Chapter IX: The West, (8)

[154] See the whole passage, not often quoted by historians, in Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 149, _n._

[155] Sidney S. Rider (_Rhode Island Hist. Tracts_, 9, xxx.) denies that Rhode Island rejected the Plan, as affirmed by Sparks.

[156] _Massachusetts State Papers._

[157] Published at Boston in 1818, and edited by Alden Bradford. It is often quoted as _Mass. State Papers_. The answers were chiefly from the industrious pen of Samuel Adams.

[158] _Journals of the House of Lords_, xxxiv. 124.

[159] _Works_, iv. 466.

[160] _Memoir of Josiah Quincy, Jr._, 355.

[161] _History_, vi. p. 244.

[162] _Hist. of the Revolution_, i. 175.

[163] What we know of this speech is derived mainly from the notes of it taken by John Adams (_Works_, ii. 521-525), and from the reminiscent account of it which Adams gave to William Tudor in 1818, with his description of the scene in court during its delivery. Minot, in his _Hist. of Massachusetts_, 1748-1765 (vol. ii. 91-99), worked up these notes, and they form the basis of the narrative in Tudor's _Life of Otis_ (p. 62). The legal aspects have been specially examined by Horace Gray in an appendix to the _Reports of Cases in the Superior Court 1761-1772, by Josiah Quincy, Jr., printed from his original manuscripts, and edited by Samuel M. Quincy_ (Boston, 1865). Cf. _John Adams's Works_, x. pp. 182, 233, 244, 274, 314, 317, 338, 342, 362. Cf. also _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 58; ii. 124, 521; and the Adams-Warren Correspondence in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xliv. 340, 355. Cf. also Hutchinson's _Mass. Bay_, vol. iii.; _Essex Institute Hist. Coll._, Aug., 1860; Bancroft's _United States_, ii. 546, 553; Thornton's _Pulpit of the Rev._, 112; Barry's _Massachusetts_, ii. 264; Everett's _Orations_, i. 388; Scott's _Constitutional Liberty_, 237; _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 5; Palfrey's _Compend. Hist. N. E._, iv. 306; Wells's _Sam. Adams_, i. 43. There is a copy of one of these writs in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Society. W. S. Johnson wrote to Governor Trumbull that the process was in vogue in England (_Trumbull Papers_; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xlix. pp. 292, 374), as it is to-day. The most conspicuous instance of an attempt to search under these writs was when the officers tried to enter the house of Daniel Malcom in Oct., 1766, and were forcibly resisted. The papers connected with this, as transmitted to London, and telling the story on both sides, are among the _Lee Papers_ in Harvard College library (vol. i. nos. 14-25).

[164] Sabin, xiv. p. 84. Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 559; _John Adams_, x. p. 300. Lecky skilfully sketches the condition of the colonies at this time (_England in the Eighteenth Century_, iii. ch. 12), and Lodge's _Short Hist. of the English Colonies_ depicts, under the heads of the various colonies, the prevailing characteristics.

[165] Dickinson's speech in the Assembly, May 24, 1764, passed through two editions (Philad., 1764), and was reprinted in London (1764). (Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,387-88.) Galloway's _Speech in Answer_ (Philad., 1764; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,395) was reprinted in London (1765), with a preface by Franklin (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,452), and Dickinson's _Reply_ was printed in London, 1765 (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,444). Dickinson's speech is also in his _Works_ (i. p. 1). Cf. _Franklin's Works_, iv. pp. 78, 101, 143.

[166] _Rise of the Republic_, p. 167.

[167] It is analyzed in _John Adams's Works_ (x. 293), and in Frothingham, p. 169. It was published in Boston in 1765, and in London the same year, by Almon, and was circulated through the instrumentality of Thomas Hollis (Sabin, xiv. p. 83).

[168] _John Adams's Works_, x. 189. Cf. Palfrey, _New England_ (Compend. ed., iv. 343), and Tudor's _Otis_. See _ante_, p. 28.

[169] Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,456; Sabin, viii. no. 32,966; _Cooke Catalogue_, no. 1,202. It was reprinted in London in 1766, at the instigation of the Rhode Island agent, as _The Grievances of the American Colonies carefully examined_ (Sparks, no. 1,272; Cooke, no. 1,203). There is a reprint in the _R. I. Col. Records_, vi. 416. The London text is followed in Selim H. Peabody's _American Patriotism_ (N. Y., 1880). The original edition of all was published by order of the R. I. Assembly in 1764, but no copy is known. Cf. Wm. E. Foster's _Stephen Hopkins, a Rhode Island Statesman; study in the political history of the eighteenth century_ (Providence, 1884,—no. 19 of _R. I. Hist. Tracts_), who examines (ii. p. 227) the claims of Hopkins to its authorship, for the tract was printed anonymously. Cf. Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, p. 172; Palfrey's _New England_ (Compend. ed.), iv. 369. Hopkins's tract was controverted in a _Letter from a gentleman at Halifax_ (Newport, 1765,—Sabin, x. 40,281); and James Otis replied in a _Vindication of the British Colonies against the aspersions of the Halifax gentleman_ (Boston, 1765; Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,480); and this in turn was followed by a _Defence of the Letter_, etc. (Newport, 1765), and _Brief Remarks_ (Brinley, i. nos. 190, 198). A tract usually cited by a similar title, but which was called at length _Coloniæ Anglicanæ illustratæ: or the Acquest of dominion and the plantation of Colonies made by the English in America, with the rights of the Colonists examined, stated, and illustrated. Part I._ (London, 1762; Sabin, ii. 6,209; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,314) was never completed, and was mostly occupied with irrelevant matter. Its author was William Bollan, who was dismissed as the Massachusetts agent during that same year, and John Adams (x. 355) says he scarce ever knew a book so utterly despised. Otis (Tudor, p. 114) expressed his contempt for it (Sabin, ii. p. 265-6).

[170] _Reasons why the Brit. Colonies in America should not be charged with internal taxes_, etc. (New Haven, 1764). It is reprinted in _Conn. Col. Records_, vol. xii. Cf. Pitkin's _United States_, i. 165, and Ingersoll's _Letters_, p. 2.

[171] Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,427. _John Adams's Works_, iv. 129; x. 292. Palfrey, iv. 349. Thacher died in 1765, aged 45 years.

[172] Mayhew had early sounded the alarm, and Thornton begins his _Pulpit of the Revolution_ with a reprint of Mayhew's sermon in 1750 on _Unlimited submission and non-resistance to the higher powers_ (Boston, 1750; again, 1818; Brinley, no. 1,529). The controversy with Apthorpe, who was settled over Christ Church in Cambridge, as representative of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, began with his _Considerations on the institution and conduct of the Society_, etc. (Boston, 1763), to which Mayhew responded in his _Observations on the charter and conduct of the Society_, etc., _designed to show their non-conformity to each other_ (Boston, 1763; London, 1763; Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. no. 383; Haven, p. 564). Dr. Caner, of King's Chapel, Boston, replied in _A Candid Examination of Dr. Mayhew's Observations_, etc. (Boston, 1763). Another _Answer_ (London, 1764) was perhaps by Apthorpe. Mayhew published _A Defence of his Observations_ (Boston, 1763), and a second defence, called _Remarks_, etc. (Boston, 1764; London, 1765), which was followed by a _Review_ by Apthorpe (London, 1765). These and other tracts of the controversy are recorded in Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. nos. 378-391; in Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,433, 1,465; in Haven's list, pp. 562, 564, 565.

A later controversy, between Thomas Bradbury Chandler and Charles Chauncy, produced other tracts printed in New York, Philad., and Boston (1767-68). Cf. Brinley, iv. nos. 6, 127-31, and Haven's list; and for these religious controversies, Thornton's _Pulpit_, p. 109; Lecky, iii. 435; Palfrey's _New England_ (Compend. ed., iv. 324); E. H. Gillett in _Hist. Mag._, Oct., 1870; Perry's _Amer. Episc. Church_, i. 395; Gambrall's _Church life in Colonial Maryland_ (1885); O. S. Straus's _Origin of Repub. form of gov't in the U. S._ (1885), ch. 3 and 7; _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iv. 198, 202.

[173] Cf. Bancroft (original ed., ii. 353; vi. 9); _Adams's Works_ (x. 236); _Dawson's Sons of Liberty in N. Y._ (p. 42); Barry's _Mass._ (ii. 252-255); _Scott's Development of Constitutional Liberty_ (pp. 189-214). In 1764 courts of vice-admiralty for British America had been established (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvii. 291), and the sugar act passed, placing a duty on molasses, etc.,—a modification of the act of 1733. "I know not", wrote John Adams in 1818, "why we should blush to confess that molasses was an essential ingredient in American independence." _John Adams's Works_, x. 345.

[174] _Ames's Almanac_ for 1766 has this notice: "Price before the Stamp Act takes place, half-a-dollar per dozen, and six coppers single; after the act takes place, more than double that price." The act was called, _Anno regni Georgii III. regis Magnæ Britanniæ, Franciæ, & Hiberniæ, quinto. 1765. An act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, and other duties in the British colonies and plantations in America, towards defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same_ [etc.]. It was reprinted at once in Boston, New London, New York, and Philadelphia, and will be found in the official records and in various modern books like Spencer's _Hist. U. S._ (i. 274), etc. The stamps are found in various cabinets (_Catal. Mass. Hist. Soc. Cab._, pp. 104, 118, 123, 125), and cuts of the stamp are found in _Mem. Hist. Boston_ (iii. 12), Thornton's _Pulpit of the Rev._, etc.

[175] Cf. Bancroft, orig. ed., v. 151. There was a proposition for a colonial stamp act in a tract published in London in 1755, called _A Miscellaneous Essay concerning the courses pursued by Great Britain in the affairs of the Colonies_ (London, 1755).

[176] Lecky, _England in the Eighteenth Cent._ (iii. 324). Mahon (v. 86) quotes Burke's speech of 1774 as proving the small interest in the debate of 1765, and thinks that Walpole's failure to mention the debate in his letters proves the truth of Burke's recollections. Adolphus had earlier relied on Burke. Mahon even intimates that Barré's famous speech was an interpolation in the later accounts; but the _Letters_ printed by Jared Ingersoll show that it was delivered. (Cf. _Palfrey's Review of Mahon_.) The _Parliamentary History_ says that Barré's speech was in reply to Grenville; but Ingersoll says Charles Townshend was the speaker who provoked it. Cf. Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_ (p. 175); Ryerson's _Loyalists_ (i. 294); H. F. Elliot on "Barré and his Times" in _Macmillan's Mag._, xxxv. 109 (Dec., 1876); and _Hist. MSS. Com. Report_, viii. pp. 189, 190.

It was in the speech of Feb. 6, 1765, that Barré applied the words "Sons of Liberty" to the patriots in America, which they readily adopted (Bancroft, v. 240; Thornton's _Pulpit_, 131). Dr. J. H. Trumbull, in a paper, "Sons of Liberty in 1755", published in the _New Englander_, vol. xxxv. (1876), showed that the term had ten years earlier been applied in Connecticut to organizations to advance theological liberty. It is also sometimes said that the popular party at the time of the Zenger trial had adopted the name. The new organization embraced the young and ardent rather than the older and more prudent patriots, and at a later period they became the prime abettors of the non-importation movements. For their correspondence in New England, see _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (x. 324) and the Belknap Papers (MSS., iii. p. 110, etc.) in the Mass. Hist. Soc. cabinet. A list of those dining together in 1769 at Dorchester is given in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Aug., 1869. The correspondence of those in Boston with John Wilkes, 1768-69, is noted in the _Brit. Mus. Catal._, Add. MSS. 30,870, ff. 45, 46, 75, 135, 222. H. B. Dawson's _Sons of Liberty in N. Y._ was privately printed in N. Y., 1859.

[177] A letter of Aug. 11, 1764, from Halifax had forewarned the colonial governors of the intention (_N. Y. Col. Docs._, vii. 646; _N. J. Archives_, ix. 448).

[178] Thomas's _Hist. of Printing_, Am. Antiq. Soc. ed., ii. 223; Sargent's _Dealings with the Dead_, i. 140, 144; Lossing's _Field-Book_, i. 466; _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 159; Thomas Paine's "Liberty Tree Ballad" in the _Penna. Mag._, July, 1775; and Moore's _Songs and Ballads of the Rev._, p. 18. The selecting of a large tree and its dedication to the cause became general. Cf. Silas Downer's _Discourse, July 25, 1768, at dedication of a tree of liberty in Providence_ (Providence, 1768), and the _Providence Gazette_, July 30, 1768 (Sabin, v. 20, 767; J. R. Bartlett's _Bibliog. of R. I._, p. 112; Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,622).

[179] Hutchinson had expressed disapproval of the Stamp Act; but doubting its expediency did not affect his judgment of the necessity of enforcing it (P. O. Hutchinson, i. 577; ii. 58). On the destruction of his house, see his own statement in P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_, i. 70, 72, and his letter, dated Aug. 30, 1765, in the _Mass. Archives_, xxvi. 146, printed in the _Mass. Senate Docs._ (1870, no. 187, p. 3). He says: "The lieutenant-governor, with his children, lodged the next night at the Castle, but after that in his house at Milton, though not without apprehension of Danger." Quincy's diary (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, iv. 47) preserves Hutchinson's speech, when a few days later he took his seat on the bench, clad with such clothing as was left to him. Cf. the accounts in _Boston Newsletter_, Sept. 3, 1765; _Parliamentary History_, iv. 316; _Conduct of a late Administration_, 102; _Memorial Hist. Boston_, iii. 14, etc.; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Jan., 1862, p. 364.

[180] _Boston Town Records, 1758-1769_, p. 152 (_Rec. Com. Rept._, xvi.).

[181] These papers are given in Hutchinson's _Mass. Bay_ (iii. 467, 471, 476). Samuel Dexter was the head of the committee to draft the reply of the assembly, but it is thought Sam. Adams wrote the paper (Bancroft, v. 347). Cf. _Speeches of the Governors of Mass., 1765-1775, and the answers of the House of Representatives, with other public papers relating to the dispute between this Country and Great Britain_ (Boston, 1818). This collection was edited by Alden Bradford, and is sometimes cited by historians as "Bradford's Collection", "Mass. State Papers", etc.

There is a portrait of Dexter (b. 1726; d. 1810) by Copley, and a photograph of it in Daniel Goodwin, Jr.'s _Provincial Pictures_ (Chicago, 1886).

[182] There is a likeness of Andrew Oliver, by Copley, in the possession of Dr. F. E. Oliver; and a photograph of it is in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Society (Perkins's _Copley_, p. 90), and in P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_ (vol. ii. 17); and a woodcut in _Mem. Hist. Boston_ (iii. 43). Another portrait, by N. Emmons (1728), is given in a photograph in P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_ (i. 129).

[183] This paper is preserved, and a fac-simile is given in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, June, 1872, and in the _Mem. Hist. Boston_ (iii. 15). Cf. Bancroft, orig. ed., v. 375, etc.

For other accounts of the feelings and proceedings in Boston and Massachusetts, see a letter of Joshua Henshaw, in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ (1878, p. 268), and the histories of Boston by Snow and Drake; Tudor's Otis; _John Adams's Works_ (iii. 465; x. 192, 197); _Adams-Warren Correspondence_, p. 341; Frothingham's _Warren_; Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_, p. 50; the instructions of Lexington, in Hudson's _Lexington_, p. 88; the instructions of Braintree, in _John Adams's Works_, iii. 465, and many other similar documents; beside Dr. Benjamin Church's poem, _The Times_ (Boston Pub. Library, H. 95, 117, no. 3).

[184] Bancroft, orig. ed., v. ch. 14; _Boston Rec. Com. Rept._, xvi. p.155.

[185] For details, see—

For New Hampshire, a letter from Portsmouth, Jan. 13, 1766, to the New Hampshire agent in London, in the Belknap MSS. (Mass. Hist. Soc., 61, C. p. 108).

For Connecticut, Stuart's _Governor Trumbull_; Jared Ingersoll's _Letters relating to the Stamp Act_ (New Haven, 1766); and some tracts by Governor Fitch (_Brinley Catal._, nos. 2,116-2,118).

For New York, the _Journal of the N. Y. Assembly_; histories of the City and State of New York; _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vii. 770; _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1876; Lossing's _Schuyler_, i. 203; Leake's _Lamb_, ch. 2-4; a long and interesting letter from Wm. Smith to Geo. Whitefield in _Hist. MSS. Com. Rept._, ii. (Dartmouth Papers); a letter of R. R. Livingston to General Monckton, in _Aspinwall Papers_, ii. 554; _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, ii. 296; J. A. Stevens in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, June, 1777 (i. 337), and on "Old Coffee-Houses" in _Harper's Monthly_, lxiv. p. 493 (see view of Burns's Coffee-house, the headquarters of the Sons of Liberty, in Valentine's _Manual of N. Y. City_, 1858, p. 588; 1864, pp. 513, 514; and in Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 456); and Dawson's _Sons of Liberty_ in N. Y.

For New Jersey, letter of Governor Franklin to Lords of Trade, in _N. J. Archives_, ix. 499, with other papers.

For Pennsylvania, Sparks's _Franklin_, vii. 297, 303, 307, 308, 310-13, 317-19, 328; the account in the _Penna. Gazette_, no. 1,239, Supplement, reprinted in Hazard's _Reg. of Penna._, ii. 243; Watson's _Annals of Philad._, vol. ii.; Muhlenberg's journal in _Penna. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. i. 78; Wallace's _Col. Bradford_, p. 95.

For Delaware, _Life of Geo. Read_, p. 30.

For Maryland, the Gilmor Papers in the Maryland Hist. Soc. library, vol. iii., division 2; and references in vol. xi. of the Stevens-Peabody index of Maryland MSS.

For Virginia, the Resolves (May 29th) of the Assembly (to which Patrick Henry made his bold speech), given in Hutchinson's _Mass._, iii., App. p. 466; Geo. Tucker's _United States_, i., App., and cf. _Franklin's Works_, vii. 298; C. R. Hildeburn in _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, ii. 296; _Huguenot Family_, p. 424; Ryerson's _Loyalists_, i. 286; and Randall's _Jefferson_, i. ch. 2.

For North Carolina, J. H. Wheeler's _Reminiscences and Memoir of No. Carolina_ (1884).

For South Carolina, R. W. Gibbs's _Doc. Hist. of the Amer. Rev._, p. 1; Niles's _Principles and Acts_ (1876), p. 319; _Charleston Year-Book_, 1885, p. 331, with a fac-simile of broadside of schedule of stamps; Ramsay's _South Carolina_; Flanders's _Rutledge_, p. 456. There are in the _Sparks MSS._ (xliii. vol. iv.) various official letters of the governors of the different colonies to the home government. Gage's reminiscent letter to Chalmers is in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._ (xxxiv. 367, etc.); and other letters are in the _Hist. Mag._ (May, 1862, vol. vi. 137).

[186] Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._ (iii. 341), for a view of the hall.

[187] _Authentic Account of the proceedings of the Congress held in New York in 1765 on the subject of the American Stamp Act_ (Philad., 1767; Lond., 1767; Philad., 1813; in Almon's _Tracts_, 1773; in Niles's _Principles and Acts_, 1876, p. 155,—see Sabin, xiii. nos. 53,537, etc.); _Journal of the first Congress of the American Colonies, N. Y., Oct. 7, 1775, ed. by Lewis Cruger_ (Sabin, iv. 15,541). They passed a declaration of rights, an address to the king, a memorial to the lords, and a petition to the commons. (Cf. Hutchinson's _Mass._, vol. iii., App. pp. 479, 481, 483, 485; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 87, 89; H. W. Preston's _Docs. illus. Amer. Hist._,1886). John Adams and McKean at a later day exchanged memories of the Congress (_John Adams's Works_, x. 60, 63). Beardsley, in his _W. S. Johnson_ (p. 32), explains the position of that member for Connecticut. Cf., among the general writers, Bancroft, v. ch. 18; N. C. Towle, _Hist. and Analysis of the Constitution_, 307; Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 185; Palfrey's _New England_, iv. 399; Barry's _Mass._, ii. 304; Dunlap's _New York_, i. 416; Green's _Hist. View of the Amer. Rev._, 72; Lossing in _Harper's Monthly_, xxvi. 34, and Mahon's _England_, v. 126.

Timothy Ruggles (b. 1711), who later joined the Tories, was chosen president by a single vote. Cf. sketch in _Worcester Mag._ (1826), vol. ii., p. 54, and Sabine's _Amer. Loyalists_.

[188] _Works relating to Franklin in Boston Pub. Lib._, p. 20; Bancroft, orig. ed., v. 306; _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, viii. 426, and x. 220; Sparks's _Franklin_, i. 290; iv. 156, 161, 206; vii. 281; x. 429-32; Parton's _Franklin_, i. 436. The grounds of the accusation against Franklin are discussed in a correspondence of Franklin with Dean Tucker (Sparks's _Franklin_, iv. 518; Bigelow's _Franklin_, i. 460-466), and Tucker so far admitted his error as to omit the passage.

[189] Smyth's _Lectures_, ii. 383.

[190] _The Examination of Franklin_ [before the House of Commons] _relative to the repeal of the American Stamp Act in 1766_ (Williamsburg, n. d.; London, 1766; Philad.? 1766?; n. p. and n. d.; London, 1767—the titles vary in some of these editions). The report is also in Almon's _Prior Documents_ (London, 1777, pp. 64-81; Sparks's _Franklin_ (iv. p. 161; cf. vii. 311, 328); Bigelow's _Franklin_, i. 467); Bancroft, v. 428; Ryerson, i. 308.

[191] In recording the debates in Parliament, Bancroft (orig. ed., v. 383, 415) used the accounts in the _Political Debates_, in Walpole's _Letters_, the _précis_ in the French archives, the report set down by Moffat of Rhode Island, and the copious extracts made by Garth, a member, who sent his notes to South Carolina. William Strahan's account is given in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, April, 1886, p. 95. It is said in P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_ (i. 288) that Pitt was in doubt at first which side to take. Cf. lives of Pitt and editions of his speeches, and the comment in Mahon, v. 133, 138, and Ryerson, i. 302. Smyth (ii. 365) considers the protest of the lords against the repeal (_Protests of the Lords_, ed. by J. E. T. Rogers, ii. 77) the best exposition of the government view of taxation. For a Paris edition of this _Protests_, with Franklin's marginal notes, see _Brinley Catal._, no. 3,219. See also, for English comment, Fitzmaurice's _Shelburne_ (i. ch. 7), and Lecky, (iii. 344); and for American, Bancroft, v. 421, 450; _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, iii. 19; and in _Franklin's Works_ (iv. 156; vii. 308, 317).

There were rumors of the coming repeal in Boston as early as April 1st (Thornton's _Pulpit_, 120), but the confirmation came May 16th, when public rejoicing soon followed, and on a Thanksgiving, July 24, Charles Chauncy delivered a _Discourse_ in Boston (Boston, 1766; reprinted by Thornton, p. 105). The _Boon Catalogue_ (no. 2,949) and others show numerous sermons in commemoration of the repeal; and the public prints give the occasional ballads (F. Moore's _Songs and Ballads_, p. 22).

The town of Boston ordered portraits of Conway and Barré to be painted, and the pictures hung in Faneuil Hall till the British made way with them during the siege (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii, 181). There is a head of Conway in the _European Mag._ (i. 159), and another in the _London Mag._, April, 1782.

The Mass. Assembly, June 20th, thanked Pitt. Cf. _Mass. State Papers_, by Bradford, pp. 10, 92. For the general scope of the whole period of the Stamp Act turmoil, see, on the American side, beside the contemporary newspapers, Tudor's _Otis_, ch. 14; Bancroft, v. ch. 11, etc.; Gay, iii. 338; Palfrey, iv. 375; Barry, ii. ch. 10; E. G. Scott's _Constitutional Liberty_, p. 253; Irving's _Washington_, i. ch. 28; Parton's _Franklin_, i. 459-483; Bigelow's _Franklin_, i. 457; Thornton's _Pulpit_, etc., 133; Lossing's _Field-Book_, i. 463; ii. 877. Sparks made sketches and notes for a history of the Stamp Act, which are in the _Sparks MSS._, no. xliv. On the English side, beside the acts themselves and the current press, the _Annual Register_, _Gentleman's Mag._, etc., see Le Marchant's _George the Third by Walpole_, ii. 217, 236, 260, 277; the _Pictorial Hist. England_; Mahon; Massey; C. D. Yonge's _Constitutional Hist. England_, ch. 3; Sir Thomas Erskine May's _Const. Hist. England_, ii. 550-562; _Rockingham and his Contemporaries_, i. 250; Fitzmaurice's _Shelburne_, i. 319; Macknight's _Burke_, i. ch. 10, 11; J. C. Earle's _English Premiers_ (London, 1871), vol. i. ch. 5; Smyth's _Lectures_, ii. 379, 423; Lecky, iii. 314, 340 ("Every farthing which it was intended to raise in America, it was intended also to spend there"), and Ryerson's _Loyalists_, i. ch. 10.

[192] There was a _History of Amer. Taxation from 1763_, published in a third ed. at Dublin in 1775 (Sabin, vii. 32,125). Franklin contended that at this time taxation of the colonies was a popular idea in England (_Works_, vii. 350), while Smyth found that at a later day (_Lectures_, ii. 371) he could get sympathy in speaking of "the miserable, mortifying, melancholy facts of our dispute with America." See synopsis of the arguments _pro et con_ in _Life of George Read_, 76; Palfrey, iv. 327; Smyth's _Lectures_, ii. 471; Green's _Hist. View_, 55; Gardiner and Mullinger's _Eng. Hist. for Students_ (N. Y., 1881), p. 183. Cf. also Bigelow's _Franklin_, i. 515; Foster's _Stephen Hopkins_, ii. 244.

A few of the most indicative tracts on the subject may be mentioned:—

Soame Jenyns's _Objections to the Taxation of our American Colonies briefly considered_ (London, 1765; also in his _Works_, 1790, vol. ii. p. 189), which was answered in James Otis's _Considerations on behalf of the British Colonies_, dated Boston, Sept. 4, 1765 (Boston and London, 1765).

George Grenville is credited with the authorship of _The Regulations lately made concerning the Colonies and the taxes imposed upon them considered_ (London, 1765,—Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,472; _Sparks Catal._, p. 83).

William Knox, the agent of Georgia, printed _The Claim of the Colonies to exemption from internal taxes imposed by authority of Parliament examined_ (Lond., 1765). The _Brinley Catal._, no. 3,218, shows Franklin's copy, with his annotations.

Daniel Dulaney's _Considerations on the propriety of imposing taxes in the British Colonies for the purpose of raising a revenue by Act of Parliament_ (North America, 1765; Annapolis, 1765; New York, 1765; London, 1766) is in most copies without the author's name. (Cf. Sabin, v. no. 21,170; Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,438-39, 1,503; Brinley, i. no. 188; also Frothingham's _Rise of the Repub._, p. 194, and _Chatham Correspondence_, iii. 192.)

_The late regulations respecting the British colonies in America considered in a letter from a gentleman in Philadelphia to his friend in London_ (Philad., 1765; Lond., 1765) is usually said to have been by John Dickinson. It is included in his _Political Writings_, vol. i. A brief tract of two pages, _A denunciation of the Stamp Act_ (Philad., 1765), is also said to be Dickinson's.

The right of Parliament is sustained, but the Stamp Act as a measure condemned, in _A letter to a member of Parliament wherein the power of the British legislature and the case of the colonists are briefly and impartially considered_ (London, 1765,—Sabin, x. 40,406; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,462).

_Objections to the taxation of our American Colonies briefly considered_ (Lond., 1765).

See also Charles Thomson's letter to Cook, Laurence & Co., Nov. 9, 1765, in _N. Y. Hist. Society Coll._ (1878, p. 7).

[193] The first is a _Letter from a merchant in London to his nephew in No. America relative to the present posture of affairs in the Colonies_ (Lond., 1766), and the last _A series of answers to certain popular objections against separating from the rebellious colonies and discarding them entirely: being the concluding tract of the Dean of Gloucester on the subject of American affairs_ (Gloucester, 1776). The dean's plan of separation is best unfolded, however, in his _Humble Address and Ernest appeal_ (London, 1775; 3rd ed., corrected, 1776). The views of Tucker are given synoptically by Smyth (_Lectures_, ii. 392), Lecky (iii. 421), Hildreth (iii. 58). If Haven's list is correct, only two of Tucker's tracts were reprinted in the colonies. Cf. _Menzies Catal._, no. 1,997. The letters of Franklin and Wm. S. Johnson reflect opinions in England at this time.

[194] Published in London in 1767, two editions; Boston, 1767; also in Almon's _Tracts_, vol. iii. Cf. Sabin, iv. nos. 15,202-3; Brinley, iii. p. 185; Carter-Brown, iii., no. 1,498. 18 It is sometimes attributed to C. Jenkinson. The published tracts of 1766 are enumerated in Carter-Brown and Haven under 1766; in Cooke, 1,336, 1,929, 1,934; in Brinley, i. p. 21; ii. p. 154; and in Sabin, under the authors' names.

During 1767 also there was something of a flurry in the religious part of the community induced by a sermon (London, 1767) which the Bishop of Landaff had preached before the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, in Feb., in which he had styled the Americans "infidels and barbarians." William Livingston, of New York, addressed a _Letter to the Bishop_ (London, 1768), and Charles Chauncy, of Boston, published a _Letter to a friend_ (Boston, 1767), in which the bishop was taken to task, while an anonymous friend undertook a _Vindication of the Bishop_ (New York, 1768). Cf. Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,585, 1,629, 1,630.

The other tracts of 1767 are not numerous. Cf. Carter-Brown, and Haven under 1767.

[195] Sabin, xiv. 61,646.

[196] _Rec. Com. Rept._, xvi. p. 22.

[197] Following a copy in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library.

[198] Franklin (Sparks), vii. 371, 373, 376, 378, 387; (Bigelow), i. 551, 556. The resolutions were printed in the public prints, in _Ames's Almanac_ (1768), etc.

[199] For the movements in Boston, see Frothingham's "Sam. Adams's Regiments" in the _Atlantic Monthly_, June and Aug., 1867, and Nov., 1863. The letter of the town to Dennis Deberdt, the London agent, sets forth their side of the case (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 29). John Mein, the Boston printer, one of the proscribed, published his _State of the importation of Great Britain with the port of Boston from Jan. to Aug., 1768_, to show that his assailants were also importers (Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. no. 393; Quaritch, 1885, no. 29,618). There is one of the agreements among the Boston merchants, Aug. 14, 1769, in _Misc. MSS._, 1632-1795, in Mass. Hist. Soc. cabinet. Samuel Cooper tells Franklin how the agreements are adhered to (Sparks's _Franklin_, vii. 448). Moore, _Songs and Ballads of the Rev._, p. 48, gives some verses from the _Boston Newsletter_, urging the "daughters of liberty" to lend their influence in this direction. In the early part of 1770 the movement seemed to be vigorous (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 150; cf. papers of Cushing, Hancock, and others, in _Letters and Papers_, 1761-1776, in Mass. Hist Soc. cabinet). Late in the year Hutchinson could write: "The confederacy in all the governments against importing seemed in the latter end of the summer to be breaking to pieces" (P. O. Hutchinson, i. 24). For such matters in Philadelphia, see Scharf and Westcott's _Philadelphia_; Franklin (Sparks), vii. 445; (Bigelow), ii. 39. In Delaware, see _Life of George Read_, 82. In Charlestown (S. C.) there was a controversy over the non-importation association, in which Christopher Gadsden and John Mackenzie supported the movement, and W. H. Drayton and William Wragg opposed it. These letters, which appeared in Timothy's _S. C. Gazette_, June-Dec., 1769, were issued together in _The letters of Freeman_, etc. ([London], 1771, Brinley, no. 3,976).

[200] Thornton, _Pulpit of the Rev._, 150. It is printed in the _Penna. Archives_, 1st ser., iv. 286, and _N. Jersey Archives_, x. 14.

[201] _New Jersey Archives_, x. 14.

[202] _New Jersey Archives_, x. 21. Cf. William E. Foster on the development of colonial coöperation, 1754-1774,—a chapter in his _Stephen Hopkins_, vol. ii. A symbol, common at this time, of a disjointed snake, the head representing New England, and the other fragments standing for the remaining colonies, and accompanied by the motto "Join or Die", seems to have first appeared in _The Constitutional Courant_, no. 1, Sept. 21, 1765, and was used later by the _Boston Evening Post_. Cf. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Nov., 1882, p. 768; 1883, p. 213; and Preble's _Hist. of the Amer. Flag_.

[203] Hutchinson's side of the story is in his _History_, iii. 189. At a large town meeting, over which Otis presided, and at which no direct reference was made to the riots, the people recapitulated grievances, and petitioned (_Rec. Com. Rept._, xvi. 254) the governor to order the "Romney" away from the harbor. Hutchinson (iii. App. J and K) prints the address and the instructions which were given to their representatives. (Cf. _John Adams's Works_, iii. 501.) The examination of Robert Hallowell, controller of the port, is in the _Lee MSS._ (H. C. library), i. no. 40.. Johnson (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xlix. 301) speaks of the effect in England. See the general historians, and also special reports in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1868, p. 402; 1869, p. 452; and also 1883, p. 404, for Hancock's spirit of challenge in naming a sloop, the next year, the "Rising Liberty."

[204] Caruthers's _Life of Dr. Caldwell_; Foote's _Sketches of No. Carolina_; Martin's _Hist. of No. Carolina_; a paper by Francis L. Hawks in _Revolutionary Hist. of No. Carolina_, ed. by W. D. Cooke (Raleigh and New York, 1853), which has a sketch of the "Battle of Alamance;" papers by David L. Swain in the _University Magazine_ (Chapel Hill, N. C.); J. H. Wheeler's _Reminiscences and Memoirs of No. Carolina_ (1884); _Southern Literary Messenger_, xi. 144, 231. Cf. also Lossing's _Field-Book of the Rev._, ii. 577, and Jones's _New York during the Rev._, ii. 5; and a paper on James Few, "the first American anarchist", in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Nov., 1886.

[205] _A Fan for Fanning and a Touchstone for Tryon, containing an impartial account of the rise and progress of the so much talked of Regulation in North Carolina, by Regulus_ (Brinley, ii. no 3,866). They had organized for the purpose of "regulating public grievances." Such, at least, was their profession.

[206] _An impartial relation of the first rise and cause of the recent differences in public affairs in North Carolina, and of the past tumults and riots that lately happened in that province.... Printed for the Compiler_, 1770 (Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,744).

[207] _Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the inhabitants of the British Colonies_ (Philad., Boston, New York, 1768). They originally appeared in twelve numbers in the _Penna. Chronicle and Universal Advertiser_, between Dec. 2, 1767, and Feb. 15, 1768. When reprinted in London (1768) Franklin added a preface, and they were again printed there in 1774. (Cf. Sparks's _Franklin_, i. 316; iv. 256; vii. 391, x. 433; Bigelow's _Franklin_, i. 566; Sabin, v. nos. 20,044-20,052; Haven, p. 594; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,620, 1,621.) They are included in Dickinson's _Political Writings_ (Wilmington, 1801, vol. ii.). Lecky (iii. 419) calls these letters "one of the ablest statements of the American case." Cf. Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, p. 208, and Shea's _Hamilton_, p. 255. For Boston's letter of gratitude to Dickinson, see _Record Com. Rept._, xvi. p. 243. Lecky (iii. 320, 348) thinks the ablest presentation of the case against the colonies is _The Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies_ (London, 1769; Boston, 1769), written to offset the _Farmer's Letters_. Bancroft says that Grenville himself wrote the constitutional argument in it, and the Board of Trade furnished the material. The pamphlet itself is usually ascribed to William Knox, the Under-Secretary of State, though the names of Whately, Israel Mauduit, and John Mein have been sometimes preferred. (Cf. Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,666; Sabin, x. p. 532.)

[208] _The True Sentiments of America contained in a Collection of Letters sent from the House of Representatives of the Province of Massachusetts Bay to several persons of high rank in this kingdom. Together with certain papers relating to a supposed Libel on the Governor of that Province and a Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law_ (London, 1768). The volume includes the petition to the king of Jan. 20, 1768; the letter of Jan. 12, 1768, to Dennis Deberdt; letters to Shelburne, Conway, Camden, Chatham, and others,—most of these papers being written by Sam. Adams; Joseph Warren's attack on Bernard, from the _Boston Gazette_ and the _Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law_, attributed here to Jeremy Gridley, but written in fact by John Adams (Sabin, viii. 32,551; Brinley, ii. 4,163 Menzies, 946; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,603. Cf. _John Adams's Works_, x. 367).

_A Letter to the Right Honorable the Marquis of Rockingham from the Province of Massachusetts Bay_, Jan. 12, 1768, signed by the Speaker, was circulated in broadside (copy in Mass. Hist. Soc. library). Warren was writing in the public prints at this time (Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_, 53). Samuel Cooper was corresponding with William Livingston (Sedgwick's _Livingston_, pp. 136-138). Bernard was writing to Hillsborough, Nov. 30, 1768, that "Bowdoin had all along taken the lead in the Council in their late extraordinary proceedings" (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, viii. 86). The Boston merchants printed _Observations on several acts of parliament passed in the 4th, 6th, 7th years of [the] reign of [George III.]: also on the conduct of the officers of the customs since those acts were passed, and the board of commissioners appointed to reside in America_ (Boston, 1769),—Sabin, xiii. 56,501; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,690. Cf. Hutchinson's character of Bowdoin (_Massachusetts_, iii. 293).

There is among the Chalmers Papers in the _Sparks MSS._ (no. x. vol. ii.) a paper dated June, 1768, without signature, which begins, "Being in the gallery a few days before the Assembly was dissolved, I heard Mr. Otis make a long speech, part of the substance of which was, as near as I can remember, couched in the following terms", etc.; and (_Ibid._, vol. iii.) there is the affidavit of Richard Sylvester, a Boston innholder, sworn to before Hutchinson, and describing the speeches of the Boston leaders.

For the spirit of the hour, see the lives of the chief Boston patriots, like Sam. Adams, and a summary of the progress of opinion in Amory's _James Sullivan_ (Boston, 1859). Admiral Hood was so far deceived that in 1769 he wrote from Boston that the spirit of sedition had fallen (_Grenville Papers_, iii.).

[209] Not to name the newspapers, see the address of Georgia to the king (_Sparks MSS._, xlix. ii.); that of New Jersey (_N. J. Archives_, x. 18); that of Virginia, May 16,1769 (Hutchinson's _Mass. Bay_, iii. App. p. 494). On these royal petitions, see Ryerson's _Loyalists_, i. ch. 14.

A collection of papers of which William Livingston, as is supposed, was one of the writers, and which were printed in the _New York Gazette_ and in other newspapers, were published separately as _A Collection of Tracts from the late newspapers_ (Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 244; Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,617; Brinley, iv. no. 6,135). The correspondence of the Philadelphia merchants is in the _Sparks MSS._, lxii.

[210] Hutchinson's view of the matter is in his vol. iii. p. 227. These and other letters and papers were included in several publications, published about the same time:—

_Letters to the Earl of Hillsborough from Gov. Bernard, General Gage, and the Honorable his Majesty's Council for the province of Mass. Bay, with an appendix containing divers proceedings referred to in said letters_ (Boston, folio, 1769; Salem, quarto, 1769; London, n. d.,—Sabin, ii. 4,924; Carter-Brown, iii. 1683).

_Letters to the Ministry from Gov. Bernard, General Gage, and Commodore Hood; and also memorials to the lords of the treasury from the commissioners of the customs, with sundry letters and papers annexed to said memorials_ (Boston, 1769; London, n. d.,—Sabin, ii. 4,923; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,684).

_A third extraordinary Budget of Epistles and Memorials between Sir Francis Bernard, some natives of Boston, and the present ministry, against North America and the true interests of the British Empire and the rights of mankind_ (no imprint,—Sabin, ii. 4,927; Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 600).

_Copies of letters from Sir Francis Bernard to the Earl of Hillsborough_ (two editions, without place, and one, Boston, 1769,—Sabin, ii. 4,921).

There had already been efforts made by the Boston authorities to get at the contents of these letters by a request to Bernard for a statement respecting his transmissions to England (_Mass. State Papers_, ed. Bradford, 115, 120; _Papers_ pub. by the Seventy-Six Soc.; Lee MSS. in Harvard College library, i. nos. 42-45). Bernard ascribed all his tribulations to his enforcement of the laws of trade (Bernard Papers in _Sparks MSS._, iii. 150). For Bernard's character, see _John Adams_, iv. 21, Mahon, v. 235, and Palfrey in his review of Mahon. Bernard left Boston Aug. 2, 1769.

[211] The general belief is that the author of this defence was Samuel Adams (Wells, i. 282; Bancroft, vi. 312), though it has been ascribed to William Cooper, to James Otis, and to Otis and Adams combined. Cf. Barry's _Mass._, ii. 399; Franklin, viii. 459; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, i. 485; _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. p.28; Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,643, 1,644, 1,716. See Report as spread on the Town Records, in _Rec. Com. Rept._, xvi. p. 303.

[212] _A letter to the right honourable the earl of Hillsborough, on the present situation of affairs in America._ _Also an appendix in answer to a pamphlet intitled, The constitutional right of Great-Britain to tax the colonies_ (London, 1769; Boston, 1769,—Sabin, viii. p. 297; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,681).

This also has been attributed to S. Adams; but Hutchinson (iii. 228, 237) believed that James Bowdoin was the writer.

[213] The notes include comments on the _Protest of the Lords against the repeal of the Stamp Act_ (_Franklin_, iv. 206); on _A letter from a merchant in London_ (iv. 211); on _Good Humour, or a way with the Colonies_ (iv. 215); on _An inquiry into the nature and causes of the present disputes_ (iv. 281); on _The true constitutional means of putting an end to the disputes_ (iv. 298). On Franklin in London at this time, see Sparks's _Franklin_, vii. 338, 350, 354, etc. The tracts above noted are said by Sparks to be in the Philadelphia Athenæum, but some of these titles appear, as having Franklin's notes, in the _Brinley Catal._ ii. nos. 3,218-22. Israel Mauduit's _Short View of the Hist. of the Colony of Mass. Bay_ (Lond., 1769) is noted in Brinley, and not by Sparks.

[214] Sparks's _Franklin_, iv. 258. Some letters of Strahan (1767-8, etc.) are in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, x. 322. The letters of Wm. Samuel Johnson are also of importance (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xlix.). He describes Barré and others in debate. Barré, in March, 1769, predicted the loss of the colonies (Smyth, _Lectures_, ii. 384), and in April Johnson is writing, "It seems pretty probable that we shall go on contending, and fretting each other, till we _become_ separate and _independent_ empires" (Beardsley's _Life of W. S. Johnson_, p. 65; also see pp. 38, 42).

A few of the other more significant pamphlets of 1769 may be mentioned: _The rights of the Colonies and the extent of the legislative authority of Great Britain_ (London, 1769), by Phelps, the under-secretary to Lord Sandwich. Allan Ramsay's _Thoughts on the origin and nature of government_ (London, 1769). Alexander Cluny's _American Traveller, or Observations on the British Colonies in America by an old and experienced trader_ (London, 1769), said to have been instigated by Chatham. _The present state of liberty in Great Britain and her Colonies_ (London, 1769). _The present state of the Nation_ (London, 1768), by Robert Tickle, and the reply to it, called _Considerations on the dependencies of Great Britain_ (London, 1769), and Burke's _Observations_ on it in his _Works_ (Boston, 1865, i. p. 269). _The Case of Great Britain and America_, _addressed to the King and both houses of parliament_ (London, 1769; Philad., 1769). Richard Bland's _Enquiry into the rights of the British Colonies, intended as an answer to The Regulations lately made concerning the Colonies_ (Williamsburg, 1769; London, 1769). Cf. Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,646, 1,652, 1,660, 1,661; Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. 510; Sabin, xvi. nos. 61,401, 67,679.

[215] Hutchinson's _History_, vol. iii. _John Adams's Works_, ii. 224; ix. 317; x. 204.

[216] Barry's _Mass._, ii. 407 and references.

[217] Reprinted in London in three editions the same year. Brinley, i. no. 1,655, etc.; Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,719, etc.; Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 608.

[218] Not the historian, but his uncle. Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xi. 240.

[219] The letter of the Boston committee, covering the copy sent to the Massachusetts agent in London, is among the Lee Papers in the Univ. of Virginia. There is a fac-simile of its signatures in the _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 39. Some copies of the _Narrative_ have a list of the persons in England to whom copies were sent.

The _Letter from the Town of Boston to C. Lucas, Esq., one of the Representatives of the City of Dublin, in Parliament, inclosing a Short Narrative_, etc., was printed in Dublin, 1770 (_Cooke Catal._, iii. no. 256; Sabin, x. no. 40,348). The other contemporary American accounts are in the _Boston Gazette_, March 12th (bordered with black lines); Jos. Belknap's in _Belknap Papers_ (MS., i. 69); letter of William Palfrey to John Wilkes, and one of Governor Hutchinson in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. vi. 480 (March, 1863).

The accounts in Gordon (vol. i.) and Hutchinson (vol. iii. 270) are also those of contemporaries. Cf. documents in _Hist. Mag._, June, 1861, and in Niles's _Principles and Acts of the Rev._ Dickinson, on March 31st wrote of it to Arthur Lee, from Philadelphia. Lee's _Life of A. Lee_, ii. 299.

Crispus Attucks, one of the slain, usually called a mulatto, is held by J. B. Fisher, in the _Amer. Hist. Record_ (i. 531), to have been a half-breed Indian. Cf. _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 32; George Livermore's _Historical Research_.

[220] Separately, Boston, 1770 (Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,721; Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 608).

[221] There are other later accounts in J. S. Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_; Frothingham's "Sam. Adams's Regiments" (_Atlantic Monthly_, June and Aug., 1862, and Nov., 1863), which is epitomized in his _Life of Warren_ (ch. 6); Wells's _Samuel Adams_; Tudor's _Otis_; Bancroft's _United States_ (orig. ed., vi. ch. 43, with references); histories of Boston by Snow and Drake, and the _Mem. History of Boston_, iii. 38, 135; Barry's _Mass._, ii. 409; Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. ch. 14.

[222] _John Adams's Works_, x. 201. The brief used by John Adams is in the Boston Public Library, and a fac-simile of the opening paragraph is in the _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 38. It is printed by Kidder (p. 10). A portrait of Lynde, the presiding judge, is given in the _Memorial Hist. of Boston_ (ii. 558), and in the _Diaries of Benj. Lynde and Benj. Lynde, Jr._ (Bost., privately printed, 1880), where will be found all that remains of his charge. Sam. Adams's "Vindex" criticised the arguments for the defence in the _Mass. Gazette_. Cf. Buckingham's _Reminiscences_, i. 168.

[223] He was a Scotch bookbinder in Boston. Thomas's _Hist. of Printing_ (1874), ii. 228.

[224] Brinley, i. 1659; Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,722; Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 608.

[225] This volume was reprinted in Boston in 1807 and 1824, and in Kidder's monograph (1870). Other contemporary accounts of the trial are in Hutchinson (iii. 328); by S. Cooper in _Franklin's Works_ (vii. 499); and reminiscences are in _John Adams's Works_, x. 162, 201, 249. Cf. _Life of Josiah Quincy, Jr._ (ch. 2), and P. W. Chandler's _American Criminal Trials_ (vol. i.).

[226] Brinley, i. no. 1,658.

[227] Cf. _Proc. of his Majesty's Council, relative to the deposition of Andrew Oliver, Esq._ (Boston, 1770, Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,752).

[228] The principal later English accounts are in Stedman, Mahon (v. 268), Grahame (iv. 310), Ryerson's _Loyalists_ (i. ch. 16). Lecky (_England in the Eighteenth Century_, iii. 369, 401) thinks Bancroft shows violent partisanship, and says that "few things contributed more to the American Revolution than this unfortunate affray. Skilful agitators perceived the advantage it gave them, and the most fantastic exaggerations were dexterously diffused."

[229] A fac-simile of the _Mass. Spy_, March 7, 1771, with its blackened columns, is given in the _Mem. Hist. of Boston_ (iii. 135). On the same day Revere showed illuminated pictures of the scene from his house in North Square. The orations were gathered and published collectively by Peter Edes in 1785, and this book appeared in a second edition in 1807. The successive speakers were Thomas Young, James Lovell, Benjamin Church (third ed. was corrected by the author), John Hancock, Joseph Warren (two editions), Peter Thacher, Benj. Hichborn, Jonathan W. Austin, William Tudor, Jonathan Mason, Thomas Dawes, Geo. R. Minot, and Thomas Welsh. These orations were published separately, and Hancock's is said by Wells (ii. 138) to have been largely written by Samuel Adams. Hancock's was reprinted in New Haven. Some of them are in Niles's _Principles and Acts_ (1876), p. 17; and Loring (_Hundred Boston Orators_) particularly commemorates them.

When Warren's oration in 1772 was published, a poem by James Allen (1739-1808) was to have accompanied it, but some of the committee, having doubts of Allen's sentiments, suppressed it, when the poet's friends later published it separately as _The poem which the town of Boston had voted unanimously to be published with the late oration; with observations relating thereto; together with some very pertinent extracts from an ingenious composition never yet published_ [Anon.] (Boston, 1772). Cf. _Brinley Catal._, iv. no. 6,771; J. C. Stockbridge's _Harris Coll. of Amer. Poetry_ (Providence, 1886), p. 8.

The oration of Thacher, delivered at Watertown during the siege of Boston, is said to be rarest of all the separate issues (Cooke, no. 2,428).

A sermon on the massacre, by the Rev. John Lathrop, of the Second Church in Boston, "preached the lord's day following", was first printed in London, 1770, and reprinted in Boston, 1771 (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,792; Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 610).

[230] These documents are Hutchinson's address, Apr. 26th (p. 505); the instructions of Boston to its representatives, May 15th (p. 508; cf. _John Adams's Works_, ix. 616); and various other documents interchanged between them which largely concern Hutchinson's removing the Assembly to Cambridge (pp. 515-542).

In June, 1770, it would seem that Hutchinson's life was threatened because of the passions aroused by the massacre, and there is in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library (_Misc. MSS._, 1632-1795) a brief note of his written on being advised to protect himself, dated June 22, 1770, at Milton. It is printed in the Society's _Proceedings_, Jan., 1862, p. 361.

[231] Arthur Lee's _Political detection_ (London, 1770), being letters addressed to Hillsborough, Bernard, and others (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,760).

Edmund Burke's _Thoughts on the Cause of the present discontents_ (3d ed., London, 1770,—in _Works_, Boston ed., 1865, i. p. 433).

Catharine Macaulay's _Observations on a pamphlet entitled Thoughts on the Cause of the present discontents_ (London, 1770).

_Extract of a letter from the House of Representatives of the Mass. Bay to their agent, Dennys de Berdt, with some remarks_ (London, 1770).

There is a portrait of De Berdt in the State House, Boston.

[232] Beardsley's _Life of W. S. Johnson_, p. 84.

[233] Instructions of the House of Representatives to Franklin, in Mass. Hist. Soc. cabinet.

[234] _Works_, vii. 486, 488, 493, 501.

[235] _Ibid._, vii. 508.

[236] P. O. Hutchinson, ii. 79. Some interesting letters of Hutchinson (1771-1772) are in the English Public Record Office, and are printed in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xix. 129-140.

[237] One of an indicative English stamp is Allan Ramsay's _Hist. Essay on the English Constitution, wherein the right of Parliament to tax our different provinces is explained and justified_ (Sabin, xvi. 67,675).

[238] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 9.

[239] A duplicate of the original document is in the Lee Papers in the University of Virginia library. Cf. Franklin's account of his conversation with Dartmouth, _Works_, viii. 25, 28; and of his presentation of the petition and one forwarded the next year (viii. 47). For duplicates of originals, see _Calendar of Lee Papers_, p. 5 (vol. ii. nos. 5-7).

[240] _John Adams's Works_, iv. 34; Frothingham's _Warren_, 200, Wells's _Sam. Adams_, i. 509, ii. 62; Grahame's _United States_, iv. 328; Barry's _Mass._, ii. 448; Goodell's _Provincial Laws_, v. index. Something of the sort seems to have been suggested in Rhode Island, Oct. 8, 1764, in a letter to Franklin (_Works_, vii. 264). Dawson (_Sons of Liberty in N. Y._, 61-64) finds the earliest movement in the New York Assembly, Oct. 18, 1764. Thornton (_Pulpit of the Rev._, 45, 191) notes the suggestion in a letter of Jonathan Mayhew, June 8, 1766, to James Otis, that there might be a communion of colonies, as there was a communion of churches.

[241] Prefiguring, as John Adams said, the Declaration of Rights in 1774, and the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Wells's _Adams_, i. 501, where it is printed; _John Adams's Works_, ii. 514; Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 622. Franklin's preface to the English edition of the _Rights_ is in his _Works_, iv. 381. Cf. Francis Maseres's _Occasional Essays_ (London, 1809). The proceedings of Boston, Oct. 28th and Nov. 20th, were also printed. The letters of John Andrew from Boston begin at this time (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, viii. 316-412).

[242] Wirt's _Patrick Henry_, 3d ed., p. 87, _Life of R. H. Lee_, i. 89; _No. Amer. Rev._, March, 1818; Randall's _Jefferson_, i. 80; Tucker's _Jefferson_, i. 52; _Franklin's Works_, viii. 49. Frothingham (_Rise of the Republic_, 284, 312, 327) traces the growth of the committee, and determines the time of appointing such a committee by each colony. The correspondence of the Rhode Island Committee is in the _R. I. Col. Rec._, vii. On the committee in New York, see Dawson's _Westchester County_, 10. Philadelphia appointed one May 20, 1774 (4 Force, i. 340). Sparks points out the distinction between the Committees of Correspondence, Inspection, and Safety (_Gouverneur Morris_, i. 31).

[243] Mr. Bartlett was born Oct. 23, 1805, and died in May, 1886. His life was so largely devoted to advancing the study of American history that this record needs to be made, and reference given to Professor William Gammell's _Life and Services of the Hon. John Russell Bartlett, a paper read before the Rhode Island Historical Society_ (Providence, 1886), and the tribute by Charles Deane in the _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, Oct., 1886.