Chapter LXXII: Greece Under the Lacedæmonian Empire

Sequel of Grecian affairs generally—resumed.—Spartan
empire—how and when it commenced.—Oppression and suffering
of Athens under the Thirty.—Alteration of Grecian feeling
towards Athens—the Thirty are put down and the democracy
restored.—The Knights or Horsemen, the richest proprietors
at Athens, were the great supporters of the Thirty in their
tyranny.—The state of Athens, under the Thirty, is a sample of
that which occurred in a large number of other Grecian cities,
at the commencement of the Spartan empire.—Great power of
Lysander—he establishes in most of the cities Dekarchies, along
with a Spartan harmost.—Intimidation exercised everywhere by
Lysander in favor of his own partisans.—Oppressive action of
these Dekarchies.—In some points, probably worse than the
Thirty at Athens.—Bad conduct of the Spartan harmosts—harsh
as well as corrupt. No justice to be obtained against them
at Sparta.—Contrast of the actual empire of Sparta, with
the promises of freedom which she had previously held
out.—Numerous promises of general autonomy made by Sparta—by
the Spartan general Brasidas, especially.—Gradual change in
the language and plans of Sparta towards the close of the
Peloponnesian war.—Language of Brasidas contrasted with the
acts of Lysander.—Extreme suddenness and completeness of the
victory of Ægospotami left Lysander almost omnipotent.—The
dekarchies became partly modified by the jealousy at Sparta
against Lysander. The harmosts lasted much longer.—The Thirty
at Athens were put down by the Athenians themselves, not by any
reformatory interference of Sparta.—The empire of Sparta much
worse and more oppressive than that of Athens.—Imperial Athens
deprived her subject-allies of their autonomy, but was guilty
of little or no oppression.—Imperial Sparta did this, and much
worse—her harmosts and decemvirs are more complained of than the
fact of her empire.—This more to be regretted, as Sparta had
now an admirable opportunity for organizing a good and stable
confederacy throughout Greece.—Sparta might have reörganized
the confederacy of Delos, which might now have been made to work
well.—Insupportable arrogance of Lysander—bitter complaints
against him, as well as against the dekarchies.—Lysander
offends Pharnabazus, who procures his recall. His disgust and
temporary expatriation.—Surrender of the Asiatic Greeks to
Persia, according to the treaty concluded with Sparta.—Their
condition is affected by the position and ambitious schemes of
Cyrus, whose protection they seek against Tissaphernes.—After
the death of Cyrus, Tissaphernes returns as victor and satrap
to the coast of Asia Minor.—Alarm of the Asiatic Greeks,
who send to ask aid from Sparta. The Spartans send Thimbron
with an army to Asia. His ill-success and recall—he is
superseded by Derkyllidas.—Conduct of the Cyreians loose as
to pillage.—Derkyllidas makes a truce with Tissaphernes, and
attacks Pharnabazus in the Troad and Æolis.—Distribution of the
Persian empire; relation of king, satrap, sub-satrap.—Mania,
widow of Zênis, holds the subsatrapy of Æolis under Pharnabazus.
Her regular payment and vigorous government.—Military force,
personal conquests, and large treasures, of Mania.—Assassination
of Mania, and of her son, by her son-in-law Meidias, who
solicits the satrapy from Pharnabazus, but is indignantly
refused.—Invasion and conquest of Æolis by Derkyllidas, who
gets possession of the person of Meidias.—Derkyllidas acquires
and liberates Skêpsis and Gergis, deposing Meidias, and seizing
the treasures of Mania.—Derkyllidas concludes a truce with
Pharnabazus, and takes winter quarters in Bithynia.—Command of
Derkyllidas—satisfaction of Sparta with the improved conduct of
the Cyreians.—Derkyllidas crosses into Europe, and employs his
troops in fortifying the Chersonesus against the Thracians.—He
captures and garrisons Atarneus.—He makes war upon Tissaphernes
and Pharnabazus, upon the Mæander.—Timidity of Tissaphernes—he
concludes a truce with Derkyllidas.—Derkyllidas is superseded
by Agesilaus.—Alienation towards Sparta had grown up among her
allies in Central Greece.—Great energy imparted to Spartan
action by Lysander immediately after the victory of Ægospotami;
an energy very unusual with Sparta.—The Spartans had kept all
the advantages of victory to themselves—their allies were
allowed nothing.—Great power of the Spartans—they take revenge
upon those who had displeased them—their invasion of Elis.—The
Spartan king Agis invades the Eleian territory. He retires
from it immediately in consequence of an earthquake.—Second
invasion of Elis by Agis—he marches through Triphylia and
Olympia; victorious march, with much booty.—Insurrection of
the oligarchical party in Elis—they are put down.—The Eleians
are obliged to submit to hard terms of peace.—Sparta refuses
to restore the Pisatans to the Olympic presidency.—Triumphant
position of Sparta—she expels the Messenians from Peloponnesus
and its neighborhood. 181-229