Chapter XXXIII: Appendix (4)

_Phædon_, the, authenticity, i. 334 _n._;
first dialogue disallowed upon internal grounds, 288;
date, 309-313, 315, ii. 377 _n._;
affirmative and expository, 377;
much transcendental assertion, iii. 56;
purpose, ii. 382 _n._;
antithesis and complement of _Symposion_, iii. 22;
scenery and interlocutors, ii. 377;
Sokrates to the last insists on freedom of debate, 379;
value of exposition, 398;
no tripartite soul, antithesis of soul and body, 384;
life a struggle between soul and body, 386, 388, 422;
emotions, a degenerate appendage of human nature, iii. 389;
death emancipates, ii. 386, 388;
yet soul may suffer punishment, inconsistency, 415;
philosophy gives partial emancipation, 387;
purification of soul, 388, i. 159;
inseparable conjunction of pleasure with pain, iii. 38-9 71.;
pleasures to be estimated by intelligence, 375;
pleasures of intelligence more valuable than of sense,
_ib._;
courage of philosopher and ordinary citizens, different
principles, ii. 308 _n._;
the soul a mixture, refuted, 390;
soul's pre-existence admitted, _ib._, iii. 122;
soul is _essentially_ living and therefore immortal, ii.
413;
proof of immortality includes pre-existence of all animals, and
metempsychosis, 414;
depends on assumption of Ideas, 412;
metempsychosis of ordinary men only, 387, 415, 425;
Plato's demonstration fails, iii. 16;
not generally accepted, ii. 426;
Sokrates' intellectual development, 391;
turned on different views as to a true cause, 398;
illustration of Comte's three stages of progress, 407;
Sokrates' early study, 391;
genesis of knowledge, _ib._;
first doctrine of Cause, rejected, _ib._, 399;
second doctrine, from Anaxagoras, 393, 401, 403;
doctrine laid down in _Philêbus_, 407 _n._;
Anaxagoras did not carry out his principle, 394, 407;
Anaxagoras' _nous_, as understood by Sokrates, 402
_n._;
causes efficient and co-efficient, 394, 400;
third principle, assumption of Ideas as separate entia, 396,
403, 407, iv. 239 _n._;
multitude of ideas, ii. 410;
the only causes, 396;
truth resides in ideas, 411;
discussion of hypothesis, and of its consequences, distinct,
397, 411;
ultimate appeal to extremely general hypothesis, _ib._;
Sokrates' equanimity before death, 416, 417;
Sokrates' soul--islands of the blest, 416;
Sokrates' last words and death, 417;
burial, 416;
compared with _Apology_, i. 422 _n._, ii. 419-21;
_Symposion_, 382, iii. 16-19;
_Menon_, ii. 249;
_Phædrus_, _ib._, iii. 16-19;
_Politikus_, 262, 265 _n._;
_Republic_, ii. 383, 412, 414 _n._;
_Timæus_, 383, 407 _n._, 411-12.

_Phædrus_, its date, i. 263, 304-10, 313-4, 315, 319,
_ib._ _n._, 323, 326 _n._, 327, 330, ii. 227, 228
_n._, iii. 36 _n._, 38;
ancient criticism on, i. 319 _n._;
considered by Tennemann as keynote of series, 302;
assumptions of Schleiermacher inadmissible, 319, 329 _n._;
much transcendental assertion, iii. 56;
Eros differently understood, necessity for definition, 29;
derivation of [Greek: e)/rôs], 308 _n._;
of [Greek: mantikê\] and [Greek: oi)ônistikê/], 310 _n._;
Eros, a variety of madness, 11;
Eros disparaged, then panegyrised, by Sokrates, _ib._;
mythe of pre-existent soul, 12, 14 _n._;
soul's [Greek: knê=sis] compared to children's teething, 399
_n._;
reminiscence of the Ideas, 13, 17, iv. 239 _n._;
operation of pre-natal experience on man's intellectual
faculties, iii. 13;
reminiscence kindled by aspect of physical beauty, ii. 422, iii.
4, 14;
debate on Rhetoric, 26;
Sokrates' theory, all persuasion founded on a knowledge of the
truth, 28;
writing and speaking, as art, 27;
is it teachable by system, 28;
Sokrates compares himself with Lysias, 29;
Lysias unfairly treated in, 47-8, 408, 410 _n._, 411
_n._;
Sokrates' reason for attachment to dialectic, 258 _n._;
the two processes of dialectic, 29, 39;
exemplified in Sokrates' discourses, 29;
essential to genuine rhetoric, 30, 34;
rhetoric as a real art, is comprised in dialectic, 30, 34;
analogy to medical art, 31;
includes a classification of minds and discourses, and their
mutual application, 32, 41, 45;
books and lectures useless, 33, 34, 49, 51, 53-5;
may _remind_, 33, 50;
rhetorician must acquire real truth, 33, 34;
theory more Platonic than Sokratic, 38;
rhetorician insufficiently rewarded, 33;
dialectician alone can teach, 37;
_idéal_, cannot be realised, 51;
except under hypothesis of pre-existence and reminiscence, 52;
dialectic teaches minds unoccupied, rhetoric minds pre-occupied,
40;
Plato's _idéal_ a philosophy, not an art, of rhetoric, 45;
unattainable, 42, 46;
comparison with the rhetorical teachers, 44;
charge against rhetorical teachers not established, 47;
compared with _Republic_, _Gorgias_,
_Euthydêmus_, ii. 229;
_Menon_, 249;
_Phædon_, _ib._, 423, iii. 17-8, iv. 239 _n._;
_Symposion_, iii. 1, 11, 15, 17-19;
_Sophistês_, 257;
_Politikus_, _ib._, 265 _n._;
_Philêbus_, 398;
_Timæus_ and _Kritias_, 53;
_Leges_, iv. 324.

Phenicians, iv. 330 _n._, 352;
appetite predominant in, 38.

Phenomena, early Greek explanation of, by polytheism, i. 2;
doctrine of Xenophanes, 18;
Parmenides, 20, 24, 66;
of Parmenides, the object of modern physics, 23 _n._;
of Parmenides contain only probability, not truth, 24;
doctrine of Zeno, 93;
Leontine Gorgias, 104 _n._;
Herakleitus, 29;
Anaxagoras, 59 _n._;
Demokritus, 68;
Kyrenaics, 197;
the Ideas not fitted on to, iii. 78;
Aristotle, i. 24 _n._;
see _Particulars_.

_Philêbus_, authenticity, iii. 369 _n._;
date, i. 307-9, 311-3, 315, iii. 369 _n._;
peculiarity, 382;
illustrates logical partition, 254, 344;
merit as a didactic composition, 365, 368 _n._;
method contrasted with _Theætêtus_, 335 _n._;
recent editions, 365 _n._;
reading in p. 17A, 341 _n._;
subject and persons, 334;
protest against Sokratic elenchus, 335;
happiness and good used as correlative terms, _ib._;
good, object of universal desire, _ib._, 371, 392
_n._;
what mental condition will ensure happiness, 335;
is it pleasure or wisdom, _ib._, 337;
pleasures, and opposite cognitions, unlike each other, 336, 396;
is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338;
or intelligence without pleasure or pain, 339;
such a life conceivable, at least second-best, 349;
Plato inconsistent in putting the alternative, 372;
emotions, a degenerate appendage of human nature, 389;
contrast with other dialogues, 398;
good a _tertium quid_, 339, 361;
pleasure, of the infinite, intelligence a combining cause, 347;
intelligence the determining, pleasure the indeterminate, 348,
iv. 221;
intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, iii. 374;
analogy of intelligence and pleasure, 360;
intelligence more cognate to good than pleasure is, 348, 361;
pain, disturbance of system's fundamental harmony, pleasure the
restoration, 348;
pleasure pre-supposes pain, 349;
except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation,
_ib._;
desire presupposes a bodily want and memory of previous
satisfaction, 350;
true pleasures attached to true opinions, 351;
can pleasure be true or false, 286 _n._, 351, 352, 356,
380, _ib._ _n._, 382;
false pleasures are pleasures falsely estimated, 353, 369
_n._;
to Plato the absolute the only real, 385;
true pleasures of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition
of knowledge, &c., 356;
pure pleasures admit of measure, 357;
directive sovereignty of measure, 391, 393;
pleasure not identical with [Greek: a)lupi/a], 353, 377;
theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, 354;
allusion in [Greek: oi( duscherei=s], 389 _n._;
intense pleasures connected with bodily or mental distemper,
355, 391;
but more pleasure in health, 356;
intense pleasures not compatible with cognition, 362;
same view enforced by Hedonists, 378, 387 _n._;
Aristotle on, 376 _n._;
drama, feelings excited by--[Greek: phtho/nos], 355 _n._;
pleasure is generation, therefore not an End, nor the Good, 357;
Aristippus and Aristotle on, 378 _n._;
pleasure is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a
means. 373, 377 _n._;
Plato's doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, 387,
390 _n._;
Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, 389;
gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, _ib._;
comparison of man to kosmos unnecessary and confusing, 367;
forced conjunction of kosmology and ethics, 391;
difficulties about one and many, 339;
natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340;
illustration from speech and music, 342;
explanation insufficient, 343;
classes between one and infinite many often overlooked, 341;
Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368;
but feebly applies, 369;
quadruple distribution of existences, 346;
varieties of intelligence, classified, 358;
dialectic the purest, 360;
classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions,
394;
difference from other dialogues, 395;
rhetoric superior in usefulness and celebrity, 360, 380;
arithmetic and geometry are two-fold, 359, 394;
unchangeable essences of the kosmos rarely studied, 361;
good a mixture, _ib._;
this good has not the unity of an idea, ii. 407 _n._, iii.
365;
all cognitions included, 362;
but only true, pure, and necessary pleasures, _ib._;
five graduated constituents of good, 364, 397;
Plato's in part an eclectic doctrine, 366;
blends ontology with ethics, _ib._;
does not satisfy the tests himself lays down, 371;
compared with _Euthydêmus_, 374 _n._;
_Protagoras_, 379, 391;
_Gorgias_, 379-81;
_Phædrus_, 398;
_Symposion_, 370 _n._, 398;
_Parmenidês_, 97 _n._, 340 _n._, 343;
_Sophistês_, 369 _n._;
_Politikus_, 263, 369 _n._;
_Republic_, 370, 373 _n._, 395;
_Timæus_, 397 _n._;
_Leges_, iv. 301.

Philo, etymologies, iii. 308 _n._;
hypothetical propositions, i. 145 _n._;
allegorical interpretation, iv. 157 _n._

Philolaus, i. 9.

[Greek: Phi/lon, prô/ton], see _Amabile primum_.

Philosophers, ancient, common claim to universal knowledge, iii.
219;
charged with pride, i. 153 _n._;
secession from Athens, 111 _n._;
contrast of philosopher with practical men, ii. 52, 145
_n._, iii. 183, 274, iv. 51-4;
uselessness in practical life due to not being called in by
citizens, 54;
disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, ii. 224;
forced seclusion of, iv. 59;
require a community suitable, _ib._;
philosophical aptitude perverted under misguiding public
opinion, 54;
model city practicable if philosophy and political power united,
47;
divine men, iii. 187;
the fully qualified practitioner, ii. 114, 116, 119;
not wise, yet painfully feeling ignorance, 181;
value set by Sokrates and Plato on this attribute, 190;
dissenters, upheld, 375;
life, a struggle between soul and body, 386;
ascetic life, 388, i. 158;
exempted from metempsychosis, ii. 387, 416, 425;
rewarded in Hades--mythe in _Gorgias_, 361;
stages of intellectual development, 391;
value of exposition, 398;
Eros the stimulus to improving philosophical communion, iii. 4,
6;
Sokrates as representative of _Eros Philosophus_, 15, 25;
distinguished from [Greek: i)diô/tês], iv. 104 _n._;
not distinguishable from sophists, ii. 210, 211 _n._;
alone can teach, iii. 37, 40;
as expositors, teach minds unoccupied, as rhetoricians, minds
pre-occupied, 39;
realisable only under hypothesis of pre-existence and
reminiscence, 52;
alone grasp Ideas in reasoning, 290 _n._;
test of, the synoptic view, iv. 76;
compared with rhetors, iii. 178;
masters of debates, 179;
determine what forms admit of intercommunion, 208;
live in region of _ens_, _ib._;
contemplate unchangeable forms, iv. 48;
distinction of ordinary men and, illustrated by simile of Cave,
67-70;
distinctive marks of, 51;
no object in nature mean to, iii. 61.

Philosophia prima of Aristotle, i. 358 _n._, iii. 230 _n._, 382.

Philosophy, is reasoned truth, i. _vii-x_;
Ferrier on scope and purpose of, _viii_ _n._;
necessarily polemical, _viii_;
modern idea of, includes authoritative teaching, positive
results, direct proofs, 366;
usually positive systems advocated, iii. 70;
difference of ancient and modern problems, 52;
chief point of divergence of modern schools, ii. 409 _n._;
its beginning, i. 375 _n._, 382, ii. 404, 407 _n._;
free judgment the first condition for, i. 382, 395 _n._,
ii. 368, iii. 152 _n._;
negative vein as necessary as affirmative for, i. 130;
preponderated in Plato's age, 123;
early appearance of a few free thinkers in Greece, 384;
brought down from heaven by Sokrates, _x_;
Greek, in its purity, _xiv_;
Greek, characterised by multiplicity of individual authorities,
84, 90, 340 _n._;
advantages, 90;
contrasted with uniform tradition of Jews and Christians, 384
_n._;
early Christian view of, affected by Hebrew studies, _xv_
_n._;
polytheism the first form of, 2;
Aristotle contrasts "human wisdom" with primitive theology, 3
_n._;
Indian, 378 _n._;
compared with Pre-Sokratic, 107;
analogy of Greek with Indian, 160 _n._, 162;
difficulties of early, iii. 184 _n._;
opposition from prevalent views of Nature, &c., i. 86;
common repugnance to its rationalistic element, 3, 59-60, 261
_n._, 279 _n._, 387 _n._, 388, 437, 441, iv. 57;
encyclopædic character of Greek, iii. 219;
new epoch, by Plato's establishment of a school, i. 266;
its march up to or down from _principia_, 403;
the protracted study necessary, an advantage, _ib._;
definition first sought for in _Erastæ_, ii. 117;
the perpetual accumulation of knowledge, 112;
a province by itself, 119;
the supreme art, 120;
to be studied by itself exclusively, 229;
claim of _locus standi_ for, 367;
relation to politics, 224, 227, 229, 230 _n._;
comparative value of, and of _practical_ (q.v.) life, 365
_n._, 368 _n._, _ib._, iii. 182, i. 204;
antithesis of rhetoric and, ii. 365;
issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato, 369;
ancient quarrel between poetry and, iv. 93, 152, 309;
Aristotle on blending mythe with, 255 _n._;
gives a partial emancipation of soul, ii. 386;
analogy of Eros to, iii. 10, 11, 14;
Eros the stimulus to, 18;
different view, _Phædon_, _Theætêtus_,
_Sophistês_, _Republic_, _ib._;
antithesis of emotion and science, 61;
ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68;
should be confined to discussion among select minds, i. 351;
should not be taught at a very early age, iv. 60, 76;
studies introductory to, 70-75;
difference in _Leges_, 275 _n._;
Plato's remarks on effect of, 207;
_Republic_ contradicts other dialogues, 207-11;
Plato more a preacher than philosopher in _Republic_, 129,
131;
difference between theorist and preceptor, _ib._;
Plato's altered tone in regard to, in later life, 273.

Philosophy, Pre-Sokratic, i. 1-83;
value, _xiv_;
form compared with the Indian, 107;
studied in the third and second centuries B. C., 92;
importance of Aristotle's information about, 85;
Plato's criticism on, 87 _n._;
relation of early schemes, 86;
Aristotle's relation to, 85;
abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionians, 87;
_Timæus_ resembled Ionic philosophy, 88 _n._;
theories in circulation in Platonic period, 91;
Ionians attended to material cause only, 88;
defect of Ionic _principles_, 89;
little or no dialectic in earliest theorists, 93;
physics discredited by growth of dialectic, 91;
new characteristic with Zeno and Gorgias, 105.

Phlogiston theory, ii. 164 _n._

[Greek: Phro/nêsis], ii. 120 _n._, iii. 301 _n._, 370 _n._

[Greek: Phtho/nos], meaning, iii. 356 _n._

[Greek: Phu/sis], of Demokritus, i. 70 _n._;
in sense of [Greek: ge/nesis], denied by Empedokles, 38
_n._;
[Greek: phu/sei] and [Greek: kata\ phu/sin], iii. 294 _n._,
iv. 310 _n._;
see _Nature_.

Physics, transcendentalism in modern, i. 400 _n._;
creation out of nothing, denied by all ancient physical
philosophers, 52;
aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv. 219 _n._,
397** _n._;
Thales, i. 4;
Anaximander, 4-7;
Anaximenes, 7;
Pythagorean, 12;
Xenophanes, 18;
Parmenides, 24, 90** _n._;
his phenomena the object of modern, 23 _n._;
and ontology, radically distinct points of view, _ib._;
reconciliation of ontology with, attempted unsuccessfully after
Parmenides, _ib._;
Herakleitus, 27, 32;
Empedokles, 38;
_attraction_ and _repulsion_ illustrate his
_love_ and _enmity_, 40 _n._;
Anaxagoras, 49, 57;
denied simple bodies, 52 _n._;
atomic doctrine, 65, 67;
early, discredited by growth of dialectic, 91;
retrograded in Plato and Aristotle, 88 _n._;
theories in circulation in Platonic period, 91;
Eudoxus, 255 _n._;
early study of Sokrates, ii. 391;
Sokrates avoided, i. 376;
Cynics' contempt for, 151;
and Aristippus', 192;
see _Kosmos_.

Physiology, of Empedokles, i. 43;
Theophrastus, 46 _n._;
Anaxagoras, 58;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 60 _n._, 62;
Demokritus, 76;
of _Timæus_ subordinated to ethical teleology, iv. 256;
of Plato, see _Body_;
compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, 260.

Plants for man's nutrition, iv. 248;
soul of, _ib._

Platæa, iii. 406.

Plato, life, little known, i. 246;
birth, parentage, and education, 247, 306 _n._;
early relations with Sokrates, 248;
service as a citizen and soldier, 249;
political life, 251;
political changes in Greece during life, 1;
travels alter death of Sokrates, 253;
permanently established at Athens, 254;
teaches at the Academy, _ib._;
received presents, not fees, iii. 218 _n._;
his pupils, numerous, wealthy, and from different cities, i.
255;
many subsequently politicians, 261 _n._;
Eudoxus, 255;
Aristotle, 260;
Demosthenes, 261 _n._;
visits the younger Dionysius, 258, 351, 194 _n._;
relations with Dionysius, 255;
disappointments, 280;
varying relations with Isokrates, ii. 331 _n._, iii. 35;
his jealousy and love of supremacy, i. 117 _n._, 153
_n._;
alleged ill-nature, 117 _n._;
antipathy to Antisthenes, 151, 152 _n._, 165;
alleged enmity between Xenophon and, iii. 22 _n._, iv. 146
_n._, 312 _n._;
rivalry with Lysias, iii. 408, 410 _n._, 411 _n._;
death, i. 200;
Plato and Aristotle represent pure Hellenic philosophy,
_xiv_;
St. Jerome on, _xv_;
criticism on early Greek philosophy, 87 _n._;
relation to predecessors, 91;
theories in circulation in his time, _ib._;
Parmenidês and Pythagoras supplied basis for, 89;
relation to Sokrates, 344 _n._, ii. 303;
Pythagoreanism, i. 10 _n._, 15 _n._, 87, 344
_n._, 346 _n._, 347, 349 _n._, ii. 426 _n._,
iii. 368, iv. 424 _n._;
Herakleitus, i. 27, ii. 30;
Demokritus, i. 66 _n._, 82 _n._, iv. 355 _n._;
abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionic
philosophy, i. 87;
physics retrograded with, 88 _n._;
analogy to Indian philosophy, ii. 389 _n._;
resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. 157 _n._, 256;
little known of him from his Dialogues, i. 260, 339;
personality only in his Epistles, 349;
valuable illustrations of his character from Epistles, 339
_n._;
his school fixed at Athens and transmitted to successors, 265;
scarcely known to us in his function of a lecturer and president
of a school, 346;
lectures at the Academy, never published, 360;
miscellaneous character of audience, effect, 348;
lectures, 347;
De Bono, _ib._, 349;
on principles of geometry, 349 _n._;
circumstances of his intellectual and philosophical development
little known, 323 _n._;
did not write till after death of Sokrates, 326, 334, 443
_n._;
proofs, 327-334;
variety, 339, 342, 344, ii. 155 _n._, iii. 26 _n._,
54, 179 _n._, 259, 265 _n._, 400, 420;
style, i. 405;
prolixity, ii. 100 _n._, 276, iii. 259, 369 _n._, iv.
325 _n._;
poetical vein predominant in some works, i. 343, iv. 153
_n._;
mixture of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic
theory, iii. 16;
comic vein, 410 _n._;
builds on metaphor, i. 353 _n._, iii. 65 _n._, 351,
364;
rhetorical powers, 178** _n._, 392 _n._, 408, 409, 410;
irony, ii. 208;
tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, 404
_n._;
both sceptical and dogmatical, i. 342;
his affirmative and negative veins distinct, 399, 400 _n._,
403, 420;
in old age the affirmative vein, 408;
altered tone in regard to philosophy in later life, iv. 273,
320, 379, 424, i. 244;
intolerance, 423, iii. 277, iv. 157, 159, 379, 430;
inconsistencies, i. _xiii_, ii. 29, 303, 345, 416 _n._, iii.
17, 172 _n._, 273, 277, 332, 372, iv. 24, 219, 379-86, 396;
absence of system, i. _xiii_, 340 _n._, 344, 375;
untenable hypothesis that he communicated solutions to a few,
_xi_, 360, 401;
assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition, 349,
357, ii. 56 _n._;
this assumption intelligible in his day, i. 357;
a champion of the negative dialectic, 372;
devoted to philosophy, 333;
his aim, 406;
is a searcher, 375, iii. 158 _n._;
search after knowledge the business of his life, i. 396;
has done more than any one else to interest others in it, 405;
anxiety to keep up research, ii. 246;
combated commonplace, i. 398 _n._;
equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii.
219;
anachronisms, i. 335, ii. 20 _n._, iii. 411;
colours facts to serve his arguments, ii. 356 _n._, 369,
iii. 46, iv. 311;
probably never read Thucydides, iii. 410 _n._;
acquiescence in tradition, iv. 230-3, 242 _n._;
relation to popular mythology, i. 441 _n._, ii. 416, iii.
265 _n._, iv. 24, 155 _n._, 196, 238 _n._, 325,
328, 337, 398;
theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i. 393;
reverence for Egyptian regulations, iv. 266 _n._;
latest opinion in Epinomis, 421 _n._, 424 _n._;
agreement of Leibnitz with, ii. 248 _n._;
see _Canon_, _Dialogue_, _Epistles_, &c.

Platonists, influenced by Pythagoreans, iii. 390 _n._;
pleasure a form of evil, _ib._;
erroneous identification of truth and good, 391 _n._

Pleasurable, Beautiful a variety of, ii. 45;
inadmissible, 45-7;
and Good, as conceived by the Athenians, 371;
is it identical with good, 289.

Pleasure, an equivoque, iii. 377 _n._;
meaning as the _summum bonum_, 338;
Plato's various doctrines compared, 385 _n._;
is the good, ii. 292, 305, 347 _n._;
agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-201;
right comparison of pains and, necessary, ii. 293;
virtue a right comparison of pain and, _ib._, 305;
ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294;
actions conducive to, are honourable, 295;
Sokrates' reasoning, 307;
not ironical, 314;
not Utilitarianism, 310 _n._;
theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, 308, 347;
but too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309;
compared with _Gorgias_, 306 _n._, 345-6;
_Republic_, 210, 350 _n._;
not identical with Good, 345, iii. 380 _n._, iv. 62;
Sokrates' argument untenable, ii. 351;
its elements depreciated, 355;
arts of flattery aiming at immediate, 357;
Expert required to discriminate, 345, 347;
science of measure necessary to estimate pleasures, 357
_n._, iii. 357, 369 _n._, 376** _n._, 391, iv. 301;
is it good, iii. 335, 337;
pleasures unlike each other, 336, 396;
is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338;
life without pain or pleasure conceivable, at least second-best,
349, 372;
less cognate than intelligence to good, 339, 347, 361;
not identical with [Greek: a)lupi/a], 338 _n._, 353, 377;
is of the infinite, 347;
is the indeterminate, 348;
pre-supposes pain, 349, 389 _n._;
except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation,
349;
is the restoration of the system's harmony, 348;
antithesis of body and mind in desire, no true pleasure, 350;
true, attached to true opinion, 351;
same principle of classification applied to cognitions as to,
382;
can they be true or false, 351, 352, 385, 380 _n._, 382;
false, are pleasures falsely estimated, 352, 384;
theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, 354;
intense, not compatible with cognition, 363;
Aristotle on, 376 _n._;
same view enforced by Hedonists, 378, 387 _n._;
intense, connected with bodily or mental distemper, 356, 391;
but more pleasure in health, 356;
feelings excited by drama, [Greek: phtho/nos], 355 _n._;
true, of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of
knowledge, 356;
of geometry, painless, _ib._, 387 _n._;
of intelligence more valuable than of sense, 375 _n._, 386
_n._, iv. 85, 89, 118;
analogy of cognition and, iii. 360;
true, admit of measure, 357, 369 _n._;
is generation, therefore, not an end, nor the good, 357;
Aristippus and Aristotle on, 378 _n._;
is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means,
373, 377 _n._;
good a mixture of pleasure and cognition, 361;
only true, pure, and necessary pleasures included in good, 362;
gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, 389;
intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, 374;
Plato argues on Hedonistic basis by comparing, 375;
both [Greek: a)lupi/a] and pleasure included in Hedonists' end,
377;
Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, 389;
doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, 387, 390
_n._;
of intelligence, the best, and alone pure, iv. 85, 89;
of [Greek: philoma/theia] superior to [Greek: philoke/rdeia] and
[Greek: philotimi/a], 85, 89, 118;
neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and
pleasure, 86;
pure pleasure, unknown to most men, 87;
more from replenishment of mind than of body, 88;
citizens should be tested against, 285;
Sokrates the ideal of self-command as to, 288;
good identical with maximum of, and minimum of pain, 292-7, 299,
303;
at least an useful fiction, _ib._;
a form of evil, Platonists' doctrine, iii. 390 _n._;
Speusippus on, 386 _n._, 390 _n._;
Kyrenaic theory, i. 196;
Antisthenes, iii. 390 _n._;
Cynics' contempt for, i. 154;
Aristotle, iii. 386 _n._;
Epikurus, ii. 355 _n._, iii. 387 _n._;
Lucretius, 387 _n._;
Cicero, 389 _n._;
Prof. Bain, 383 _n._

Plotinus, i. 376 _n._, iii. 84 _n._

Poets, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26;
Xenophanes, 16;
the art is _one_, ii. 127;
arbitrary exposition by the rhapsodes, 125;
and rhapsodes work by divine inspiration, 127, 129;
deliver wisdom without knowing it, 285;
the great teachers, 135;
really know nothing, _ib._;
Strabo against, iv. 152 _n._;
appeal to maxims of, ii. 178;
importance of knowledge of, 283;
Plato's forced interpretations of, 286, _ib._ _n._;
relation of sophists, rhetors, philosophers to, iv. 149;
ancient quarrel between philosophy and, 93, 151;
Plato's feelings enlisted for, 93;
Plato's aversion to Athenian dramatic, 316, 350;
peculiar to himself, 317;
Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._;
change for worse at Athens began in, 313;
censured, ii. 355, iv. 91, 130 _n._;
their mischievous _imitation of imitation_, 91;
retort open to, 153 _n._, 154 _n._;
mischievous appeal to emotions, ii. 126, iv. 92, 152, 349;
only deceive their hearers, 91;
credibility upheld by Plato, 161;
must avoid variety of imitation, 26;
orthodox type imposed on, 24, 153, 155, 292-6, 323, 349;
to keep emotions in a proper state, 169;
Plato's expulsion of, censured, iii. 3;
actual place of, in Greek education, compared with Plato's
_idéal_, iv. 149-53;
mixture in Plato of poetry with religious mysticism and
dialectic theory, iii. 16;
poetic vein of Sokrates in _Phædon_ contrasted with
_Apology_, ii. 421;
Aristophanes on function of, iv. 306 _n._

Political art, its use, ii. 206, iii. 415;
Sokrates declares he alone follows the true, ii. 361;
society and ethics, topic of Sokrates, i. 376;
ethics merged by Sokrates in, ii. 362;
treated together by Plato, iv. 133;
apart by Aristotle, 138;
Plato's and Aristotle's new theory of, to resist King
_Nomos_, i. 393;
relation to philosophy, ii. 224, 227, 229, 230 _n._, 365
_n._, 368 _n._, _ib._, iii. 179, 183, iv. 51-4,
i. 181 _n._, 182;
to be studied by itself exclusively, ii. 229;
Lewis on ideals, iv. 139 _n._;
see _Government_, _Monarchy_, _Ruler_.

_Politikus_, authenticity, i. 307, 316 _n._, iii. 185
_n._, 265 _n._;
date, i. 309, 410, 313, 315, 325;
purpose, iii. 188, 253, 257 _n._, 261;
value, 190;
relation to _Theætêtus_, 187;
scenery and personages, 185;
in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, 195;
province of sensible perception narrower in _Theætêtus_,
256;
importance of founding logical partition on sensible
resemblances, 255;
the attainment of the standard the purpose of each art, 260;
necessity of declaring standard, 262;
Plato's views on mensuration, 260;
Plato's defence against critics, 262;
the mythe of the kosmos, 265 _n._;
causes principal and auxiliary, 266;
the king the principal cause, _ib._;
Plato does not admit received classification of governments,
267;
three kinds of polity, 278;
true classification of governments, scientific or unscientific,
268;
unscientific government, or by many, counterfeit, _ib._;
of unscientific governments, despot worst, democracy least bad,
270, 278;
true government, by the one scientific** man, i. 273, iv. 280,
310 _n._;
counter-theory in _Protagoras_, iii. 275;
government by fixed laws the second-best, 269;
scientific governor, unlimited by laws, 269;
distinguished from general, &c., 271;
aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272;
maintains ethical standard, 273;
natural dissidence of gentle and energetic virtues, _ib._;
excess of the energetic entails death or banishment, of the
gentle, slavery, _ib._;
courage and temperance assumed, 282;
compared with _Lachês_, 282-4;
_Charmidês_, _ib._;
_Menon_, 283;
_Protagoras_, 262, 275;
_Phædon_, 262, 265 _n._;
_Phædrus_, 257, 265 _n._;
_Parmenidês_, 259;
_Theætêtus_, 184 _n._, 187, 256;
_Kratylus_, 281, 329;
_Philêbus_, 262, 369 _n._;
_Republic_, 257 _n._, 279.

[Greek: Polupra/gmôn], ii. 362 _n._

Polybius, on music, iv. 306.

Polytheism, early Greek explanation of phenomena by, i. 2;
believed in after genesis of philosophy, 3;
hostile to philosophy, 86;
substitution of physical forces for, ii. 402;
Euripides' _Hippolytus_ illustrates popular Greek religious
belief, iv. 163 _n._

Population, Malthus' law of, iv. 201;
recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202.

Porphyry, on Metempsychosis, ii. 426 _n._

Poste, Mr., on _Philêbus_, iii. 365 _n._, 369 _n._, 381 _n._, 384 _n._, 390 _n._, 396 _n._, 397 _n._; abstract theories of Plato and Aristotle compared, _ib._

Potential and actual, Aristotle's distinction, iii. 134;
_ens_ equivalent to, 204.

Power, controversy of Aristotle with Megarics, i. 135;
Aristotle's arguments not valid, 136-8;
Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine, 139 _n._;
doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus, 140, 143;
defended by Hobbes, 143;
Brown on, 138 _n._

Practical life disparaged, ii. 355, iii. 329;
and philosophy, ii. 365 _n._, 368 _n._, _ib._,
iii. 179, 183, iv. 51-4, i. 181 _n._, 182;
uselessness of philosopher in, due to his not being called in by
citizens, iv. 54;
condition of success in, ii. 359;
influence of belief on, i. 180 _n._;
Boissier on, 157 _n._

Prantl, objection to _Homo Mensura_, iii. 151 _n._;
_Timæus_, iv. 255 _n._;
Megarics, i. 129 _n._, 132 _n._

Praxiphanes, on _Kritias_, iv. 265** _n._

Prayer, danger of, for mischievous gifts, ii. 12;
Sokrates on, and sacrifice, 17, 417, 419;
Sokrates prays for undefined favours--premonitions, 28;
Sokrates' belief, iv. 394;
heresy that gods appeased by, 376, 384;
general Greek belief, 392, 394;
Herodotus, _ib._;
Epikurus, 395;
Aristotle, _ib._

Predicables, iii. 77 _n._

Predication, predicate not recognised in Plato's analysis, iii.
235;
only identical, legitimate, 223, 232 _n._, 251;
coincidence in Plato, ii. 46 _n._;
analogous difficulty in _Parmenidês_, i. 169;
error due to the then imperfect logic, iii. 241;
misconception of function of copula, 221, i. 170 _n._;
arguments against, iii. 206, 212, 221;
Aristotle on, i. 166, 170;
after Aristotle, asserted by Stilpon, 166, 169;
Stilpon against accidental, 167;
logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, 168
_n._;
Menedêmus disallowed negative, 170;
see _Proposition_.

Pre-existence of all animals, included in Plato's proof of soul's immortality, ii. 414.

Pre-Sokratic, see _Philosophy_.

Priestley, Dr., character of, i. 403 _n._

Principle, march of philosophy up to or down from, i. 403;
of Thales, 4;
Anaximander, 5;
Anaximenes, 7;
Pythagoreans, 9-12, 14;
Parmenides, 24;
Herakleitos, 27;
Empedokles, 38;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 60;
defect of the Ionic philosophers, 38.

Prinsterer, G. van, iii. 412 _n._

Prodikus, as a writer and critic, iii. 304, 308 _n._;
less a sophist than Sokrates, 219;
the choice of Herakles, ii. 267 _n._

Proëms, of Zaleukus and Charondas, iv. 323 _n._;
didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322;
to every important law, 321, 383;
as type for poets, 323.

Proklus, borrowed from Rhodian Eudemus, i. 85 _n._;
interpretation of Plato, _xi_;
on _Leges_, iv. 355 _n._;
_Kritias_, 265 _n._;
_Parmenidês_, iii. 64 _n._, 80 _n._, 80, 90
_n._;
_Kratylus_, 294 _n._, 310 _n._, 323 _n._;
distinction of divine and human names, 300 _n._;
analysis of propositions, 237 _n._

Prometheus, mythe, ii. 267.

Property, private, an evil, iv. 327, 333;
perpetuity of lots of land, 326;
succession, 405;
modes of acquiring, 397;
length of prescription, 415;
direct taxation according to, 331;
qualification for magistracies and votes, _ib._, 333;
limited inequality tolerated as to movable, 330;
no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest,
331;
see _Communism_.

Prophesy, Plato's theory of liver's function, iv. 246;
see _Inspiration_.

Proposition, analysis of, iii. 213;
imperfect, 230, 235;
intercommunion of forms of _non-ens_ and of proposition,
opinion, judgment, 213-4;
no analysis or classification of, before Aristotle, 222;
quality of, 235, 248;
Plato's view of the negative erroneous, 236, 239;
Ideas [Greek: tô=n a)popha/seôn], 238 _n._;
are false possible, 232;
Plato undertakes impossible task, 249;
some true, others false, assumed by Aristotle, _ib._;
hypothetical, Diodôrus Kronus on, i. 145;
Philo, _ib._ _n._;
contradictory, impossible, 166;
the subject, no real essence apart from predicates, 168
_n._;
see _Copula_, _Predication_.

Protagoras, character of, ii. 265 _n._;
not represented in _Euthydêmus_, 202;
less a sophist than Sokrates, iii. 219;
not disparagingly viewed by Plato, ii. 288 _n._, 290
_n._, 296 _n._, 303, 314;
relation to Herakleitus, iii. 159 _n._;
_Homo Mensura_, 113;
see _Relativity_;
combated by Demokritus, i. 82;
taught by lectures, ii. 203, 301;
[Greek: Peri\ tou= o)/ntos], iii. 153 _n._;
as a writer and critic, 304, 308 _n._;
treatise on eristic, i. 125 _n._;
theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._;
on the gods, 233 _n._

_Protagoras_, the, date, i. 304-7, 308, 77, 312, 315, 321,
327, 328, 331 _n._, ii. 228 _n._, 298 _n._;
purpose, 277, 278 _n._;
two distinct aspects of ethics and politics, 299;
difference of rhetorical and dialectical method, 300;
introduction illustrates Sokrates' mission, 263;
question unsolved, 297, 316;
scenery and personages, 259;
Hippokrates eager for acquaintance with Protagoras, 260, iii.
217 _n._;
not noticed at the close, ii. 298;
Sophists as teachers, 261;
danger of going to sophist, without knowing what he is about to
teach, 262;
visit to Kallias, respect for Protagoras, 264;
Protagoras questioned, _ib._;
is virtue, teachable, 266;
intends to train youths as virtuous citizens, _ib._;
Protagoras' mythe, first fabrication of animals by gods, 267;
its value, 276;
social art conferred by Zeus, 268, iii. 275;
Protagoras' discourse, ii. 269;
its purpose, 274;
prolix, 275;
parodied by Sokrates, 283;
mythe and discourse explain propagation of established sentiment
of a community, 274, iii. 274;
justice and sense of shame possessed and taught by all citizens,
ii. 269;
virtue taught by parents, &c., 272;
quantity acquired depends on individual aptitude, _ib._;
analogy of learning the vernacular, 273;
theory of punishment, 270;
combines the two modern theories, 270 _n._;
why genius not hereditary, 271, 272, 274;
Sokrates analyses, 276;
how far is justice like holiness, 278;
intelligence and moderation identical, having same contrary,
279;
Sokrates' reasons insufficient, _ib._;
Protagoras' prolix reply, 280, 281, 284;
Alkibiades claims superiority for Sokrates, 282, 287;
dialectic superior to rhetoric, 282;
Sokrates inferior in continuous debate, 284;
Sokrates on song, and concealed Sophists at Krete and Sparta,
283;
Protagoras on importance of knowledge of poets, _ib._;
interpretation of a song of Simonides, _ib._;
forced interpretation of poets, 285;
poets deliver wisdom without knowing it, 285;
Sokrates depreciates value of debates on poets, _ib._;
colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates, 287;
courage differs materially from rest of virtue, 285, 304
_n._, iv. 283 _n._;
Sokrates argues that courage is knowledge, ii. 288;
Aristotle on, 170 _n._;
courage a right estimate of terrible things, 296, 307;
the reasoning unsatisfactory, 313;
knowledge is dominant agency in mind, 290;
no man does evil voluntarily, 292;
ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294;
pleasure the good, 289, 292, 305, 344-50;
agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-201;
right comparison of pleasures and pains necessary, ii. 293, iii.
391;
virtue a right comparison of pleasures and pains, ii. 293, 305;
actions conducive to pleasure are honourable, 295;
reasoning of Sokrates, 307;
not ironical, 314;
not Utilitarianism, 310 _n._;
theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, 308;
but too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309-11, 313, 350
_n._;
reciprocity of regard indispensable, 311;
ethical end involves regard for pleasures and pains of others,
312;
permanent and transient elements of human agency, 353-5;
compared with _Menon_, 245;
_Gorgias_, 306 _n._, 345-8, 349-57, iii. 379;
_Politikus_, 262, 275, 276;
_Philêbus_, 380, 391;
_Republic_, ii. 310, 350 _n._;
_Timæus_, 268 _n._;
_Leges_, iv. 301.

Prudence, relation to rest of virtue, iv. 426; a good from its consequent pleasures, Aristippus' doctrine, i. 197.

Psammetichus, iii. 289 _n._

[Greek: Pseu=dos], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

[Greek: Psuchê/], meaning, iv. 387 _n._;
see _Mind_, _Soul_, _Reason_.

Psychology, defective in _Gorgias_, ii. 354;
great advance by Plato in analytical, iii. 164;
classification of minds and aptitudes required in true rhetoric,
32, 43.

Ptolemies, i. 279, 284 _n._, 285.

Punishment, theory of, ii. 270;
combines the two modern theories, _ib._ _n._;
a relief to the wrongdoer, 326, 328, 335, iv. 366;
consequences of theory, ii. 336;
its incompleteness, 363;
analogy of mental and bodily distemper pushed too far, 337;
objects to deter or reform, iv. 408;
corporal, 403.

Pyrrho the Sceptic, i. 154 _n._

Pythagoras, life and doctrines, i. 8;
metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, 89;
censured by Herakleitus, 26;
Demokritus on, 82 _n._;
antipathy of Herakleitus, iii. 316 _n._;
see _Pythagoreans_.

Pythagoreans, the brotherhood, i. 8, ii. 374;
absence of individuality, i. 8;
divergences of doctrine, 9 _n._, 14 _n._;
canon of life, iii. 390 _n._;
compared with Chinese philosophers, i. 159 _n._;
Number, differs from Plato's Idea, 10, 348;
modern application of the principle, 10 _n._;
fundamental conception applied by Kepler, 14 _n._;
Platonic form of doctrine of Monas and Duas, 15 _n._;
number limited to ten, 11 _n._;
[Greek: kairo/s], the first cause of good, iii. 397 _n._;
music of the spheres, i. 14;
harmonies, 16;
geometrical construction of kosmos, re-appears in _Timæus_,
349 _n._;
vacuum extraneous to the kosmos, iv. 225 _n._;
doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. 248 _n._;
metempsychosis, 426 _n._;
Contraries, the principles of [Greek: o)/nta], i. 15 _n._;
theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._;
not the idealists of _Sophistês_, iii. 245 _n._;
doctrine of classification, enlarged by Plato, 368;
on etymology, 304 _n._, 316 _n._, 323 _n._;
doctrines in Plato, i. 11 _n._, 16 _n._, 88, 344
_n._, 346 _n._, 347, 349 _n._, ii. 426 _n._,
iii. 368, iv. 424 _n._;
Platonists, iii. 390 _n._

Q.

Qualities, primary and secondary, i. 70, iv. 243 _n._;
all are relative, ii. 157;
no existence without the mind, iii. 73 _n._;
[Greek: a)lloi/ôsis], 103 _n._

Quality of propositions, iii. 235 _n._, 248.

Quintilian, iii. 311 _n._

R.

Ravaisson, M., iii. 242 _n._

Realism, first protest against, Antisthenes, i. 164.

Reason, the universal, of Herakleitus, i. 34;
is the reason of most men as it ought to be, 35;
the individual, worthless, 34;
of Anaxagoras, identical with the vital principle, 54;
alone pure and unmixed, 51;
immaterial and impersonal, 56 _n._;
two attributive to _move_ and to _know_, _ib._;
relation to the homoeomeries, 55-7;
originates rotatory movement in chaotic mass, 50;
exercised only a catalytic agency, 89;
compared with Herakleitus' [Greek: perie/chon], 56 _n._;
not used as a cause, ii. 394;
of Demokritus, produced by influx of atoms, i. 79;
relation to sense, 68 _n._;
alone gives true knowledge, 72;
worlds of sense and, distinct, 403;
varieties of, classified, iii. 358;
dialectic the purest, 360;
two grades of, Nous and Dianoia, iv. 66;
relation to [Greek: noêto/n], i. 354 _n._;
the Universal, assigned as measure of truth, iii. 151 _n._;
relation to kosmical soul, iv. 226;
kosmos produced by joint action of necessity and, 237;
in individual, analogous to ruler in state, 39;
temporarily withdrawn under inspiration, ii. 131, iii. 11;
belongs only to gods and a few men, 121 _n._, iv. 234, 235
_n._;
is the determining, iii. 348;
a combining cause, 347;
postulated by the Hedonists, 374;
analogy of pleasure and, 360;
more cognate than pleasure with good, 339, 347, 361;
is it happiness, 335, 337;
is good a life of, without pleasure or pain, 338, 349, 372;
pleasure an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a
means, 373, 377 _n._;
all cognitions included in good, 362;
good is not, iv. 62;
implication of emotion and, iii. 374;
knowledge of good identical with, of other things with [Greek:
do/xa], ii. 30;
perfect state of, the one sufficient condition of virtue, 149;
earliest example of fallacy of Sufficient, i. 6 _n._

Reid, on Berkeley, iv. 243** _n._;
atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i. 70.

Relation, category of, iii. 128 _n._

Relative and non-relative names, iii. 232 _n._;
and absolute, radically distinct points of view, i. 23
_n._;
antithetised by Plato in regard to the beautiful, ii. 54;
the, of Xenophanes, i. 18;
doctrine of Parmenides, 20-24, 66;
alone knowable, Zeno, 98, 101;
incommunicable, Gorgias the Leontine, 104 _n._;
doctrine of Anaxagoras, 59 _n._;
Demokritus, 71, 80;
alone knowable, iii. 63, 73;
Idea of Good is essentially, iv. 214 _n._, i. 185;
see _Absolute_, _Relativity_.

Relativity, perpetual implication of subject and object, iii. 118,
123 _n._, 122 seq., 128-9, 287 _n._, i. 204 _n._;
true both in regard to ratiocinative combinations and percipient
faculties of each individual, iii. 118;
the doctrine of Sokrates, i. 432, iii. 140 _n._, 147, 162
_n._;
in regard to intelligible world, proved from Plato, 121, 125,
227, 322 _n._, 337 _n._;
shown more easily than in reference to sense, 122;
of some sensible facts, 126, 298, iv. 242;
two-fold, to comparing subject, and to another object, besides
the one directly described, iii. 127;
relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject,
_ib._;
the facts of consciousness not explicable by independent subject
and object, 131;
_Homo Mensura_, formula unpopular, 150;
objected to as "Subjectivism," 151;
true meaning, ii. 341 _n._, iii. 116, 137, 143, 292, 297;
its counter-proposition, 148;
its value, 131, 164 _n._;
relation to belief on authority, 142, 143, 146, 293;
counter-theory of naming, 291, 326 _n._;
all exposition an assemblage of individual judgments, 139;
sentiments of belief and disbelief common, but grounds different
with different men and ages, 296;
belief not dependent on will but relative to circumstances of
individual mind, 297;
_Homo Mensura_, an objection to cognisability of Ideas, 72;
identified with Herakleiteanism, 128;
Demokritus on, i. 82, iii. 152;
Plato's arguments against, 135;
identified erroneously by Plato with knowledge is sensible
perception, 114 _n._, 118, 120 _n._, 125, 162 _n._;
Plato ignores the proper qualification, 137;
the doctrine equalises all animals, 135, 292;
analogy of physical processes, 294;
not true in the sense meant, 141, 296;
it annuls dialectic--not true, 146;
the wise man alone a measure, 145;
divergences of men, from mental and associative differences,
155;
Aristotle on, 128 _n._, 131 _n._, 132 _n._, 149
_n._, 152;
Kyrenaics, i. 197. 204;
Hamilton, iii. 133 _n._;
Dugald Stewart, 156 _n._;
see _Relative_.

Religion, Greek, hostile to philosophy, i. 86;
mysticism in Empedokles, 47 _n._;
Xenophanes, 16-18;
loose meaning of [Greek: a)/theos], iv. 382 _n._;
Manichæanism of _Leges_, 389 _n._;
Plato's relation to popular mythology, i. 441 _n._, ii.
416, iii. 265 _n._, iv. 24, 155 _n._, 195, 238
_n._, 325, 328, 337, 398;
dissent from his country's, 161, 163;
fundamental dogmas, 419;
doctrines had emanated from lawgivers, 160;
temples and priests, regulations, 337;
number of sacrifices determined by lawgiver, 357;
sacrilege, gravest of all crimes, 363;
heresy, and [Greek: u(/bris] to divine things, or places,
375-86;
[Greek: eu)phêmi/a] and [Greek: blasphêmi/a], 350 _n._;
only state worship allowed, 24, 159, 337, 419, 430;
Cicero, 379 _n._;
Delphi and Dodona to be consulted, 34, 137 _n._, 325, 337;
Xenophon, i. 237;
communications common in Plato's age, ii. 130, 131 _n._, i.
225 _n._;
see _Orthodoxy_, _Prayer_, _Polytheism_,
_Sacrifice_, _Theology_.

Reminiscence, theory of, ii. 237, 249, 252, iii. 13, 17;
kindled by aspect of physical beauty, 14;
not accepted, ii. 247;
Bion and Straton on, 249 _n._;
purification of soul for, 389;
necessary hypothesis for didactic _idéal_, iii. 52;
not recognised in _Symposion_, 17;
nor in _Republic_ training, iv. 207.

Renan, on absence of system in ancient philosophy, i. 340
_n._;
influence of professorial lectures, 346 _n._;
Averroism, iii. 68 _n._;
_Kratylus_, 290 _n._;
origin of language, 326 _n._, 328 _n._, 329 _n._;
_Almamuns' dream_, iv. 213 _n._

_Republic_, date, i. 307, 309, 311-3, 315, 324, ii. 318
_n._;
title only partially applicable, iv. 96;
_Kleitophon_ intended as first book, i. 406 _n._, iii.
419, 425;
_Hermokrates_ projected as last in tetralogy, i. 325, iv.
266, 273;
_Timæus_ and _Kritias_, sequel to, 215, 265;
overleaps difficulties of other dialogues, 138;
summarised, 1, 95;
double purpose, ethical and political, 133, 138;
polity and education combined, 185;
Plato more a preacher than philosopher in, 129-31;
scenery and persons, 2;
Kephalus' views about old age, _ib._;
preponderance of evil, 262 _n._;
tripartite division of goods, 12, 116;
Good, not intelligence nor pleasure, 62;
the four cardinal virtues assumed as an exhaustive
classification, 135;
as constituting all Virtue where each resides, 134;
difference in other dialogues, 137;
justice an equivocal word, 120, 123-6;
Simonides' definition of justice, rendering what is owing, 2;
objections, 3;
defective explanations, 4;
definition rejected, 6;
Thrasymachus' definition, justice what is advantageous to the
most powerful, 8;
modified, 9;
ruler _qua_ ruler infallible, _ib._;
justice the good of another, 10;
a good to society and individual, injustice a source of
weakness, 11;
justice a source of happiness, 12;
a compromise, 13;
recommended by fathers from its consequences, 15, 16, 99;
the received view anterior to Plato, 100;
Xenophon on, 114 _n._;
arguments compared, and question stated, 18;
the real issue, 117;
justice a good _per se_, 20, 40, 84, 90;
not demonstrated, 116;
is performing one's own function, 36, 37;
in individual, when each mental part performs its own function,
40;
analogy to bodily health, _ib._;
distinction between temperance and justice effaced, 135;
view peculiar to Plato, 99;
happiness of just and unjust compared, 14;
neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and
pleasure, 86;
pure pleasure unknown to most men, iii. 387 _n._, iv. 87;
simile of kosmos, absolute height and depth, 87;
more pleasure from replenishment of mind than of body, 88;
proved also by superiority of pleasures of intelligence, iii.
375 _n._, iv. 85, 89;
the arguments do not establish the point aimed at, 118-20;
a good _per se_, and from its consequences, 94, 121-3;
all-sufficient for happiness, germ of Stoical doctrine, 102;
inconsistent with actual facts, 103, 123;
individual dependent on society, _ib._;
essential reciprocity in society, 109;
the basis of Plato's own theory of city's genesis, 111;
but incompletely stated, 112 _n._;
any theory of society must present antithesis and correlation of
obligation and right, 112;
Plato's affirmation true in a qualified sense, 125;
orthodoxy or dissent of just man must be taken into account,
126, 131;
Plato's ethical basis imperfect, 127;
his conception is self-regarding, 3 _n._, 104;
motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just, 105;
view substantially maintained since, _ib._;
each individual mind tripartite, ii. 384, iv. 37;
the gentle, tender, and æsthetical emotions omitted, 149
_n._;
reason, energy, appetite, analogous to rulers, guardians,
craftsmen, 39;
analogy of city and individual, 20, 37, 79-84, 96;
parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 124;
unity of the city, every man does one thing well, 23, 33, 183;
Xenophon on, 139 _n._;
perfection of state and individual, each part performing its own
function, 97;
happiness of entire state the end, 98, 139 _n._;
origin of society, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327 _n._, iv.
21, 111, 112 _n._, 133;
ideal state--only an outline, 139;
a military _bureaucracy_, 183;
type of character is Athenian, Xenophontic is Spartan, 147, 151;
Plato more anxious for good treatment of Demos, 183;
Plato carries abstraction farther than Xenophon or
Aristotle, _ib._;
Aristotle objects, it is two states, 185, 189;
healthy city has few wants, enlargement of city's wants, 22;
war, from multiplied wants, _ib._;
good state possesses wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, 34,
35;
fiction as to origin of classes, 30;
difficulty of procuring first admission for fiction, 158;
this the introduction of a new religious creed, 156;
class of soldiers or guardians, characteristics, 23, 25, 298
_n._;
division of guardians into rulers and auxiliaries, 29;
maintenance of city dependent on guardians' habits, character,
education, 32, 34, 140, 170, 178;
musical and gymnastical education necessary, 23;
compared with that of modern soldiers, 148, 180;
Xenophon compared, 141-8;
musical training excites love of the beautiful, 27;
music, Platonic sense, 149;
by fictions as well as by truth, 24, 154;
ancient quarrel between philosophy and poetry, 93, 151;
Plato fights for philosophy, but his feelings enlisted for
poetry, 93;
poets censured, 91, 130 _n._;
Homer not educator of Greek world, 92;
Herakleitus the Allegorist on, iii. 3 _n._;
actual place of poetry in Greek education compared with Plato's
_idéal_, iv. 150-2;
poets' mischievous appeal to emotions, 92, 152;
their mischievous _imitation of imitation_, 91;
retort open to poets, 153 _n._, 154 _n._;
censorship of mythology, 24;
religion in connection with state, _ib._,
159;
Delphian Apollo to be consulted for religious legislation, 34,
137 _n._;
Sokrates of _Republic_ compared with the real, 211;
Plato compared with Epikurus, 161;
poets must conform to orthodox standard, 24, 153, 155;
must avoid variety of imitation, 20;
gods cause good only, do not assume man's form, 24;
no repulsive fictions tolerated about gods or Hades, 25, 154;
a better class to be substituted from religion for the existing
fictions, 159;
type for narratives about men, 26;
only grave music allowed, 26, 168;
restrictions on music and poetry to keep emotions in a proper
state, 169;
gymnastic and music necessary to correct each other, 29;
gymnastic imparts courage, _ib._;
bodily training simple, 28;
no refined medical art allowed, _ib._;
[Greek: sussi/tia] of guardians, 32;
their communism, _ib._, 44, 140, 169;
its peculiarity, 179;
Plato's view of wealth, 199 _n._;
the guardians consist of men and women, 41, 46;
both sexes to go together to battle, 46;
best women equal by nature to second best men, 42, 171-4;
same duties and training for women as men, 41, 77;
on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187;
maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends,
195;
contrast with Aristotle, _ib._;
no family ties, 32, 174;
temporary marriages, 43, 175-8, 194 _n._;
Plato's and modern sentiments, 192;
in Platonic state, influence of Aphrodité very small, 197, 359
_n._;
infanticide, 43, 44, 177, 203;
contrast of modern sentiment, _ib._;
number of guardians, 178;
checks on population, 198-202;
Malthus' law recognised, 202;
approximation in Mill, 199 _n._;
scheme practicable if philosophy and political power united, 47;
how to be realised, 78, 190 _n._;
of state and individual, four stages of degeneracy, 78-84;
timocracy, 79;
oligarchy, _ib._;
democracy, 80;
despotism, 81;
proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83;
Plato's state impossible, in what sense true, 189;
its real impossibility, adverse established sentiments, 191;
fails from no training for Demos, 186;
perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60;
philosophers true rulers, 310 _n._;
hated by the people, 57;
whence pretenders, and forced seclusion of philosophers, 58, 90;
distinctive marks of philosopher, 51;
the philosopher contemplates unchangeable forms, 48;
ens alone knowable, 49;
_opinion_, of what is between ens and non-ens, iii. 184
_n._, iv. 49;
two grades of opinion, Faith or Belief, and Conjecture, 67;
and of intelligence, Nous and Dianoia, 66;
ordinary men discern only particulars, 49, 51;
particulars fluctuate, 50;
simile of Cave, iii. 257 _n._, iv. 67-70;
those who have contemplated forms reluctant to undertake active
duties, 70;
relation of philosopher to practical life, 51-4;
simile of the steersman, 53;
philosopher requires a community suitable to himself, 59;
uselessness of philosopher in practical life, due to his not
being called in by citizens, 54;
philosophical aptitude perverted under misguiding public
opinion, _ib._;
irresistible effect of public opinion in producing orthodoxy,
55;
perversion not due to Sophists, _ib._;
the Sophists conform to prevalent orthodoxy, 56;
studies introductory to philosophy, 61, 70-5, 206;
object, 69;
no mention of Reminiscence, or of negative Elenchus, 207;
age for studies, 76;
dialectic and geometry, two modes of mind's procedure applicable
to ideal world, 65;
geometry assumes diagrams, _ib._;
dialectic requires no diagrams, deals with forms only,
descending from highest, 66;
awakening power of arithmetic, 71;
stimulus from contradiction of one and many, 72;
astronomy must be studied by ideal figures, not observation, 73;
geometry conducts mind towards universal ens, 72;
acoustics, by applying arithmetical relations and theories, 74;
exercises in dialectic, 76;
effect of, 207;
philosophy should not be taught to youths, 60, 76;
opposition to other dialogues and Sokrates' character, 208-12;
dialectic the consummation of all the sciences, 75;
the standard for classifying sciences as more or less true, iii.
383 _n._;
the synoptic view the test of the dialectician, 290 _n._,
iv. 76;
Idea of Good compared to sun, 63, 64;
known to the rulers alone, 212;
what Good is, is unsolved, 213;
mythe of Hades, 94;
compared with _Lachês_, 138;
_Charmidês_, 136, 138;
_Protagoras_, ii. 310, 350 _n._;
_Gorgias_, 353, iii. 380 _n._;
_Phædon_, ii. 412, 414 _n._;
_Phædrus_, iii. 18;
_Parmenidês_, 108, iv. 138;
_Sophistês_, iii. 18, 242, 257;
_Politikus_, 257, 279;
_Philêbus_, 273, 277 _n._, 395;
_Kleitophon_, 425;
_Timæus_, iv. 38 _n._, 234 _n._, 252;
_Leges_, 195, 275, 280, 298 _n._, 302, 318, 319, 327,
390, 428 _n._

Rest, form of, iii. 206, 209-10, 231, 245 _n._

Rhapsodes, as a class, ii. 124;
functions, 125, 132, 320;
popularity, 126;
and poet work by divine inspiration, 127;
inspired through medium of poets, 128, 129, 134.

Rhetor, has no real power, ii. 324;
aims at flattering the public, 357;
practical value of instruction of, iii. 44;
the genuine, must acquire real truth, 33, 34;
is insufficiently rewarded, 33;
guides methodically from error to truth, 40;
compared with philosopher, ii. 52, iii. 178;
auxiliary of true governor, 271;
relation to poets, iv. 150;
Plato's desire for celebrity as dialectician, and, iii. 408;
see _Rhetoric_.

Rhetoric, popularly preferred to dialectic, i. 451;
how employed at Athens, ii. 373;
[Greek: a)kriboli/a] distasteful to rhetors, 278 _n._;
antithesis of dialectic and, i. 433, ii. 70, 275, 365;
deals with the concrete, dialectic with the abstract, 52, 53;
difference of method illustrated in _Protagoras_, 300;
superior to dialectic in usefulness and celebrity, iii. 360,
380;
superiority of dialectic over, claimed, ii. 282, 285, iii. 337
_n._;
communicates true opinion, not knowledge, 172;
the artisan of persuasion, ii. 319;
a branch of flattery, 321, 370;
is of little use, 329, iii. 411;
and dialectic, issue unsatisfactorily put, ii. 369;
view stands or falls with _idéal_ of good, 374;
Sokrates' view different in Xenophon, 371 _n._;
compared with _Menexenus_, iii. 409;
and _Leges_, iv. 322, 324;
Aristotle on, i. 133 _n._;
Aristeides, 243 _n._;
Sokrates' theory, all persuasion founded on a knowledge of the
truth, iii. 28;
as art, 27;
is comprised in dialectic, 30, 34;
analogy to medical art, 31;
theory more Platonic than Sokratic, 39;
is it teachable by system, 28;
definition and division essential to genuine, 30, 35;
should include a classification of minds and discourses, and
their mutual application, 32, 41, 45;
Plato's _idéal_ a philosophy, not an art, 46;
involves impracticable conditions, 41-3, 46;
comparison with the rhetorical teachers, 44;
charge against its teachers not established, 47;
censure of forensic eloquence, iv. 410;
rhetorical powers of Plato, i. 433, ii. 356 _n._, iii. 392
_n._, 408, 409, 411;
see _Rhetor_.

Ritter, on _Sophistês_, iii. 244 _n._, 247 _n._;
Eukleides, i. 127 _n._;
Megarics, 129 _n._

Rivales, see _Erastæ_.

Rose, Valentine, on the dates of Plato's compositions, i. 326 _n._, 329 _n._

Royer-Collard, iii. 165 _n._

Ruler, of a superior breed in the Saturnian period, iii. 264, 266
_n._;
a principle cause, 266;
scientific alone good, iv. 280;
_qua_ ruler infallible, 9;
division of guardians into, and auxiliaries, 29;
wisdom is seated in, 34;
analogous to reason in individual, 39;
perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60;
alone know the Idea of Good, 212;
see _Government_, _Political Art_.

Rutherford, iv. 105 _n._

S.

Sacrifice, Sokrates on, ii. 17, 417-9, iv. 394;
heresy that gods appeased by, 376, 384;
general Greek belief, 392, 394;
Herodotus, _ib._;
Aristotle, 395;
Epikurus, _ib._;
number determined by lawgiver, 357.

Sacrilege, gravest of all crimes, iv. 363.

St.-Hilaire, Barthélemy, on _Sankhya_ and Buddhism, i. 378
_n._;
metempsychosis, ii. 426 _n._;
fallacies, i. 133 _n._

Salamis, iii. 406.