Chapter XXXVII: Section 16: ) which reserves to the Empire the regulation of the (3)

"The religious movement which began with the wandering
preacher George Fox … grew into the Society of Friends, or, as
they came to be commonly called, 'The Quakers.' George Fox was
born in 1624, the year before Charles I. came to the throne:
and he was growing up to manhood all through the troubled time
of that king's reign, while the storms were gathering which at
last burst forth in the civil wars. It was not much that he
knew of all this, however. He was growing up in a little
out-of-the-way village of Leicestershire—Fenny Drayton—where
his father was 'by profession a weaver.'" While he was still a
child, the companions of George Fox "laughed at his grave,
sober ways, yet they respected him, too; and when, by-and-by,
he was apprenticed to a shoemaker, his master found him so
utterly trustworthy, and so true and unbending in his word,
that the saying began to go about, 'If George says "verily"
there is no altering him.' … He was more and more grieved at
what seemed to him the lightness and carelessness of men's
lives. He felt as if he were living in the midst of hollowness
and hypocrisy. … His soul was full of great thoughts of
something better and nobler than the common religion, which
seemed so poor and worldly. … He wandered about from place to
place—Northampton, London, various parts of Warwickshire
—seeking out people here and there whom he could hear of as
very religious, and likely to help him through his
difficulties. … After two years of lonely, wandering life, he
began to see a little light. It came to his soul that all
these outward forms, and ceremonies, and professions that
people were setting up and making so much ado about as
'religion,' were nothing in themselves; that priestly
education and ordination was nothing—did not really make a man
any nearer to God; that God simply wanted the hearts and souls
of all men to be turned to Him, and the worship of their own
thought and feeling. And with the sense of this there arose
within him a great loathing of all the formalism, and
priestcraft, and outward observances of the Churches. … But he
did not find peace yet. … He writes: 'My troubles continued,
and I was often under great temptations; I fasted much and
walked abroad in solitary places many days.' … It was a time
like Christ's temptations in the wilderness, or Paul's three
years in Arabia, before they went forth to their great
life-mission. But to him, as to them, came, at last, light and
peace and an open way. … A voice seemed to come to him which
said, 'There is one, even Christ Jesus, that can speak to thy
condition.' 'And when I heard it,' he says, 'my heart did leap
for joy.' Fixing his mind upon Christ, all things began to be
clearer to him; he saw the grand simple truth of a religion of
spirit and life.
{2620}
… It was at Dukinfield, near Manchester, in 1647, that he
began to speak openly to men of what was in his heart. … In
those days, when he was wandering away from men, and shrinking
with a sort of horror from the fashions of the world, he had
made himself a strong rough suit of leather, and this for many
years was his dress. Very white and clean indeed was the linen
under that rough leather suit, for he hated all uncleanness
either of soul or body; and very calm and clear were his eyes,
that seemed to search into men's souls, and quailed before no
danger, and sometimes lighted up with wonderful tenderness. A
tall, burly man he was, too, of great strength. … Everywhere
he saw vanity and worldliness, pretence and injustice. It
seemed laid upon him that he must testify against it all. He
went to courts of justice, and stood up and warned the
magistrates to do justly; he went to fairs and markets, and
lifted up his voice against wakes, and feasts and plays, and
also against people's cozening and cheating. … He testified
against great things and small, bade men not swear, but keep
to 'yea' and 'nay,' and this in courts of justice as
everywhere else; he spoke against lip-honour—that men should
give up using titles of compliment, and keep to plain 'thee'
and 'thou'; 'for surely,' he said, 'the way men address God
should be enough from one to another.' But all this was merely
the side-work of his life, flowing from his great central
thought of true, pure life in the light of the Spirit of God.
That was his great thought, and that he preached most of all;
he wanted men to give up all their forms, and come face to
face with the Spirit of God, and so worship Him and live to
Him. Therefore he spoke most bitterly of all against all
priestcraft. … Gradually followers gathered to him; little
groups of people here and there accepted his teachings—began
to look to him as their leader. He did not want to found a
sect; and as for a church—the Church was the whole body of
Christ's faithful people everywhere; so those who joined him
would not take any name as a sect or church. They simply
called themselves 'friends'; they used no form of worship, but
met together, to wait upon the Lord with one another;
believing that His Spirit was always with them, and that, if
anything was to be said, He would put it into their hearts to
say it." From the first, Fox suffered persecution at the hands
of the Puritans. They "kept imprisoning him for refusing to
swear allegiance to the Commonwealth; again and again he
suffered in this way: in Nottingham Castle, in 1648; then, two
years later, at Derby, for six months, at the end of which
time they tried to force him to enter the army; but he
refused, and so they thrust him into prison again, this time
into a place called the Dungeon, among 30 felons, where they
kept him another half-year. Then, two years later, in 1653, he
was imprisoned at Carlisle, in a foul, horrible hole. … He was
again imprisoned in Launceston gaol, for eight long months.
After this came a quieter time for him; for he was taken
before Cromwell, and Cromwell had a long conversation with
him. … During Cromwell's life he was persecuted no more, but
with the restoration of Charles II. his dangers and sufferings
began again. … His followers caught his spirit, and no
persecutions could intimidate them. … They made no secret of
where their meetings were to be, and at the time there they
assembled. Constables and informers might be all about the
place, it made no difference; they went in, sat down to their
quiet worship; if anyone had a word to say he said it. The
magistrates tried closing the places, locked the doors, put a
band of soldiers to guard them. The Friends simply gathered in
the street in front, held their meetings there; went on
exactly as if nothing had happened. They might all be taken
off to prison, still it made no difference. … Is it wonderful
that such principles, preached with such noble devotion to
truth and duty, rapidly made way? By the year 1665, when Fox
had been preaching for 18 years, the Society of Friends
numbered 80,000, and in another ten years it had spread more
widely still, and its founder had visited America, and
travelled through Holland and Germany, preaching his doctrine
of the inward light, and everywhere founding Meetings. Fox
himself did not pass away until [1690] he had seen his people
past all the days of persecution."

_B. Herford,
The Story of Religion in England,
chapter 27._

"At a time when personal revelation was generally believed, it
was a pardonable self-delusion that he [Fox] should imagine
himself to be commissioned by the Divinity to preach a system
which could only be objected to as too pure to be practised by
man: This belief, and an ardent temperament, led him and some
of his followers into unseasonable attempts to convert their
neighbours, and unseemly intrusions into places of worship for
that purpose, which excited general hostility against them,
and exposed them to frequent and severe punishments. …
Although they, like most other religious sects, had arisen in
the humble classes of society, … they had early been joined by
a few persons of superior rank and education. … The most
distinguished of their converts was William Penn, whose
father, Admiral Sir William Penn, had been a personal friend
of the King [James II.], and one of his instructors in naval
affairs."

_Sir J. Mackintosh,
History of the Revolution in England in 1688,
chapter 6._

"At one of the interviews between G. Fox and Gervas Bennet—one
of the magistrates who had committed him at Derby—the former
bade the latter 'Tremble at the word of the Lord'; whereupon
Bennet called him a Quaker. This epithet of scorn well suited
the tastes and prejudices of the people, and it soon became
the common appellation bestowed on Friends."

_C. Evans,
Friends in the 17th Century,
chapter 2._

ALSO IN:
_J. Gough,
History of the People called Quakers._

_W. R. Wagstaff,
History of the Society of Friends._

_T. Clarkson,
Portraiture of Quakerism._

_American Church History,
volume 12._

QUAKERS: A. D. 1656-1661.
The persecution in Massachusetts.

See MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1656-1661.

QUAKERS: A. D. 1681.
Penn's acquisition of Pennsylvania.

See PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1681.

QUAKERS: A. D. 1682.
Proprietary purchase of New Jersey.

See NEW JERSEY: A. D. 1673-1682.

QUAKERS: A. D. 1688-1776.
Early growth of anti-slavery sentiment in the Society.

See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D. 1688-1780.

----------QUAKERS: End--------

QUALIFICATION OF SUFFRAGE:
In England.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1884-1885.

QUALIFICATION OF SUFFRAGE:
In Rhode Island.

See RHODE ISLAND: A. D. 1888.

{2621}

QUANTRELL'S GUERRILLAS.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (AUGUST: MISSOURI-KANSAS).

QUAPAWS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SIOUAN FAMILY.

QUATRE BRAS, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1815 (JUNE).

----------QUEBEC, CITY: Start--------

QUEBEC, CITY: A. D. 1535.
Its Indian occupants.
Its name.

"When Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence, in 1535, he
found an Indian village called Stadacona occupying the site of
the present city of Quebec. "The Indian name Stadacona had
perished before the time of Champlain, owing, probably, to the
migration of the principal tribe and the succession of
others." The name Quebec, afterwards given to the French
settlement on the same ground, is said by some to be likewise
of Indian origin, having reference to the narrowing of the
river at that point. "Others give a Norman derivation for the
word: it is said that Quebec was so–called after Caudebec, on
the Seine." La Potherie says that the Normans who were with
Cartier, when they saw the high cape, cried "Quel bec!" from
which came the name Quebec. "Mr. Hawkins terms this 'a
derivation entirely illusory and improbable,' and asserts that
the word is of Norman origin. He gives an engraving of a seal
belonging to William de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, dated in the
7th of Henry V., or A. D. 1420. The legend or motto is
'Sigillum Willielmi de la Pole, Comitis Suffolckiæ, Domine de
Hamburg et de Quebec.'"

_E. Warburton,
The Conquest of Canada,
volume 1, chapter 2, and foot-note._

QUEBEC, CITY: A. D. 1608.
The founding of the city by Champlain.

See CANADA: A. D. 1608-1611.

QUEBEC, CITY: A. D. 1629-1632.
Capture by the English, brief occupation
and restoration to France.

See CANADA: A. D. 1628-1635.

QUEBEC, CITY: A. D. 1639.
The founding of the Ursuline Convent.

See CANADA: A. D. 1637–1657.

QUEBEC, CITY: A. D. 1690.
Unsuccessful attack by Sir Williams Phips
and the Massachusetts colonists.

See CANADA: A. D. 1689-1690.

QUEBEC, CITY: A. D. 1711.
Threatened by the abortive expedition of Admiral Walker.

See CANADA: A. D. 1711-1713.

QUEBEC, CITY: A. D. 1759.
Wolfe's conquest.

See CANADA: A. D. 1759 (JUNE-SEPTEMBER).

QUEBEC, CITY: A. D. 1760.
Attempted recovery by the French.

See CANADA: A. D. 1760.

QUEBEC, CITY: A. D. 1775-1776.
Unsuccessful siege by the Americans.
Death of Montgomery.

See 'CANADA: A. D. 1775-1776.

----------QUEBEC, CITY: End--------------

----------QUEBEC, PROVINCE: Start--------

QUEBEC, Province: A. D. 1763.
Creation of the English province.

See CANADA: A. D. 1763-1774.

QUEBEC, Province: A. D. 1774.
Vast extension of the province by the Quebec Act.

See CANADA: A. D. 1763-1774.

QUEBEC, Province: A. D. 1867.

On the formation of the confederated Dominion of Canada, in
1867, the eastern province formerly called Lower Canada
received the name of Quebec.

See CANADA: A. D. 1867.

----------QUEBEC, PROVINCE: End--------

QUEBEC ACT, The.

See CANADA: A. D. 1763-1774.

QUEBEC RESOLUTIONS, The.

See CANADA: A. D. 1867.

QUEBRADA-SECA, Battle of (1862).

See VENEZUELA: A. D. 1829-1886.

QUEEN, Origin of the word.

See King.

QUEEN ANNE'S BOUNTY.

"Her Majesty's [Queen Anne's] birthday, which was the 6th of
February, falling this year [1704] on a Sunday, its
celebration had been postponed till the next day. On that day,
then, as well beseeming her pious and princely gift, Sir
Charles Hedges as Secretary of State brought down to the House
of Commons a message from the Queen, importing that Her
Majesty desired to make a grant of her whole revenue arising
out of the First Fruits and Tenths for the benefit of the
poorer clergy. These First Fruits and Tenths had been imposed
by the Popes some centuries ago for the support of the Holy
Wars, but had been maintained long after those wars had
ceased.

See ANNATES.

The broad besom of Henry VIII. had swept them from the Papal
to the Royal treasury, and there they continued to flow. In
the days of Charles II. they had been regarded as an excellent
fund out of which to provide for the female favourites of His
Majesty and their numerous children. … Upon the Queen's
message the Commons returned a suitable address, and proceeded
to pass a bill enabling Her Majesty to alienate this branch of
the revenue, and to create a corporation by charter to apply
it for the object she desired. … This fund has ever since and
with good reason borne the name of 'Queen Anne's Bounty.' Its
application has been extended to the building of
parsonage-houses as well as to the increase of poor livings."

_Earl Stanhope,
History of England: Reign of Queen Anne,
chapter 4._

QUEEN ANNE'S WAR.

The wide-ranging conflict which is known in European history
as the War of the Spanish Succession, appears in American
history more commonly under the name of Queen Anne's War.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1702-1710.

QUEENSBERRY PLOT, The.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1703-1704.

QUEENSLAND.

See AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1859.

QUEENSTOWN HEIGHTS, The battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1812 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).

QUELCHES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.

QUERANDIS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.

QUESNOY: A. D. 1659.
Ceded to France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1659-1661.

QUESNOY: A. D. 1794.
Siege and capture by the French.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1794 (MARCH-JULY).

QUIBÉRON BAY,
Naval battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1759 (AUGUST-NOVEMBER).

Defeat of French Royalists (1795).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1794-1796.

QUICHES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: QUICHES.

QUICHUAS, The.

See PERU: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

{2622}

QUIDS, The.

John Randolph of Virginia. "had been one of the Republican
leaders while the party was in opposition [during the second
administration of Washington and the administration of John
Adams, as Presidents of the United States], but his irritable
spirit disqualified him for heading an Administration party.
He could attack, but could not defend. He had taken offense at
the President's [Jefferson's] refusal to make him Minister to
England, and immediately took sides with the Federalists
[1805] followed by a number of his friends, though not
sufficient to give the Federalists a majority. … The Randolph
faction, popularly called 'Quids,' gave fresh life to the
Federalists in Congress, and made them an active and useful
opposition party."

_A. Johnston,
History of American Politics,
chapter 6, section 3._

QUIETISM.

See MYSTICISM.

QUIJO, OR NAPO, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.

QUINARIUS, The.

See AS.

QUINCY RAILWAY, The.

See STEAM LOCOMOTION ON LAND.

QUINDECEMVIRS, The.

The quindecemvirs, at Rome, had the custody of the Sibylline
books.

_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 31._

QUINNIPIACK.

See CONNECTICUT: A. D. 1638.

QUIPU. WAMPUM.

"The Peruvians adopted a … unique system of records, that by
means of the quipu. This was a base cord, the thickness of the
finger, of any required length, to which were attached
numerous small strings of different colors, lengths, and
textures, variously knotted and twisted one with another. Each
of these peculiarities represented a certain number, a
quality, quantity, or other idea, but what, not the most
fluent quipu reader could tell unless he was acquainted with
the general topic treated of. Therefore, whenever news was
sent in this manner a person accompanied the bearer to serve
as verbal commentator, and to prevent confusion the quipus
relating to the various departments of knowledge were placed
in separate storehouses, one for war, another for taxes, a
third for history, and so forth. On what principle of
mnemotechnics the ideas were connected with the knots and
colors we are totally in the dark; it has even been doubted
whether they had any application beyond the art of numeration.
Each combination had, however, a fixed ideographic value in a
certain branch of knowledge, and thus the quipu differed
essentially from the Catholic rosary, the Jewish phylactery,
or the knotted strings of the natives of North America and
Siberia, to all of which it has at times been compared. The
wampum used by the tribes of the North Atlantic coast was, in
many respects, analogous to the quipu. In early times it was
composed chiefly of bits of wood of equal size, but different
colors. These were hung on strings which were woven into belts
and bands, the hues, shapes, sizes, and combinations of the
strings hinting their general significance. Thus the lighter
shades were invariable harbingers of peaceful or pleasant
tidings, while the darker portended war and danger. The
substitution of beads or shells in place of wood, and the
custom of embroidering figures in the belts were, probably,
introduced by European influence."

_D. G. Brinton,
The Myths of the New World,
chapter 1._

See, also, WAMPUM.

QUIRINAL, The.

"The Palatine city was not the only one that in ancient times
existed within the circle afterwards enclosed by the Servian
walls; opposite to it, in its immediate vicinity, there lay a
second city on the Quirinal. … Even the name has not been lost
by which the men of the Quirinal distinguished themselves from
their Palatine neighbours. As the Palatine city took the name
of 'the Seven Mounts,' its citizens called themselves the
'mount-men' ('montani'), and the term 'mount,' while applied
to the other heights belonging to the city, was above all
associated with the Palatine; so the Quirinal height—although
not lower, but on the contrary somewhat higher, than the
former—as well as the adjacent Viminal, never in the strict
use of the language received any other name than 'hill'
('collis'). … Thus the site of the Roman commonwealth was
still at this period occupied by the Mount-Romans of the
Palatine and the Hill-Romans of the Quirinal as two separate
communities confronting each other and doubtless in many
respects at feud. … That the community of the Seven Mounts
early attained a great preponderance over that of the Quirinal
may with certainty be inferred."

_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 1, chapter 4._

See, also, PALATINE HILL,
and SEVEN HILLS OF ROME.

QUIRITES.

In early Rome the warrior-citizens, the full burgesses, were
so-called. "The king, when he addressed them, called them
'lance-men' (quirites). … We need not … regard the name
Quirites as having been originally reserved for the burgesses
on the Quirinal. … It is indisputably certain that the name·
Quirites denoted from the first, as well as subsequently,
simply the full burgess."

_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 1, chapters 4 and 5._

The term quirites, in fact, signified the citizens of Rome as
a body. Whether it originally meant "men of the spear," as
derived from a Sabine word, is a question in some dispute.

_H. G. Liddell,
History of Rome,
book 1, chapter 5._

QUITO: The ancient kingdom and the modern city.

See ECUADOR.

QUIVIRA.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PUEBLOS.

QUORATEAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: QUORATEAN FAMILY.

R

RAAB, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1809 (JANUARY-JUNE).

RABBLING.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1688-1690.

RABELAIS, on Education.

See EDUCATION, RENAISSANCE.

RAB-SHAKEH.

The title of the chief minister of the Assyrian kings. The
Rab-Shakah of Sennacherib demanded the surrender of Jerusalem.

RACHISIUS, King of the Lombards, A. D. 744-750.

RADAGAISUS, RADAGAIS, RODOGAST; Invasion of Italy by.

"In the year 406, Italy was suddenly overrun by a vast
multitude composed of Vandals, Sueves, Burgunds, Alans, and
Goths, under the command of a king named Radagais. To what
nation this king belonged is not certain, but it seems likely
that he was an Ostrogoth from the region of the Black Sea, who
had headed a tribe of his countrymen in a revolt against the
Huns.
{2623}
The invading host is said to have consisted of 200,000
warriors, who were accompanied by their wives and families.
These barbarians were heathens, and their manners were so
fierce and cruel that the invasion excited far more terror
than did that of Alaric. … Stilicho [the able minister and
general of the contemptible Emperor of the West, Honorius]
found it hard work to collect an army capable of opposing this
savage horde, and Radagais had got as far as Florence before
any resistance was offered to him. But while he was besieging
that city, the Roman general came upon him, and, by
surrounding his army with earthworks, compelled him to
surrender. The barbarian king was beheaded, and those of the
captives whose lives were spared were sold into slavery."

_H. Bradley,
Story of the Goths,
chapter 10._

ALSO IN:
_T. Hodgkin,
Italy and Her Invaders,
book 1, chapter 5._

See, also, ROME: A. D. 404-408.

RÆTIA.

See RHÆTIA.

RAGA, RAGHA, RHAGES.

"The Median city next in importance to the two Ecbatanas was
Raga or Rhages, near the Caspian Gates, almost at the extreme
eastern limits of the territory possessed by the Medes. The
great antiquity of this place is marked by its occurrence in
the Zendavesta among the primitive settlements of the Arians.
Its celebrity during the time of the Empire is indicated by
the position which it occupies in the romances of Tobit and
Judith. … Rhages gave name to a district; and this district
may be certainly identified with the long narrow tract of
fertile territory intervening between the Elburz
mountain-range and the desert, from about Kasvin to Khaar, or
from longitude 50° to 52° 30'. The exact site of the city of
Rhages within this territory is somewhat doubtful. All
accounts place it near the eastern extremity; and, as there
are in this direction ruins of a town called Rhei or Rhey, it
has been usual to assume that they positively fix the
locality. But … there are grounds for placing Rhages very much
nearer to the Caspian Gates."

_G. Rawlinson,
Five Great Monarchies: Media,
chapter 1._

See, also, CASPIAN GATES.

RAGÆ.

See RATÆ.

RAGMAN'S ROLL.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1328.

RAID OF RUTHVEN, The.

See SCOTLAND. A. D. 1582.

RAILROADS, The beginning of.

See STEAM LOCOMOTION ON LAND.

RAISIN RIVER, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1812-1813 HARRISON'S NORTHWESTERN CAMPAIGN.

RAJA, RAJAH. MAHARAJA.

Hindu titles, equivalent to king and great king.

RAJPOOTS, RAJPUTS. RAJPOOTANA.

"The Rajpoots, or sons of Rajas, are the noblest and proudest
race in India, … They claim to be representatives of the
Kshatriyas; the descendants of those Aryan warriors who
conquered the Punjab and Hindustan in times primeval. To this
day they display many of the characteristics of the heroes of
the Maha Bharata and Ramayana. They form a military
aristocracy of the feudal type. … The Rajpoots are the links
between ancient and modern India. In days of old they strove
with the kings of Magadha for the suzerainty of Hindustan from
the Indus to the lower Gangetic valley. They maintained
imperial thrones at Lahore and Delhi, at Kanouj and Ayodhya.
In later revolutions their seats of empire have been shifted
further west and south, but the Rajpoot kingdoms still remain
as the relics of the old Aryan aristocracy. … The dynasties of
Lahore and Delhi faded away from history, and perchance have
reappeared in more remote quarters of India. The Rajpoots
still retain their dominion in the west, whilst their power
and influence have been felt in every part of India; and to
this day a large Rajpoot element characterizes the
populations, not only of the Punjab and Hindustan, but of the
Dekhan and Peninsula. The Rajpoot empire of a remote antiquity
is represented in the present day by the three kingdoms of
Meywar, Marwar, and Jeypore. Meywar, better known as Chittore
or Udaipore, is the smallest but most important of the three.
It forms the garden of Rajpootana to the eastward of the
Aravulli range. Westward of the range is the dreary desert of
Marwar. Northward of Meywar lies the territory of Jeypore, the
intermediate kingdom between Meywar and the Mussulmans. … In
former times the sovereigns of Meywar were known as the Ranas
of Chittore; they are now known as the Ranas of Udaipore. They
belong to the blue blood of Rajpoot aristocracy."

_J. T. Wheeler,
History of India,
volume 3, chapter 7._

"Everywhere [in the central region of India] Rajput septs or
petty chiefships may still be found existing in various
degrees of independence. And there are, of course, Rajput
Chiefs outside Rajputana altogether, though none of political
importance. But Rajputana proper, the country still under the
independent rule of the most ancient families of the purest
clans, may now be understood generally to mean the great tract
that would be crossed by two lines, of which one should be
drawn on the map of India from the frontier of Sind Eastward
to the gates of Agra; and the other from the Southern border
of the Punjab Government near the Sutlej Southward and
South-Eastward until it meets the broad belt of Maratha States
under the Guicowar, Holkar, and Scindia, which runs across
India from Baroda to Gwalior. This territory is divided into
nineteen States, of which sixteen are possessed by Rajput
clans, and the Chief of the clan or sept is the State's ruler.
To the Sesodia clan, the oldest and purest blood in India,
belong the States of Oodeypoor, Banswarra, Pertabgarh, and
Shahpura; to the Rathore clan, the States of Jodhpoor and
Bikanir; Jeypoor and Ulwar to the Kuchwaha, and so on."

_Sir A. C. Lyall,
Asiatic Studies,
chapter 8._

RALEIGH, Sir Walter:
Colonizing undertakings in Virginia.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1584-1586, and 1587-1590.

Guiana and El Dorado expeditions.

See EL DORADO.

RAMBOUILLET, The Hôtel de.

The marquise de Rambouillet, who drew around herself, at
Paris, the famous coterie which took its name from her
hospitable house, was the daughter of a French nobleman, Jean
de Vivonne, sieur de Saint-Gohard, afterwards first marquis de
Pisani, who married a Roman lady of the noble family of the
Strozzi. Catherine de Vivonne was born of this union in 1588,
and in 1600, when less than twelve years old, became the wife
of Charles d'Angennes, vidame du Mans afterwards marquis de
Rambouillet. Her married life was more than half a century in
duration; she was the mother of seven children, and she
survived her husband thirteen years.
{2624}
During the minority of the husband the ancient residence of
his family had been sold, and from 1610 to 1617 the marquis
and marquise were engaged in building a new Hôtel de
Rambouillet, which the latter is credited with having, in
great part, designed. Her house being finished, she opened it
"to her friends and acquaintances, and her receptions, which
continued until the Fronde (1648), brought together every
evening the choicest society of the capital, and produced a
profound influence upon the manners and literature of the day.
The marquise ceased attending court some years before the
death of Henry IV., her refinement and pure character finding
there an uncongenial atmosphere. The marquise was not alone a
woman of society, but was carefully educated and fond of
literature. Consequently the reunions at the Hôtel de
Rambouillet were distinguished by a happy combination of rank
and letters. Still more important was the new position assumed
by the hostess and the ladies who frequented her house. Until
the XVIIth century the crudest views prevailed as to the
education and social position of woman. It was at the Hôtel de
Rambouillet that her position as the intellectual companion of
man was first recognized, find this position of equality, and
the deferential respect which followed it, had a powerful
influence in refining the rude manners of men of rank whose
lives had been passed in camps, and of men of letters who had
previously enjoyed few opportunities for social polish. The
two classes met for the first time on a footing of equality,
and it resulted in elevating the occupation of letters, and
imbuing men of rank with a fondness for intellectual pursuits.
The reunions at the Hôtel de Rambouillet began, as has been
said, about 1617, and extend until the Fronde (1648) or a few
years later. This period Larroumet ('Précieuses Ridicules,'
page 14) divides into three parts: from 1617 to about 1629;
from 1630 to 1640; and from 1640 to the death of the marquise
in 1665. During the first period the habitués of the Hôtel de
Rambouillet were": the marquis du Vigean, the maréchal de
Souvré, the duke de la Tremoïlle, Richelieu (then bishop of
Luçon), the cardinal de la Valette, the poets Malherbe, Racan,
Gombauld, Chapelain, Marino, the preacher Cospeau, Godeau, the
grammarian Vaugelas, Voiture, Balzac, Segrais, Mlle. Paulet,
the princess de Montmorency, Mlle. du Vigean, and the
daughters of the marquise de Rambouillet, "of whom the eldest,
Julie d'Angennes, until her marriage in 1645 to the marquis de
Montausier, was the soul of the reunions of the Hôtel de
Rambouillet. The second period was that of its greatest
brilliancy. To the illustrious names just mentioned must be
added": the great Condé, the marquis de Montausier,
Saint-Évremond, La Rochefoucald, Sarrasin, Costar, Patru,
Conrart, Georges de Scudéry, Mairet, Colletet, Ménage,
Benscrade, Cotin, Desmarets, Rotrou, Scarron, P. Corneille,
Bossuet, Mlle. de Bourbon, later duchesse de Longueville,
Mlle. de Coligny, Mme. Aubry, and Mlle. de Scudéry, "yet
unknown as a writer. After 1640 the Hôtel de Rambouillet began
to decline; but two names of importance belong to this period:
Mme. de la Fayette, and Mme. de Sévigné. … Voiture died in
1648, the year which witnessed the outbreak of the Fronde,
after which the reunions at the Hôtel de Rambouillet virtually
ceased. … Until the time of Roederer ['Mémoire pour servir à
l'histoire de la société polie en France'] it was generally
supposed that the word 'Précieuse' was synonymous with Hôtel
de Rambouillet, and that it was the marquise and her friends
whom Molière intended to satirize. Roederer endeavored to show
that it was not the marquise but her bourgeois imitators, the
circle of Mlle. de Scudéry …; Victor Cousin attempts to prove
that it was neither the marquise nor Mlle. de Scudéry, but the
imitators of the latter. … The editor of Molière in the
'Grands Écrivains de la France,' M. Despois (volume 2, page 4)
believes that the Hôtel de Rambouillet, including Mlle. de
Scudéry, was the object of Moliere's satire, although he had
no intention of attacking any particular person among the
'Précieuses,' but confined himself to ridiculing the
eccentricities common to them all. It is with this last view
that the editor of the present work unhesitatingly agrees, for
reasons which he hopes some day to give in detail in an
edition of the two plays of Molière mentioned above
['Precieuses Ridicules,' and 'Les Femmes Savantes']. From
Paris the influence of the 'Précieuses' spread into the
provinces, doubtless with all the exaggerations of an
unskilful imitation."

_T. F. Crane,
Introduction to "La Société Française au
Dix-Septième Siècle."_

ALSO IN:
_A. G. Mason,
The Women of the French Salons,
chapters 2-7._

RAMBOUILLET DECREE, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1810-1812.

RAMESES, RAAMSES, RAMSES, Treasure-city of.

See JEWS: THE ROUTE OF THE EXODUS.

RAMESSIDS, The.

The nineteenth dynasty of Egyptian kings, sprung from Rameses
I. [in the] fourteenth to twelfth centuries B. C.

See EGYPT: ABOUT B. C. 1400-1200.

RAMILLIES, Battle of (1706).

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1706-1707.

RAMIRO I.'
King of Aragon, A. D. 1035-1063.

Ramiro I., King of Leon and the Asturias, or Oviedo, 842-850.

Ramiro II., King of Aragon, 1134-1137.

Ramiro II., King of Leon and the Asturias, or Oviedo, 930-950.

Ramiro III., King of Leon and the Asturias, or Oviedo, 967-982.

RAMNES. RAMNIANS, The.

See ROME: BEGINNINGS AND NAME.

RAMOTH-GILEAD.

The strong fortress of Ramoth-Gilead, on the frontier of
Samaria and Syria, was the object and the scene of frequent
warfare between the Israelites and the Arameans of Damascus.
It was there that king Ahab of Samaria, in alliance with
Judah, was killed in battle, fighting against Ben-hadad of
Damascus.

_1 Kings, xxii._

ALSO IN:
_Dean Stanley,
Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church,
lecture 33._

RANAS OF UDAIPORE OR CHITTORE.

See RAJPOOTS.

RANDOLPH, Edmund,
and the framing and adoption of the Federal Constitution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1787; 1787-1789.

In the Cabinet of President Washington.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1789-1792.

RANJIT SINGH, RUNJIT SINGH, The conquests of.

See SIKHS.

{2625}

RANTERS. MUGGLETONIANS.

"'These [the Ranters] made it their business,' says Baxter,
'to set up the Light of Nature under the name of Christ in
Man, and to dishonour and cry down the Church, the Scripture,
and the present Ministry, and our worship and ordinances; and
called men to hearken to Christ within them. But withal they
conjoined a cursed doctrine of Libertinism, which brought them
to all abominable filthiness of life. They taught, as the
Familists, that God regardeth not the actions of the outward
man, but of the heart, and that to the pure all things are
pure.' … Of no sect do we hear more in the pamphlets and
newspapers between 1650 and 1655, though there are traces of
them of earlier date. … Sometimes confounded with the Ranters,
but really distinguishable, were some crazed men, whose crazes
had taken a religious turn, and whose extravagances became
contagious.—Such was a John Robins, first heard of about 1650,
when he went about, sometimes as God Almighty, sometimes as
Adam raised from the dead. … One heard next, in 1652, of two
associates, called John Reeve and Ludovick Muggleton, who
professed to be 'the two last Spiritual Witnesses (Revelation
xi.) and alone true Prophets of the Lord Jesus Christ, God
alone blessed to all eternity,' They believed in a real
man-shaped God, existing from all eternity, who had come upon
earth as Jesus Christ, leaving Moses and Elijah to represent
him in Heaven." Muggleton died in 1698, "at the age of 90,
leaving a sect called The Muggletonians, who are perhaps not
extinct yet."

_D. Masson,
Life of John Milton,
volume 5, pages 17-20._

RAPALLO,
Battle of (1425).

See ITALY: A. D. 1412-1447.

Massacre at (1494).

See ITALY: A. D. 1494-1496.

RAPE OF THE SABINE WOMEN, The.

See ROME: B. C. 753-510.

RAPES OF SUSSEX.

"The singular division of Sussex [England] into six 'rapes'
[each of which is subdivided into hundreds] seems to have been
made for military purposes. The old Norse 'hreppr' denoted a
nearly similar territorial division."

_T. P. Taswell-Langmead,
English Constitutional History,
chapter 1, foot-note._

"The 'reebning,' or mensuration by the rope or line, supplied
the technical term of 'hrepp' to the glossary of Scandinavian
legislation: archæologists have therefore pronounced an
opinion that the 'Rapes' of Sussex, the divisions ranging from
the Channel shore to the Suthrige border, were, according to
Norwegian fashion, thus plotted out by the Conqueror."

_Sir F. Palgrave,
History of Normandy and England,
book 1, chapter 5._

RAPHIA, Battle of (B. C. 217).

See SELEUCIDÆ: B. C. 224-187.

RAPID INDIANS.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: RAPID INDIANS.

RAPIDAN, Campaign of Meade and Lee on the.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (JULY-NOVEMBER: VIRGINIA).

RAPPAHANNOCK STATION, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (JULY-NOVEMBER: VIRGINIA).

RAPPAREES. TORIES.

"Ejected proprietors [in Ireland, 17th and 18th centuries]
whose names might be traced in the annals of the Four Masters,
or around the sculptured crosses of Clonmacnoise, might be
found in abject poverty hanging around the land which had
lately been their own, shrinking from servile labour as from
an intolerable pollution, and still receiving a secret homage
from their old tenants. In a country where the clan spirit was
intensely strong, and where the new landlords were separated
from their tenants by race, by religion, and by custom, these
fallen and impoverished chiefs naturally found themselves at
the head of the discontented classes; and for many years after
the Commonwealth, and again after the Revolution, they and
their followers, under the names of tories and rapparees,
waged a kind of guerrilla war of depredations upon their
successors. After the first years of the 18th century,
however, this form of crime appears to have almost ceased; and
although we find the names of tories and rapparees on every
page of the judicial records, the old meaning was no longer
attached to them, and they had become the designations of
ordinary felons, at large in the country."

_W. E. H. Lecky,
History of England, 18th Century,
chapter 7 (volume 2)._

"The distinction between the Irish foot soldier and the Irish
Rapparee had never been very strongly marked. It now
disappeared [during the war in Ireland between James II. and
William of Orange—A. D. 1691]. Great part of the army was
turned loose to live by marauding."

_Lord Macaulay,
History of England,
chapter 17 (volume 4)._

"The Rapparee was the lowest of the low people. … The Rapparee
knew little difference between friend and foe; receiving no
mercy, they gave none."

_Sir J. Dalrymple,
Memoirs or Great Britain and Ireland,
part 2, book 5 (volume 3)._

"Political disaffection in Ireland has been the work, on the
one hand, of the representatives of the old disinherited
families—the Kernes, and Gallowglasses of one age, the
Rapparees of the next, the houghers and ravishers of a third;
on the other, of the restless aspirations of the Catholic
clergy."

_J. A. Froude,
The English in Ireland,
book 9, chapter 1 (volume 3)._

RARITANS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

RAS. RASENNA.

See ETRUSCANS.

RASCIA.

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES,
7TH CENTURY (SERVIA, CROATIA, ETC.).

RASCOL. RASKOL. RASKOLNIKS.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1655-1659.

RASTA, The.

See LEUGA.

RASTADT, Congress of.
Murder of French envoys.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (APRIL-SEPTEMBER).

RASTADT, The Treaty of (1714).

See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.

RATÆ, RAGÆ.

A Roman town in Britain—"one of the largest and most important
of the midland cities, adorned with rich mansions and temples,
and other public buildings. Its site is now occupied by the
town of Leicester."

_T. Wright,
Celt, Roman and Saxon,
chapter 5._

RATHMINES, Battle of (1649).

See IRELAND: A. D. 1646-1649.

RATHS.

"Of those ancient Raths, or Hill-fortresses, which formed the
dwellings of the old Irish chiefs, and belonged evidently to a
period when cities were not yet in existence, there are to be
found numerous remains throughout the country. This species of
earthen work is distinguished from the artificial mounds, or
tumuli, by its being formed upon natural elevations, and
always surrounded by a rampart,"

_T. Moore,
History of Ireland,
chapter 9._

RATHSMANN, RATHSMEISTER, etc.

See CITIES, IMPERIAL AND FREE, OF GERMANY.

{2626}

RATISBON:
Taken by the Swedish-German forces (1633).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1632-1634.

RATISBON, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1809 (JANUARY-JUNE).

RATISBON, Catholic League of.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1522-1525.

RAUCOUX, Battle of (1746).

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1746-1747.

RAUDINE PLAIN, Battle of the.

See CIMBRI AND TEUTONES: B. C. 113-102.

RAURACI, The.

An ancient tribe "whose origin is perhaps German, established
on both banks of the Rhine, towards the elbow which that river
forms at Bâle."

_Napoleon III.,
History of Cæsar,
book 3, chapter 2, foot–note._

RAVENIKA, The Parliament of.

Henry, the second emperor of the Latin empire of Romania, or
empire of Constantinople, convened a general parliament or
high-court of all his vassals, at Ravenika, in 1209, for the
determining of the feudal relations of all the subjects of the
empire. Ravenika is in ancient Chalkidike, some fifty miles
from Thessalonica.

_G. Finlay,
History of Greece from its Conquest by the Crusaders,
chapter 4, section 4._

----------RAVENNA: Start--------

RAVENNA: B. C. 50.
Cæsar's advance on Rome.

See ROME: B. C. 52-50.

RAVENNA: A. D. 404.
Made the capital of the Western Empire.

"The houses of Ravenna, whose appearance may be compared to
that of Venice, were raised on the foundation of wooden piles.
The adjacent country, to the distance of many miles, was a
deep and impassable morass; and the artificial causeway which
connected Ravenna with the continent might be easily guarded,
or destroyed, on the approach of a hostile army. These
morasses were interspersed, however, with vineyards; and
though the soil was exhausted by four or five crops, the town
enjoyed a more plentiful supply of wine than of fresh water.
The air, instead of receiving the sickly and almost
pestilential exhalations of low and marshy grounds, was
distinguished, like the neighbourhood of Alexandria, as
uncommonly pure and salubrious; and this singular advantage
was ascribed to the regular tides of the Adriatic. … This
advantageous situation was fortified by art and labour; and,
in the twentieth year of his age, the Emperor of the West
[Honorius, A. D. 395-423] anxious only for his personal
safety, retired to the perpetual confinement of the walls and
morasses of Ravenna. The example of Honorius was imitated by
his feeble successors, the Gothic kings, and afterwards the
exarchs, who occupied the throne and palace of the emperors;
and till the middle of the eighth century Ravenna was
considered as the seat of government and the capital of
Italy."

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 30._

ALSO IN:
_T. Hodgkin,
Italy and Her Invaders,
chapter 9._

See, also, ROME: A. D. 404-408.

RAVENNA: A. D. 490-493.
Siege and capture by Theodoric.
Murder of Odoacer.
Capital of the Ostrogothic kingdom.

See ROME: A. D. 488-526.

RAVENNA: A. D. 493-525.
The capital of Theodoric the Ostrogoth.

"The usual residence of Theodoric was Ravenna, with which city
his name is linked as inseparably as those of Honorius or
Placidia. The letters of Cassiodorus show his zeal for the
architectural enrichment of this capital. Square blocks of
stone were to be brought from Faenza, marble pillars to be
transported from the palace on the Pincian Hill: the most
skilful artists in mosaic were invited from Rome, to execute
some of those very works which we still wonder at in the
basilicas and baptisteries of the city by the Ronco. The chief
memorials of his reign which Theodoric has left at Ravenna are
a church, a palace, and a tomb."

_T. Hodgkin,
Italy and Her Invaders,
book 4, chapter 8 (volume 3)._

RAVENNA: A. D. 540.
Surrender to Belisarius.

See ROME: A. D. 535-553.

RAVENNA: A. D. 554-800.
The Exarchate.

See ROME: A. D. 554-800.

RAVENNA: A. D. 728-751.
Decline and fall of the Exarchate.

See PAPACY: A. D. 728-774.

RAVENNA: A. D. 1275.
The Papal sovereignty confirmed by Rodolph of Hapsburg.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1273-1308.

RAVENNA: A. D. 1512.
Taken by the French.
Battle before the city.
Defeat of the Spaniards.

See ITALY: A. D. 1510-1513.

----------RAVENNA: End--------

RAVENSPUR.

The landing place of Henry of Lancaster, July 4, 1399, when he
came back from banishment to demand the crown of England from
Richard II. It is on the coast of Yorkshire.

RAYMOND, of Toulouse, The Crusade of.

See CRUSADES: A. D. 1096-1099;
also, JERUSALEM: A. D. 1099; and 1099-1144.

RAYMOND, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (APRIL-JULY: ON THE MISSISSIPPI).

REAL, Spanish.

See SPANISH COINS.

REAMS'S STATION, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (AUGUST: VIRGINIA).

REASON, The Worship of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (NOVEMBER).

REBECCAITES. DAUGHTERS OF REBECCA.

Between 1839 and 1844, a general outbreak occurred in Wales
against what were thought to be the excessive tolls collected
on the turnpike roads. Finding that peaceful agitation was of
no avail the people determined to destroy the turnpike gates,
and did so very extensively, the movement spreading from
county to county. They applied to themselves the Bible promise
given to the descendants of Isaac's wife, that they should
possess the "gate" of their enemies, and were known as the
Daughters, or Children of Rebecca, or Rebeccaites. Their
proceedings assumed at last a generally riotous and lawless
character, and were repressed by severe measures. At the same
time Parliament removed the toll-gate grievance by an amended
law.

_W. N. Molesworth,
History of England, 1830-1874,
volume 2, page 131._

RECESS.

Certain decrees of the Germanic diet were so called.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1530-1531.

RECHABITES, The.

An ascetic religious association, or order, formed among the
Israelites, under the influence of the prophet Elijah, or
after his death. Like the monks of a later time, they mostly
withdrew into the desert. "The vow of their order was so
strict that they were not allowed to possess either vineyards
or corn-fields or houses, and they were consequently rigidly
confined for means of subsistence to the products of the
wilderness."

_H. Ewald,
History of Israel,
book 4, section 1 (volume 4)._

{2627}

RECIPROCITY TREATY, Canadian.

See TARIFF LEGISLATION, &C.
(UNITED STATES AND CANADA): A. D. 1854-1866.

RECOLLECTS, RÉCOLLETS.

This name is borne by a branch of the Franciscan order of
friars, to indicate that the aim of their lives is the
recollection of God and the forgetfulness of worldly things.

RECONSTRUCTION:
President Lincoln's Louisiana plan.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863-1864 (DECEMBER-JULY).

President Johnson's plan.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (MAY-JULY).

The question in Congress.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865-1866 (DECEMBER-JUNE),
1866-1867 (OCTOBER-MARCH), 1867 (MARCH).

See, also:
SOUTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1865-1876;
TENNESSEE: A. D. 1865-1866;
LOUISIANA: A. D. 1865-1867.

RECULVER, Roman origin of.

See REGULBIUM.

RED CAP OF LIBERTY, The.

See LIBERTY CAP.

RED CROSS, The.

"A confederation of relief societies in different countries,
acting under the Geneva Convention, carries on its work under
the sign of the Red Cross. The aim of these societies is to
ameliorate the condition of wounded soldiers in the armies in
campaign on land or sea. The societies had their rise in the
conviction of certain philanthropic men, that the official
sanitary service in wars is usually insufficient, and that the
charity of the people, which at such times exhibits itself
munificently, should be organized for the best possible
utilization. An international public conference was called at
Geneva, Switzerland, in 1863, which, though it had not an
official character, brought together representatives from a
number of Governments. At this conference a treaty was drawn
up, afterwards remodeled and improved, which twenty-five
Governments have signed. The treaty provides for the
neutrality of all sanitary supplies, ambulances, surgeons,
nurses, attendants, and sick or wounded men, and their safe
conduct, when they bear the sign of the organization, viz: the
Red Cross. Although the Convention which originated the
organization was necessarily international, the relief
societies themselves are entirely national and independent;
each one governing itself and making its own laws according to
the genius of its nationality and needs. It was necessary for
recognizance and safety, and for carrying out the general
provisions of the treaty, that a uniform badge should be
agreed upon. The Red Cross was chosen out of compliment to the
Swiss Republic, where the first convention was held, and in
which the Central Commission has its headquarters. The Swiss
colors being a white cross on a red ground, the badge chosen
was these colors reversed. There are no 'members of the Red
Cross,' but only members of societies whose sign it is. There
is no 'Order of the Red Cross.' The relief societies use, each
according to its convenience, whatever methods seem best
suited to prepare in times of peace for the necessities of
sanitary service in times of war. They gather and store gifts
of money and supplies; arrange hospitals, ambulances, methods
of transportation of wounded men, bureaus of information,
correspondence, &c. All that the most ingenious philanthropy
could devise and execute has been attempted in this direction.
In the Franco–Prussian war this was abundantly tested. … This
society had its inception in the mind of Monsieur Henri
Dunant, a Swiss gentleman, who was ably seconded in his views
by Monsieur Gustave Moynier and Dr. Louis Appia, of Geneva."

_History of the Red Cross
(Washington, 1883)._

RED FORTRESS, The.
The Alhambra.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1238-1273.

RED LAND, The.

See VEHMGERICHTS.

RED LEGS.

See JAYHAWKERS.

RED RIVER COMPANY AND SETTLEMENT. RIEL'S REBELLION.

See CANADA: A. D. 1869-1873.

RED RIVER EXPEDITION.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MARCH-MAY: LOUISIANA).

RED ROBE, Counsellors of the.

See VENICE: A. D. 1032-1319.

RED TERROR, The.

The later period of the French Reign of Terror, when the
guillotine was busiest, is sometimes so called.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1794-1795 (JULY-APRIL,).

REDAN, Assaults on the (1855).

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1854-1856.

REDEMPTIONERS.

"Redemptioners, or term slaves, as they were sometimes called,
constituted in the early part of the 18th century a peculiar
feature of colonial society. They were recruited from among
all manner of people in the old world, and through this
channel Europe emptied upon America, not only the virtuous
poor and oppressed of her population, but the vagrants,
felons, and the dregs of her communities. … There were two
kinds of redemptioners: 'indented servants,' who had bound
themselves to their masters for a term of years previous to
their leaving the old country; and 'free–willers,' who, being
without money and desirous of emigrating, agreed with the
captains of ships to allow themselves and their families to be
sold on arrival, for the captain's advantage, and thus repay
costs of passage and other expenses."

_A. D. Mellick, Jr.,
The Story of an Old Farm,
chapter 11._

REDEMPTORISTS, The.

The members of the congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer,
founded by St. Alphonsus Maria de Liguori, in 1732, are
commonly known as Redemptorists. The congregation is
especially devoted to apostolic work among neglected classes
of people. It has monasteries in several parts of Europe.

REDONES, The.

See VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

REDSTICKS, The.

This name was given to the hostile Creek Indians of Florida.

See FLORIDA: A. D. 1816-1818.

REDUCTIONS IN PARAGUAY, The Jesuit.

See PARAGUAY: A. D. 1608-1873.

REEVE.

See GEREFA; and MARGRAVE.

REFERENDARIUS.

See CHANCELLOR.

REFERENDUM AND INITIATIVE, The Swiss.