Chapter IX: The West, (11)

[483] Niles's _Principles and Acts_ (1876), p. 461; Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 92; Henry's _Journal_ (1877), p. 5.

[484] This rear division was under Colonel Enos.

[485] Parton's _Burr_, i. 71. Cf. "Burr as a Soldier", in _Hist. Mag._, xix. 385 (June, 1871).

[486] Burr was near by. Parton's _Burr_, i. 75. See the denial of the statement that Burr endeavored to carry off the body of Montgomery, in _Hist. Mag._, ii. 264. Cf. Lossing in _Ibid._, xiv. 272; and General Cullum's note in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, April, 1884, p. 294. Trumbull, in his picture of the death of Montgomery (Hinton's _United States_, i. 233, and other places), represents Burr supporting the falling hero. _Catal. of Paintings by Colonel Trumbull_ (N. Y., 1838), p. 14. The attack was premature. _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 351.

[487] Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 134.

[488] They were accompanied by the Rev. John Carroll, a Catholic priest and brother of Charles, of whom there is a _Biographical Sketch_ by Brent.

[489] Percy got the news at Halifax in this fashion (June 1, 1776): "So precipitate was their retreat that whole companies flung away even their arms. Nay, they left their pots boiling, so that the king's troops sat down and ate their dinners from them." (_Letters in Boston Public Library._)

[490] There is a likeness of Thomas, owned by Mrs. Williams, of New York, a descendant. This portrait was engraved for the illustrated edition of Irving's _Washington_, and is reproduced in Jones's _Campaign for the Conquest of Canada_, p. 52. There is a brief memoir, _Life and Services of Maj.-Gen. John Thomas, compiled by Chas. Coffin_ (New York, 1844). In July, 1775, Thomas had been justly irritated at the irresponsible action of Congress in ranking the general officers of its appointment, and had only been prevented from resigning by Washington's urging him to pause. W. B. Reed, in his _Life of Joseph Reed_ (i. 109), prints this appeal of Washington from the draft in Reed's handwriting.

[491] Greaton writes to Heath, July 31, 1776, from Ticonderoga: "We have got out of Canada very well considering the situation we were in; but happy would it have been for us if we had retreated three weeks sooner. We are fortifying as fast as we can; the men in very low spirits." (_Heath MSS._, i. 306. Cf. Adams, _Familiar Letters_, p. 195.)

[492] They are traced in Bancroft, orig. ed., viii. 373.

[493] Rives's _Madison_, i. 102.

[494] Moore's _Diary of the Rev._, i. p. 160; Niles, _Principles and Acts_ (1876), p. 286; Force's _Archives_, iii. 1385; Geo. Livermore's _Historical Research_, p. 134; Rives's _Madison_, i. 117.

[495] Moore's _Diary_, i. 179. Dawson, _Battles_, gives contemporary reports (i. 121, 125); Maxwell's _Virginia Register_, vol. vi. p. 1.

[496] Moore's _Diary of the Rev._, i. 189. There are in the _Sparks MSS._, no. xxxviii., various letters in 1775 and 1776 respecting Lord Dunmore's proceeding in Norfolk, and, after Aug., 1776, in New York. A letter in Nov., 1775, shows that he had given orders to raise a regiment of savages, to be called "Lord Dunmore's own regiment of Indians." On the other hand, Arthur Lee was making interest with Vergennes in Paris, to secure ammunition for Virginia. _Calendar Lee MSS._, p. 7, no. 65. An _Orderly book of that portion of the American Army near Williamsburg, Va., under Gen. Andrew Lewis, Mar. 18 to Aug. 28, 1776_ (Richmond, 1860), with notes by C. Campbell, covers some of the patriots' movements at this time.

[497] Husband of Flora Macdonald. Cf. _The Autobiography of Flora Macdonald, being the home life of a heroine, edited by her granddaughter_, Edinburgh, 1870; London,1875; _Bentley's Mag._, xix. 325; _Amer. Hist. Record_, i. 109, etc.; Mrs. Ellet's _Women of the Rev._, ii. 142.

[498] David L. Swain published a paper on "the British invasion of North Carolina in 1776" in the _University Magazine_ (Chapel Hill, N. C.), which was afterwards included in W. D. Cooke's _Rev. Hist. of North Carolina_ (1853). Cf. Dawson's _Battles_, i. 128, with the official documents; Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, ii. App.; Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 502; _Harper's Mag._, lx. 682; Gay, _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 465; Mrs. Ellet's _Women_, etc., i. 316; the Tory account in Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 95; and an _Address on the battle of Moore's Creek bridge, Feb. 27, 1857, by Joshua G. Wright_ (Wilmington, N. C., 1857).

[499] _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 161; _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 1871, p. 343. It seems to have been the determination in March to send him north. Adams, _Familiar Letters_, p. 135.

[500] Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 485, etc.

[501] _Corresp. of the Rev._, ii. 501. Cf. Lee Papers in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1872, and _Sparks MSS._, no. xxv.

[502] Letter of W. A. Hyrne in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, April, 1870, p. 254; and one of Jacob Morris, June 10, noting preparations, in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1875, p. 435. Lee had at first wished to abandon the fort. _Ibid._, 1872, p. 221.

[503] It was the favorable report of a reconnoitering vessel sent from Cape Fear to Charleston that induced Clinton to attack Charleston instead of joining Howe at once. P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_, ii. 96.

[504] See an account of the effects of the fort's fire given by some Americans who had been captured at sea, and escaped. (_N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 1872, p. 111.)

[505] Jones (_N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 100), without recognizing the conditions, is very severe on Clinton for his failure to coöperate. Cf. Johnston's _Observations on Jones_, p. 67.

[506] McCall's _Georgia_, p. 393.

[507] _Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill_, edited by James M. Bugbee (Boston, 1875).

[508] This was first printed in the _Essex Institute Hist. Coll._, i. p. 2. Cf. _Ibid._, xviii. 190. Gage's account to Dartmouth is in _Mass. Hist. Society Proc._, xiv. 348. Cf. further, _Memorial Services at the Centennial Anniversary of Leslie's Expedition to Salem_ (Salem, 1875), including addresses by G. B. Loring and others; O. Pickering's _Life of Timothy Pickering_, i. ch. 4; Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 379; F. Moore's _Diary of the Rev._, i. 27, etc.

[509] On Cliff Street, between Fulton Street and Maiden Lane, where several of the British troops were beaten and disarmed, but none killed, Jan. 19-20, 1770. Cf. H. B. Dawson in _Historical Mag._, iv. 202, 233, and (best account) xv. p. 1; Leake's _Gen. Lamb_, p. 57.

[510] Cf. the histories of Vermont; _Hist. Mag._, iii. 133; Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 271. See further on these preliminary acts of violence, Potter's _Amer. Monthly_, April, 1875; Seba Smith in _Godey's Mag._, xxii. 257; Moore's _Diary of the Amer. Rev._, i. 50.

[511] General Carrington has recast his narrative in his _Boston and New York, 1775 and 1776, historical papers from the Bay State Monthly_ (Boston, 1884).

[512] Gay, _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. ch. 16; Barry, _Mass._, iii. ch. 2, with notes; _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, iii., where the chapter on the siege is written by Edward E. Hale (cf. also his _Hundred Years Ago_); Paige, _Hist. of Cambridge_; Drake, _Hist. of Roxbury_; Clapp, _Hist. of Dorchester_; Symonds, _Hist. of South Boston_; Lossing, _Field-Book of the Revolution_, i.; A. B. Muzzey, _Reminiscences and Memorials of Men of the Revolution_ (Boston, 1883); H. E. Scudder in _Atlantic Monthly_, April, 1876.

[513] By Marshall and Irving, in particular. Something may be added by the memoirs of Putnam, Heath (with also his diary as printed in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, May, 1859), Greene, Wilkinson, Knox, John Sullivan, John Thomas, Wm. Hull, Col. John Trumbull, with lives of such civilians as Dr. John Warren and Elbridge Gerry.

[514] Reed's letters from the camp during the summer of 1775 are in the _Life of Joseph Reed_, i. 116, etc., as well as those of Washington (p. 125, etc.) to Reed during the autumn and winter, after the departure of the latter. Sparks thought these letters of Washington the most imperfect he had seen, being written in great haste and confidence. Sparks printed them in part. Reed gives them at length. Washington's letters to Reed from the Cambridge camp make 20 of the 51 letters constituting the lot of his correspondence with Reed, which, having passed from Mr. William B. Reed to Mr. Menzies, was sold at the latter's sale (no. 2,051), and was again sold in the J. J. Cooke sale ($2,250) in Dec., 1883, when they passed into the Carter-Brown library. The _Cooke Catalogue_ (pp. 340-349) describes them mainly as Mr. Reed prepared the statement, and they are commented on in the _No. Am. Rev._, July, 1852, p. 203, and in Irving's _Washington_, ii. 178. The original draft of Washington's letter to his officers, Sept. 8, 1775, asking their views respecting a boat attack on Boston, is among them (_Cooke Catal._, p. 342), while a fair copy in Washington's hand, as addressed to Ward, is among the Ward MSS. in the Mass. Hist. Society's library. It is printed in Sparks, iii. 80.

[515] There is necessarily much in the _Mass. Archives_. Cf. _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 118.

[516] Lossing's _Field-Book_, vol. i.; Lossing's _Schuyler_, i. ch. 26; Stone's introd. to Thayer's _Journal_, and the references given by that editor, p. v.

[517] On the "Canada Campaign."

[518] The manuscript is in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Society. Cf. _Worcester Mag._, i. 202.

[519] The tower upon which the lanterns were hung is a matter of dispute, Revere's "North Church" being considered by some to have been the church in North Square, Boston, pulled down by the British during the siege, and by others the present Christ Church, and it is upon the latter that the tourist to-day is shown an inscription identifying that building with the event. Richard Frothingham, in a letter to the mayor of Boston, called _The alarm on the night of April 18, 1775_ (Boston, 1876, 2nd ed., 1877) protested against this act, and wrote in favor of the church in North Square. The other alternative was upheld by the Rev. John Lee Watson in a letter to the _Boston Daily Advertiser_, July 20, 1876, and this was printed separately in 1877 as _Paul Revere's Signal, with remarks by Charles Deane_, and in a second edition with an additional letter in 1880. (Cf. _Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc._, Nov., 1876.) This second letter was mainly in answer to William W. Wheildon's _History of Paul Revere's Signal Lanterns_ (Concord, 1878), in which, while accepting the Christ Church theory, it was claimed that Robert Newman was the person who showed the lanterns, and not John Pulling, as averred by Mr. Watson (cf. note in Everett's _Orations_, i. p. 101). Mr. Deane had shown that, both before and after the destruction of the church in North Square, Christ Church had been called the North Church; while the earliest use of that designation for the latter building seems to have been in one of Dr. Stiles's almanacs in 1754, where he speaks of "Dr. Cutler's _alias_ North, _alias_ Christ Church." (_Atlantic Monthly_, Aug., 1884, p. 256.) E. G. Porter's _Rambles in Old Boston, N. E._, favors Christ Church.

Among the more general histories, the fullest account of this ride can be found in S. A. Drake's _Middlesex County_, i. ch. 16.

Mr. E. H. Goss printed a paper on Revere in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Jan., 1886, p. 3, giving, among other cuts, a view of his birthplace(?) in North Square, in Boston. There is a portrait of him, with a note on other likenesses, in _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 69. Cf. also T. W. Higginson in _Harper's Monthly_, Oct., 1883, and his _Larger Hist. of the U. S._

[520] Boston, 1878,—one hundred copies privately printed.

[521] The entire series (twenty in number) is printed in Force's _American Archives_, 4th ser., ii. 490, _et seq._; Shattuck's _History of Concord_, pp. 342, _et seq._; _Journal of second continental congress_, pp. 79, _et seq._; and portions of it are given in Frothingham's _Siege of Boston_, pp. 367, _et seq._; _Remembrancer_, 1775, i. 35, _et seq._; _London Chronicle_, June 1, 1775; also in various Boston newspapers of the time. They were also printed in a tract without imprint, _Affidavits and depositions relative to the commencement of hostilities at Concord and Lexington, April 19, 1775_. They were again issued by Isaiah Thomas, at Worcester, in a _Narrative of the incursions and ravages of the King's troops on the nineteenth of April_ (Haven, in Thomas, ii. p. 661); again at Boston, in 1779 (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xiv. 204). Dawson (i. 23) prints some of the depositions, and so does Hinman in his _Connecticut during the Revolution_, App. Governor Franklin, of New Jersey, transmitted copies to Dartmouth (_N. Jersey Archives_, x. 612). Lieut. E. T. Gould, of the King's Own, captured by the provincials, testified that he "could not exactly say which fired first."

[522] Sparks says (_Sparks MSS._, no. xxxii., vol. ii.): "In the public offices in London, I saw several papers respecting [Lexington], and particularly about the arrival of Captain Derby and the intelligence he brought. He was examined by order of the ministers, and he seems to have acted a bold part in circulating the intelligence.... In the first dispatch to General Gage he was censured for not sending the particulars immediately, and ordered to keep a packet in constant readiness."

[523] P. O. Hutchinson, 436.

[524] These depositions of the combatants, thus falling among Arthur Lee's papers, were finally separated in a strange division, by the younger R. H. Lee, who gave a part to Harvard College and a part to the University of Virginia. Cf. _Calendar of the Lee MSS. in Harvard University Library_, p. 6; Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 35.

[525] _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, May, 1883, vol. ix; Mahon, vi., App. p. xxvii.

[526] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 343, 349; Hudson's _Lexington_, 249; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1857, p. 165.

[527] Sabin, viii 33,030. This money was later paid to Dr. Franklin, and by him, in October, to a committee of the Mass. assembly. Sparks's _Franklin_, iii. 134.

[528] Frothingham's _Siege of Boston_, 86; Sparks's _Washington_, iii 512. In the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, May, 1876 (vol. xiv, p. 349), is Percy's report to Gage, April 20, 1775, and Smith's, of April 22 (p. 350),—both from the Public Record Office. Cf. _Sparks MSS._, xxxii., vol. i., and the Appendix to Lord Mahon's _Hist. of England_, vol. vi. The government's bulletin, dated Whitehall, June 10, 1775, as printed in the _London Gazette_, is given in Dawson, i. 26. For the effect of the news in England, see Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 342.

[529] One of these despatches, dated Watertown, April 19, endorsed by the officers of the towns through which it had passed, is printed in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Oct., 1873, p. 434. It is pointed out in Greene's _Life of Nathanael Greene_ (i. 77), how the news affected Rhode Island. The confused statements which reached Connecticut can be seen in the Deane Correspondence in the _Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 218, and in the broadside _Letter of James Lockwood and Isaac Bears, dated Wallingford, April 24, 1775, respecting the Battle near Winter Hill, in which Lord Percy was killed_. The news reached New York, Sunday, April 23, and the response was sudden. Vessels loaded for Boston were seized; arsenals were taken in charge, and cannon planted at Kingsbridge (Dawson's _Battles_, i. 130, and his _Westchester County during the Amer. Rev._, Morrisania, 1886, p. 75; Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 328; Leake's _Lamb_, 101; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Apr., 1882, p. 283). Governor Colden describes the effects in his despatch to Dartmouth (_N. Y. Col. Docs._, viii. 571). Jones, in his _New York during the Rev. War_ (i. 39, 497), gives a curiously perverted story, saying, among other things, that the British muskets were unloaded when the Americans attacked them at Lexington, and describes the stormy meeting of the governor's council in the afternoon. From New Jersey, Governor Franklin wrote to Dartmouth May 6, and June 5 and 7. (_New Jersey Archives_, x. 590, 601, 642.) The tidings reached Philadelphia April 24, and the original endorsed despatch is in the Pennsylvania Hist. Soc. library. (_N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1864, p. 23; Hazard's _Reg. of Penna._, iii. 175, Christopher Marshall's _Diary_, p. 18.) In the second week in May the news reached Western Pennsylvania, and the resolutions which were passed at Hannastown were drawn by St. Clair (_St. Clair Papers_, i. 363). It reached Williamsburg, Va., April 29 (Moore's _Diary_, i. 75.) It came to Kentucky just as the settlers were founding a town, and they named it Lexington. (Winthrop's _Speeches_, 1878, etc., p 106.) A despatch which was written at Wallingford, Conn., April 24, embodying the reports which had reached that point, and representing that both the American commander and Lord Percy had been killed, was sent South, receiving endorsements as it passed along, and reached Charleston, S. C., May 10 6.30 P.M. It is given in R. W. Gibbs's _Doc. Hist. of the Amer. Rev._, pp. 82-91. (See broadside mentioned above.) A military company, the Fusiliers, was at once formed, and its roll and career are registered in the _Charleston Year Book_, 1885, p. 342.

For the effect of Lexington and Concord upon the other colonies, see, beside Bancroft and the other general histories, Stuart's _Jonathan Trumbull_; Moore's _Diary_, i. 77; John Dickinson's Letter in Lee's _Arthur Lee_, ii. 307; Lossing's _Philip Schuyler_, i. 307.

[530] This was reprinted in Nathaniel Low's _Astronomical Diary or Almanac_ (Boston), 1776; in George's _Cambridge Almanac_, 1776 and in Stearns's _North Amer. Almanac_ (Boston), 1776. It is substantially included with additions and abridgments in Gordon's _History of the Amer. Revolution_, and can be found in Force's _Amer. Archives_.

[531] Cf. Dawson's _Battles of the United States_, i.; Frank Moore's _Diary of the Amer. Revolution_, i. 63; Niles's _Principles and Acts of the Revolution_; L. Lyons's _Mil. Journals of two private soldiers, 1758-1775_ (Poughkeepsie, 1855), with notes by Lossing, and an App. of "official papers" (Field, _Indian Bibliog._, 963; Sabin, x. 42,860); a letter by John Andrews in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, July, 1865, p. 403; one by Dr. Foster (?) of Charleston, in _Ibid._ (April, 1870), xi. 306; and others by D. Greene in xiii. 57, and by Jos. Greene in xiii. 59. Cf. also letter of Jos. Thaxter in _Hist. Mag._, xv. 206; and one by Alex. Scammell in _Ibid._, xviii. 141. A significant handbill was issued at the time, with a row of coffins at the head, called _Bloody Butchery by the British Troops_. The narrative had before appeared in the _Salem Gazette_ for April 21, 25, and May 5, which, with an elegy and a list of the killed and wounded, constituted this broadside as printed at Salem. It was reproduced a few years since in fac-simile. The _Essex Gazette_ and the _Worcester Spy_ (May 3) also contained accounts. Thaddeus Blood, of Concord, jotted down at some later period his recollections which, found among his papers, were printed in the _Boston Daily Advertiser_, April 20, 1886.

[532] Clark's is appended to a discourse which he delivered on the first anniversary in 1776, and this was reprinted in 1875. It was also reprinted in the _Massachusetts Mag._, 1794. Emerson's, which makes three pages of an interleaved almanac (which was in the possession of his grandson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, when the fac-simile was made, which is here followed, so far as the first page goes), was first printed by R. W. Emerson in his _Historical Discourse_ in 1835 (republished in 1875), and again in the _American Historical Magazine and Literary Record_, New Haven, 1836. Other early anniversary sermons add little or nothing to our knowledge; such are Samuel Cooke's _The violent destroyed and oppressed delivered_ (Lexington, 1777, but printed in Boston, 1777), and Philip Payson's sermon, also at Lexington, in 1782. Sermons were preached at Concord from 1776 to 1783; the series is in the Mass. Hist. Society's library. A sermon preached by John Langdon, at Watertown, May 31, 1775, refers to the fight. This is reprinted in J. W. Thornton's _Pulpit of the Amer. Revolution_.

[533] _Memoirs of Maj.-Gen. William Heath, containing anecdotes, details of skirmishes, battles, and other military events during the American War, written by Himself_ (Boston, 1798). Accounts by those who knew the actors intimately are in Mercy Warren's _Hist. of the Amer. Revolution_ (1805), and in James Thacher's _Military Journal_ (1823).

[534] _Works_, ii. p. 406.

[535] We have brief records of other observers of the after-appearances in Dr. McClure's diary and in Madam Winthrop's letter. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1875, vol. xiv. p. 28; 1878, vol. xvi. p. 157.)

[536] This letter is in the _Trumbull MSS._, iv. p. 77.

[537] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 351. There are two or three copies of this broadside in the library of this society, and it is reproduced somewhat smaller in the _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 73, and is reprinted in the Society's _Collections_, xii.; and in Wm. Lincoln's ed. of the _Journals of the Provincial Congresses_ (Boston, 1838). There is in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library a printed broadside containing Governor Trumbull's letter to Gage, dated at Hartford, April 28, 1775, sent by a committee of the Connecticut assembly, and also Gage's reply of May 3, 1775, in which he characterizes his _Circumstantial Account_ in the language quoted in the text. He also tells Trumbull that the royal troops "disclaim with indignation the barbarous outrages of which they are accused, so contrary to their known humanity. I have taken the greatest pains (he adds) to discover if any were committed, and have found examples of their tenderness both to the young and the old, but no vestige of cruelty or barbarity."

[538] This name, probably by a typographical error, appears in some of the contemporary accounts as Berni_cre_, and this mistake has been followed by various later writers. The pamphlet is called _Instructions of 22 Feb. 1775 to Capt. Brown and Ensign de Berniere ... and an account of their doings in consequence of further orders to proceed to Concord. Also an Account of the Transactions of the British troops from their march from Boston, April 18, till their retreat back, April 19, 1775, and a return of killed and wounded_ (Boston, 1779, 20 pp.). There is a copy in the Boston Pub. Library. Cf. Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 658.

[539] There is also a table of casualties at Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill, in the _Hist. of the War in America_ (Dublin, 1779-1785). On the provincial side there is a list of casualties (forty-nine killed, thirty-nine wounded, and five missing,—ninety-three in all) of the 19th April given in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xviii.; Frothingham's _Siege of Boston_, 80; Dawson's _Battles_, etc.; Hudson's _Lexington_, p. 211; Everett's _Orations_, i. 562; Wm. Lincoln's ed. of the _Journals of the Provincial Congresses_ (Boston, 1838). The names of the men who were on duty on that day are in what are called the Lexington alarm rolls in the State Archives (_Revolutionary Rolls_, vols. xi., xii., and xiii.). The histories of towns which sent companies usually print such lists, as the _Hist. of Sutton_, p. 783, etc. The losses of property sustained by Lexington during the day, as figured in 1780, is given in the _Mass. Archives_, cxxxviii. p. 410; and the Report of the Committee of the Provincial Congress on the losses along the line of march is given in Wm. Lincoln's ed. of the _Journals of the Prov. Congresses_ (Boston, 1838). This report makes the damage done by the king's troops in Concord, £274 16_s._ 7_d._; in Lexington, £1,716 1_s._5_d._, and in Cambridge, £1,2O2 8_s._ 7_d._; total, £3,193 6_s._ 7_d._ In Oct., 1775, a committee of Congress—Silas Deane, John Adams, and George Wyeth—were addressing letters to get information respecting extent of losses inflicted by the ministerial troops. One of these, addressed to Ezra Stiles, is in _Letters and Papers_, 1761-1776 (MSS. in Mass. Hist. Soc.).

[540] Incidental British accounts are given in Donkin's _Military Collections_ (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 74); in G. D. Scull's _Memoir and letters of Capt. Evelyn of the King's Own_, 1774-76, Oxford, 1779, privately printed, 200 copies (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 56), and the later _Evelyns in America_, pp. 161, 263, 277, 299, 303; in _Detail and Conduct of the Amer. War_, p. 9; in Force's _Amer. Archives_.

Capt. George Harris, of the fifth regiment, lost half his company in covering the retreat, and describes his perils in a letter in S. R. Lushington's _Life and Services of General Lord Harris_ (London, 1840). A letter from Boston, July 5, 1775, is in _A view of the Evidence relative to the Conduct of the American War_, 1779. Cf. Duncan's _Royal Artillery_, 3d ed., ii. 302.

[541] _Siege of Boston_, 63.

[542] _Hist. of Lexington_, 225.

[543] Stedman, who was not present, and most British writers, say the Americans fired first, as did Pitcairn, whose representations, as reported by Stiles in his diary, are given by Frothingham (p. 62), and by Irving (_Life of Washington_, i. 393). One tory, on talking with the British soldiers afterwards, was satisfied that they were the aggressors. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiii. 60.) Hudson, in a paper on Pitcairn in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvii. 318, examines the question. (Cf. Frothingham's _Warren_, 488; _Evelyns in America_, 299, 303; Mahon's _England_, vi. 36.) A deposition of one Sylvanus Wood, taken in 1826, says that the stories in this country of the Americans firing first were started long after the event. Dawson (i. 22) prints this document.

[544] Reprinted in 1875 at Boston. The literary sources with interest centering in Lexington are Edward Everett's address in 1835 (_Orations_, i. 526), where he noted (p. 561) the survivors of Captain Parker's company taking part in the celebration; Everett's _Mount Vernon Papers_, no. 47; _Hudson's Hist. of Lexington_, ch. 6, and his Abstract (1876); _Harper's Magazine_, vol. xx.; R. H. Dana's Address in 1875; C. Hudson's and E. G. Porter's _Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration_, 1875; The _Centennial Souvenir of 1775_; Henry Westcott's _Lexington Centennial Sermons_ (1875); A. B. Muzzey's _Battle of Lexington_ (_New Eng. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Oct., 1877, and separately, 1877); E. S. Thomas's _Reminiscences of the last Sixty Years, commencing with the battle of Lexington_ (Hartford, 1840); William D. Howells's _Three Villages_; Poole's _Index_, under "Lexington." See Mr. R. C. Winthrop's remarks on Chas. Hudson in _Mass. Hist. Proc._, xviii. 418; cf. also _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1881, p. 395, and _Worcester Soc. of Antiq. Proc._, 1881, p. 46.

Geo. W. Curtis made the oration in 1875, and J. R. Lowell's ode is printed in _Atlantic Monthly_, June, 1875. The town of Concord printed in 1875 an account of its centennial celebration. Cf. Poole's _Index_, under "Concord."

The orations of 1875 at Concord and Lexington, with an account of the celebration, are given in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Oct., 1875; and there are additional particulars in the reports of the two towns for 1875-1876.

[545] This was reissued in 1832,—both editions at Concord, and the side of that town was again espoused by Lemuel Shattuck, in his _History of Concord_, whose views were, however, examined in the _North American Review_, vol. xlii. (Cf. notice of Shattuck in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Apr., 1860.)

Among the literary sources with their interest centering in Concord may be named Edward Everett's oration in 1825 (_Orations_, i. p. 73); Grindall Reynolds in _Unitarian Review_, April, 1875, and his chapter xvii. in Drake's _Middlesex County_; Frederic Hudson's illustrated paper in _Harper's Mag._ (May, 1875).

[546] For Acton,—the _Centennial Address_ of Josiah Adams (1835), and his _Letter_ to Shattuck (1850); James T. Woodbury's _Speech_ in the Massachusetts Legislature (1851) for a bill to erect a monument to Capt. Davis, killed at the North Bridge. Cf. a pamphlet by Rufus Hosmer, of Stowe (1833).

For Danvers,—D. P. King's _Address_ on the seven young men of Danvers slain at Lexington (Salem, 1835).

For West Cambridge,—J. A. Smith's _West Cambridge on the 19th of April, 1775_ (Boston, 1864).

For Cambridge,—Rev. Alexander Mackenzie's address in 1870, when the bodies of some "men of Cambridge", who fell Apr. 19, 1775, were reinterred in the old burying-ground, where a monument now marks the spot.

For Bedford,—notice of the flag borne by the company from this town in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Dec., 1885, and Jan., 1886. This flag, which is still preserved, bore a device very like that made in England for the Massachusetts Three County Troop, an organization which existed from 1659 to 1690. It is probable that this flag had been used in earlier wars. (Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, xxv. 138.)

Cf. also Perley's _Hist. of Boxford_, ch. x.; _Hist. of Sutton_, p. 783; S. A. Drake's _Middlesex County_; and Wheildon's _New Chapter in the History of Concord Fight_ (for Groton). The Andover men did not arrive in time (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xv. 254).

In 1850 all the participating towns celebrated the anniversary at Concord, when an oration by Robert Rantoul, Jr., was given, and was later printed.

In the general histories, the best account is in Bancroft's _United States_ (final revision), iv. ch. 10; but other accounts are in Lossing's _Field-Book_; Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 389; Elliott's _New England_, ii.; Barry's _Massachusetts_; E. E. Hale's _One Hundred Years Ago_, etc.

Dawson's _Battles of the United States_, vol. i ch. 1, has some essential errors, as where he says Smith proceeded "up Charles River to Phipps's farm in West Cambridge."

[547] He has abundantly fortified his narrative with authorities, though it is only the chief ones that he enumerates in chronological order in an appendix of his _Siege_ (p. 372; also see p. 121).

[548] The substance of this volume is also found in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. p. 53, etc. In the same year Mr. Frothingham condensed the story of the battle into a little volume,—_The Centennial: Battle of Bunker Hill_ (Boston, 1875). Mr. Frothingham's enthusiasm for his subject may be easily misjudged by the unsympathetic reader. P. O. Hutchinson says of the _Siege_: "This would be a creditable book if it were not so overloaded with boast, tall talk, and self-glorification." (_Life of Governor Hutchinson_, p. 11.)

[549] This will be quoted in the following pages as "Dawson" simply; and it is a much ampler and more critical account than that in his _Battles of the United States_, vol. i.

[550] _Bibliography of Charlestown_, etc., p. 19. Taking precedence in time is that in the _Boston Gazette_ of June 19, at this time printed at Watertown. The _Massachusetts Spy_ (Worcester, June 21st) had the next account, and this is reprinted in Frothingham's _Centennial_. The _Connecticut Journal_ printed an account the same day; and in New York a handbill was circulated, _Fresh news just arrived_, by an express from the provincial camp near Boston, giving an account by Capt. Elijah Hide, of Lebanon. See fac-simile in _Mag. of American Hist._, March, 1885, p. 282. Hide saw the battle from Winter Hill, and his account is printed by Ellis (1843), p. 142, and Dawson, p. 378. Frank Moore's _Diary of the American Revolution_ (i. pp. 97, 102), which begins Jan. 1, 1775, gives most of these contemporary press articles, and so does Dawson. Several of these newspaper accounts were reproduced in fac-simile in 1875.

[551] This was first printed by Frothingham (_Siege_, etc., p. 395), and is also in Dawson, p. 390, and in his _Battles_, i. p. 70. A paper usually called _The Prescott MS._, said to have been prepared under Colonel Prescott's supervision, in part at least, abridged in Graydon's _Memoirs_ (1846), is printed in Butler's _Groton_ (p. 337) and in Dawson. A memoir prepared by Judge Prescott, son of the colonel, derived in part from his recollection of his father's accounts, is printed in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 68, and in Frothingham's _Battle-Field_, p. 18.

[552] The MS. of this account is in the Am. Antiq. Society's Collections at Worcester, and was printed in Dawson, p. 381. Cf. _Belknap Papers_, ii. 163, 166. Frothingham (_Siege_, p. 385) gives Thacher's indorsement of the MS. This narrative and that of Gordon, mainly following it, were the basis of some elaborate papers in the _Analectic Magazine_ (Feb. and March, 1818), which, however, present some important differences of view, supported by documents.

[553] It is signed by J. Palmer, and dated July 25, 1775, and was transmitted to Arthur Lee. It is printed in the _Journal of the Third Prov. Congress; Analectic Magazine_, May, 1818, p. 261; Force's _Archives_, iv. 1,373; Ellis (1843), p. 131; Frothingham's _Siege_, 382; Dawson, 387, and his _Battles_, i. p. 68. The provincial congress had already (June 20) sent an account to the Continental Congress (Ellis, p. 140; Dawson, p. 371). There are other official accounts sent to Albany and New Hampshire (Dawson, 380; _N. H. Hist. Coll._, ii. 143.)

[554] These may be named in an approximate chronological order thus thus:—

JUNE 17. Dr. Holyoke saw the smoke at Salem, and wrote to his wife the reports which reached him. (_Essex Inst. Hist. Coll._, xiii. 212.)

JUNE 18. David Cheever wrote from Watertown to the provincial congress of New Hampshire (_N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 521). Abigail Adams, at Braintree, wrote her impressions (having heard of Warren's death) to John Adams, in Philadelphia. She supposed the battle was then (3 P. M., June 18) still unended. She wrote farther June 25 and July 5 (_Familiar Letters of John Adams and his Wife_, pp. 67, 70, 72). Josiah Bartlett, at Kingston, N. H., learned the news by express, and B. Greenleaf repeated the news (_N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 520). On this day Ezra Stiles, then at Newport, made his first entry in his diary as the news came in (Dawson, 391). Loammi Baldwin's letter (Frothingham's _Battle-Field_, P. 43). General Greene to Governor Cooke, of R. I. (copy in _Sparks MSS._, vol. xlviii.).

JUNE 19. Andrew Eliot to Isaac Smith, then in England (Ellis, 151; Dawson, 369; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1878, p. 288). Col. John Stark, from Medford to the N. H. congress (Ellis, 145; Dawson, 370; _N. H. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 144; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 322-23). Job Bradford, from Hingham to Col. B. Lincoln (_Rivington's N. Y. Gazetteer_, Dawson, 370; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 523). Bradford had come out of Boston on the 18th.

JUNE 20. Colonel Stark to the Continental Congress (Ellis, Dawson, _N. H. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii.). James Warren to John Adams (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 79). Letter from Providence (_N. Y. Gazetteer_, June 26; Dawson, 372). William Williams to the Connecticut delegates in Congress (Frothingham's _Battlefield_, 41).

JUNE 21. Professor Winthrop to John Adams (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xliv. 292). John Bromfield (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Feb., 1870, p. 226). James Warren to Sam. Adams (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 80).

JUNE 22. Isaac Lothrop to T. Burr (_Rivington's Gazetteer_, June 29; Ellis, 148; Dawson, 374). Capt. John Chester (Frothingham's _Siege_, 389). Samuel Paine (Dawson, 440). Letter from Philadelphia (Force, iv.; Dawson, 375). Gen. N. Folsom to the N. H. Committee of Safety, from Medford (_N. H. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 146; Dawson, 373; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 527).

JUNE 23. William Tudor (Dawson, 376).

JUNE 25. Peter Brown to his mother. Frothingham calls it the most noteworthy account by a common soldier (Frothingham's _Siege_, 392; Potter's _Amer. Monthly_, July, 1875, from the original). Dr. Geo. Brown to Maj.-Gen. Haldimand (_Evelyns in America_, p. 171).

JUNE 27. Letter from camp (Force, iv.; Dawson, 379). Officer (_Rivington's Gazetteer_, July 6; Dawson, 380).

JUNE 30. Isaac Smith, from Salem (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvi. 291)

JULY 3. Letter from camp (Dawson, 384).

JULY 11. Samuel B. Webb to Silas Deane, from camp at Cambridge (original MS. in Brinley, i. 1,789; printed _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 83).

JULY 12. Samuel Gray to Dyer (Frothingham's _Siege_, 393; Dawson, 385).

AUGUST 31. Governor Trumbull (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vi. 159. Cf. Stuart's _Jonathan Trumbull_, ch. vi.)

There is among the _Charles Lowell MSS._ in the Mass. Hist. Soc. a document found with the papers of Dr. Lowell's grandfather, Judge Russell, giving a list of the houses burned in Charlestown, June 17, 1775. Thaddeus Mason's account of his losses at Charlestown is in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1882, p. 397; papers on individual losses in the battle, and by the burning of Charlestown, are in _Mass. Archives_, cxxxviii. and cxxxix.

[555] DIARIES.—Lt.-Col. Storrs, June 1-28 (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 86; Frothingham's _Battlefield_, 34) Benj. Crufts, June 15, etc. (_Essex Inst. Hist. Coll._, April, 1861); Ezekiel Price, May 23, etc. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Nov., 1863, p. 185); Dr. John Warren (Frothingham's _Siege: Life of Dr. John Warren_); Thomas Boynton (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xv. 254).

ORDERLY-BOOKS.—Capt. Chester's, June 5-17 (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 87; Frothingham's _Battlefield_, 37); Henshaw's, April-Sept. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Oct., 1876); Fenno's (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Oct., 1876).

[556] References in Poole's _Index_, p. 1328.

[557] Charles Coffin, at Saco in 1831 and at Portland in 1835, published a _History of the Battle of Bunker Hill_, which was compiled from the accounts by Heath, Wilkinson, Lee, and Dearborn. Of less importance are Dr. Belknap's note-book and letters (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 92, 96, etc.); _Adventures of Israel R. Potter_ (Providence, 1824); Oliver Morsman's _Hist. of Breed's, commonly called Bunker's Hill Battle_ (Sacketts Harbor, 1830); Col. E. Bancroft's narrative (J. B. Hill's _Bicentennial of Old Dunstable_, Nashua, 1878); _Columbian Centinel_ (Dec., 1824; Jan., 1825); Needham Maynard (Boston newspaper, 1843); Timothy Dwight (_Travels in New England_, New Haven, 1821, vol. i. 468-476), who knew some of the actors, and who says that a member of the council of war held the day before told him that the representations of an old hunter, that it was better to fire a small number of shots well aimed than many carelessly, induced the council to order fifteen rounds to a man instead of sixty.

A large number of depositions of supposed survivors were made in 1818 and 1825, but they are held to be of no value by the critical student. There is a transcript in three folio volumes, made in William Sullivan's office, of some of the latter date, preserved in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Society. What purported to be some of the originals were offered for sale in New York in 1877, but were bid in. C. L. Woodward, of New York, advertised in May, 1883, nearly two hundred papers, which were called Col. Swett's Collection of Affidavits, priced at $200 (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 104).

[558] For instance, Rev. Wm. Gordon's _Hist. of the Independence of the United States_ (London, 1788), vol. ii. 39, who followed closely the Committee of Safety's account; D. Ramsay's _Amer. Revolution_ (1789), i. 201, who is criticised by Charles Thomson (_N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 1878, p. 216) for not allowing that military necessity justified Gage in firing Charlestown; Charles Smith's _American War from 1775 to 1783_ (N. Y., p. 97, also _Monthly Repository_, N. Y., 1796-97); Holmes' _Amer. Annals_ (1805), ii. 231; Mercy Warren's _American War_ (Boston, 1805), i. 217; Hubley's _Amer. Revolution_ (1805); Lee's _Mem. of the War in the Southern Department_ (Philad., 1812); Marshall's _Washington_, ii. 237. (See, for others, Hunnewell, p. 23.)

Colonel Scammans's court-martial is reported in the _N. E. Chronicle_, Feb. 29, 1776; _Essex Gazette_, Feb. 29, 1776; Dawson, p. 400.

[559] Charles Hudson availed himself of this in a pleasantry, _Doubts concerning the battle of Bunker Hill_ (Boston, 1857), in which he paralleled Whately's famous argument for the non-existence of Napoleon. Cf. _Christian Examiner_, vol. xl.

[560] _Hist. of the United States_, orig. ed., vol. vii. ch. 38-40; and final revision, iv. ch. 14.

[561] He ceases, however, to speak of "the age and infirmities" of Ward, as Carrington indeed does, calling him "advanced in years and feeble in body", and as many of the writers have, misled perhaps by the somewhat elderly appearance of the usual portrait of him. He was in fact but forty-eight years old!

[562] _Battles of the Amer. Revolution_, N. Y. [copyrighted 1876], ch. 15.

[563] Gen. Carrington has contributed other papers on the battle to the _Granite Monthly_, vii. 290, and _Bay State Monthly_, May, 1884. Edward E. Hale has given accounts in his _One Hundred Years Ago_ (ch. 4) and in a chapter in _Memorial Hist. Boston_, vol. iii. Dr. George E. Ellis was one of the earliest to collate carefully the sources in his _Battle of Bunker Hill_ (1843). Barry (_Massachusetts_, iii. ch. 1) gives the story with care, and fortifies it by references. Irving's account (_Washington_, i. ch. 40, 41) is of course flowingly done.

[564] See Hollister's _Connecticut_, and other histories; Stuart's _Life of Jonathan Trumbull_; lives of Putnam; Hinman's _Conn. in the Revolution; Memorial Hist. of Hartford County_, ii. 473;, and H. P. Johnston on "Yale in the Revolution", in _The Yale Book_. The news of the battle as it reached Connecticut is remarked upon in the Silas Deane Correspondence (_Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 270, etc.).

[565] Stark's letter to the N. H. congress, of June 18, has already been mentioned. Cf. memoirs of Stark by Caleb Stark and Edward Everett; "Col. Jas. Reed at Bunker Hill", in _N. H. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (1876-84), p. 111; account in _N. H. Adj.-General's Report_, 1866, vol. ii.; the rosters of her regiments in the Adj.-General's office; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vol. vii. pp. 516, 586; _N. H. Rev. Rolls_, i. 32-44; ii. 739; C. C. Coffin in _Boston Globe_, June 23, 1875; _N. E. Hist. and Gen. Reg._, xxvii. 377, and the account by E. H. Derby in the number for Jan., 1877. Evans' account of the service of New Hampshire troops, 1775-1782, is among the Meshech Weare papers (_Letters and Papers_, 1777-1824, vol. ii. p. 61, _Mass. Hist. Soc._). For the part of New Hampshire towns: HOLLIS, _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 601, by S. T. Worcester; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, xxvii. 377; xxx. 28; xxxi. 169; S. T. Worcester's _Hist. of Hollis_ (1879), p. 146. MANCHESTER, Potter's _Hist. of Manchester_.

[566] The connection of Putnam with the final stand at Prospect Hill naturally conveyed the impression of his commanding through the day, as he was known to have been by turns upon different parts of the field. Gen. Greene, who hurried up from Rhode Island that night, got this impression from the understanding of the case which he found prevailing in the Roxbury lines, when he wrote back the next day (June 18) to Gov. Cooke, of Rhode Island. "General Putnam", he says, "had taken post at Bunker's Hill, and flung up an entrenchment with a detachment of about three hundred" (_Sparks MSS._, no. xlviii. p. 67). This notion reached England, and on a print of Putnam published there Sept. 9, which is annexed, Putnam is called commander-in-chief (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Nov., 1881, p. 102). An American engraving, by Roman, which appeared shortly afterwards, represents Putnam on horseback at the redoubt, as if commanding there. Col. Trumbull gave him similar prominence when he painted his well-known picture in 1786, though he is said to have regretted it at a later day. The earliest general narrative to give the command to Prescott was Gordon's, which followed closely the account of the Committee of Safety, and this was printed in 1788. The _Life of Putnam_ by Humphreys was published in 1788, while Putnam was still living, and makes no mention of his having the command; but the Rev. Josiah Whitney, in 1790, in a note to a sermon preached upon the death of Putnam, took exception to this oversight (Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. no. 685). In 1809, Eliot, in his _Biographical Dictionary_, represents Prescott as commanding at the redoubt and Stark at the rail fence. When Gen. Wilkinson's _Memoirs_ were published, in 1816 (reviewed in the _N. Am. Rev._, Nov., 1817), the conduct of Putnam on that day was represented in no favorable light; and Gen. Henry Dearborn, who was with Stark at the rail fence, asserted that Putnam remained inactive in the rear. It is also significant that Major Thompson Maxwell, who was with Reed's regiment at the rail fence, also asserted that Prescott commanded (_Essex Inst. Hist. Coll._, vol. vii.; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Jan., 1868, p. 57). Dearborn's statement was made in a paper in the _Portfolio_ (March, 1818), which is reprinted in the _Hist. Mag._, August, 1864, and June, 1868 (Dawson, p. 402). It was printed also separately at the time in Philadelphia and Boston (1818) as _An Account of the Battle of Bunker Hill with De Bernière's map corrected by General Dearborn_ (16 pp.). Col. Daniel Putnam replied in the _Portfolio_ (May, 1818) with numerous depositions (all reprinted by Dawson, p. 407), which was issued separately as _A letter to Maj. Gen. Dearborn, repelling his unprovoked attack on the character of the late Maj. General Putnam, and containing some anecdotes relating to the Battle of Bunker Hill, not generally known_ (Philadelphia, 1818). Both tracts were reprinted as an _Account of the Battle of Bunker's Hill, by H. Dearborn, Major-General of the United States Army; with a letter to Maj. Gen. Dearborn, repelling his unprovoked attack on the character of the late Maj.-Gen. Israel Putnam, by Daniel Putnam, Esq._ (Boston: Munroe & Francis, 1818). Each document is paged separately, and the last has a separate title. Dearborn replied in the _Boston Patriot_ (June 13, 1818), with depositions, all of which are in Dawson, p. 414. See account of Gen. Dearborn by Daniel Goodwin, Jr., in the _Chicago Hist. Soc. Proc._ In July, 1818, Daniel Webster, in the _North Amer. Rev._, vindicated Putnam, but claimed for Prescott as much of a general command during the day as any one had, which claim he held to be established by Prescott's making his report to Ward at Cambridge when it was over. (Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, June, 1858.) John Lowell offered counter-depositions in the _Columbian Centinel_ (July 4 and 15, 1818), again reprinted in Dawson, p. 423. In October, 1818, Col. Samuel Swett appended an _Historical and Topographical Sketch of Bunker Hill Battle_ to a new edition of Humphrey's _Life of Putnam_. In the _Boston Patriot_, Nov. 17, 1818, D. L. Child claimed that Putnam was not in the battle, and he published separately _An Enquiry into the Conduct of Gen. Putnam_ (Boston, 1819). In 1825, Swett enlarged his text, and published it as a _History of the battle of Bunker Hill_ (Boston, 1825), followed by _Notes_ to his _Sketch_ in Dec., 1825. His history passed to a second edition as a _History of the Bunker Hill Battle, with a plan. By S. Swett. Second Edition, much enlarged with new information derived from the surviving soldiers present at the celebration on the 17th June last, and notes_ (Boston, 1826). A third appeared in 1827. (Cf. Sparks in _N. Am. Rev._, vol. xxii.)

A new advocate for Putnam appeared in Alden Bradford's _Particular Account of the Battle of Bunker or Breed's Hill, by a Citizen of Boston_ (two editions, Boston, 1825, and since reprinted); while Daniel Putnam during the same year recapitulated his views in a communication to the Bunker Hill Monument Association (_Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. i.). A summary of this Putnam-Dearborn controversy is given in G. W. Warren's _Hist. of the Bunker Hill Monument Association_.

The dispute now remained dormant till 1841, when George E. Ellis delivered an oration at Charlestown, and then, and in his _Sketches of Bunker Hill Battle, with illustrative documents_ (Charlestown, 1843), he presented at fuller length than had been before done the claims of Prescott to be considered the commander. This led to a criticism and rejoinder by Swett and Ellis in the _Boston Daily Advertiser_. See Judge Prescott's letter to Dr. Ellis in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (iv. 76), and another to Col. Swett (xiv. 78. Cf. Memoir of Swett and a list of his publications in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1867, p. 374). In 1843, John Fellows, in _The Veil Removed; or reflections an David Humphrey's essay on the life of Israel Putnam; also, notices of Oliver W. B. Peabody's life of the same; S. Swett's sketch of Bunker Hill_, etc. (New York, 1843), ranged himself among the detractors of Putnam.

In 1849, the question was again elaborately examined in Frothingham's _Siege of Boston_ (p. 159, etc.), favoring Prescott, which produced Swett's _Who was the Commander at Bunker Hill?_ (Boston, 1850), and Frothingham's rejoinder, _The Command in the battle of Bunker Hill_ (Boston, 1850). Cf. also the _Report_ to the Massachusetts Legislature on a monument to Col. Prescott (1852). In 1853, Irving favored Prescott (_Washington_, vol. i.). In 1855, L. Grosvenor, in an address before the descendants of Putnam, reiterated that general's claims. In 1857, Barry (_Hist. of Mass._, iii. 39) gave to Prescott the command in the redoubt, and to Putnam a general direction outside the redoubt. In 1858, Bancroft in his _History_ (vol. vii.) took the view substantially held by the present writer. In 1859, Mr. A. C. Griswold, as "Selah", of the _Hartford Post_, had a controversy with H. B. Dawson, who exceeded others in his denunciation of Putnam, and this correspondence was printed as parts 6 and 11 of Dawson's _Gleanings from the Harvest-field of American History_ (Morrisania, 1860-63), with the distinctive title _Major General Putnam_. In 1860, the Hon. H. C. Deming published an address on the occasion of the presentation of Putnam's sword to the Conn. Hist. Society.

The question of the command was again discussed at the season of the Centennial of 1875. The chief papers in favor of Putnam were by I. N. Tarbox in the _N. Y. Herald_ (June 12 and 14), in the _New Englander_ (April, 1876), and in his _Life of Putnam_; by S. A. Drake in his _General Israel Putnam the Commander at Bunker Hill_; by W. W. Wheildon in his letters to the _N. Y. Herald_ (June 16 and 17) and in his _New History of the battle of Bunker Hill_. Gen. Charles Devens' oration in _The Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill_ (Boston, 1875) did not extend Prescott's command beyond the redoubt, as was done, however, in Francis J. Parker's _Colonel Wm. Prescott the Commander in the Battle of Bunker's Hill_ (Boston, 1875), and his paper "Could General Putnam command at Bunker's Hill?" in _New Eng. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ (Oct., 1877, p. 403). During this same year, Dr. George E. Ellis recast the material of his earlier book in his _History of the Battle of Bunker's (Breed's) Hill_ (Boston, 1875, in 16mo and 8vo, the last revised).

The Centennial period produced, also, various magazine articles, the most important of which are one by H. E. Scudder in the _Atlantic Monthly_, July, 1875; one by Launce Poyntz in the _Galaxy_, July, 1875; one by Dr. Samuel Osgood in _Harper's Monthly_, July, 1875; and those which later constituted a brochure, _One Hundred Years Ago_, by Edward E. Hale.

[567] As in the accounts of Ward and Knowlton in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1851, and Jan., 1861; the _Journals of Samuel Shaw_ (Boston, 1847); _The Female Review_, being a life of Deborah Sampson, by Herman Mann (1797; also edited by J. A. Vinton in 1866); and C. W. Clarence's _Biographical Sketch of the late Ralph Farnham, of Acton, Me., now in the one hundred and fifth year of his age, and the sole survivor of the glorious battle of Bunker Hill_ (Boston, 1860). There are other accounts of this man in the _Historical Magazine_, iv. 3, 12; and in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, xvi. 183.

There is a portrait of Artemas Ward, with a memoir, in A. H. Ward's _Genealogy of the Ward family_, and another in the same writer's _Hist. of Shrewsbury_ (Boston, 1847). Cf. also _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, v. 271; and _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii.

[568] Accounts of the present obelisk on Bunker Hill can be found in G. W. Warren's _Hist. of the Bunker Hill Monument Association_; Wheildon's _Life of Solomon Willard_; Ellis's _Battle of Bunker Hill_ (1843); Frothingham's _Siege_; and in other places noted in Hunnewell's _Bibliog. of Charlestown_, p. 28.

[569] Winthrop's _Speeches_, 1878-1886, p. 253, and separately. The statue was erected by anonymous subscribers, acting through the Rev. Dr. Ellis.

[570] For anniversary memorials, see Hunnewell's _Bibliog._, 25, 26.

[571] See extracts and fac-simile from Waller's orderly-book in _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 83, 84.