Chapter IX: The West, (15)

[814] Comment from a British officer is in Anburey's _Travels_. Lecky (iv. 31) shows the way in which the army was raised. The organization of the army is explained in a chapter in _Hadden's Journal_. The details of the dispatching of troops are embraced in the volume "Secretary of State, 1776", War Office, London. The letter of Carleton to Germain, Quebec, May 20, 1777, expressing his chagrin at not being appointed to lead the expedition, but promising aid to Burgoyne, is printed in Brymner's _Report on the Canadian Archives_ (1885, p. cxxxii.) with Germain's answer. Howe in New York had notified Carleton at Quebec, April 5, that he should not be able to communicate with Burgoyne. Walpole records in his _Last Journals_ (ii. 160), "Lord George Germain owned that General Howe had defeated all his views by going to Maryland instead of waiting to join Burgoyne." There may have been a purpose to help create the impression of Burgoyne's destination, which that officer tried to spread, in professing to aim at Connecticut, when Howe in April sent an expedition, under Tryon, to Danbury, in Connecticut, to destroy stores. This was accomplished, but Wooster and Arnold pressed the returning party with vigor and inflicted a considerable loss. Wooster was killed. Congress ordered a monument to his memory (_Journals_, ii. 168. Cf. Deming's oration at the dedication of a monument in 1854, and Hinman's _Connecticut during the Rev._, 155). The contemporary accounts are Howe's despatch to Germain, and the narrative in the _Connecticut Journal_, April 30 (both given in Dawson's _Battles_, i. 217, 219); current reports in Moore's _Diary_, 423, 441; Trumbull's and Sullivan's letters in _N. Hampshire State Papers_, viii. 547, 549, 556; a letter of James Wadsworth, dated at Durham, May 1, 1777, in _Trumbull MSS._, vi. 94; with accounts in Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 178, and Stedman's _Amer. War_, ch. 14. Marshall's account in his _Washington_ was controverted by E. D. Whittlesey (_N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 2d ser., ii. 227). Cf. Sparks's _Washington_, iv. 404; Leake's _Lamb_, ch. xi., with a map; Stuart's _Gov. Trumbull_, ch. 27; Irving's _Washington_, iii. 47; I. N. Arnold's _Gen. Arnold_, ch. 7; Bancroft, ix. 346; Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 543; Hollister's _Connecticut_, ii. ch. 12. For local associations see Dwight's _Travels_, iii.; Lossing's _Field-Book_, i. 407-416 (with views); Teller's _Ridgefield_, p. 69 (1878), with a view of the battlefield, April 27, 1777; C. B. Todd's _Redding_ (1880, p. 47).

[815] These include the Riedesel Memoirs, Schlözer's _Briefwechsel_ (iii. 27, 321, iv. 288), Eelking's, _Deutsche Hülfstruppen_ (ch. 4). There is a letter from a Brunswick officer in Canada in J. H. Hering's _Weeklijksche Berichten_ (Amsterdam,—noted in Muller's _Books on America_, 1877, no. 1,410).

[816] There is a contemporary broadside of it in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library, and it was printed for the English public in the _Gentleman's Mag._ in August. Walpole, in London, in August, records his opinion of it, "penned with such threats as would expose him to derision if he failed, and would diminish the lustre of his success if he obtained any" (_Last Journals_, ii. 130). The dates given to it vary from June 29th to July 4th. It will also be found in Anburey's _Travels_; Thacher's _Military Journal_; Moore's _Diary_ (p. 454), from the _Penna. Evening Post_, Aug. 21; Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (App. F); Riedesel's _Memoirs_; _Hadden's Journal_ (p. 59); _Proceedings_ of the Mass. Hist. Soc. (xii. 189) and N. Y. Hist. Soc. (Jan., 1872); _Vermont Hist. Soc. Collections_ (i. 163); _Niles's Register_ (1876 ed., p. 179); _N. Hampshire State Papers_, viii. 660. It instigated various burlesques (Moore's _Diary_, 459; his _Songs and Ballads of the Rev._, 167).

[817] A map by Montresor, made in 1775, showing the antecedent knowledge of the country, is given in the _American Atlas_.

_A topographical Map of Hudson's River, ... also the Communication with Canada by Lake George and Lake Champlain, as high as Fort Chambly, by Claude Joseph Sauthier. Engraved by Wm. Faden, published (London) Oct. 1, 1776._

_A map of the inhabited parts of Canada, from the French surveys, with the frontiers of New York and New England, from the large survey by Claude Joseph Sauthier, engraved by Wm. Faden_ (London), 1777. It is dedicated to Burgoyne, and in the margin is a table showing the various winter-quarters of the king's army in Canada in 1776. In 1777, Le Rouge, in Paris, reproduced Sauthier's drafts as _Cours de la rivière d'Hudson et la Communication avec le Canada par le lac Champlain jusqu'au Fort Chambly_. (Cf. the map in the _Atlas Amériquain_, no. 23.) Sauthier's surveys were also used in a map of New York and adjacent provinces, published at Augsburg in 1777, which is reproduced in Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._ (vol. i.). The _Gentleman's Mag._, Jan., 1778, had a map of the Hudson River and the adjacent country. The _London Mag._, 1778, had a map showing the country between Albany and Ticonderoga. It was drawn by Thomas Kitchin, who in the same year made a map of the Hudson and adjacent parts from Albany to New York.

In 1780 (Feb. 1st) Faden published a more detailed map as drawn by Mr. Medcalfe, and called _A map of the Country in which the army under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne acted in the Campaign of 1777, shewing the marches of the army and the places of the principal actions_. (Cf. map in Stedman, reproduced in illus. ed. of Irving's _Washington_, iii. 93.)

The maps as given in Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition from Canada_ (London, 1780) are those usually followed. The original MS. drafts of these, used for engraving them, are among the Faden maps (nos. 66-69) in the library of Congress. A general map of the campaign is given in Hilliard d'Auberteuil's _Essais_ (i. 205).

There is in _Hadden's Journal_ (p. 90) a drawn map of the campaign between Crown Point and Stillwater, showing the marches of the British army and the points of conflict. Among the Faden maps (nos. 62, 63) in the library of Congress is a MS. map of "Lake Champlain and Lake George, and the country between the Hudson and the lakes on the west and the Connecticut on the east." There are later and eclectic maps given in Gordon's _American Revolution_; Anburey's _Travels_; Neilson's _Burgoyne's Campaign_, used and corrected by Stone in his _Campaign of Burgoyne_; Carrington's _Battles_ (312); Burgoyne's _Orderly-Book_; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (May, 1877).

[818] Thomson, _Ohio Bibliog._, no. 1,011; _Brinley Catal._, no. 4,135 ($50); Menzies, no. 1,741 ($65).

[819] Cf. also _Ibid._, ii., App. pp. 510, 513.

[820] _The life and Public services of Arthur St. Clair, with his correspondence and other papers arranged and annotated by Wm. Henry Smith._ The correspondence begins in 1771. H. P. Johnston thinks Smith too sweeping and injudicial in his editing (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Aug., 1882). St. Clair took command at Ticonderoga June 12th. Smith includes in his book the proceedings of the councils of war (pp. 404, 420), and the various letters of St. Clair, respecting his retreat, to Bowdoin (also in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vi. 356), Hancock, Jay, Washington, and others (pp. 396, 414, 423, 425, 426, 429, 433). Cf. Dawson's _Battles_. St. Clair's letter, July 7th, at Otter Creek, to the president of the Convention of Vermont, is in _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 618.

[821] _Sparks MSS._, no. xxix. The papers of the trial of St. Clair are in _Ibid._, xlix., vol. ii. Congress ordered the inquiry (_N. H. State Papers_, viii. 649). There are other contemporary accounts of the evacuation in Moore's _Diary of the Revolution_ (p. 470); Wilkinson's _Memoirs_ (ch. 4 and 5); original documents in _5 Force's Archives_, vols. i., ii., and iii., and in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (Aug., 1882); letter of Asa Fitch, _Hist. Mag._ (iii. 7); a diary among the _Moses Greenleaf's MSS._ (Mass. Hist. Society), beginning April 23, 1777, and ending Nov. 22d, near Philadelphia; a diary of Samuel Sweat (June 18, 1777, etc.) in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (vol. xvii. 287). A letter of one Cogan complains of the unnecessary retreat (_N. H. State Papers_, viii. 640), and other accounts and comment of that day, in Sparks's _Washington_, vol. v.; _Heath Papers_ (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._), p. 65. Cf. further, Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. ch. 10, etc.); _General Hull's Revolutionary Services_ (ch. 7); Dawson's _Battles_ (ch. 20); Van Rensselaer's _Essays_; Jay's _Life of Jay_ (i. 74); Sparks's _Gouverneur Morris_ (i. ch. 8); J. C. Hamilton's _Life of Hamilton_ (i. 79, 91); Hamilton's _Works_ (i. 31); Sedgwick's _Livingston_ (p. 233); Watson's _Essex County, N. Y._ (ch. 11); De Costa's _Fort George_; Smith's _Pittsfield, Mass._ (i. 282); _Hist. Mag._, Dec., 1862, July, 1867 (p. 303), Aug., 1869 (p. 84, by Hiland Hall); Lewis Kellogg's _Hist. Discourse_ (Whitehall, 1847).

[822] Cf. Palmer's _Lake Champlain_ and Watson's _Essex County, N. Y._

[823] It is also in the _St. Clair Papers_, i. 76. See _post_, p. 352.

[824] Cf. further, Wilkinson's _Memoir_ (ch. 5); Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. 223), and his _Field-Book_ (i. 145); Carrington's _Battles_ (ch. 45); Henry Clark's _Hist. Address_, July 7, 1859 (Rutland, 1859); Stone's _Beverley, Mass._ (p. 75); Amos Churchill's _Hist. of Hubbardton_ (1855); _Hadden's Journal_ (App. no. 15); W. C. Watson in _Amer. Hist. Record_ (ii. 455); beside such personal narratives as Enos Stone's Journal in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ (1861, p. 299,—he was made a prisoner), and the _Narrative of the captivity & sufferings of Ebenezer Fletcher, of New Ipswich, who was severely wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Hubbardston, Vt., in 1777, by the British and Indians_ (New Ipswich, N. H., 1813?).

There are letters of Stephen Peabody and Col. Bellows in _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 625. There is a British diary by Joshua Pell, Jr., published in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (ii. 107).

[825] There is a composite map in Carrington's _Battles_ (p. 322), and another in Lossing's _Field-Book_ (i. 145), with a view of the battlefield (p. 146).

[826] Cf. _Vermont Hist. Soc. Coll._, i. 181, 182, where much will be found from the Council of Safety's records and in letters from Schuyler and Warner. Cf. also _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 658.

[827] An earlier letter of Willet, July 28th, warning the people at German Flats, is in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (1884), p. 285. Cf. also Wm. M. Willet's _Narrative of the Military actions of Col. Marinus Willet_ (N. Y., 1831), for Willet's hasty and his more leisurely accounts, which differ somewhat in minor details.

[828] This orderly-book was originally printed in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (March and April, 1881). The appended essays are incisive expressions of individual views at variance with general beliefs (cf. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, March, 1883, p. 219), De Peyster defending Johnson, who was his great-uncle, from the charge of violating his parole, and Myers agreeing with him.

[829] It is reprinted in the _Cent. Celebrations of N. Y._ (1879, p. 55), where will be found other addresses and engraved views of the present aspect of the scene of the conflict (pp. 91, 127). These local associations are also traced in S. W. D. North's "Story of a Monument" in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (xii. 97,—Aug., 1884; cf. also vol. i. p. 641), giving views of the monuments, a suspicious portrait of Herkimer (p. 103), and a view of Herkimer's house (p. 111,—cf. Lossing, i. 260). On the various spellings of Herkimer's name, see _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Aug., 1884, p. 283. Measures for erecting a monument to him are recorded in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1845, p. 172. The later writers are H. R. Schoolcraft in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (1845, p. 132); Bancroft (ix. 378); Irving's _Washington_ (iii. ch. 15, 16, 17); Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. 273), and his _Field-Book_ (vol. i.); I. N. Arnold's _Benedict Arnold_ (ch. 8); J. W. De Peyster in _Hist. Mag._ (xv. 38) and _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (ii. 22); T. D. English in _Harper's Monthly_ (xxiii. 327); H. C. Goodwin's _Pioneer History of Cortland County_; Benton's _Herkimer County_ (ch. 5); Campbell's _Tryon County_ (ch. 4); Pomroy Jones's _Annals of Oneida County_, with some local touches; Ketchum's _Buffalo_; S. W. D. North's "Historical Significance of the Battle" in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (i. 641); the appendix of _Hadden's Journal_ (no. 17) for La Corne St. Luc; Hull's _Revolutionary Services_ (ch. 8); Dawson's _Battles_ (i. ch. 21); Carrington's _Battles_ (ch. 45). The German accounts are given in Eelking's _Die Deutschen Hülfstruppen_, with more prominence naturally from the Hessian participants than the English or American narratives afford; and in Frederick Kapp's _Die Deutschen im Staate New York_ (N. Y., 1884), equally glowing for his countrymen under Herkimer, on the other side. Cf. Lowell's _Hessians_. The story of Hanyost Schuyler's carrying a deceitful message from Arnold, which Dr. Belknap in 1796 picked up on the spot (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xix. 408), and as told in Dwight's _Travels_ (iii. 183), in Benton's _Herkimer County_ (p. 82), and other later books, is denied by Dawson (i. 247).

[830] _Gent. Mag._, Mar., 1778; Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition_; App. to Roberts's _Address_; Dawson, i. 250; _Cent. Celebrations of N. Y._, p. 131, and the letter of Col. Daniel Claus, dated at Montreal, Oct. 16, 1777, (_N. Y. Col. Docs._, viii. 718; _Cent. Celebrations of N. Y._, p. 141; Roberts's _Address_, App.) The Tory account is in Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._ (i. 216, with App., p. 700). St. Leger's retreat is described in a letter, Montreal, Sept. 4, 1777, in the Stopford Sackville Papers, printed in _Ninth Report of the Hist. Mss. Commission_ (London, 1883, App. p. 87). The account of the _Annual Register_, 1777, is copied in the _Cent. Celebrations of the State of N. Y._ (p. 137), and is the basis of Andrews's _History_. Cf. Almon's _Parliamentary debates_ (vol. viii.), and Beatson's _Naval and Military Memoirs_ (vi. 69). The miniature of St. Leger, by R. Cosway, as engraved in the _European Mag._, 1795, is given in fac-simile in Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_. Cf. _Johnson's Orderly-book_ and Hubbard's _Red Jacket_.

[831] It is also given in Hough's edition of _Pouchot_, i. 207, with a plan of the modern city of Rome, superposed. A plan of Rome in 1802, showing the position of the fort, is in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iii. 687.

[832] There are other plans in Campbell's _Tryon County_; and in Lossing's _Field-Book_, i. 249,—the last also giving a view of the site of the fort (p. 231) and of the battlefield of Oriskany (p. 245).

[833] Cf. the _Memoir and official Correspondence of Stark_, by Caleb Stark (Concord, 1860), and H. W. Herrick On "Stark and Bennington", in _Harper's Monthly_ (vol. lv. 511).

[834] De Lancey (Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 685) has a note on the forces engaged.

[835] In "Mather and other papers", no. 78. There is a contemporary copy among the _Trumbull MSS._, viii. 176.

[836] Also in Stone's _Burgoyne's Campaign_, App., iii.; _Hadden's Journal_ (p. 111); Moore's _Diary of the Rev._ (p. 488); Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition_; _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 664; Guild's _Chaplain Smith and the Baptist_ (differing somewhat, p. 203). Cf. Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (p. 271), and his _State of the Expedition_.

[837] "Of an affair which happened near Walloon Creek" (_Sparks MSS._, lviii., Part 2). Much on this expedition is in the English Public Record Office, "vol. 351, Quebec, xvii."

[838] Cf. Lowell's _Hessians_, p. 136; Riedesel, who in his _Memoirs_ (i. 259, 299) somewhat differs from Burgoyne; Schlözer's _Briefwechsel_; and Stedman's _Amer. War_ (i. ch. 17).

[839] Other contemporary narratives are in the Appendix of Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_ (p. 286); Wilkinson's _Memoirs_ (i. ch. 5); and _Hadden's Journal_ (p. 120). There are letters by Peter Clark in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ (April, 1860, p. 121). A letter of the Council of Safety, written during the action, is in _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 669, where is also Stark's letter, when he sent the trophies, and the communication of the news to the militia (_Ibid._ p. 623). Stark was thanked by Congress, and made a brigadier (_Ibid._ p. 702). He had felt hurt at the failure of such recognition by Congress earlier (_Ibid._ p. 662).

[840] Cf. also the _Vermont Hist. Gazetteer_, (vol. i.); A. M. Caverley's _Pittsford, Vt._; Frisbie and Ruggles's _Poultney, Vt._; the _N. H. Adj.-General's Report_, 1866 (ii. 315); C. C. Coffin's _Boscawen_, N. H. (p. 257); H. H. Saunderson's _Charlestown, N. H._ (ch. 7); O. E. Randall's _Chesterfield, N. H._; N. Bouton's _Concord, N. H._ (ch. 11); D. A. Goddard's paper on the part borne by Massachusetts in the battle, in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (xvii. 90, May, 1879); Holland's _Western Mass._ (ch. 15); Smith's _Pittsfield, Mass._ (i. 293); Hammond's _N. H. Rev. Rolls_ (ii. 139).

[841] Cf. Bancroft (ix. ch. 22); Irving's _Washington_ (iii. ch. 16); Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._ (iii. 581); Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. ch. 14), his _Field-Book_ (vol. i.), and his article in _Harper's Monthly_ (vol. v.); Dawson's _Battles_ (i. 255), and his account in the _Hist. Mag._ (xiii. 289, May, 1870); Carrington's _Battles_ (i. 334); Isaac Jenning's _Memorials of a Century_ (Boston, 1869, ch. 12; see _N. E. Hist. Geneal. Reg._, 1870, p. 94).

[842] Hiland Hall's paper on Warner's share in the battle of Bennington is reprinted from the _Vermont Quarterly Mag._ (1861, p. 156), in the _Vermont Hist. Coll._ (i. p. 209). Cf. _Hist. Mag._ (vol. iv., Sept., 1860, p. 268), and Chipman's _Life of Warner_.

[843] Albert Tyler's _Bennington: the Battles, 1777. Centennial celebration, 1877_ (Worcester, 1878).

_Centennial anniversary of the independence of the state of Vermont and the battle of Bennington, Aug. 15 and 16, 1877. Westminster—Hubbardton—Windsor_ (Rutland, 1879). This volume contains an oration by S. C. Bartlett and an historical paper by Hiland Hall, with engraved portraits of some of the chief participants.

F. W. Coburn's _Centennial Hist. of the Battle of Bennington_ (Boston, 1877).

A Bennington Historical Society was formed in 1876.

[844] The original of this, a carefully drawn MS. map of "the position of Col. Baum, 16th Aug., 1776, with the attack of the enemy at Walmscook near Bennington, by Lieut. Durnford, engineer", is among the Faden maps (no. 65). This Faden map is reproduced in Jenning's _Memorials of a Century_ (Boston, 1869), and sketches of it will be found, with views of the field, in Lossing's _Field-Book of the Revolution_ (i. 395, 396); Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._ (iii. 583); _Harper's Monthly_ (xxi. 325). Carrington says the map of Baum's march in _Harper's Mag._, October, 1877, is incorrect. Stone, _Campaign of Burgoyne_ (p. 35), gives a view of the house in which Baum died.

[845] Cf. Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. 299); Wells's _Sam. Adams_ (ii. ch. 45); Sparks's _Washington_ (iii. 535; v. p. 14), his _Correspondence of the Rev._ (i. 427), and his _Gouverneur Morris_ (i. 138).

[846] Cf. _Amer. Hist. Record_, April, 1873; Hamilton's _Repub. of the United States_ (i. 306). There is a view of the army headquarters at Troy (1777) in Weise's _Troy_, 1876, p. 17; and of the Dirck Swart house, still standing (used by Schuyler as headquarters), in the _Mag. of Amer. History_ (vii. 226, etc.). The house subsequently used by Gates has disappeared.

[847] Cf. also Kidder's _First N. H. Regiment_ (p. 35). Other narratives are in Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. ch. 19) and his _Field-Book_ (i. 51); in Graham's _Morgan_ (ch.7-9); in Arnold's _Arnold_ (ch. 9); Headley's _Washington and his Generals_; Dawson's _Battles_ (i. ch. 25); Carrington's _Battles of the Rev._ (ch. 46); Lowell's _Hessians_ (p. 151); and the memoirs of Riedesel; and on the English side Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition_, and Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_. The Smith or Taylor house, in which Fraser died, is depicted in Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_ (p. 72), and as to a story about the removal of his remains, see _Ibid._, App. 6. Robert Lowell read a poem, "Burgoyne's last march", at the centennial of this action.

[848] The accounts of the day, as Marshall says, give him the command, and in his _Life of Washington_, first edition, that writer so states it. Wilkinson, who was with Gates two miles from the fight, said in his _Memoirs_ that there was no general officer on the field; and this led Marshall in his second edition to leave the question open. A letter of R. R. Livingston, Jan. 14, 1778, to Washington (_Correspondence of the Revolution_, ii. 551) is capable of counter conclusions on this point; and Mr. Bancroft (orig. ed., ix. 410) who holds that Arnold was not engaged during the day, judges that a letter of Colonel Richard Varick to General Schuyler, written on the day of battle, supports that view. Bancroft's opinion is maintained by J. A. Stevens in his paper "Benedict Arnold and his apologists", in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (March, 1880). That the victory was won largely by Arnold's personal exertions is the opinion of nearly every other writer, and they find in the letters of Livingston and Varick as much to sustain their view as Bancroft does to support his. Wilkinson writes to St. Clair: "Gen. Arnold was not out of camp during the whole action" (_St. Clair Papers_, i. 89, 443). The evidences in rebuttal of Wilkinson, who is the only positive witness on the negative side, are numerous, and have been best arrayed by Isaac N. Arnold in his _Life of Arnold_ (p. 175), and in the paper "Benedict Arnold at Saratoga" (_United Service Mag._, Sept., 1880; also printed separately), in which he added much new testimony, gathered after he had published his _Life of Arnold_. This consists of the statements in _The Revolutionary Services of General Wm. Hull_ (N. Y., 1848); in a MS. account by Ebenezer Wakefield, who was in Dearborn's light infantry, and written after Wilkinson, whom he controverts, had published his _Memoirs_; in the narratives of the Germans Von Eelking and Riedesel. Moore (_Diary of the Revolution_, p. 498) cites a letter of Enoch Poor, which seems to allow Arnold's share in the battle. Later still the diary of a chaplain of the army has been published, _Chaplain Smith and the Baptists_, and this says distinctly (p. 209) that Arnold commanded. Mr. R. A. Guild, the editor of that book, collates the evidence on this point. Washington Irving, Lossing, Sydney H. Gay, William L. Stone,—not to name others,—have contended for Arnold's participancy in the day's doings. Lecky (iv. 67) expresses himself satisfied with the proofs adduced by I. N. Arnold. Cf. Rogers in _Hadden's Journal_, p. 27.

[849] Cf. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (May, 1879, p. 310), and B. W. Throckmorton's address on Arnold in W. I. Stone's _Memoir of the Centennial Celebration of Burgoyne's Surrender_ (Albany, 1878). Col. Brooks, as reported by Gen. W. H. Sumner in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (Feb., 1858, ii. 273), gave some reminiscences of Arnold's conduct. The surgeon attending Arnold said "his peevishness would degrade the most capricious of the fair sex" (_N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1864, p. 34).

[850] Stone (_Campaign of Burgoyne_, App. 5) also gives Woodruff's and Neilson's reminiscences. See also Stone's _Life of Brant_ (i. 475). Cf. Wilkinson's _Memoirs_; Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. 365), and his _Field-Book_; Hull's _Revolutionary Services_ (ch. 10); Bowen's _Lincoln_; Irving's _Washington_ (iii. ch. 22); Creasy's _Decisive Battles of the World_; Dawson (p. 291); Carrington (ch. 47); A. B. Street in _Hist. Mag._ (March, 1858). Silliman's account of his visit to the battlefield is in the App. of Stone's _Burgoyne's Campaign_. Stone in the notes to his translation of Pausch (pp. 175-6) enumerates what remains there are at the present day on the battle-ground of Oct. 7 to enable one to identify the points of the conflict. Gen. Hoyt's description of the battlefield in 1825 is given in Hinton's _United States_, Amer. ed., i. p. 264.

[851] Cf. Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_, p. 300; Rogers's _Hadden's Journal_, p. liii.; _Hist. Mag._ (ii. 121); _Once a Week_ (xviii. 520); _Potter's Amer. Monthly_ (vii. 191); Ellet's _Women of the Amer. Rev._, vol. i. There are portraits of Lady Acland in _Burgoyne's Orderly-Book_, in Bloodgood's _Sexagenary_, and Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_. Reminiscences of her later life are given in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Aug., 1886, p. 193. The house to which the wounded Major Acland was borne is still standing, though much changed (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, vii. 226). It was the Neilson house, used as headquarters by Morgan and Poor.

[852] A naval brigade under young Pellew, afterwards Viscount Exmouth, was not allowed by Burgoyne to cut its way through the American lines, in place of surrendering (Osler's _Life of Exmouth_, London, 1835, p. 39).

A view of the field of surrender is in the _Cent. Celebrations of N. Y._ (p. 301). An old print of Burgoyne's camp is copied in Lossing's _Field-Book_ (i. 57). Cf. Anburey's _Travels_.

[853] It is also in the _Brief Examination_; Dawson (i. 305, with accompanying private letter); _Gent. Mag._ (Dec., 1777); Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (p. 313). Riedesel in his _Memoirs_ comments on Burgoyne's despatch.

In general, for American authorities on the surrender, see Wilkinson (ch. 8); Bancroft (ix. ch. 24); Irving's _Washington_ (iii. 22); Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. ch. 21); Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_; Bloodgood's _Sexagenary_, which shows the effect of Burgoyne's march on the country people; Lowell's _Hessians_ (p. 162); _Harper's Mag._ (Aug., 1876); Mrs. E. H. Walworth in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (May, 1877,—i. 273-302). Loubat, _Medallic Hist. of the U. S._, describes the medal given to Gates.

On the British side there are Jones's _New York during the Rev._ (i. 201, etc.); Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (ch. 7); Mahon's _England_ (vi. 207); G. R. Gleig in _Good Words_ (xii. 849); _Blackwood's Mag._ (lxiii. 332, cxiii. 427; or _Living Age_, xvii. 226, cxvii. 543).

[854] There is an account of prisoners and stores in _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 708.

[855] See accounts of the papers of Schuyler, Gates, Lincoln, etc., elsewhere. No. liv. of the _Sparks MSS._ is given to papers on this campaign. Cf. letters of Roger Sherman to William Williams in _Ibid._, lviii. no. 12; of General Armstrong in _Ibid._, xlix., i. 7. The correspondence of Schuyler and Gouverneur Morris is in Sparks's _Morris_, i. 141.

[856] Also _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 1879. Cf. Geo. W. Schuyler's _Colonial New York_, ii. 267; _Amer. Hist. Record_, ii. 145. The jealousy, or rather dislike, of Schuyler on the part of New England men was the natural result of the contact of commander and subordinates so strongly opposed as an aristocratic Knickerbocker and the self-willed democrats of the Eastern States. Cf., on this antagonism, _John Adams's Works_, iii. 87; Graydon's _Memoirs_, passim; Gordon, ii. 331; Irving's _Washington_, iii. 128, etc. A survival of the feelings had doubtless colored some of the later estimates of Schuyler's character, and the opposing views can be seen in Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. 325, etc.) and in Bancroft's _United States_. Cf. also Geo. L. Schuyler's _Correspondence and Remarks upon Bancroft's History of the Northern Campaign of 1777 and the character of General Schuyler_. The dissatisfaction with Schuyler was not, however, confined to New England. Reference seems to be made to him as an "infamous villain" in the letters of Samuel Kennedy, a surgeon of Pennsylvania troops (_Penna. Mag. of Hist._, viii. 114, where he is presumably spoken of as "G. S ... r").

[857] Lincoln's orders, Aug. 4th, are in the _Sparks MSS._, lxvi.

[858] The following orderly-books and journals of the campaign have been noted:—

_Orderly book of lieut. gen. John Burgoyne, from his entry into the state of New York until his surrender at Saratoga, 16th Oct. 1777. From the original manuscript deposited at Washington's head quarters, Newburgh, N. Y. Edited by E. B. O'Callaghan_ (Albany, 1860), being no. 7 of _Munsell's Historical Series_. (Cf. J. T. Headley in _The Galaxy_, xxii. 604.) Gen. Horatio Rogers is satisfied that this Newburgh MS. is not an original record; and he has printed in his _Hadden's Journal_ such records as are either defectively printed by O'Callaghan or not printed at all. Burgoyne's orders to the inhabitants of Castleton are in the _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 625, 658. There was published at Albany in 1882, as no. 12 of _Munsell's Historical Series_, a book entitled _Hadden's journal and orderly books. A journal kept in Canada and upon Burgoyne's campaign in 1776 and 1777, by Lieutenant James Murray Madden. Also orders kept by him and issued by Sir Guy Carleton, Lieut. General Burgoyne and Major General William Phillips, in 1776, 1777, and 1778. With an explanatory chapter and notes by Horatio Rogers_. Respecting this publication, Mr. William L. Stone says:—

"The journal of Lieutenant Hadden is, perhaps, one of the most important manuscript documents bearing upon Burgoyne's campaign that has yet been discovered. This journal formerly belonged to William Cobbett of London. The elaborate maps with which the writer has interspersed his journal fully indicate the importance of the strategical positions taken by Schuyler previous to Gates assuming the command. Besides the journal there are several orderly-books, in which the proceedings of the British army from day to day are minutely set forth. In the manuscript book at Washington's headquarters at Newburgh, the order of the day for 19th of August, 1777, is missing. This missing link, however, is supplied by Hadden, who gives it in full, and it proves to have been an order issued by Major-General Phillips, in the absence, that day, of General Burgoyne, as follows: 'Major-General Phillips,' reads the missing order for the 19th, 'has heard with the utmost astonishment, that, notwithstanding his most serious and positive orders of the 16th instant, that no carts should be used for any purpose whatever but the transport of provisions, unless by particular orders from the commander-in-chief as expressed in the order, there are this day above thirty carts on the road laden with baggage _said to be their Lieutenant-General's_.'"

The Hadden journals and orderly-books were bought in 1875 by General Rogers, having passed through Henry Stevens's hands, and are carefully printed, with fac-similes of the MS. maps accompanying them.

Supplementing these, the following orderly-books may be mentioned:—

_Henry B. Livingston's.—Troops under Gen. Schuyler, St. Clair, &c. Ticonderoga, Stillwater, &c., June 13 to August 19, 1777._

_Gen. Philip Schuyler's.—Fort Edward, Albany, June 29 to August 18, 1777._

_Camp at Stillwater, Saratoga and Albany, &c. August 12 to November 4, 1774._

_Col. Thaddeus Cook's, of Wallingford, Conn., Stillwater, September 6 to October 6, 1777. Weekly Returns of the Regiment, September 13, 27, and October 21, 1777._

_Capt. William Gates's Company, of Col. Timo. Bigelow's Regiment, Weekly Returns, various dates from October, 1777, to September, 1778._ Also in same covers, _Orderly Book of Lieut. David Grout's Company, of Timothy Bigelow's Regiment, February 15, 1779, to June 15, 1779, and Weekly Returns of Capt. Peirce's Co., same Regiment, in 1780_.

These are all in the library of the Amer. Antiq. Soc. at Worcester, Mass. An orderly-book of James Kimball, of Croft's regiment, June, 1777, to Dec., 1778, has been published by the Essex Institute (Salem, Mass.).

The following diaries may be named:—

The journal of Henry Dearborn, Aug. 3-Dec. 3, which was in the J. W. Thornton sale, 1878, no. 501. It is now in the Boston Public Library, and is included in Dearborn's journals as printed in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1886, edited by Mellen Chamberlain, and separately as _Journals of Henry Dearborn_, 1776-1783 (Cambridge, 1887).

Chaplain Smith's diary, July and Aug., 1777, in R. A. Guild's _Chaplain Smith and the Baptists_, p. 197; Ralph Cross's journal, beginning Aug. 29, 1777, at Newburyport, and ending there on his return, Dec. 5th, in the _Hist. Mag._ (vol. xvii. pp. 8-11); diary of Ephraim Squier, Sept. 4 to Nov. 2, 1777, preserved in the Pension Office, Washington. Extracts from the diary of Capt. Benj. Warren are preserved in the _Sparks MSS._ (no. xlvii.). A copy of the journal of Samuel Harris, Jr., of Boston, during the campaign of 1777, after he joined the army at Stillwater, Sept. 20th, and describing the fight of Bemis's Heights, Oct. 7th, and the surrender of Oct. 17th, is in the _Sparks MSS._ (xxv.). Cf. McAlpine's _Memoirs_, published in 1788.

The British journals of Burgoyne's campaign by actors in it, which have been printed, are Roger Lamb's _Original and authentic journal of occurrences during the late American war_ (Dublin, 1809), and his _Memoir of his own Life_ (Dublin, 1811),—he was sergeant of the Royal Welsh Fusileers,—and Thomas Anburey's _Travels through the interior parts of America_ (London, 1789 and 1791; French versions, Paris, 1790 and 1793; German, Berlin, 1792). Anburey was attached as a volunteer to the grenadier company of the 29th foot. (Cf. Rogers's _Hadden Journals_, explanatory chapter.) There is an English diary in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (Feb., 1878).

For other personal records of the campaign, reference may be made to the brief summary of Maj. Hughes, one of Gates's aides (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Feb., 1858, iii. 279); the autobiography of Col. Philip van Cortlandt, of the second New York regiment (_N. Y. Geneal. and Biog. Rec._, July, 1874, vol. v. 123, and _Hist. Mag._, 1878).

Similar records on the British side are Maj. Edward M'Gauran's _Memoirs_, privately printed in London in 1786, in two volumes, and _The narrative of Captain Samuel Mackay, commandant of a provincial regiment in North America; by the appointment of Lieut.-Gen. Burgoyne_ (Kingston, 1778). The author gives an account of his services as a royalist in command of a company of provincials attached to General Burgoyne's army, and complains of the refusal of the British generals to recognize him as an officer.

The British Museum has recently acquired a contemporary military critique of the campaign, by one of the actors in it, Lieut. Digby, of the British army.

The diary of the Hanau artillerist, Pausch, is preserved at Cassel, and a copy is in the hands of Mr. Edw. J. Lowell, from which a second copy was made, and from this no. 14 of _Munsell's Hist. Series_ was printed as _Journal of Capt. Pausch, chief of the Hanau artillery during the Burgoyne campaign. Translated and annotated by W. L. Stone. Introduction by E. J. Lowell_ (Albany, 1886). Pausch covers the interval from the day he left Hanau, May 15, 1776, to the close of Burgoyne's last battle, Oct. 7, 1777. There is in the notes (p. 149) a letter of one John Clunes, which shows some of the perils of the attempt to keep Burgoyne's rear open at Ticonderoga. A journal of Johann Konrad Döhla, a private of the regiment of Anspach, 1777-1783, is in the _Deutsch-Amerikanisches Mag._, 1886-1887.

[859] Less important accounts are in Hildreth and Gay; in Thaddeus Allen's _Origination of the Amer. Union_, etc.

[860] Mr. Stone adds a note (p. 149) on the periodical contributions of Gen. J. Watts De Peyster to the history and criticism of the campaign, aimed in large part to vindicate Schuyler and portray the patriotism of New York State. Cf. his paper in the _United Service_, ix. 365. A paper on the campaign in the _Mag. of Amer. History_, Dec., 1881, p. 457, refers to an article on the same topic in _Graham's Magazine_ (Apr., 1847), by N. C. Brooks, mentioning original documents. A. B. Street printed a paper on Saratoga in the _Hist. Mag._, March, 1858. Cf. Lemoine's _Maple Leaves_, second series (Quebec, p. 123).

[861] Stone says it is "characterized by great fairness and liberality."

[862] Other German authorities are given in Lowell's _Hessians_, App. A.

[863] In Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition_ is a "Plan of the encampment and position of the army under Gen. Burgoyne at Sword's House, on Hudson River, near Stillwater, on Sept. 17th, with the positions of that part of the army engaged on the 19th Sept., 1777. Drawn by W. C. Wilkinson, Lt. 62d Reg. Engraved by Wm. Faden", and published in London, Feb. 1, 1780. It has a portion superposed, showing later positions. There is a composite map in Carrington's _Battles_ (p. 344); and in _Hadden's Journal_ (p. 164) fac-simile of drawn plans of the order of march and order of battle on Sept. 19. There is a map of the battle of the 19th in _Pausch's Journal_, p. 163. Loosing (i. 53) gives a view of the Stillwater ground.

Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition_ also contains a "Plan of the encampment and position of the army under Gen. Burgoyne at Bræmus Heights, on the 20th Sept., with the position of the detachments in the action of the 7th Oct., and the position of the army on the 8th Oct. Drawn by W. C. Wilkinson. Engraved by Wm. Faden", and published Feb. 1, 1780. This is reproduced in Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (p. 292). Carrington (p. 350) gives an excellent eclectic map.

A plan of the battles of Freeman's Farm and Bemis's Heights, made by Col. Rufus Putnam, is preserved at Marietta, Ohio, and a copy is in Col. Stone's collection at Jersey City. There is also a plan given in Charles Wilson's _Account of Burgoyne's Campaign_ (Albany, 1844), which is revised in Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_. Stedman's plan (_American War_, i. 352) traces the movements from Sept. 10th to the capitulation. Cf. Grant's _British Battles_, ii. 150.

The positions from Oct. 10th, when the investment of Burgoyne's camp began, to the 16th, when the surrender took place, are shown on the American side in a map sketched by Chapman from an original of an officer, which appeared in the _Analectic Mag._ (Philad., 1818, p. 433), and is reproduced herewith.

In Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition_ is Faden's "Plan of the position which the army under Lt.-Gen. Burgoyne took at Saratoga on the 10th of Oct., 1777, and in which it remained till the convention was signed." It is reproduced in Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (p. 302). Carrington (p. 354) gives a careful plan, and there are others in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (vol. i. 273) and Lowell's _Hessians_ (p. 163), taken from Lossing's _Field-Book_ (i. 77). Lossing also gives a view (p. 80) of the field of surrender, the signatures to the convention (p. 79), the medal given to Gates (p. 83), the house used by Gates as headquarters (p. 75), and the house occupied by the Baroness Riedesel (pp. i. 89, 557; cf. also Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_, p. 94).

Upon the landmarks and topography of this series of movements, see papers in the _Boston Monthly_ (i. 505) for a visit to Bemis's Heights; a paper by W. L. Stone in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (Nov., 1885, p. 510) on the remains of the works as now seen; and an examination of the localities in G. W. Schuyler's _Colonial New York_ (ii. 128). Cf. Lossing's _Field-Book_ and his _Book of the Hudson_.

[864] Cf. also _Trumbull MSS._ (vol. vi. and vii.); the _Sparks MSS._ (lii. vol. iii, p. 223); the lives of Putnam; and Upham's _Life of Glover_.

[865] A letter of Gen. Parsons to Gov. Trumbull, on the capture of Fort Montgomery, is in Hildreth's _Pioneer Settlers of Ohio_ (p. 534). The personal narrative of Thomas Richards is in _United Service_ (xii. 274).

[866] Cf. also Clinton's letter in _Rockingham and his Contemporaries_ (ii. 334), and his annotations on the account in Stedman (ch. 18) in Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._ (i. 704). A journal of a British officer is printed in Scull's _Evelyns in America_ (p. 345).

The journal of Capt. Scott, who was sent by Burgoyne to open communication with Clinton, is in Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (p. 287).

The later accounts are in Irving's _Washington_ (iii. ch. 21); Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. ch. 20), and his _Field-Book_ (ii. 165); Leake's _John Lamb_ (p. 179), where is controverted the opinion expressed in Hamilton's _Life of Alex. Hamilton_ (i. 321), that the defence of the forts was feeble; Carrington's _Battles_; and Sargent's _André_ (p. 102).

[867] There was also a map of the river in the _Gent. Mag._, 1778.

[868] Letters of Greene and others, May 17, 1777, respecting the obstructions in the North River at Fort Montgomery, are in the _Sparks MSS._ (lii. vol. iii.).

[869] _Boston Monthly Mag._, July, 1826; Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_, 174; Parton's _Franklin_, ii. 283. The brief letter sent by Gates to the Mass. Council is in the Mass. Archives, and is printed in Hale's _Franklin in France_, p. 160. The letter of the Mass. government to Franklin (Oct. 24th) covered a copy of Gates's letter (Hale, p. 155).

[870] The effect in England is seen in the _Debates in Parliament_; Curwen's _Journal_ (p. 175); P. O. Hutchinson's _Diary of Thomas Hutchinson_ (vol. ii.); Donne's _Corresp. of Geo. III. and Lord North_ (ii. 93, 111); excerpts in Moore's _Diary_, i. 525, Macknight's _Burke_ (ii. 202); Russell's _Mem. and Corresp. of Fox_ (i. 161); Fitzmaurice's _Shelburne_ (iii. 12); Bancroft's _United States_ (ix. 478); Mahon's _England_ (vi. 206, and App. p. xxxix.); Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (ch. 8); Madison's _Writings_ (i. 31). Walpole (_Last Journals_, ii. 170) tells us how the king received the news of Burgoyne's disaster.

[871] Fonblanque, p. 333, and _Almon's Remembrancer_, vi. 207; but they do not agree upon the name of the vessel by which he sailed.

[872] Walpole (_Last Journals_, ii. 278) describes Burgoyne's appearance in the Commons.

[873] Cf. Bancroft's character of Burgoyne, in his orig. ed., vii. 245. Fonblanque (p. 5) charges Bancroft with coarseness in speaking of alleged but unfounded statements of Burgoyne's shame of birth. A certain swagger about the man laid Burgoyne open to the stinging burlesques of the small writers of the day. Cf. _The Lamentations of Gen. Burgoyne_ (Sabin, iii. 9,262); _Calendrier de Philadelphie_, 1779 (_Ibid._ xiv. 61, 511), Moore's _Songs and Ballads of the Rev._ (176, 185, 189); Stone, _Campaign of Burgoyne_ (App. xvi.).

[874] There were six editions printed in London, and one in Dublin, in 1778 (Sabin, iii. no. 9,257; Menzies, no. 264). These speeches were in response to a motion of inquiry made by John Wilkes, whose copy of this pamphlet belongs now to Mr. Charles Deane; and, by Wilkes's annotations upon it, it seems that Wilkes recalled a good deal that Burgoyne said and did not print, and qualified other parts which he did print.

[875] Sabin, iii. no. 9,257. There were six editions the same year. Menzies, no. 266.

[876] Sabin, iii. no. 9,266,—three editions; Menzies, no. 268.

[877] Sabin, iii. no. 9,263; Menzies, no. 267.

[878] Sabin, iii. no. 9,258; Menzies, no. 265.

[879] Sabin, iii. no. 9,260; _Sparks's Catal._, no. 405. Menzies, no. 272.

[880] Sabin, iii. no. 9,261; Menzies, no. 273.

[881] It appeared in two editions, and the book is now usually priced at about £3 (Sabin, iii. no. 9,255; Sparks, no. 404; Stevens, _Bibl. Amer._ (1885), no. 58; Menzies, no. 269.)

Burgoyne's documents, as laid before Parliament, had been printed in the _Parliamentary Register_. The _Gentleman's Mag._ had chronicled the progress of the investigation. Cf. _Annual Register_ (xxi. 168) and Russell's _Memoirs and Correspondence of Fox_ (i. 176).

The principal English MS. sources for the study of the whole campaign are these: The minutes of inquiry into the causes of Burgoyne's failure in the volume "Secretary of State, 1777-1781", in the War Office, London; Quebec series, in the Public Record Office, vols. xiv., xvi. (Cf. Brymner's _Reports on Canadian Archives_, 1883, p. 77; 1885, p. xi.)

[882] The volume contains Burgoyne's speech, prefatory to his narrative; his narrative; the evidence of Carleton, Balcarras, Harrington, Major Forbes, Lieut.-Colonel Kingston, and others; a review of the evidence and conclusion. In the Appendix are Burgoyne's "Thoughts for conducting the war from the side of Canada;" various letters of Burgoyne, Carleton, etc.; Burgoyne's speech to the Indians; Baum's instructions; St. Leger's letter from Oswego, Aug. 27, 1777; Burgoyne's letter from Albany, Oct. 20th; his councils of war, Oct. 12th and 13th; the terms proposed by Gates. There are added various plans of battle, elsewhere mentioned.

[883] Sabin, iii. no. 9,256; Menzies, no. 270. Privately reprinted in New York (75 copies) in 1865. It is said to have been printed without the sanction of Burgoyne.

[884] Sabin, iii. no. 9,265.

[885] Menzies, no. 271; Sabin, iii. no. 9,264. Sabin also notes, no. 9,267, _Reponse à un des articles des Annales politiques de M. Linguet concernant la défaite du Général Burgoyne en Amérique_ (Londres, 1788). Cf. on Burgoyne's subsequent exchange, Rogers's _Hadden's Journal_.

[886] Other addresses are N. B. Sylvester's _Saratoga and Hay-ad-ros-se-ra_ (July 4, 1876); George G. Scott's Saratoga County address; J. S. L'Amoreaux at Ballston Spa (July, 1876); Edward F. Bullard's, at Schuylerviile (July 4, 1776); H. C. Maine's _Burgoyne's Campaign_. The remarks of Messrs. Edward Wemple and S. S. Cox in Congress, Dec. 4, 1884, on the Saratoga monument, have been printed.

[887] The evidence on this point is overwhelming. "Those", wrote Washington, in a letter intended only for the eye of his step-son, "who want faith to believe the accounts of the shocking wastes of Howe's army—of their ravaging, plundering, and the abuse of women—may be convinced to their sorrow ... if a check cannot be put to their progress."

[888] Cf. letter of the Secret Committee of Congress to Silas Deane in Paris, Aug. 7, 1776 (_N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1877, p. 99). Pertaining to this movement is a journal of a campaign from Philadelphia to Paulus Hook, by Algernon Roberts (_Sparks MSS._), which is printed in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, vii. 456. It covers Aug. 16-Sept. 17, 1776. Cf. orderly-book in _Hist. Mag._, ii. 353; and a journal in the _Penna. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i. 223.

[889] His letters (Sparks, iv., and 5 Force, iii.) give details of this retreat. Cf. also G. W. P. Custis's _Recollections_, p. 538. Howe has been much blamed for his want of enterprise in allowing Washington to escape (Galloway's _Examination_; Gordon's _Amer. Rev._, ii. 355; Wilkinson's _Memoirs_, i. 120).

[890] Lee was wrought upon by Joseph Reed writing to him, Nov. 21st, of Washington's "indecisive mind" (C. Lee's _Memoirs_; Moore's _Treason of Lee_, p. 46), and the next day Lee wrote in the same spirit to Bowdoin (_Ibid._, p. 49), and on the 24th he wrote to Reed of Washington's "fatal indecision." Moore examines this hesitancy of Lee (pp. 48, 57). For suspicions as to Lee's conduct at this time, see Moore's _Treason of Lee_; Heath's _Memoirs_, 88; Reed's _Jos. Reed_, i. 253; Drake's _Knox_; J. C. Hamilton's _Republic_, i. ch. 6; Lee Papers (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._), ii. 337, etc.

[891] Cf. Force's _Archives_, 5th ser., vol. iii.; Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 173; Wilkinson's _Memoirs_, i. 105; Sparks's _Washington_, iv. App. p. 530; Robert Morris's letter, Dec. 17th, in _Pa. Hist. Soc. Bull._, vol. i.; Moore's _Treason of Lee_, 61; Bancroft, ix. 210; Irving's _Washington_, ii. 433; Scull's _Evelyns in America_, 211; _Memoir of Mrs. E. S. M. Quincy_ (1861); Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_, p. 50.

A contemporary picture of the capture of Lee, in Barnard's _Hist. of England_, represents him in uniform at the door of his house, handing his sword to a mounted officer, whose horse prances among dead bodies, while a platoon of dragoons stands at a little distance.

Lee's exchange was rendered possible when Washington acquired a prisoner of equal rank by the exploit of Colonel Barton. This Rhode Island officer summoned a party, and in whale-boats crossed Narragansett Bay, and (July 10, 1777) surprised Gen. Richard Prescott in bed at his headquarters, a few miles north of Newport where he held command of the British who, under Clinton and Percy, had taken possession of that port in Dec., 1776 (Almon'S _Remembrancer_, iii. 261; Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 639). The parole of Gen. Prescott, July 14, 1777, given at Providence, as well as a letter from Lambert Cadwalader, "being greatly indebted to his politeness and generosity while a prisoner in New York", are in the _Trumbull MSS._ (vol. vi.). The parole is printed in Arnold's _Rhode Island_, ii. 403. General Smith's letter, July 12th, to Howe is in the _Sparks MSS._, lviii. Contemporary accounts are in Moore's _Diary_, i. 468. Cf. Force's _Archives_, 4th ser., vol. iv., and Thacher's _Mil. Journal_. Barton was assisted by a negro. _Livermore's Historical Research_, 143. There was an address by Professor Diman on the centennial of the capture, which was printed as no. 1 of the _R. I. Hist. Tracts_. Cf. _Narrative of the surprise and Capture of Maj.-Gen. Richard Prescott, July 9, 1777_ (Windsor, Vt., 1821), and a tract of similar title, Philadelphia, 1817; Mrs. C. R. Williams's _Biog. of Revolutionary Heroes_ (William Barton and Stephen Olney), Providence, 1839; Andrew Sherburne's _Memoirs_, App.; Sparks's _Washington_, iv. 495; Arnold's _Rhode Island_; Scull's _Evelyns in America_, 280. Diman gives a photograph of a portrait of Barton, and a fac-simile of his orders. Cf. Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 75. Scull (p. 140) gives a likeness of Prescott. Views of the house where the capture took place are in Mason's _Newport_, p. 8; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 76, and his _Cyclo. U. S. Hist._, p. 1133.

[892] _Penna. Archives_, vi. (1853); _Colonial Records of Pa._, xi. (1852); Hazard's _Register_, iii. 40; Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg's journal in _Pa. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i.; Robert Morris's letters in _Pa. Hist. Soc. Bull._, i. 50, etc.; broadsides enumerated in Hildeburn's _Issues of Pa. Press_, ii.; the diary of Christopher Marshall (Philad., 1839, to Dec. 31, 1776; again to Dec. 31, 1777; in full, Albany, 1877).

[893] See _ante_, p. 272.

[894] Wallace's _Col. W. Bradford_, p. 140. Mr. Stone indicates the following authorities on these points: Charles Thomson's letter to Drayton (_Pa. Mag. of Hist._, ii. 411; _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1878, p. 274); Reed's _Reed_ (ii. ch. i.); Anna H. Wharton on Thomas Wharton, Jr., in _Pa. Mag. Hist._ (v. 431, 437,—also in _The Wharton Family_); _St. Clair Papers_ (i. 370, 373); _Proceedings relative to calling the Conventions of 1776 and 1780_ (Harrisburg, 1825); _Journals of the Ho. of Rep. of Penna._ (vol. i.—Philad., 1782); _Pa. Col. Rec._, xi.; and other titles in Hildeburn.

[895] For further aspects of a political nature, see Wells's _Sam. Adams_, ii.; Ellery's letter to the governor of Rhode Island (_R. I. Col. Rec._, viii.), and the _Corresp. of the Executive of New Jersey, 1776-1786_ (Newark, 1846); Read's _George Read_, 212, 216, and (Cæsar Rodney's letter) 256. The leading biographies give some original aspects: Greene's _Greene_, i. 299 (in which Bancroft's statements are controverted); Reed's _Reed_, ch. 14; Drake's _Knox_, 36; Stone's _John Howland_, who was with the troops from Lee, which reinforced Washington; Williams's _Olney_. There is a contemporary "Relation of the Engagement at Trenton and Princetown on Thursday and Friday the 2d and 3d of January, 1777, by Mr. Wood, 3d Battalion", in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, x. 263.

A journal of Sergeant William Young is in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, Oct., 1884, vol. viii. 255. A little chapbook, _Narrative of events in the Revolutionary war; with an account of the battles of Trenton, Trenton-bridge and Princeton_ (Charlestown [1833]), by Joseph White, an orderly-sergeant of artillery, gives some personal experiences.

[896] C. C. Haven's tracts: _Washington and his army in New Jersey_ (Trenton, 1856), _Thirty days in New Jersey ninety years ago_ (1867), _Annals of the City of Trenton_ (1867), and _Historic Manual concerning Trenton and Princeton_. (Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, iii. 335.) Joseph F. Tuttle's papers: _Annals of Morris County_ (187-), _Revolutionary forefathers of Morris County_ (Dover, 1876), "Washington in Morris County", in _Hist. Mag._, June, 1871. E. D. Halsey's _Hist. of Morris County_ (N. Y., 1882). W. A. Whitehead's _Perth Amboy_ (p. 329), and _Penna. Hist. Coll._, i. 223. Hatfield's _Hist. of Elizabeth_ (ch. 20). A paper, "Washington on the west bank of the Delaware", by Gen. W. W. H. Davis, giving local details, in _Penna. Mag. of Hist._ (iv. 133). _Historical Mag._, xix. 205. _Harper's Mag._, July, 1874. _Potter's Amer. Monthly_, Jan., 1877. Johnston's _Campaign of 1776_ (ch. 8).

[897] Gordon (vol. ii.); Bancroft (orig. ed. ix. ch. 12; final revision, v. ch. 6, 7, 8); Irving's _Washington_ (vol. ii.); Gay, _Pop. Hist. U. S._ (iii. 520).

[898] Bancroft, ix. 218; Reed's _Reed_, i. 270.

[899] Other contemporary American accounts are by Major Morris (_Sparks MSS._, no. liii.; Chalmers's MSS. in Thorpe's _Catal. Suppl._, 1843, no. 632); by R. H. Lee (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1878, xix. 109); by Sullivan (_N. H. State Papers_, viii. 492); in Stirling's letter (Dec. 28, 1776) (Sedgwick's _Livingston_, 211). The order of march to Trenton is in Drake's _Knox_, 113. Capt. Wm. Hull's letter, Jan. 1, 1777, is in Bonney's _Legacy of Hist. Gleanings_, 1875, i. p. 57. (Cf. Hull's _Rev. Services_, ch. 5.) See also Greene's _Greene_ (book ii. ch. 13); Reed's _Reed_ (i. 273); Wilkinson's _Memoirs_ (ch. 3); Smith's _St. Clair_; Stone's _John Howland_ (p. 72); Marshall's _Washington_ (ii. ch. 8); Drake's _Knox_ (p. 37); _Memoirs_ of Tench Tilghman (p. 148); _Journals_ of Samuel Shaw; Capt. Thomas Rodney's letter in Niles's _Principles_ (1822, p. 341); Force's _Amer. Archives_ (5th, iii.); _Freeman's Journal_ in Moore's _Diary_ (p. 364). The account in the _Penna. Evening Post_, Dec. 28, 1776, is copied in _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, July, 1886, p. 203.

Local publications are: Raum's _Trenton_ (1866); C. C. Haven's _Annals of Trenton_; Henry K. How's _Battle of Trenton_ (N. Brunswick, 1856).

Of the more general accounts, Bancroft (ix. 218) is the best. Cf. _Hist. of First Troop of Pa. Cavalry_, p. 7. Cf. also Gordon (ii. 393); Irving's _Washington_ (ii. 449); Dawson (i. 196); Carrington (ch. 39); Johnston's _Campaign of 1776_ (p. 288, with docs. pp. 151, 153). Also articles in _Godey's Mag._ (xxxii. 51) and _Harper's Mag._ (vii. 445), and details in Lossing's _Field-Book_.