Chapter XXX: Appendix (1)

Since the commencement of the present century, with its increased critical study of Plato, different and opposite opinions have been maintained by various authors respecting the genuineness or spuriousness of the Treatise De Legibus. Schleiermacher (Platons Werke, I. i. p. 51) admitted it as a genuine work of Plato, but ranked it among the Nebenwerke, or outlying dialogues: _i.e._, as a work that did not form an item or stepping-stone in the main Platonic philosophical series (which Schleiermacher attempts to lay out according to a system of internal sequence and gradual development), but was composed separately, in general analogy with the later or more constructive portion of that series. On the other hand, Ast (Platons Leben und Schriften, pp. 376-392) distinctly maintains that the Treatise De Legibus is not the composition of Plato, but of one of his scholars and contemporaries, perhaps Xenokrates or the Opuntian Philippus. Ast supports this opinion by many internal grounds, derived from a comparison of the treatise with other Platonic dialogues.

Zeller (in his Platonische Studien, Tübingen, 1839, pp. 1-144) discussed the same question in a more copious and elaborate manner, and declared himself decidedly in favour of Ast's opinion--that the Treatise De Legibus was not the work of Plato, but of one among his immediate scholars. But in his History of Grecian Philosophy (vol. ii. pp. 348-615-641, second edition), Zeller departs from this judgment, and pronounces the Treatise to be a genuine work of Plato--the last form of his philosophy, modified in various ways.

Again Suckow (in his work, Die wissenschaftliche und künstlerische Form der Platonischen Schriften, Berlin, 1855, I. pp. 111-118 seq.) advocates Zeller's first opinion--that the Treatise De Legibus is not the work of Plato.

Lastly Stallbaum, in the Prolegomena prefixed to his edition of the Treatise, strenuously vindicates its Platonic authorship. This is also the opinion of Boeckh and K. F. Hermann; and was, moreover, the opinion of all critics (I believe) anterior to Ast.

To me, I confess, it appears that the Treatise De Legibus is among the best authenticated works of the Platonic collection. I do not know what better positive proof can be tendered than the affirmation of Aristotle in his Politics--distinct and unqualified, mentioning both the name of the author and the title of the work, noting also the relation in which it stood to the Republic, both as a later composition of the same author, and as discrepant on some points of doctrine, analogous on others. This in itself is the strongest _primâ facie_ evidence, not to be rebutted, except by some counter-testimony, or by some internal mark of chronological impossibility: moreover, it coincides with the consentient belief of all the known ancient authors later than Aristotle--such as Zeno the Stoic, who composed a treatise in seven books--[Greek: Pro\s tou\s Pla/tônos No/mous] (Diog. Laert. vii. 36), Persæus, the Alexandrine critics, Cicero, Plutarch, &c. (Stallbaum, Prolegg. p. xliv.) Aristophanes Grammaticus classified both Leges and Epinomis as Plato's works. The arguments produced in Zeller's Platonische Studien, to show that Aristotle may have been mistaken in his assertion, are of little or no force. Nor will it be material to the present question, even if we concede to Zeller and Suckow another point which they contend for--that the remarks of Aristotle upon Plato's opinions are often inaccurate at least, if not unfair. For here Aristotle is produced in court only as a witness to authenticity.

Among the points raised by Suckow, there is indeed one, which if it were made out, would greatly invalidate, if not counterbalance, the testimony of Aristotle. Suckow construes the passage in the Oration of Isokrates ad Philippum (p. 84, § 14)--[Greek: o(moi/ôs oi( toiou=toi tô=n lo/gôn a)/kuroi tugcha/nousin o)/ntes toi=s no/mois kai\ tai=s politei/ais tai=s u(po\ tô=n sophistô=n gegramme/nais]--as if it alluded to the Platonic Republic, and to the Treatise De Legibus; but as if it implied, at the same time, that the two treatises were not composed by the same author, but by different authors, indicated by the plural [Greek: sophistô=n]. If this were the true meaning of Isokrates, we should then have Aristotle distinctly contradicted by another respectable contemporary witness, which would of course much impair the value of his testimony.

But Stallbaum (p. lii.) disputes altogether the meaning ascribed by Suckow to the words of Isokrates, and contends that the plural [Greek: sophistô=n] noway justifies the hypothesis of a double authorship. So far, I think, he is decidedly right: and this clears away the only one item of counter-testimony which has yet been alleged against Aristotle as a witness. Stallbaum, indeed, goes a step farther. He contends that the passage above cited from Isokrates is an evidence on his side, and against Suckow: that Isokrates alludes to Plato as author of both Republic and Leges, and thus becomes available as a second contemporary witness, confirming the testimony of Aristotle. This is less certain; yet perhaps supposable. We may imagine that Isokrates, when he composed the passage, had in his mind Plato pre-eminently--then recently dead at a great age, and the most illustrious of all the Sophists who had written upon political theory. The vague and undefined language in which Isokrates speaks, however, sets forth, by contrast, the great evidentiary value of Aristotle's affirmation, which is distinct and specific in the highest degree, declaring Plato to be the author of Leges.

To contradict this affirmation--an external guarantee of unusual force--Zeller produces a case of internal incredibility. The Legg. cannot be the work of Plato (he argues) because of the numerous disparities and marked inferiority of style, handling, and doctrine, which are very frequently un-Platonic, and not seldom anti-Platonic. Whoever will read the Platonische Studien, will see that Zeller has made out a strong case of this sort, set forth with remarkable ability and ingenuity. Indeed, the strength of the case, as to internal discrepancy, is fully admitted by his opponent Stallbaum, who says in general terms (Prolegg. vol. ii. p. v.)--"Argumentatio quidem ac disserendi ratio, quæ in Legibus regnat, ubi considerata fuerit paullo accuratius, dubitare nemo sanè poterit, quin multa propria ac peculiaria habere judicanda sit, quæ ab aliorum librorum Platonicorum usu et consuetudine longissimé recedant". He then proceeds to enumerate in detail many serious points of discrepancy. See the second part (ch. xv.) of his Prolegomena, prefixed to Book v. Legg., and in Prolegg. to his edition of 1859, pp. lv.-lix. But in spite of such undeniable force of internal improbability, Stallbaum still maintains that the Treatise is really the work of Plato. Of course, he does not admit that the whole of the internal evidence is nothing but discrepancy. He points out also much that is homogeneous and Platonic.

I agree with his conclusion (which is also the subsequent conclusion of Zeller) respecting the authorship of Legg. To me the testimony of Aristotle appears conclusive. But when I perceive how strong are the grounds for doubt, so long as we discuss the question on grounds of internal evidence simply (that is, by comparison with other Platonic dialogues) while yet such doubts are over-ruled, by our fortunately possessing incontestable authenticating evidence _ab extra_--an inference suggests itself to me, of which Platonic critics seem for the most part unconscious. I mean the great fallibility of reasonings founded simply on internal evidence, for the purpose of disproving authenticity, where we have no external evidence, contemporary or nearly contemporary, to controul them. In this condition are the large majority of the dialogues. I do not affirm that such reasonings are never to be trusted; but I consider them eminently fallible. To compare together the various dialogues, indeed, and to number as well as to weigh the various instances of analogy and discrepancy between them, is a process always instructive. It is among the direct tasks and obligations of the critic. But when, after detecting discrepancies, more or less grave and numerous, he proceeds to conclude, that the dialogue in which they occur cannot have been composed by Plato, he steps upon ground full of hypothesis and uncertainty. Who is to fix the limit of admissible divergence between the various compositions of a man like Plato? Who can determine what changes may have taken place in Plato's opinions, or point of view, or intellectual powers--during a long literary life of more than fifty years, which we know only in mere outline? Considering that Plato systematically lays aside his own personal identity, and speaks only under the assumed names of different expositors, opponents, and respondents--which of us can claim to possess a full and exhaustive catalogue of all the diverse phases of Platonism, so as to make sure that some unexpected variety has no legitimate title to be ranked among them?

For my part, I confess that these questions appear to me full of doubt and difficulty. I am often surprised at the confidence with which critics, upon the faith of internal evidence purely and simply, pronounce various dialogues of the Platonic collection to be spurious. A lesson of diffidence may be learnt from the Leges: which, if internal evidence alone were accessible, would stand among the questionable items of the Platonic catalogue--while it now takes rank among the most unquestionable, from the complete external certificate which has been fortunately preserved to us.

Stallbaum, who maintains the authenticity of the Platonic Leges, disallows altogether that of the Epinomis. In his long and learned Prolegg. (vol. iii. p. 441-470), he has gone over the whole case, and stated at length his reasons for this opinion. I confess that his reasons do not satisfy me. If, on the faith of those reasons, I rejected the Epinomis, I should also on the grounds stated by Ast and Zeller reject the Leges. The reasons against the Leges are of the same character and tenor as those against the Epinomis, and scarce at all less weighty. Respecting both of them, it may be shown that they are greatly inferior in excellence to the Republic and the other masterpieces of the Platonic genius, and that they contain points of doctrine and reasoning different from what we read in other Platonic works. But when, from these premisses, I am called upon to admit that they are not the works of Plato, I cannot assent either about the one or the other. I have already observed that I expect to find among his genuine compositions, some inferior in merit, others dissentient in doctrine--especially in compositions admitted to belong to his oldest age. All critics from Aristophanes down to Tennemann, have admitted the Epinomis as genuine: and when Stallbaum contends that Diogenes mentions doubts on the point entertained even in antiquity--I think he is not warranted by the words of that author, iii. 37: [Greek: e)/nioi/ te phasi\n o(/ti Phi/lippos o( O)pou/ntios tou\s No/mous au)tou= (Pla/tônos) mete/grapsen o)/ntas e)n kêrô=|; tou/tou de\ kai\ tê\n E)pinomi/da phasi\n ei)=nai.] I do not think we can infer from these words anything more than this--that "Philippus transcribed the Epinomis also out of the waxen tablet as he had transcribed the Leges". The persons (whosoever they were--[Greek: e)/nioi]) to whom Diogenes refers, considered Philippus as in part the author of the [Greek: No/moi]; because he had first transcribed them in a legible form from the rough original, and might possibly have introduced changes of his own in the transcription. If they had meant to distinguish what he did in respect to the Leges, from what he did in respect to the Epinomis: if they had meant to assert that he transcribed the Leges, but that he composed the Epinomis as an original addition of his own; I think they would have employed, not the conjunction [Greek: kai\], but some word indicating contrast and antithesis.

But even if we concede that the persons here alluded to by Diogenes did really believe, that the Epinomis was the original composition of Philippus and not of Plato--we must remember that all the critics of antiquity known to us believed the contrary--that it was the genuine work of Plato. In particular, Aristophanes Grammaticus acknowledges it as such; enrolling it in one trilogy with the Minos and the Leges. The testimony of Aristophanes, and the records of the Alexandrine Library in his time, greatly outweigh the suspicions of the unknown critics alluded to by Diogenes; even if we admit that those critics did really conceive the Epinomis as an actual composition of Philippus.

THE END.

GENERAL INDEX.

A.

Absolute and relative, radically distinct points of view, i. 23
_n._;
of Xenophanes, 18;
of Parmenides, 20-24, 66;
agrees with Kant's, 21;
of Herakleitus, 29;
and Parmenides opposed, 37;
of Anaxagoras, homoeomeries, 59 _n._;
of Demokritus, 71, 80;
of Zeno, 93, 101;
Gorgias the Leontine reasoned against, as ens or entia, 103;
and relative, antithetised by Plato in regard to the beautiful,
ii. 54;
Plato's argument against, iii. 204, 227;
to Plato the only real, 385;
an objective, impossible, 294 _n._, 298 _n._;
see _Relative_.

Abstract, dialectic deals with, rhetoric with concrete, ii. 52,
53;
and concrete aggregates, _ib._;
terms, debates about meaning, iii. 76-78;
different views of Aristotle and Plato, 76;
and concrete, difference not conspicuous in Plato's time, 229.

Academy, the, i. 254;
decorations, 269 _n._;
Platonic school removed, 87 B.C., 265 _n._;
library founded for use of inmates and special visitors, 278
_n._;
Cicero on negative vein of, 131 _n._

Achilleus, and the tortoise, i. 97;
preferred by Hippias to Odysseus, ii. 56.

Acoustics, to be studied by applying arithmetical relations and theories, iv. 74.

Actual and potential, Aristotle's distinction, iii. 135 _n._, i.** 139.

[Greek: A)dikê/mata], iv. 367, 368.

Ælian, ii. 85 _n._

Æschines, Sokraticus, dialogues of, i. 112, 114 _n._, 115, 211 _n._; Lysias' oration against, 112.

Æsculapius, belief in, ii. 418 _n._

Æthiops, i. 195.

Affirmative, see _Negative_.

Aggregate, see _Whole_.

[Greek: Ai)dô/s], meaning, ii. 269 _n._

[Greek: Ai)/sthêsis], relation to [Greek: e)pistê/mê], iii. 164
_n._;
conceptions of Aristotle and Plato compared, _ib._;
connected by Plato with [Greek: a)i+/ssô], iv. 235 _n._;
see _Sense_.

[Greek: A)kolasi/a], derivation, iii. 302 _n._

[Greek: A)lê/theia], derivation, iii. 302 _n._

Alexander of Aphrodisias, on Chance, i. 143 _n._

Alexandrian Museum founded as a copy of the Platonic and
Aristotelic [Greek: mousei=a] at Athens, i. 277;
date of foundation, 280;
Demetrius Phalereus chief agent in its establishment,
_ib._;
its contents, 275;
rapid accumulation of books, _ib._;
under charge of Aristophanes, 273;
contained Plato's works before time of Aristophanes, 274;
editions of Plato issued, 295;
its authority followed by ancient critics, 297, 299.

Alexis, iii. 387 _n._

Alkibiadês, when young, frequented Sokrates' society, ii. 21;
attachment of Sokrates to, iii. 8;
fitness as ideal in _Alkibiadês I._ and _II._, ii. 22;
see _Alkibiadês I._ and _II._ and _Symposion._

_Alkibiadês_ I. and II., different critical opinions, ii. 17;
date, i. 306, 308-11, ii. 22;
authenticity, i. 306-7, 309-10, ii. 2 _n._, 17;
prolixity, 26;
circumstances and interlocutors, 1;
fitness of historical Alkibiadês for ideal, 22;
no bearing on the historical Alkibiadês, 20 _n._;
the Platonic picture an ideal, 22;
illustrates Sokratico-Platonic method in negative and positive
aspect, 7;
actual and anticipated effects of dialectic, 11;
analogy with Xenophontic dialogues, 21, 29;
Alkibiadês as Athenian adviser, 2;
advises on war and peace, his standard the just and unjust, 3;
whence knowledge of it, 4;
from the multitude, their judgment worthless, 5;
the expedient and inexpedient substituted, 6;
the just identified with the good, honourable, expedient, 7;
ignorance of Athenian statesmen, eulogy of Spartan and Persian
kings, 8;
Alkibiadês must become good--for what end and how, 8-10;
confesses his ignorance, 10;
will never leave Sokrates, 12;
Delphian maxim--the mind the self, 11;
self-knowledge, from looking into other minds is temperance, 11;
situation in _Second_, 12;
danger of prayer for mischievous gifts--most men unwise,
_ib._;
instances of injurious gifts--mischiefs of ignorance, 14;
depend on the subject-matter, _ib._;
few wise public counsellors, why called wise, 15;
special accomplishments often hurtful, if no knowledge of the
good, 16;
Sokrates on prayer and sacrifice, _ib._;
Sokrates' purpose, to humble presumptuous youths, 21;
his mission against false persuasion of knowledge, 24;
his positive solutions illusory, 26-7;
opinion embraces all varieties of knowledge save of the good,
30;
the good, how known--unsolved, 31.

Allegorical interpretation of poets, ii. 285;
see _Mythe_.

[Greek: A)lupi/a], the Good, iii. 338 _n._;
not identical with pleasure, 353, 377;
and pleasure included in Hedonists' end, _ib._;
is a negative condition intermediate between pleasure and pain,
iv. 86.

Amabile primum, ii. 181, 191;
approximates to Idea of Good, 192;
the Good, 194;
compared with Aristotle's _prima amicitia_, _ib._

[Greek: A(martê/mata], iv. 367, 368.

Amazons, iv. 196.

Ana of philosophers, i. 153 _n._

Analogical and generic wholes, ii. 47, 193 _n._, iii. 365.

Analogy, Aristotle first distinguished [Greek: o(mô/numa], [Greek: sunô/numa], and [Greek: kat' a)nalogi/an]**, iii. 94 _n._; see _Metaphor_.

[Greek: A)na/mnêsis] different from [Greek: mnê/mê], iii. 350 _n._; see _Reminiscence_.

[Greek: A)nathumi/asis], i. 35 _n._

Anaxagoras, chiefly physical, i. 48;
physics, 49;
homoeomeries, 48, 52 _n._, 53, 55-6, 58 _n._;
essential intermixture of Demokritean atoms analogous, 79
_n._;
denied generation and destruction, 48;
and simple bodies, 52 _n._;
chaos, 50, 50 _n._, 54;
Nous, relation to the homoeomeries, 54-57;
originates rotatory movement in chaotic mass, 50;
exercised only a catalytic agency, 55;
alone pure and unmixed, 50;
immaterial and impersonal, 56 _n._;
its two attributes, to _move_ and to _know_,
_ib._;
compared with Herakleitus' [Greek: perie/chon], _ib._;
Plato's Idea of Good, ii. 412;
represented later as a god, i. 54;
his own view of it. _ib._;
theory as understood by Sokrates, ii. 393, 400, 402 _n._;
Hegel on, 403 _n._;
erroneously charged with inconsistency, i. 56, ii. 394, 407;
animal bodies purer than air or earth, i. 51;
suggested partly by the phenomenon of animal nutrition, 53;
air and fire, 52, 56 _n._;
astronomy, 57;
his geology, meteorology, and physiology, 58;
his heresy, Sokrates on, 413;
threatened prosecution for impiety, 59;
accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 401;
opposed Empedokles' theory of sensation, i. 58;
theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._;
illusions of sense, i. 59 _n._;
compared with Empedokles, 52;
relation to Anaximander, 54;
agreement with Diogenes of Apollonia, 64;
influence on Aristotle, 89.

Anaximander, philosophy, i. 5;
Infinite reproduced in chaos of Anaxagoras, 54;
relation to Empedokles, _ib._

Anaximenes, i. 7.

Angler, definition of, iii. 189.

Animal bodies purer than air or earth, i. 51;
generation, Empedokles on, 42;
Demokritus' researches in, 75;
kosmos the copy of the [Greek: Au)to/zôon]**, iv. 223, 235
_n._, 263;
genesis of inferior from degenerate man, 252;
genesis of, 421.

Annikeris, i. 202.

[Greek: A)no/êta], meaning, iii. 65 _n._

Antalkidas, peace of, iii. 404.

_Anterastæ_, see _Erastæ_.

[Greek: A)nthrô/pina, ta/], iv. 302 _n._

Antipater, i. 195.

Antisthenes, works, i. 111, 115, 163 _n._;
constant friend of Sokrates, 152;
copied manner of Sokrates in plainness and rigour, 150, 158
_n._;
ethical, not transcendental, 122, 149;
and ascetic, 151, 160;
did not borrow from the Veda, 159 _n._;
only identical predication possible, iii. 221, 223, 232
_n._, 252, i. 165;
coincidence with Plato, ii. 47 _n._;
refutation of, in _Sophistês_, iii. 223, 390 _n._, i.
163, 165;
misconceived the function of the copula, iii. 221;
errors due to the then imperfect logic, 241;
fallacies of, ii. 215;
not caricatured in _Kratylus_, iii. 304 _n._, 322
_n._;
on pleasure, 389 _n._;
compared with Aristippus, i. 190;
antipathy to Plato, 151, 152 _n._, 165;
opposed Platonic ideas, 164;
the first protest of Nominalism against Realism, _ib._;
qualities non-existent without the mind, iii. 74 _n._;
distinction of simple and complex objects, i. 171;
simple undefinable, _ib._;
Aristotle on, 172;
Plato, _ib._;
Mill, _ib._ _n._;
Aristotle on school of, 115;
doctrines developed by Stoics, 198.

Antoninus, Marcus, view of death, i. 422 _n._; etymologies, iii. 308 _n._; _Pius_, compared to Sokrates, ii. 382 _n._, iii. 21 _n._

Anytus, hostility to Sophists, ii. 240;
and philosophy generally, 255.

[Greek: A)/peiron], see _Infinite_.

Aphorisms of Herakleitus and the Pythagoreans, i. 106.

Aphroditê, influence very small in Platonic state, iv. 197, 359 _n._

[Greek: A)phrosu/nê], equivoque, ii. 279.

Apollo, to be consulted for religious legislation, iv. 34, 137
_n._, 325, 337;
Xenophon on, i. 237;
consulted by Xenophon under Sokrates' advice, 208.

Apology, naturally the first dialogue for review, i. 411;
authenticity, 304, 306, 410, 422 _n._, ii. 421 _n._;
date, i. 306-8, 311, 313, 330;
Zeno, the Stoic, attracted to Athens by perusal of, 418;
its general character, 412;
is Sokrates' real defence not intentionally altered 410;
testimony to truth of general features of Sokrates' character
in, 419 _n._;
differently set forth in _Kriton_, 428;
Sokrates' mission, to combat false persuasion of knowledge, 374,
ii. 24;
influence of public beliefs, generated without any ostensible
author, i. 424;
Sokrates' judgment on poets, expanded, ii. 129;
compared with _Gorgias_, 362 _n._, 368;
_Phædon_, 419;
_Kleitophon_, iii. 421;
_Antigone_ of Sophokles, i. 429, _n._

Appetite subordinated by Plato and Aristotle to reason and duty,
iv. 204;
soul, 245;
analogous to craftsmen in state, 39.

À priori, Plato's dogmas are, i. 399;
reasonings, Plato differs from moderns, ii. 251;
element of cognition, iii. 118.

Archelaus of Macedonia, ii. 325, 333 _n._, 334, 336.

Archilochus, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26.

[Greek: A)retê/], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

Arêtê, i. 195.

Argos, bad basis of government, iv. 310.

Argumenta ad Hominem, i. 98.

Aristeides, pupil of Sokrates, ii. 102;
reply to _Gorgias_, 371 _n._, i. 243 _n._;
belief in dreams, iii. 146 _n._

Aristippus, works, i. 111, 116;
ethical, not transcendental, 122;
discourse of Sokrates with, 175;
the choice of Herakles, 177;
Sokrates on the Good and Beautiful, 184;
good is relative to human beings and wants, 185;
relativity of knowledge, iii. 126 _n._, i. 198, 204;
the just and honourable, by law, not nature, 197;
prudence, a good from its consequent pleasures, _ib._;
acted on Sokrates' advice, 187, 199, 201;
aspiration for self-mastery, 188;
ethical theory, 195, 200 _n._;
compared with Diogenes and Antisthenes, 190;
developed by Epikurus, 198;
scheme of life, 181, 188;
Horace's analogous, 192 _n._;
pleasure a generation, iii. 378 _n._;
communism of wives, i. 189 _n._;
contempt for geometry and physics, 186, 192;
taught as a Sophist, 193;
intercourse with Dionysius, _ib._;
antipathy to Xenophon, 182 _n._

Aristogeiton, iii. 4 _n._

Aristophanes, the _Euthyphron_ a retort against, i. 442;
connects idea of immorality with free thought, iv. 166;
Sokrates in the _Nubes_, 230 _n._;
function of poet, 306 _n._;
_Nubes_ analogous to Plato's _Leges_, 277;
_Vespæ_, 298 _n._;
_Aves_, 329 _n._

Aristophanes [Greek: grammatiko/s], librarian at Alexandria, i.
273;
labours, _ib._ _n._;
first to arrange Platonic canon, 286;
catalogue of Plato trustworthy, 285;
division of Plato into trilogies, 273;
principle followed by Thrasyllus, 295, 299.

Aristotle and Plato represent pure Hellenic philosophy, i.
_xiv_;
St. Jerome on, _xv_;
MSS., 270, 283;
Arabic translation, iv. 213 _n._;
zoological works, iii. 62 _n._;
lost Dialogues, i. 262 _n._;
different in form from Plato's, 356 _n._;
style, 405;
no uniform consistency, 340 _n._;
relation to predecessors, 85, 91;
importance of his information about early Greek philosophy, 85;
as historian, misled by his own conceptions, 24 _n._;
contrasts "human wisdom" with primitive theology, 3 _n._;
treatment of his predecessors compared by Bacon to conduct of a
Sultan, 85 _n._;
blames Ionic philosophy for attending to _material_ cause
alone, 87;
abstractions of, compared with Ionians, _ib._;
erroneously identified heat with Parmenides' ens, 24 _n._;
on Zeno's arguments, 93;
on Anaxagorean homoeomeries, 52 _n._;
charges Anaxagoras with inconsistency, 56;
relation to Empedokles and Anaxagoras, 89;
approves of fundamental tenet of Diogenes of Apollonia, 61
_n._;
Demokritus often mentioned in, iv. 355 _n._;
blames Demokritus for omitting final causes, i. 73 _n._;
on flux of Herakleitus, iii. 154 _n._;
accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 401
_n._;
_cause_, difference from Plato, 407;
controversy with Megarics about Power, i. 135;
depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141;
Megarics defended by Hobbes, 143;
Aristotle's arguments not valid, 136-9;
himself concedes the doctrine, 139 _n._;
distinction of actual and potential, iii. 135 _n._, i. 139;
graduation of causes, 142;
motion, coincides nearly with Diodôrus Kronus, 146;
and Hobbes, _ib._;
chance, 142;
physics retrograded with, 89 _n._;
sphericity of kosmos, 25 _n._, iv. 225 _n._;
_Demiurgus_ little noticed in, 255;
Plato's geometrical theory of the elements, 241 _n._;
espoused and enlarged astronomical theory of Eudoxus, i. 257
_n._;
reason of the kosmos, different from Sokrates' conception, ii.
402 _n._;
on Eudoxus, iii. 375 _n._, 379 _n._;
time, 103;
friend of Ptolemy Soter, i. 279;
pupil of Plato, 260;
opposition during Plato's lifetime, 360 _n._;
mode of alluding to Plato, iii. 186 _n._;
on Plato's lectures, i. 347;
on poetical vein in Plato, 343, iv. 255 _n._;
Plato's tendency to found arguments on metaphor, ii. 337
_n._;
ontology substratum for phenomenology, i. 24 _n._;
_philosophia prima_, 358 _n._, iii. 230 _n._,
382;
_materia prima_, i. 72;
view of logic of a science, different from Plato's, 358
_n._;
on Plato's ideas, 348, 360 _n._, ii. 192, 194 _n._,
410 _n._, iii. 64 _n._, 65 _n._, 66 _n._, 67
_n._, 77 _n._, 78, 245, 367 _n._, iv. 214
_n._, i. 120 _n._;
generic and analogical aggregates, ii. 193, iii. 365 _n._;
_Sophistês_ an approximation to Aristotle's view, 247;
definition of _ens_, 230 _n._, 242 _n._;
on _the different_, 238 _n._;
partly successful in fitting on the ideas to facts of sense, 78;
percept prior to the percipient, 76 _n._;
conception of [Greek: ai)/sthêsis], 165 _n._;
Plato's theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._;
Plato's doctrine of naming, iii. 286 _n._, 294 _n._,
325 _n._;
etymologies, 301 _n._, 307 _n._, 308 _n._;
no analysis or classification of propositions before, 222;
propositions, some true, others false, assumed, 249;
definition of simple objects, i. 172;
on only identical predication possible, 166, 171;
more careful than Plato in distinguishing equivoques, ii. 170,
279 _n._;
equivocal meaning of _know_, 213 _n._;
indeterminate predicates Ens, Unum, Idem, &c., iii. 94;
first to attempt classification of fallacies, ii. 212;
De Sophisticis Elenchis, 222;
first distinguished [Greek: o(mô/numa], [Greek: sunô/numa], and
[Greek: kat' a)nalogi/an], iii. 94 _n._;
two methods, coincide with Thrasyllus' classification, i. 303;
basis of dialectic, 133 _n._;
negative method, its necessity as a condition of reasoned truth,
372 _n._;
distinct aptitudes required for dialectic, ii. 54;
on dissecting function of dialectic, 70 _n._;
distinction of dialectic and eristic, 221 _n._;
precepts for debate, iii. 91 _n._;
Rhetoric, 43;
on _Menexenus_, 409 _n._, 412 _n._;
distinction of ends, 374 _n._;
good the object of universal desire, 372 _n._;
threefold division of good, iv. 428 _n._;
no common end among established [Greek: no/mima], iii. 282
_n._;
combats Sokrates' thesis in _Memorabilia_ and _Hippias
Minor_, ii. 67;
lying not justifiable, iii. 386 _n._;
meanings of justice, iv. 102;
meaning of [Greek: phu/sei], iii. 294 _n._;
on opposition of natural and legal justice, ii. 340 _n._;
nature, iv. 387 _n._;
on Law, ii. 92 _n._;
theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i. 392;
on virtue is knowledge, ii. 67 _n._, 290 _n._;
divine inspiration, 131 _n._;
[Greek: sophi/a] and [Greek: phro/nêsis], 120 _n._;
on [Greek: to\ a)dikei=n be/ltion tou= a)dikei=sthai], 333
_n._;
treatment of courage and temperance, compared with Plato's, 170;
derivation of [Greek: sôphrosu/nê], iii. 301 _n._;
on pleasure, 383 _n._, 386 _n._;
pleasure not a generation, 378 _n._;
painless pleasures of geometry, 357, 388 _n._;
on intense pleasures, 376 _n._;
on Antisthenes, 253 _n._;
school of Antisthenes, i. 115;
on friendship, ii. 186;
_prima amicitia_, compared with Sokrates' _amabile
primum_, 194;
on Plato's reminiscence, 250 _n._;
immortality of soul, 420 _n._;
relation of body to soul, iii. 389 _n._;
on function of lungs, iv. 245 _n._;
liver, 258 _n._;
Plato's physiology and pathology compared with, 260;
definition of _sophist_, ii. 210;
equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii.
219;
on _Homo mensura_, 120 _n._, 128 _n._, 131
_n._, 132 _n._, 149 _n._, 152;
cites from the _Protagoras_, ii. 290 _n._;
category of relation, iii. 128 _n._;
the Axioms of Mathematics, i. 358 _n._;
ethics and politics treated apart, iv. 138;
three ends of political constructor, 328 _n._;
education combined with polity, 142, 184;
on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187, 189
_n._;
training of Spartan women, 188;
views on teaching, iii. 53 _n._;
chorus of elders only criticise, iv. 297 _n._;
importance of music in education, 151 _n._, 305;
ethical and emotional effects conveyed by sense of hearing, 307
_n._;
implication of intelligence and emotion, iii. 374 _n._;
view of tragic poetry, iv. 317 _n._;
Plato's ideal state, 139 _n._;
it is two states, 185;
objection valid against his own ideal, 186 _n._;
the Demos adjuncts, not members of state, 184;
Plato's state impossible, in what sense true, 189;
democracy and monarchy _not_ mother-polities, 312
_n._;
oligarchical character of Plato's second _idéal_, 334
_n._;
_idéal_ of character, different from Spartan, 182;
differs from Plato on slavery, 344 _n._;
land of citizens, 327 _n._;
number of citizens limited, 198-201, 326 _n._;
communism, 180** _n._;
Plato's family restrictions, 329 _n._;
on marriage, 189, 198-202;
on infanticide, 202;
recognised Malthus' law of population, _ib._;
allusions to _Leges_, 272 _n._, 432;
prayer and sacrifice, 394.

Arithmetic, Pythagorean, i. 15;
modern application of their principle, 10 _n._;
subject of Plato's lectures, 349 _n._;
twofold, iii. 359, 394;
to be studied, iv. 423;
awakening power of, 71, 72;
value of, 329 _n._, 352;
acoustics to be studied by relations and theories of, 74;
proportionals, 224 _n._, 423;
its axioms from induction, 353 _n._;
Mill on assumption in axioms of, iii. 396 _n._

Art, the supreme, is philosophy, ii. 119, 120;
disparaged by Plato, 355;
relation to science, iii. 43 _n._, 45, 155, 263;
relation to morality, see _Education_, _Poets_**.

Ascetic life of philosopher, ii. 386;
Pythagoreans, iii. 390 _n._;
Orphics, _ib._;
Cynics, i. 151, 157;
Diogenes compared with Indian Gymnosophists and Selli, 157, 159
_n._, 163 _n._;
Indian Gynmosophists, antiquity of, 159 _n._;
Selli, 163 _n._

Aspasia, iii. 402, i. 112, 211 _n._

Association of Ideas, i. 423 _n._;
Plato's statement of general law of, ii. 191;
Aristotle, _ib._ _n._;
Straton on, iii. 166 _n._

Ast, theory of Platonic canon, i. 304;
admits only fourteen, 305;
on _Apology_, 422 _n._;
_Lachês_, ii. 151;
_Hippias Major_, 33 _n._;
_Kratylus_, iii. 310 _n._;
_Menexenus_, 412 _n._;
_Timæus_, iv. 255 _n._;
_Leges_, 431, 434.

Astronomy, ancient, i. 3;
of Anaxagoras, 57;
modern, doctrine of aerolithes anticipated by Diogenes of
Apollonia, 64 _n._;
first systematic Greek hypothesis propounded by Eudoxus, 255;
Planets, meaning in Plato's age, iv. 354 _n._, 422;
Demokritus' idea of motions of, 355 _n._;
Plato's idea of motions of, _ib._;
Sokrates avoided, i. 376;
Plato's relation to theory of Eudoxus, 257 _n._;
theological view of, iv. 421;
advantages of this view, 422;
object of instruction in, 354;
must be studied by ideal figures, not observation, 73.

Atheist, loose use of term, iv. 382 _n._

Athenians, proceedings of Sokrates repugnant to, i. 387;
statesmen, ignorance of, ii. 8, 360;
characteristics of, 118;
customs of, iii. 24 _n._;
intellect predominant in, iv. 38;
Plato's _idéal_ of character, 147, 151;
ancient, citizens of Plato's state identified with, 266;
general coincidence of Platonic and Attic law, 364, 374
_n._, 403, 406, 430;
taxes of, i. 242 _n._

Athens, less intolerance at, than elsewhere, iii. 277, iv. 396;
lauded, iii. 405, 409 _n._;
by Xenophon, i. 238;
funeral harangues at, iii. 401-5;
hatred to [Greek: ba/rbaroi], 406 _n._;
and Persia compared, iv. 312;
excess of liberty at, _ib._;
change for worse at, after Persian invasion, 313;
contrast in Demosthenes and _Menexenus_, 315 _n._,
318;
Plato's aversion to dramatic poetry at, 316;
peculiar to himself, 317;
Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._;
Plato's ideal compared with, 430;
secession of philosophers from, i. 111 _n._

Atlantic, unnavigable, the belief in Plato's age, iv. 270.

Atlantis, iv. 215;
description of, 268;
corruption and wickedness of people, 269;
address of Zeus, _ib._;
submergence, 270.

Atoms, atomic theory, i. 65;
relation to Eleatics, 66;
of Demokritus, differ, only in magnitude, figure, position, and
arrangement, 69;
generate qualities by movements and combinations, _ib._,
70;
possess inherent force, 73;
not really objects of sense, 72 _n._;
essentially separate from each other, 71;
yet analogous to the homoeomeries of Anaxagoras, 79 _n._;
different from Platonic _Idea_ and Aristotle's _materia
prima_, 72;
mental, 75;
thought produced by influx of, 79.

Attikus, iv. 242 _n._

Augustine, St., iii. 303 _n._

Austin, meaning of law, ii. 92 _n._

Authority, early appearance in Greece of a few freethinkers, i.
384;
multiplicity of individual authorities characteristic of Greek
philosophy, 84;
distinguished them from contemporary nations, 90;
advantages, _ib._;
influence of, on most men, 378-82, 392, 424, ii. 333, iv. 351;
Aristophanes connects idea of immorality with free thought, 166;
freedom of thought essential to philosophy, i. 383, 394
_n._, ii. 368, iii. 151 _n._;
the basis of dialectic, 147, 297, 337 _n._;
all exposition an assemblage of individual judgments, 139;
belief on, relation to _Homo mensura_, 142, 143, 293;
Sokrates asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual
reason, i. 386, 423, 436, ii. 233;
individual reason authoritative to each, i. 432;
Plato on difficulty of resisting, 392 _n._;
combated by Plato, 398 _n._;
Plato's dissent from established religious doctrine, iv. 161,
163;
danger of one who dissents from the public, ii. 359, 364, 366;
dignity and independence of philosophic dissenter, upheld, 375;
individual reason worthless, Herakleitus, i. 34;
of public judgment, nothing, of expert, everything, 426, 435;
different view, 446 _n._;
Sokrates does not name, but himself acts as, expert, 435;
appeal to, suppressed in Academic sect, 368 _n._;
Epiktetus on, 388 _n._;
Cicero, 369, 384 _n._;
Bishop Huet, _ib._;
Council of Trent, 390 _n._;
Dr. Vaughan, iv. 380 _n._;
see _Orthodoxy_.

Averroism, iii. 68 _n._

Axiomata media, iii. 52, 369.

Axioms of Mathematics, Aristotle's view, i. 358 _n._; of Arithmetic and Geometry, from induction, iii. 396 _n._, iv. 353 _n._

B.

Bacon, importance of negative method, i. 373 _n._, 386;
on doubt, 394 _n._;
misrepresents Aristotle's treatment of his predecessors, 85
_n._;
contrasts Plato and Aristotle with Pre-Sokratic philosophy, 88
_n._;
_Idola_, ii. 218;
anticipation of nature, 219 _n._;
relativity of mental and sensational processes, iii. 122
_n._;
axiomata media, 52, 369.

Badham, Dr., on _Philêbus_, iii. 365 _n._, 381 _n._, 389 _n._, 392 _n._, 396 _n._

Bain, Prof., on the Beautiful, ii. 50 _n._;
the Tender Emotion, 188 _n._;
law of mental association, 192 _n._;
analysis of Belief, 218;
reciprocity of regard indispensable to society, 312 _n._;
relativity of knowledge, iii. 123 _n._;
on pleasures, 383 _n._

Batteux, iv. 229 _n._

Bayle, iv. 233.

Beautiful, the, as translation of [Greek: to\ kalo/n], ii. 49
_n._;
Hippias' lectures at Sparta on, 39;
what is, _ib._;
instances given, 40;
gold makes all things beautiful, 41;
not the becoming or the profitable, 43, 50 _n._;
a variety of the pleasurable, 45;
inadmissible, _ib._;
Dugald Stewart, Mill, and Bain on, 50 _n._;
Plato's antithesis of relative and absolute, 54;
difference of Sokrates and Plato, 55;
as object of attachment, 194;
aspect of physical, awakens reminiscence of Ideas, 422, iii. 4,
14;
Greek sentiment towards youths, 1;
stimulus to mental procreation, 4, 6, 18;
different view, _Phædon_, _Theætêtus_,
_Sophistês_, _Republic_, _ib._;
exaltation of Eros in a few, love of beauty _in genere_, 7,
16;
love of, excited by musical training, iv. 27;
and the good, iii. 5 _n._;
Idea of, exclusively presented in _Symposion_, 18;
discourse of Sokrates with Aristippus, i. 184.

Beckmann, book-censors, iv. 379 _n._

Belief, Prof. Bain's analysis, ii. 218;
causes of, variable, iii. 150;
always relative to the believer's mind, 292, 297;
sentiments of disbelief and, common, but grounds different with
different men and ages, 296;
and conjecture, two grades of opinion, iv. 67;
Plato's canon of, 231.

Bentham, meaning of Law, ii. 92 _n._

Berkeley, theory of, iv. 243 _n._;
implication of subject and object, iii. 123 _n._;
his use of _sensation_, 165 _n._

Bion, on Plato's doctrine of reminiscence, ii. 249 _n._

Body, animal bodies purer than air or earth, Anaxagoras doctrine,
i. 51;
Plato's antithesis of soul to, ii. 384;
soul prior to and more powerful than, iv. 386, 419, 421;
relation of mind to organs of, iii. 159;
Aristotle, 389 _n._;
Monboddo, iv. 387 _n._;
discredit of, in _Phædon_, ii. 422;
life a struggle between soul and, 386, 388, iv. 233, 235
_n._;
derivation of [Greek: sô=ma], iii. 301 _n._;
alone reflects beauty of ideal world, ii. 422, iii. 4, 14;
Ideas gained through bodily senses, ii. 422;
of kosmos, iv. 225;
genesis of, 421;
Demiurgus prepares for man's construction, places a soul in each
star, 235;
Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body, 233;
generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos with
rational soul rotating within, 235;
generated gods mount cranium on a tall body, 236;
genesis of women and inferior animals from degenerate man, 252;
this degeneracy originally intended, 263;
organs of sense, 236;
vision, sleep, dreams, _ib._;
sleep, doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34;
principal advantages of sight and hearing, iv. 237;
each part of the soul is at once material and mental, 257;
thoracic soul, function of heart and lungs, 245;
Empedokles' belief as to the movement of the blood, i. 43;
Empedokles illustrated respiration by _klepsydra_, 44
_n._;
abdominal soul, function of liver, iv. 245, 258;
seat of prophetic agency, 246;
function of spleen, _ib._;
object of length of intestinal canal, 247;
bone, flesh, marrow, nails, mouth, teeth, _ib._;
general survey of diseases, 249;
diseases of mind from, _ib._;
intense pleasures belong to distempered, iii. 355, 391;
preservative and healing agencies, iv. 250;
training should be simple, 28.

Boeckh, on _Minos_ and _Hipparchus_, i. 337 _n._,
ii. 93;
_Kleitophon_, iii. 419 _n._;
_Timæus_, iv. 224 _n._, 226 _n._, 227 _n._,
241 _n._;
_Leges_, 273 _n._, 355 _n._;
_Epinomis_, 424 _n._;
Xenophon's financial schemes, i. 242 _n._

Boethius, on Plato's reminiscence, ii. 250 _n._

Böhme, lingua Adamica, iii. 322 _n._

Boissier, Gaston, on Varro's etymologies, iii. 311 _n._;
influence of belief on practice, i. 157 _n._

Bonitz, on _Theætêtus_, iii. 184 _n._

Books, writing as an art, iii. 27;
is it teachable by system? 28;
worthless for teaching, ii. 136, 233 _n._, iii. 33-35, 49,
52, 54, 337 _n._;
may _remind_, 50, 53;
censorship, iv. 379 _n._;
ancient bookselling, i. 278 _n._, 281 _n._;
ancient libraries, official MSS., 284 _n._;
making copies, _ib._ _n._;
forgeries of books, 287 _n._

Brandis, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 88 _n._

Brown, on power, i. 138 _n._

Bryson, dialogues, i. 112 _n._

Buddhism, i. 378 _n._

Buffon, iv. 232 _n._

Butler, Bp., iv. 166 _n._

C.

Cabanis, i. 168 _n._

Calendar, ancients', iv. 325 _n._

Campbell, Dr. George, iii. 391 _n._

Campbell, Prof. Lewis, on _Theætêtus_, iii. 111 _n._, 112 _n._, 146 _n._, 158 _n._; advance of modern experimental science, 155 _n._

Canon of Plato, ancient discussions, i. 264;
works in Alexandrine library at the time of Kallimachus, 276;
probability of being in Alexandrine library at formation, 283;
editions from Alexandrine library, 295;
spurious works possibly in other libraries, 286;
Aristophanes, the grammarian, first arranged Platonic canon,
_ib._;
in trilogies, 273;
indicated by Plato himself, 325;
catalogue by Aristophanes trustworthy, 285;
ten dialogues rejected by all ancient critics, following
Alexandrine authorities, 297;
Thrasyllus follows Aristophanes' classification, 295, 299;
Tetralogies, 273 _n._;
not the order established by Plato, 335 _n._;
his classification, 289;
its principle, 295 _n._;
division into _dramatic_ and _diegematic_, 288;
incongruity of divisions, 294;
classification, defective but useful--dialogues of Search, of
Exposition, 361;
erroneously applied, 364;
the scheme, when its principles correctly applied, 365;
sub-classes recognised, 366;
coincides with Aristotle's two methods, Dialectic,
Demonstrative, 363;
Thrasyllus did not doubt _Hipparchus_, 297 _n._;
authority acknowledged till 16th century, 301;
more trustworthy than modern critics, 299 _n._, 335;
Diogenes Laertius, 291 _n._, 294;
Serranus, 302;
_Phædrus_ considered by Tennemann keynote of series, 303;
Schleiermacher, _ib._;
proofs slender, 317, 324;
includes a preconceived scheme and an order of interdependence,
318;
assumptions as to _Phædrus_ inadmissible, 319;
his reasons internal, _ib._, 337, iv. 431;
_Phædon_, the first dialogue disallowed upon internal
grounds, i. 288;
considered spurious by Panætius the Stoic, _ib._;
no internal theory yet established, 319;
Ast, 304;
admits only fourteen, 305;
Socher, 306;
Stallbaum, 307;
K. F. Hermann, _ib._;
coincides with Susemihl, 310;
principle reasonable, 322;
more tenable than Schleiermacher's, 324;
Ueberweg attempts reconcilement of Schleiermacher and Hermann,
313;
Steinhart rejects several, 309;
Munk, 311;
next to Schleiermacher's in ambition, 320;
Trendelenburg, 345 _n._;
other critics, 316;
the problem incapable of solution, 317;
few certainties or reasonable presumptions for fixing date or
order of dialogues, 324;
positive date of any dialogue unknown, 326;
age of Sokrates in a dialogue, of no moment, 320;
no sequence or interdependence of the dialogues provable, 322,
407;
circumstances of Plato's intellectual and philosophical
development little known, 323 _n._;
Plato did not write till after death of Sokrates, 326, 334, 443
_n._;
proofs, 327-334;
unsafe ground of modern theories, 336;
shown by Schleiermacher, 337;
a true theory must recognise Plato's varieties and be based on
all the works in the canon, 339;
dialogues may be grouped, 361;
inconsistency no proof of spuriousness, _xiii._, 344, 375,
400 _n._, ii. 299, iii. 71, 85, 93, 176, 179, 182 _n._,
284, 332, 400, 420, iv. 138;
see _Dialogues_, _Epistles_.

Category of relation, iii. 128 _n._

Cause, Aristotle blames Demokritus for omitting _final_, i.
73 _n._;
only the _material_ attended to by Ionic philosophy, 88;
designing cause, 74 _n._;
Sokrates' intellectual development turned on different views as
to a true, ii. 398;
first doctrine, rejected, 391, 399;
second principle, optimistic, renounced, 395, 403;
efficient and co-efficient, 394, 400;
third doctrine, assumption of ideas as separate entia, 396, 403;
ideas the only true, 396;
substitution of physical for mental, Anaxagoras, Sokrates,
Aristotle, Descartes, Newton, 401;
tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real, 404 _n._;
no common idea of, 405, 407, 410 _n._;
but common search for, 406;
Aristotle and Plato differ, 407;
Plato's _formal_ and _final_, 408 _n._;
principal and auxiliary, iii. 266;
controversy of Megarics and Aristotle, i. 135-141;
depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141;
potential as distinguished from actual, 139;
meaning of, Hobbes, _ib._ _n._, 144;
regular and irregular, ii. 408;
no regular sequence of antecedent on consequent, doctrine of
Sokrates, Plato, Aristotle, i. 142;
Aristotle's graduation of, _ib._;
Aristotle's notion of _Chance_, _ib._;
Stoics, 143 _n._;
Aristotle's four, in middle ages, ii. 409 _n._;
More's Emanative, 403 _n._;
modern inductive theory, 408;
chief point of divergence of modern schools, 409 _n._

Cave, simile of, iv. 67-70.

Cavendish, discovery of composition of water, ii. 163 _n._

Chance, of Demokritus and the Epikureans, i. 73 _n._;
Aristotle's notion of, 142;
Theophrastus, 143 _n._;
Stoics, _ib._

Chaos, Hesiod, i. 4 _n._;
Empedokles, 39, 54;
Anaxagoras, 50, _ib._ _n._;
postulated in _Timæus_, iv. 220, 240.

_Charmidês_, authenticity, i. 306-7, ii. 171;
date, i. 308-10, 312, 315, 328, 331;
excellent specimen of dialogues of search, ii. 163;
scene and interlocutors, 153;
temperance, a kind of sedateness, objections, 154;
a variety of feeling of shame, refuted, _ib._;
doing one's own business, refuted, 155, iv. 136, 137;
distinction of _making_ and _doing_, ii. 155;
self-knowledge, _ib._;
is impossible, 167;
no object of knowledge distinct from the knowledge itself, 156;
knowledge of knowledge impossible, analogies, _ib._;
all properties relative, 157;
all knowledge relative to some object, _ib._;
if cognition of cognition possible, yet cognition of
non-cognition impossible, 158;
temperance as cognition of cognition and of non-cognition, of no
avail for happiness, 159, 161;
knowledge of good and evil contributes most to happiness, 160;
different from other sciences, 168;
temperance not the science of good and evil, 161;
temperance undiscovered, but a good, 162;
compared with _Lachês_, 168;
_Lysis_, 172, 184 _n._;
_Politikus_, iii. 282;
_Republic_, iv. 137, 138.

Charondas, iv. 323 _n._, 398 _n._

Chinese compared with Pythagorean philosophers, i. 159 _n._

Chrysippus, sophisms, i. 128 _n._, 141;
communism of wives, 189 _n._

Cicero, on freedom of thought, i. 384 _n._;
state religion alone allowed, iv. 379 _n._;
_De Amicitia_ compared with _Lysis_, ii. 189
_n._;
Plato's reminiscence, 250 _n._;
immortality of the soul, 423 _n._;
pleasure, iii. 389 _n._;
_Menexenus_, 407 _n._;
Sokrates, _concitatio_, 423 _n._;
proëms to laws, iv. 322 _n._;
Stoics, i. 130 _n._, 157 _n._;
Academics, 131 _n._;
Megarics, 135 _n._

Classes, fiction as to origin of, iv. 30;
see _Demos_, _State_.

Classification, emotional and scientific contrasted, iii. 61, 195,
196 _n._;
conscious and unconscious, 345;
the feeling of Plato's age respecting, 192 _n._, 344;
dialogues of search a lesson in, 177, 188;
novelty and value of this, 190;
all particulars of equal value, 195;
tendency to omit sub-classes, 255, 342;
well illustrated in _Philêbus_, 254, 344;
but feebly applied, 369;
importance of founding it on sensible resemblances, 255;
Plato's doctrine not necessarily connected with that of Ideas,
345;
Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368;
same principle of, applied to cognitions and pleasures in
_Philêbus_, 382, 394;
its valuable principles, 395;
of sciences as more or less true, dialectic the standard, 382;
of Megarics, over-refined, 196 _n._

Cleynaerts, iv. 380 _n._

Climate, influence of, iv. 330 _n._

Colenso, Bp., iii. 303 _n._

Collard, Royer, iii. 165 _n._

Colour, Demokritean theory, i. 77;
defined, ii. 235;
pleasures of, true, iii. 356.

Comedy, mixed pleasure and pain excited, iii. 355 _n._;
Plato's aversion to Athenian, iv. 316;
peculiar to himself, 317;
Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._

Commerce, each artisan only one trade, iv. 361;
importation, by magistrates, of what is imperatively necessary
only, _ib._;
Benefit Societies,g 399;
retailers, 21, 361, 401;
punishment for fraud, 492;
Attic law compared, 403;
Xenophon inexperienced in, i. 236;
admired by Xenophon, _ib._;
Metics, iv. 362;
Xenophon on encouragement of, i. 238.

Communism of guardians, iv. 140, 169, 198;
necessary to maintenance of state, 170, 178;
peculiarity of Plato's, 179;
Aristotle on, 189 _n._;
acknowledged impracticable, 327;
of wives, opinions of Aristippus, Diogenes, Zeno, and
Chrysippus, i. 189, _ib._ _n._

Comte, three stages of progress, ii. 407.

Concrete, its Greek equivalent, ii. 52 _n._; see _Abstract_.

Condorcet, iv. 232 _n._, 258 _n._

Connotation, or essence, to be known before accidents and antecedents, ii. 242.

Consciousness, judgment implied in every act of, iii. 165 _n._; the facts of, not explicable by independent Subject and Object, 131.

Contradiction, principle of, in Plato, iii. 99 _n._;
logical maxim of, 239;
necessity of setting forth counter-propositions, 149 _n._,
150;
contradictory propositions not possible, i. 166 _n._

Contraries, ten pairs of opposing, Pythagorean, i. 15;
the Pythagorean "principia of existing things," _ib._
_n._;
Herakleitus, 29, 31;
excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii. 7 _n._

Copula, logical function of, i. 169; misconceived by Antisthenes, iii. 221, 232 _n._, 251 _n._, ii. 47 _n._

Cornutus, i. 128, 133.

Council, Nocturnal, to conserve the original scheme of State, iv. 416, 418; to comprehend and carry out the end of the State, _ib._, 425, 429; training in _Epinomis_, 420, 424.

Courage, what is, ii. 143;
not endurance, 144;
is knowledge, 288;
a right estimate of terrible things, 144, 296, 307, iv. 138;
such intelligence not possessed by professional artists, ii.
148;
the intelligence of good and evil generally, too wide, 146;
relation to rest of virtue, 288, 304 _n._, iv. 426, 283
_n._;
of philosopher and ordinary citizen, different principles, ii.
308 _n._;
in state, iv. 34-5;
imparted by gymnastic, 29;
_Lachês_ difficulties ignored in _Politikus_, iii.
282;
Plato and Aristotle compared, ii. 170.

Cousin, the absolute, iii. 298 _n._;
on _Sophistês_, 244;
_Timæus_, iv. 224 _n._

Creation out of nothing denied by all ancient physical philosophers, i. 52; see _Body_, _Kosmos_.

Crime, distinction of damage and injury, iv. 365, 367-9;
three causes of misguided proceedings, 366;
purpose of punishment, to heal criminals' distemper or deter,
_ib._, 408;
sacrilege and high treason the gravest, 363;
see _Law-administration_.

Criticism, value of, ii. 118.

Cudworth, entities, iii. 74 _n._

Cynics, origin of name, i. 150 _n._;
a [Greek: ai(/resis], 160 _n._;
asceticism, 157;
Sokrates' precepts fullest carried out by, 160;
suicide, 161 _n._;
coincidence of Hegesias with, 203;
an order of mendicant friars, 163;
connection with Christian monks, _ib._ _n._;
the decorous and the indecorous, iii. 390 _n._

Cyrus, iv. 312,** i. 223.

D.

Dæmon, of Sokrates, i. 437, ii. 104, i. 115;
his experience of, ii. 102;
explains his eccentricity, 104;
variously alluded to in Plato--its character and working
impenetrable, 107, 108;
in _Theagês_ and _Theætêtus_, 107;
a special revelation, 108, 131 _n._;
privileged communications common, 130, 131 _n._;
see _Inspiration_;
belief of Empedokles, i. 47;
etymology, iii. 301 _n._;
Eros, intermediate between gods and men, 9;
subordinate to divine steersman of kosmos, 265 _n._;
intermediate, iv. 421.

Dähne, on _Philo-Judæus_, iii. 308 _n._, iv. 157 _n._

Damon, a teacher of [Greek: mousikê/], ii. 139 _n._;
dangers of change in national music, iv. 315.

Dancing to be regulated by authority, iv. 292;
laws, 291;
three choruses, youths, mature men, elders, 296, 305;
and music, effect on emotions, 347;
comic, by slaves or mean persons only, 352 _n._

Darius, iv. 312.

Death, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26 _n._;
Herakleitus, 34;
Sokrates, 422, 430 _n._;
emancipates soul from struggle with body, ii. 386, 388, iv. 234,
235** _n._;
guardians must not fear, 25;
see _Immortality_.

Debate of secondary questions before settling fundamental notions, mischief of, ii. 242; see _Dialectic_.

Definition gives classes, Type, natural groups, ii. 47, 193
_n._;
Sokrates introduced search for, 47;
frequent mistake of giving a particular example, i. 444, ii.
143;
dialogues of search illustrate process of, iii. 29, 176, 188;
novelty and value of this, 190;
importance in Plato's time of bringing forward logical
subordinations and distinctions, ii. 235;
tested by clothing it in particulars, iv. 3 _n._;
of common and vague terms, hopelessness of, ii. 186 _n._;
Aristotle on, 234 _n._;
none of a general word, Sextus Empiricus, i. 168, _n._;
none of simple objects, Antisthenes, 171;
Plato on, 172;
Aristotle, _ib._;
Mill, _ib._ _n._;
and division, the two processes of dialectic, iii. 29, 39;
necessity for, 29;
conditions of a good, ii. 318.

Degérando, M., iii. 140 _n._, 152 _n._

[Greek: Deino/s], meaning, ii. 145 _n._

Dekad, the Pythagorean perfect number, i. 11.

[Greek: Dektiko/n, to/], see _Matter_.

Delphian oracle, reply to Sokrates, i. 413;
maxim, _Know thyself_, ii. 11, 25;
to be consulted for religious legislation, iv. 34, 137
_n._, 325.

Demetrius Phalereus, Alexandrine librarian, i. 274 _n._;
chief agent in establishment of Alexandrine library, 280;
history and character, 279;
_Apology_, 111 _n._

Demiurgus, opposed to [Greek: i)diô/tês], ii. 272 _n._;
of kosmos, iii. 265 _n._;
postulated, iv. 220;
is not a creator, _ib._;
produces kosmos, by persuading Necessity, _ib._, 222;
on pattern of ideas, 227;
evolved the four elements from primordial chaos, 240;
addresses generated gods, 233;
prepares for man's construction, places a soul in each star,
_ib._;
conjoins three souls and one body, 234;
how conceived by other philosophers of same century, 254;
little noticed in Aristotle, 255;
degeneracy of man originally intended by, 263.

Demochares, law against philosophers, i. 111 _n._

Democracy, least bad of unscientific governments, iii. 270, 278;
origin, iv. 80;
monarchy and, the _mother-polities_, 312;
dissent of Aristotle, _ib._ _n._;
Plato's second ideal state a compromise of oligarchy and, 333,
337.

Demokritus, life and travels, i. 65;
Plato's antipathy to, 66 _n._, 82 _n._, ii. 118, iv.
355 _n._;
often mentioned in Aristotle, _ib._;
opinions of ancients on, i. 82 _n._;
his universality, 82;
relation to Parmenidean theory, 66;
plena and vacua, ens and non-ens, 67, iii. 243 _n._;
his absolute and relative, i. 71, 80;
atoms differ only in magnitude, figure, position, and
arrangement, 69;
different from Plato's Idea, and Aristotle's _materia
prima_, 72;
not really objects of sense, _ib._ _n._;
inherent force, 73;
his ultimatum, the course of nature, _ib._;
primary and secondary qualities, iv. 243 _n._;
air, i. 76, 78;
theory of colour, 77;
theory of vision, combated by Theophrastus, 78 _n._;
hearing and taste, 78;
motions of planets, iv. 355 _n._;
blamed by Aristotle for omitting final causes, i. 73 _n._;
chance, _ib._;
[Greek: phu/sis], 70 _n._;
mind is heat throughout nature, 75;
parts of the soul, 76;
on its immortality, ii. 425 _n._;
truth obtainable by reason only, i. 72;
thought produced by influx of atoms, 79;
on _Homo mensura_, 82, iii. 152;
knowledge is _obscure_, or sensation, and _genuine_,
or thought, i. 80;
the gods, 81;
ethical views, 82;
treatise on Pythagoras, _ib._ _n._;
researches in zoology and animal generation, 75;
influence on growth of dialectic, 82;
works of, 65;
in Alexandrine library, 276;
divided into Tetralogies by Thrasyllus, 273 _n._, 295
_n._

Dêmos, in state, analogous to appetite in individual mind, iv. 39;
Plato more anxious for good treatment of, than Xenophon and
Aristotle, 183;
in Aristotle adjuncts, not members, of state, 184;
Plato's scheme fails from no training for, 186;
see _State_.

Demosthenes, pupil of Plato, i. 261 _n._;
rhetorical powers, iii. 408 _n._;
teaching of Isokrates, iv. 150 _n._;
_adv. Leptinem_ contrasted with _Leges_, 315 _n._

Descartes, advantages of protracted study, i. 404 _n._;
accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 401
_n._;
argument for being of God, a "fallacy of confusion," iii. 297
_n._;
on criticism by report, i. 118 _n._

Desire for what is akin to us or our own, cause of friendship, ii.
182;
good, object of universal, 243, iii. 335, 371, 392 _n._;
largest measure and all varieties of, are good, ii. 344;
belongs to the mind, presupposes a bodily want and memory of
previous satisfaction, iii. 350;
exception, 351 _n._, 387 _n._

Despot, has no real power, ii. 324;
worst of unscientific governments, iii. 270, 278;
origin, iv. 81;
excess of despotism in Persia, 312;
Solon on, i. 219 _n._;
Xenophon on interior life of, 218, 220;
Xenophon's scheme of government, a wisely arranged Oriental
despotism, 234.

Determining, Pythagorean doctrine of the, i. 11;
the, iii. 346;
it is intelligence, 348.

Deuschle, on Kratylus, iii. 325 _n._

Deycks, on Megarics, i. 127 _n._, 136 _n._