commander. In assuming the direction of the affairs
of Scotland, he at first affected moderation; but at a very
early period an occasion presented itself for displaying
severity; he was then pitiless. A few hundred presbyterians,
under the conduct of two ministers, Cameron and Cargill,
having taken arms and declared that they would acknowledge
neither the king nor the bishops, he sent the troops against
them. The insurgents, who called themselves Cargillites and
Cameronians, were beaten, and a great number of them killed.
The prisoners, taken to Edinburgh, were tortured and put to
death. The duke was present at the executions, which he
witnessed with an unmoved countenance, and as though they were
curious experiments."

_A. Carrel,
History of the Counter-Revolution in England,
chapter 2._

"Unlike the English Puritans, the great majority of the
Scottish Presbyterians were staunch supporters of monarchy. …
Now, however, owing to the 'oppression which maketh a wise man
mad,' an extreme party arose among them, who not only
condemned the Indulgence and refused to pay cess, but publicly
threw off their allegiance to the King, on the ground of his
violation of his coronation oath, his breach of the Covenant
which he solemnly swore to maintain, his perfidy, and his
'tyranny in matters civil.' A declaration to this effect was
publicly read, and then affixed (June 22d, 1680) to the market
cross of Sanquhar in Dumfriesshire, by Richard Cameron and
Donald Cargill, two of the most distinguished Covenanting
ministers, accompanied by an armed party of about twenty
persons. … These acts of the 'Society men,' or Cameronians, as
they were called after their leader, afforded the government a
plausible pretext for far more severe measures than they had
yet taken against the Hillmen, whom they hunted for several
weeks through the moors and wild glens of Ayr and Galloway."

_J. Taylor,
The Scottish Covenanters,
chapter 4._

"He [James II.], whose favourite theme had been the injustice
of requiring civil functionaries to take religious tests,
established in Scotland, when he resided there as Viceroy, the
most rigorous religious test that has ever been known in the
empire. He, who had expressed just indignation when the
priests of his own faith were hanged and quartered, amused
himself with hearing Covenanters shriek and seeing them writhe
while their knees were beaten flat in the boots. In this mood
he became King, and he immediately demanded and obtained from
the obsequious Estates of Scotland, as the surest pledge of
their loyalty, the most sanguinary law that has ever in our
islands been enacted against Protestant Nonconformists. With
this law the whole spirit of his administration was in perfect
harmony. The fiery persecution, which had raged when he ruled
Scotland as vicegerent, waxed hotter than ever from the day on
which he he came sovereign. Those shires in which the
Covenanters were most numerous were given up to the license of
the army. … Preeminent among the bands which oppressed and
wasted these unhappy districts were the dragoons commanded by
John Graham of Claverhouse. The story ran that these wicked
men used in their revels to play at the torments of hell, and
to call each other by the names of devils and damned souls.
The chief of this Tophet, a soldier of distinguished courage
and professional skill, but rapacious and profane, of violent
temper and obdurate heart, has left a name which, wherever the
Scottish race is settled on the face of the globe, is
mentioned with a peculiar energy of hatred. To recapitulate
all the crimes by which this man, and men like him, goaded the
peasantry of the Western Lowlands into madness, would be an
endless task."

_Lord Macaulay,
History of England,
chapter 4 (volume 1)._

ALSO IN:
_J. Cunningham,
History of the Church of Scotland,
volume 2, chapter 6._

_M. Morris,
Claverhouse._

_J. Aikman,
Annals of the Persecution in Scotland,
volume 2, books 5-12._

_A Cloud of Witnesses._

_J. Howie,
The Scots Worthies._

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1685.
Argyll's invasion.
Monmouth's rebellion.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1685 (MAY-JULY).

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1687.
Declarations of Indulgence by James II.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1687-1688.

{2874}

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1688-1690.
The Revolution.
Fall of the Stuarts and their Bishops.
Presbyterianism finally restored and established.

"At the first prospect of invasion from Holland [by William of
Orange], James had ordered the regiments on duty in Scotland to
march southward. The withdrawal of the troops was followed by
outbreaks in various parts. In Glasgow the Covenanters rose,
and proclaimed the Prince of Orange king. In Edinburgh riots
broke out. The chapel of Holyrood Palace was dismantled, and
the Romish bishops and priests fled in fear for their lives.
On hearing that William had entered into London, the leading
Whigs, under the Duke of Hamilton, repaired thither, and had
an interview with him. He invited them to meet in Convention.
This they accordingly did, and on January 9, 1689, it was
resolved to request William to summon a meeting of the
Scottish Estates for the 14th of March, and in the interim to
administer the government. To this William consented. The
Estates of Scotland met on the appointed day. All the bishops,
and a great number of the peers were adherents of James. After
a stormy debate, the Duke of Hamilton was elected President.
But the minority (Jacobites) was a large one. … The Duke of
Gordon still held Edinburgh Castle for James, and when the
minority found it hopeless to carry their measures, he
proposed they should with him withdraw from Edinburgh and hold
a rival Convention at Stirling. But these intentions were
discovered, many Jacobites were arrested, and many others,
amongst them Viscount Dundee, escaped to the Highlands. In the
end, the crown was offered to William and Mary on the same
terms on which it had been offered by the English Convention.
The offer was accompanied by a claim of rights, almost
identical with the English declaration, but containing the
additional clause, that 'prelacy was a great and insupportable
grievance.' On April 11, 1689, William and Mary were solemnly
proclaimed at the Cross of Edinburgh. It was high time some
form of government should be settled, for, throughout the
Lowlands, scenes of mob violence were daily witnessed. The
Presbyterians, so long down-trodden, rose in many a parish.
The Episcopal clergy were ejected, in some cases with
bloodshed. The 'rabbling,' as it is called in Scotch history,
continued for some months, until the Presbyterian Church was
reinstated by law as the Established Church of Scotland, in
June 1690."

_E. Hale,
The Fall of the Stuarts,
chapter 13._