Chapter LXXI

PROCEEDINGS OF THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS, FROM THE TIME THAT THEY REACHED TRAPEZUS, TO THEIR JUNCTION WITH THE LACEDÆMONIAN ARMY IN ASIA MINOR.

Greek cities on the Euxine—Sinôpê with her colonies Kerasus,
Kotyôra, and Trapezus.—Indigenous inhabitants—their relations
with the Greek colonists.—Feelings of the Greeks on the Euxine
when the Ten Thousand descended among them.—Uncertainty and
danger of what they might do.—Plans of the army—Cheirisophus
is sent to Byzantium to procure vessels for transporting
them.—Regulations for the army proposed by Xenophon during
his absence.—Adopted by the army—their intense repugnance
to farther marching.—Measures for procuring transports.
Marauding expeditions for supplies, against the Colchians and
the Drilæ.—The army leave Trapezus, and march westward along
the coast to Kerasus.—Acts of disorder and outrage committed by
various soldiers near Kerasus.—March to Kotyôra—hostilities
with the Mosynœki.—Long halt at Kotyôra—remonstrance from the
Sinopians.—Speech of Hekatonymus of Sinôpê to the army—reply
of Xenophon.—Success of the reply—good understanding
established with Sinôpê.—Consultation of the army with
Hekatonymus, who advises going home by sea.—Envoys sent by
the army to Sinôpê to procure vessels.—Poverty and increasing
disorganization or the army.—Ideas of Xenophon about founding
a new city in the Euxine, with the army.—Sacrifice of Xenophon
to ascertain the will of the gods—treachery of the prophet
Silanus.—Silanus, Timasion, and others raise calumnies
against Xenophon. General assembly of the army.—Accusations
against Xenophon—his speech in defence.—He carries the
soldiers with him—discontent and flight of Silanus.—Fresh
manœuvres of Timasion—fresh calumnies circulated against
Xenophon—renewed discontent of the army.—Xenophon convenes
the assembly again.—his address in defence of himself.—His
remonstrance against the disorders in the army.—Vote of the
army unanimously favorable to Xenophon—disapproving the
disorders, and directing trial.—Xenophon’s appeal to universal
suffrage, as the legitimate political authority. Success of
his appeal.—Xenophon recommends trial of the generals before
a tribunal formed of the lochages or captains. Satisfaction of
the army with Xenophon.—Manner in which discipline was upheld
by the officers.—Complete triumph of Xenophon. His influence
over the army, derived from his courage, his frankness, and
his oratory.—Improved feeling of the army—peace with the
Paphlagonian Korylas.—The army pass by sea to Sinôpê.—Return
of Cheirisophus—resolution of the army to elect a single
general—they wish to elect Xenophon, who declines—Cheirisophus
is chosen.—The army pass by sea to Herakleia—they wish to
extort money from the Herakleots—opposition of Cheirisophus
and Xenophon.—Dissatisfaction of the army—they divide into
three factions. 1. The Arcadians and Achæans. 2. A division
under Cheirisophus. 3. A division under Xenophon.—Arcadian
division start first and act for themselves—they get into
great danger, and are rescued by Xenophon—the army reünited at
Kalpê—old board of generals reëlected, with Neon in place of
Cheirisophus.—Distress for provisions at Kalpê—unwillingness
to move in the face of unfavorable sacrifices—ultimate victory
over the troops of the country.—Halt at Kalpê—comfortable
quarters—idea that they were about to settle there as a
colony.—Arrival of Kleander, the Spartan harmost, from
Byzantium, together with Dexippus.—Disorder in the army:
mutiny against Kleander, arising from the treachery of
Dexippus.—Indignation and threats of Kleander—Xenophon
persuades the army to submit—fear of Sparta.—Satisfaction
given to Kleander, by the voluntary surrender of Agasias with
the mutinous soldier.—Appeal to the mercy of Kleander, who is
completely soothed.—Kleander takes the command, expressing
the utmost friendship both towards the army and towards
Xenophon.—Unfavorable sacrifices make Kleander throw up the
command and sail away.—March of the army across the country
from Kalpê to Chalkêdon.—Pharnabazus bribes Anaxibius to carry
the army across the Bosphorus into Europe—false promises of
Anaxibius to the army.—Intention of Xenophon to leave the army
immediately and go home—first proposition addressed to him by
Seuthes of Thrace.—The army cross over to Byzantium—fraud
and harsh dealing of Anaxibius, who sends the army at once out
of the town.—Last orders of Anaxibius as the soldiers were
going out of the gates.—Wrath and mutiny of the soldiers, in
going away—they rush again into the gates, and muster within
the town.—Terror of Anaxibius and all within the town.—The
exasperated soldiers masters of Byzantium—danger of all within
it—conduct of Xenophon.—Xenophon musters the soldiers in
military order and harangues them.—Xenophon calms the army, and
persuades them to refrain from assaulting the town—message sent
by them to Anaxibius—they go out of Byzantium, and agree to
accept Kœratadas as their commander.—Remarkable effect produced
by Xenophon—evidence which it affords of the susceptibility of
the Greek mind to persuasive influences. Xenophon leaves the
army, and goes into Byzantium with the view of sailing home.
Kœratadas is dismissed from the command.—Dissension among the
commanders left.—Distress of the army—Aristarchus arrives from
Sparta to supersede Kleander—Polus on his way to supersede
Anaxibius.—Pharnabazus defrauds Anaxibius, who now employs
Xenophon to convey the Cyreians across back to Asia.—Aristarchus
hinders the crossing—his cruel dealing towards the sick Cyreians
left in Byzantium.—His treacherous scheme for entrapping
Xenophon.—Xenophon is again implicated in the conduct of
the army—he opens negotiations with Seuthes.—Position of
Seuthes—his liberal offers to the army.—Xenophon introduces
him to the army, who accept the offers.—Service of the army
with Seuthes, who cheats them of most of their pay.—The army
suspect the probity of Xenophon—unjust calumnies against
him—he exposes it in a public harangue, and regains their
confidence.—Change of interest in the Lacedæmonians, who
become anxious to convey the Cyreians across into Asia, in
order to make war against the satraps.—Xenophon crosses over
with the army to Asia—his poverty—he is advised to sacrifice
to Zeus Meilichios—beneficial effects.—He conducts the army
across Mount Ida to Pergamus.—His unsuccessful attempt to
surprise and capture the rich Persian Asidates.—In a second
attempt he captures Asidates—valuable booty secured.—General
sympathy expressed for Xenophon—large share personally
allotted to him.—The Cyreians are incorporated in the army of
the Lacedæmonian general Thimbron—Xenophon leaves the army,
depositing his money in the temple at Ephesus.—His subsequent
return to Asia, to take command of Cyreians as a part of the
Lacedæmonian army.—Xenophon in the Spartan service, with
Agesilaus against Athens—he is banished.—He settles at Skillus
near Olympia, on an estate consecrated to Artemis.—Charms of
the residence—good hunting—annual public sacrifice offered by
Xenophon.—Later life of Xenophon—expelled from Skillus after
the battle of Leuktra—afterwards restored at Athens.—Great
impression produced by the retreat of the Ten Thousand upon the
Greek mind. 121-180