Chapter XXXII: Appendix (3)

Justice, is it just, ii. 278;
varieties of meaning, i. 452 _n._, iv. 102, 120, 123, 125;
derivation of [Greek: dikaiosu/nê], iii. 301 _n._;
of [Greek: di/kaion], 308 _n._;
with temperance, the condition of happiness and freedom, ii. 12;
and sense of shame possessed and taught by all citizens, 269;
how far like holiness, i. 447, ii. 278;
opposition of natural and legal, 338, i. 197;
what is, iii. 416;
unsatisfactory answers of Sokrates and his friends, _ib._;
is rendering what is owing, iv. 2;
rejected, 6;
is what is advantageous to the most powerful, 8;
modified, 9;
is the good of another, 10;
necessary to society and individual, injustice a source of
weakness, 11;
is a source of happiness, 12, 14, 18;
is a compromise, 13;
good only from consequences, 15, 16, 99;
Xenophon on, 114 _n._;
the received view anterior to Plato, 100;
a good _per se_, 20, 40, 84, 90, 116;
and from its consequences, 94, 121, 123, 294;
proved also by superiority of pleasures of intelligence, 84;
proof fails, 116, 118-21;
all-sufficient for happiness, germ of Stoical doctrine, 102;
inconsistent with actual facts, 106;
incorrect, for individual dependent on society, _ib._, 123;
Plato's affirmation true in a qualified sense, 125;
orthodoxy or dissent of just man must be taken into account,
126, 131;
in state, 34;
is in all classes, 36;
is performing one's own function, _ib._, 37, 39;
analogy to bodily health, 40;
what constitutes injustice, 367-9;
no man voluntarily wicked, 249, 365-7;
distinction of damage and injury, 366;
relation to rest of virtue, 428;
distinction effaced between temperance and, 135;
ethical basis imperfect, 127;
view peculiar to Plato, 99;
Platonic conception is self-regarding, 104;
motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just, 105;
view substantially maintained since, _ib._;
essential reciprocity in society, ii. 312, 333, iv. 100, 133;
the basis of Plato's own theory of city's genesis, 111;
incompletely stated, 112 _n._;
any theory of society must present antithesis and correlation of
obligation and right, 112;
Xenophon's definition unsatisfactory, i. 231;
Karneades, iv. 118 _n._;
Epikurus, 130 _n._;
Lucretius, _ib._;
Pascal, i. 231 _n._

K.

[Greek: Kaki/a], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

Kallikles, rhetor and politician, ii. 340.

Kallimachus, Plato's works known to, i. 276, 296 _n._;
issued catalogue of Alexandrine library, 275.

[Greek: Kalo/n, to/], translated by beautiful, ii. 49 _n._;
defined, 327, 334;
rejected, _ib._;
see _Beautiful_, _Honourable_.

Kant, his Noumenon agrees with Ens of Parmenides, i. 21.

Kapila, i. 378 _n._;
analogy to Plato, ii. 389 _n._

Karneades, on justice, iv. 118 _n._

Kepler, applied Pythagorean conception, i. 14 _n._;
devotion to mathematics, iii. 388 _n._

King, see _Monarch_.

_Kleitophon_, fragmentary, i. 268, iii. 419, 424;
authenticity, i. 305-7, 309, 315, iii. 419 _n._, 420, 426
_n._;
posthumous, 420;
in _Republic_ tetralogy, i. 406 _n._, iii. 419, 425;
represents the point of view of many objectors, 424;
scenery and persons, 413;
Sokrates has power in awakening ardour for virtue, 415;
but does not explain what virtue is, _ib._, 421-24;
what is justice or virtue, 416;
unsatisfactory replies of Sokrates' friends, _ib._;
Kleitophon believes Sokrates knows but will not tell, 418;
compared with _Republic_, 425;
_Apology_, 421.

Know, Aristotle on equivocal meaning of, ii. 213 _n._;
to know and be known is action and passion, iii. 287 _n._

Knowledge, claim to universal, common to ancient philosophers,
iii. 219;
kinds of, i. _xii_. _n._;
of like by like, 44, iv. 227;
Demokritus' theory, i. 72, 76, 80;
Zeno, 98;
Gorgias the Leontine, 104;
Kyrenaics, 199, 204;
false persuasion of, the natural state of human mind, Sokrates'
theory, 374, 414, ii. 166 _n._, 218, 243, 263;
regarded as an ethical defect, iii. 177;
Sokrates' mission, i. 374, 376, ii. 24, 146, 419, iii. 422, iv.
219;
search after, the business of life to Sokrates and Plato, i.
396;
_per se_ interesting, 403;
necessity of scrutiny, 398 _n._;
Mill on vagueness of common words, ii. 48 _n._;
omnipotence of King Nomos, i. 378-84**;
different views of Plato, iii. 163, 164 _n._;
evolution of indwelling conceptions, i. 359 _n._, ii. 249,
iii. 17;
Sokrates' mental obstetric, 112;
attained only by dialectic, i. 396;
its test, power of going through a Sokratic cross-examination,
_ib._, ii. 64;
genesis of, 391;
_reminiscence_ of the ideas, 237, iii. 13, 17;
gods possess the Idea of, 67, 68 _n._;
philosophy the perpetual accumulation of, ii. 112;
of good and evil, distinct from other sciences, 168;
necessary to use of good things, 205;
must include both making and right use 205;
no action contrary to, 291;
virtue is, 239, 321, 67 _n._, 149;
of _what_ unsolved, 244;
to hurt knowingly or wilfully better than unwillingly, 58;
analogies from the arts, 59;
evil done by good man with, by bad without, 61;
as condition of human conduct, Sokrates and Plato dwell too
exclusively on, 67, 83;
rely too much on analogy of arts, and do not note what underlies
epithets, 68;
and moderation identical, having same contrary, 280;
of self, Delphian maxim, 11, 25;
from looking into other minds, is temperance, 12;
opposed to divine inspiration, 136;
no object of, distinct from knowledge itself, 156;
of _ens_ alone, iv. 49;
all, relative to some object, ii. 157, 169;
is sensible perception, iii. 111, 113, 154, 172 _n._;
erroneously identified with _Homo Mensura_, 113, 118, 120
_n._, 125, 162 _n._;
objections, sensible facts, different to different percipients,
153;
sensible perception does not include memory, 157;
argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time,
_ib._;
lies in the mind's comparisons respecting sensible perceptions,
161;
difference from modern views, 162;
the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, 164;
verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or
possible, 168;
of good, identified with [Greek: nou=s], of other things with
[Greek: do/xa], ii. 30;
relation to opinion, iii. 167 _n._, 172, 184 _n._;
are false opinions possible, 169;
waxen memorial tablet in the mind, _ib._;
distinction of possessing and having actually in hand, 170;
simile of pigeon-cage, 171;
false opinion is the confusion of cognitions and non-cognitions,
refuted, _ib._;
distinguished from right opinion, ii. 253, 255 _n._, iii.
168;
rhetor communicates true opinion, not knowledge, 172;
Plato's compared with modern views, ii. 254;
is true opinion _plus_ rational explanation, iii. 173;
analogy of elements and compounds, _ib._;
three meanings of _rational explanation_, 174;
definition rejected, 175;
antithesis of opinion and, not so marked in _Politikus_ as
_Theætêtus_, 256;
opposite cognitions unlike each other, 336, 396;
pleasures of, true, 356, 387 _n._;
good a mixture of pleasure and, 361;
same principle of classification applied to pleasure as to, 382;
classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions,
394;
its valuable principles, 395;
see _Relativity_, _Science_, _Self-knowledge_.

Kosmos, the first topic of Greek speculation, i. _ix_.;
primitive belief, 2;
early explanation by Polytheism, _ib._;
Homer and Hesiod, _ib._;
Thales, 4;
water once covered the earth, notices of the argument from
prints of shells and fishes, 18;
Anaximander, 5-7;
Anaximenes, 7-8;
Pythagoras, 12;
Pythagorean music of the spheres, 14;
Xenophanes, 18, 119 _n._;
Parmenides, 24, 90 _n._;
Herakleitus, 32;
Empedokles, 39, 41;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 64;
its Reason, different conceptions of Sokrates and Aristotle, ii.
402 _n._;
soul prior to and more powerful than body, iv. 386, 419, 421;
the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386;
all things full of gods, 388;
soul of, iii. 265 _n._, iv. 421;
its position and elements, 225;
affinity of soul of, and human, iii. 366 _n._;
mythe in _Politikus_, 265 _n._;
divine steersman and dæmons, _ib._;
analogy of individual mind and cosmical process, i. 36
_n._;
comparison of man to kosmos unnecessary and confusing, iii.
367;
free from pleasure and pain, 389;
forced conjunction of kosmology and ethics, 391;
idea of good rules the ideal, as sun the visible, iv. 64;
simile of, absolute height and depth, 87;
unchangeable essences of, rarely studied, iii. 361;
aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv. 219 _n._;
no _knowledge_ of, obtainable, 220;
theory in _Timæus_ acknowledged to be merely an [Greek:
ei)kô\s lo/gos], 217;
Demiurgus, ideas, chaos postulated, 220;
Time began with the, 227;
is a living being and a god, 220, 223;
Demiurgus produces, by persuading Necessity, 220;
process of demiurgic construction, 223;
the copy of the [Greek: Au)to/zôon], _ib._, 227, 235
_n._, 264;
product of joint action of reason and necessity, 238;
body, spherical form, and rotations, i. 25 _n._, iv. 225,
229, 237, 252, 325 _n._, 388-9;
to be studied for mental hygienic, 252;
primary and visible gods, 229;
secondary and generated gods, 230;
construction of man, 243;
generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos, with
rational soul rotating within, 235;
four elements not primitive, 238;
action of Ideas on prime matter, 238;
Forms of the elements, _ib._;
primordial chaos, 240;
geometrical theory of the elements, _ib._;
borrowed from Pythagoreans, i. 349 _n._;
Aristotle on, iv. 241 _n._;
varieties of each element, 242;
contrast of Plato's admiration, with degenerate realities, 262,
264;
degeneracy originally intended, 263;
recurrence of destructive agencies, 270, 307;
change of view in _Epinomis_, 421, 424 _n._

Krates, the "door-opener," i. 173;
Sokrates' precepts fully carried out by Diogenes and, 160, 174.

Kratippus, the Peripatetic, i. 258 _n._

_Kratylus_, purpose, iii. 302-8, 309 _n._, 321, 323, 325
_n._;
authenticity, i. 316;
date, 306, 309, 310, 312;
subject and personages, iii. 285;
speaking and naming conducted according to fixed laws, 286;
names distinguished by Plato as true or false, _ib._
_n._;
connected with doctrine of Ideas, 326 _n._;
the thing spoken of _suffers_, 287 _n._;
name, a didactic instrument, made by lawgiver on type of
name-form, 287, 312, 329;
Plato's _idéal_, 325, 328 _n._, 329;
compared with his views on social institutions, 327;
natural rectitude of names, 289, 300 _n._, 305 _n._;
names vary in degree of aptitude, 319;
aptitude consists in resemblance, 313;
difficult to harmonise with facts, 323;
forms of names and of things nameable, 289;
lawgiver alone discerns essences of names, and assigns them
correctly, 290;
proofs cited from etymology, 299, 300 _n._, 307 _n._;
not caricatures of sophists, 302, 304, 310 _n._, 314
_n._, 321, 323;
the etymologies serious, 306-12, 317 _n._;
counter-theory, _Homo Mensura_, 291, 326 _n._;
objection, it levels all animals, 292;
analogy of physical processes, unsuitable, 294;
belief not dependent on will, 297;
first imposer of names a Herakleitean, 301 _n._, 314-5, 320
_n._;
how names have become disguised, 312;
changes hard to follow, 315;
onomastic art, letters as well as things must be distinguished
with their essential properties, 313;
Herakleitean theory admitted, 317;
some names not consistent with it, 319;
things known only through names, not true, 320;
Herakleitean flux, true of particulars, not of Ideas,
_ib._;
the theory uncertain, implicit trust not to be put in names,
321, 324;
compared with _Politikus_, 281, 329;
_Sophistês_. 331;
_Timæus_, _ib._;
various reading in, p. 429C, 317 _n._

Krete, unlettered community, iv. 277;
public training and mess, 279;
its customs peculiar to itself and Sparta, 280 _n._

_Kritias_, a fragment, i. 268, iv. 265;
probably would have been an ethical epic in prose, 269;
in _Republic_ tetralogy, 215, 265;
date, i. 309, 311-3, 315, 325;
authenticity, 307, iv. 266 _n._;
subject, 266;
citizens of Plato's state identified with ancient Athenians,
_ib._;
Solon and Egyptian priests, _ib._, 268;
explanation of their learning, 271;
island Atlantis and its kings, 268;
address of Zeus, 269;
corruption and wickedness of people, _ib._;
submergence, 270;
mythe incomplete, iii. 409 _n._;
presented as matter of history, iv. 270;
recurrence of destructive kosmical agencies, _ib._

_Kriton_, rhetorical, not dialectical, i. 433;
compared with _Gorgias_, ii. 362;
general purpose, subject, and interlocutors, i. 425, 428;
authority of public judgment, nothing, of Expert, everything,
420, 435;
Sokrates does not name, but himself acts as, expert, 436;
Sokrates' answer to Kriton's appeal to flee, 426;
Sokrates' principle, Never act unjustly, 427;
this a cardinal point, though most men differ from him,
_ib._;
character and disposition of Sokrates, differently set forth,
428;
imaginary pleading of the Laws of Athens, _ib._;
agreement with Athenian democratic sentiment, 430, 432;
Plato's purpose in this, 428;
attempts reconciliation of constitutional allegiance with
Sokrates' individuality, 432;
Sokrates characteristics overlooked in the harangue, 431;
maintained by his obedience from conviction, _ib._

Kyrenaics, scheme of life, i. 188;
ethical theory, 195;
logical theory, 197;
doctrine of relativity, _ib._, 204;
Æthiops, Antipater, and Arêtê, 195;
Theodorus on the gods, 202;
see _Aristippus_, _Hegesias_.

L.

Labour, division of, iv. 138.

_Lachês_, authenticity, i. 305, ii. 151;
date, i. 304, 306, 308-10, 312, 315, 328, 331 _n._;
subject and interlocutors, ii. 138;
dramatic contrast of Lachês and Sokrates, 150;
should lessons be received from a master of arms, 138;
Sokrates refers to a professional judge, 139;
the judge must prove his competence, Sokrates confesses
incompetence, 140;
marks of the Expert, 141;
education--virtue must first be known, 142;
courage, 143;
example instead of definition, _ib._;
not endurance, 144;
intelligence of things terrible and not terrible, 145, iv. 138;
such intelligence not possessed by professional artists, ii.
148;
but is an inseparable part of knowledge of good and evil
generally, 149;
intelligence of good and evil generally--too wide, 146;
apparent tendency of Plato's mind in looking for a solution,
147;
compared with _Theagês_, 104;
_Charmidês_, 168;
_Politikus_, iii. 282-4;
_Republic_, iv. 138.

Lactantius, the soul, ii. 425 _n._

Land, division of, twelve tribes, iv. 329;
perpetuity of lots of, 326, 360;
Aristotle on, 326 _n._;
succession, 328, 404;
distribution of annual produce, 361.

Language, _natural_ rectitude of, ii. 89;
origin of, iii. 326 _n._, 328 _n._, 329 _n._;
Leibnitz on a philosophical, 322 _n._;
see _Names_.

Lassalle, on Herakleitus, iii. 101 _n._, 159 _n._, 309 _n._,
324 _n._;
_Homo Mensura_, 297 _n._;
_Kratylus_, 306 _n._, 307 _n._;
_Timæus_, iv. 228 _n._

Lavoisier, discovery of composition of water, ii. 164 _n._

Law, its various meanings, ii. 91, 92 _n._;
our idea of, less extensive than _Nomos_ (q. v.), i. 380
_n._, 382 _n._, ii. 92 _n._;
and Nature, antithesis of, 333, 338, i. 197;
also in Indian philosophy, 162;
Sokrates' disobedience of, 434 _n._;
the lawful is the profitable, ii. 36;
the consecrated and binding customs, the decree of the city,
social or civic opinion, 76;
objection, discordance of, 78;
is _good_ opinion of the city, true opinion, or finding out
of reality, 77;
real things are always accounted real, analogies, 79;
of Cretan Minos divine and excellent, extant, 80, 90;
to Plato only what _ought to be_ law, _is_, 88-90,
iii. 317 _n._;
reality found out by the Expert, ii. 87-88;
fixed, recognised by Demokritus, i. 73;
all proceedings of nature conducted according to fixed, iii.
286;
of nature, Mill on number of ultimate, 132 _n._;
no laws to limit scientific governor, 269;
different view, iv. 319;
government by fixed, the second-best, iii. 270;
test of, goodness of ethical purpose and working, iv. 384;
proëm to every important, 321;
Cicero coincides, 322 _n._;
the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322;
to serve as type for poets, 323;
proëm to laws against heresy, 383;
of Zaleukus and Charondas, 323 _n._

Law-administration, objects of punishment, to deter or reform, ii.
270, iv. 408;
general coincidence of Platonic and Attic, 363 _n._, 374,
374 _n._, 403, 406, 430;
many of Plato's laws are discharges of ethical antipathy, 411;
penalties against contentious litigation, 410;
oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only, 413;
thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332;
many details left to nomophylakes, 341;
assisted by select Dikasts, 362;
limited power of fining, 360;
necessity of precision in terms of accusation, 413 _n._;
public and private causes, 339;
public, three stages, 340, 415;
criminal procedure, 362;
distinction of damage and injury, 365;
witnesses, 409;
abuse of public trust, 412;
evasion of military service, _ib._;
varieties of homicide, 370-2;
penalties, 370;
wounds and beating, 372, 374, 408;
heresy, and [Greek: u(/bris] to divine things or places,
375-386;
neglect of parents, 399 _n._, 407;
testaments, 404;
divorce, 408;
lunacy, 407;
poison and sorcery, 407;
libels, 409;
fugitive slaves, 400;
theft, 364, 409;
property found, 398;
fraudulent traders, 402;
mendicants, 409;
Benefit societies, 399;
suretyship, 415;
funerals, _ib._

Laws, the, see _Leges_.

Lectures, Plato's revealed solution of difficulties, an untenable
hypothesis, i. 401;
differ from dialogues in being given in his own name, 402;
of Protagoras, ii. 301;
contrasted with cross-examination, 277, 303;
dialectic a test of the efficacy of the expository process, i.
358;
worthless for instruction, ii. 136, 233 _n._, iii. 33-5,
49, 52, 54, 337 _n._;
difference in _Timæus_ and _Kritias_, 53.

_Leges_, authenticity, i. 304, 306, 338, iv. 325 _n._,
389 _n._, 429;
date, i. 313, 315, 324, iv. 272, 413 _n._;
scene and persons, 272, 277;
change in Plato's circumstances and feelings, 273, 320;
analogous to Euripides' _Bacchæ_ and Aristophanes'
_Nubes_, 277;
Xenophon compared, i. 244;
Plato's purpose, to remedy all misconduct, iv. 369;
no evidence of Plato's study of practical working of different
institutions, 397;
large proportion of preliminary discussions and didactic
exhortation, 281;
soul prior to and more powerful than body, 386, 419;
the good and the bad souls at work in universe, 386;
all things full of gods, 388;
Manichæanism in, 389 _n._;
good identical with maximum of pleasure and minimum of pain,
292-297, 299-303;
at least an useful fiction, 333;
justice a good _per se_ and from its _consequences_,
294;
what constitutes injustice, 367-9;
no man voluntarily wicked, 365, 367;
three causes of misguided proceedings, 366;
punishment, to deter or reform, _ib._, 408;
threefold division of good, 428;
virtue fourfold, 417;
the four virtues the highest, and source of all other, goods,
428;
unity of state's end to be kept in view, 417;
the end is the virtue of the citizens, _ib._;
Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out this end, 416,
418, 425, 429;
and enforce orthodox creed, 419;
training of counsellors in _Epinomis_, 420, 424;
basis of Spartan institutions too narrow, 282;
Plato's state, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical
sentiment, 333, 337;
historical retrospect of society, 307-315;
frequent destruction of communities, 307;
difficulties of government, seven distinct natural titles to,
309;
view of _the lot_, 310;
imprudent to found government on any one title only, _ib._;
illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta, _ib._;
Persia and Athens compared, 312;
monarchy and democracy the _mother-polities_, _ib._;
bad training of king's sons, _ib._;
the Magnetic community, origin of, 274 _n._;
its [Greek: u(po/thesis], 328 _n._;
site and settlers, 320, 329, 336;
circular form, unwalled, 344;
defence of territory, rural police, 335;
Spartan _Kryptia_ compared, 336;
test of laws, goodness of ethical purpose and working, 284;
general coincidence of Platonic and Attic law, 363 _n._,
374, 374 _n._, 403, 406, 430;
many of Plato's laws are discharges of ethical antipathy, 411;
state's laws, with their proëms, 321;
the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322;
Cicero on, _ib._ _n._;
to serve as type for poets, 323;
training of the emotions through influence of the Muses, Apollo
and Dionysus, 290, 347;
endurance of pain in Spartan discipline, 285;
drunkenness forbidden at Sparta, how far justifiable, 286;
citizens tested against pleasure, 285;
Dionysiac banquets, under a sober president, 289;
elders require stimulus of wine, 297;
precautions in electing minister of education, 338;
age, and matter of teaching, 348, 350;
the teaching simple and common to both sexes, 351;
music and dancing, 291;
three choruses, youths, mature men, and elders, 296, 305;
elders, by example, to keep up purity of music, 297;
prizes at musical and gymnastic festivals, 292, 337;
but object of training, war, not prizes, 358;
importance of music in education, 305;
musical and literary education, fixed type, 292, 338, 349;
poets to conform to ethical creed, 292-7;
change for worse at Athens after Persian invasion, 313;
this change began in music, 314;
contrast in Demosthenes and _Menexenus_, 315 _n._,
318;
dangers of change in national music, doctrine also of Damon,
315;
Plato's aversion to dramatic poetry of Athens, 316, 350;
peculiar to himself, 317;
value of arithmetic, 330 _n._;
purpose of teaching astronomy, 354;
planets, Plato's idea of motions of, _ib._;
circular motion best, 388, 389;
hunting, meaning of, 356;
hunting, how far permitted, 355;
for religion, oracles of Dodona and Delphi to be consulted, 325,
337;
temples and priests, 337;
number of sacrifices determined by lawgiver, 357;
only state worship allowed, 378;
contrast with Sokratic teaching, iii. 148;
Milton on, iv. 379 _n._;
necessity of enforcing state religion, 378;
[Greek: u(/bris] to divine things or places, 375;
proëm to laws against, 383;
impiety, from one of three heresies, 376;
punishment, 376-9;
majority of Greek world would have been included in one of the
three varieties, 381;
first heresy confuted, 386;
argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory, 388;
second confuted, 389;
the third the worst, 384;
confuted, 391;
incongruity of Plato's doctrine, 393;
dissent of Herodotus and Sokrates, 394;
opposition to Plato's doctrine in Greece, 395;
general Greek belief, 392, 394;
division of citizens and land, twelve tribes, 329;
four classes, property qualification for magistracies and
voters, 331;
perpetuity of lots of land, 326, 360;
Aristotle on, 326 _n._;
succession, 328;
number of citizens, 326, 328;
Aristotle on, 326 _n._;
syssitia, 344, 359;
same duties and training for women as men, 195;
family ties mischievous, but cannot practically be got rid of,
327;
to be watched over by magistrates, 328;
marriage, _ib._, 332, 342, 344, 359, 405, 406;
board of Matrons, 345;
divorce, 406;
treatment of infants, 346;
orphans, guardians, 404, 406;
limited inequality tolerated as to movable property, 330;
modes of acquiring property, 397;
length of prescription for ownership, 415;
no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest,
331;
slavery, 342, 400;
Aristotle differs, 343 _n._;
distribution of annual produce, 361;
each artisan only one trade, _ib._;
retailers, regulations about, _ib._, 401;
punishment for fraud, 402;
Benefit Societies, 399;
Metics, 362;
strangers and foreign travel of citizens, 414;
electoral scheme, 333;
thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332;
assisted by select Dikasts, 362;
many details left to, 341;
the council, and other magistrates, 335;
limited power of fining, 360;
military commanders and council, 332;
monthly military muster of whole population, 358;
oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only, 413;
penal ties against contentious litigation, 410;
judicial duties, public and private causes, 339;
public, three stages, 340, 415;
witnesses, 409;
distinction of damage and injury, 365;
sacrilege and high treason the gravest crimes, 363;
abuse of public trust, 412;
evasion of military service, 412;
homicide, penalties, 370;
varieties of, 370-2;
wounds and beating, 372, 373, 408;
poison and sorcery, 407;
neglect of parents, _ib._;
lunacy, _ib._;
libels, 409;
theft, 364, 409;
suretyship, 415;
mendicants, 409;
funerals, 415;
compared with earlier works, 275, 280;
_Cyropædia_, 319;
_Protagoras_, 301;
_Gorgias_, ii. 362, iv. 301-2, 324;
_Phædrus_, _ib._;
_Philêbus_, 301;
_Republic_, 298 _n._, 302, 319, 327, 390, 429;
_Timæus_, 389 _n._

Lehrsch, iii. 308 _n._, 309 _n._

Leibnitz, interdependence of nature, ii. 248 _n._;
agreement with Plato's metaphysics, _ib._;
pre-existence of soul, _ib._;
natural significant aptitude of letters, iii. 313 _n._;
on a philosophical language, 322 _n._

Lenormant, iii. 306 _n._

Leukippus, i. 65, 66, iii. 243 _n._

Lewis, Sir G. C., ancient astronomy, iv. 355 _n._, 424 _n._

Liberty, excess of, at Athens, iv. 312.

Libraries, ancient, i. 270, 278 _n._, 280, 286;
copying by _librarii_ and private friends, 281 _n._,
284 _n._;
official MSS., _ib._;
see _Alexandrine_, _Lykeum_, _Academy_.

Lichtenstädt, iv. 256 _n._

Light, Plato's theory, iv. 236.

Like known by like, i. 354 _n._, ii. 359 _n._;
friend to like, 359.

Littré, the soul, iv. 257 _n._;
synthetic character of ancient medicine, 260 _n._

Loans, disallowed, iii. 331.

Lobeck, iii. 304 _n._, 311 _n._, 312 _n._

Locke, atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i. 70;
good identical with pleasure, ii. 306 _n._

Logic, influence of Herakleitus on development of, i. 37;
of a science, Plato's different from Aristotelic and modern
view, 358 _n._;
objects of perception and of conception, comprised in Plato's
_ens_, iii. 229, 231;
concepts and percepts, relative, 75;
in Sokrates, the subordination of terms, i. 455;
position of Megarics in history of, 131 _n._;
negative, of Antisthenes' school, 149;
Kyrenaic theory, 197;
elementary distinctions unfamiliar in Plato's time, ii. 13, 34
_n._, 235, 319, iii. 190, 222, 229, 241;
the dialogues of search are lessons in method, 177, 188;
collection of sophisms necessary for a theory of, i. 131;
Aristotle first distinguished [Greek: o(mô/numa], [Greek:
sunô/numa], and [Greek: kat' a)nalogi/an], iii. 94
_n._;
generalisation and division, ii. 27;
process of classification not much attended to, iii. 344;
definition and division illustrated in _Phædrus_ and
_Philêbus_, 29, 344;
names relative and non-relative, 232;
connotation of a word, to be known before its accidents and
antecedents, ii. 242;
logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, i.
168 _n._;
logical and concrete aggregates, ii. 52, 53;
_concrete_, its Greek equivalent, 52 _n._;
opposites, only one to each thing, 13 _n._;
contraries, the Pythagorean "principia of existing things," i.
15 _n._;
Herakleitus' theory, 30, 31;
are excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii. 7
_n._;
judgment, akin to proposition, and may be false by partnership
with form _non-ens_, iii. 213-4;
implied in every act of consciousness, 165 _n._;
Plato's canon of belief, iv. 231;
contradictory propositions not possible, i. 166 _n._;
principle of contradiction, not laid down in Plato's time, iii.
99;
logical maxim of, 239;
function of copula, i. 170 _n._;
misconceived by Antisthenes, iii. 221, 232 _n._, 251
_n._;
Plato's view of causal reasoning, ii. 253;
modern views on _à priori_ reasonings, difference of
Plato's, 251;
see _Fallacies_, _Predication_, _Proposition_.

Logographers, iii. 27 _n._, 36 _n._

Lot, principle of the, iv. 309, 310 _n._

Love, a moving force in Empedokles, i. 38;
cause of, desire for what is akin to us or our own, ii. 182;
see _Eros_.

Lucian, worthlessness of geometry, i. 384 _n._;
on time wasted in philosophic training, 404 _n._

Lucretius, on Anaxagorean homoeomeries, i. 52 _n._;
origin of language, iii. 329 _n._;
on pleasure, 379 _n._, 387 _n._, i. 163 _n._;
on justice, iv. 130 _n._;
appearances of gods to men, 155 _n._;
theology of, 162 _n._

[Greek: Lusite/loun], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

Luther, on music, iv. 151 _n._

Lykeum, Peripatetic school, i. 269;
the library, founded for use of inmates and special visitors,
279 _n._;
loss of library, 270.

Lykurgus, relation to Plato, i. 344 _n._

Lysias, rhetorical powers, iii. 48 _n._;
Isokrates compared, 35, 37;
unfairly treated in _Phædrus_, 47-8;
rivalry with Plato, 408, 410 _n._, 411 _n._;
oration against Æschines, i. 112.

_Lysis_, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 184 _n._;
date, i. 308-10, 313, 326, ii. 184 _n._;
subject suited for dialogue of search, 185;
problem of _friendship_ too general, 186;
debate partly real, partly verbal, 188;
scenery and personages, 172;
mode of talking with youth, 173;
servitude of the ignorant, 176;
lesson of humility, 177;
illustrates Sokratic manner, _ib._;
what is a friend, 178;
appeal to maxims of poets, 179;
likeness and unlikeness, _ib._, 188 _n._;
the Indifferent, friend to Good, 180, 189;
anxious to escape from felt evil, 180;
illustrated by philosopher's condition, 181, 190;
the _primum amabile_, _ib._, 191;
cause of friendship, desire for what is akin to us or our own,
182;
good akin, evil alien, to every one, 183;
the Good and Beautiful as objects of attachment, 194;
failure of enquiry, 184;
compared with Cicero _De Amicitia_, 189 _n._;
_Charmidês_, 172, 184 _n._

M.

Macaulay, Lord, Theology not a progressive science, ii. 428.

Mackintosh, Sir J., iv. 105 _n._

Madness, Plato's view, ii. 129;
of philosophers, 383;
varieties of, Eros one, iii. 11;
see _Inspiration_.

Magic, Empedokles claims powers of, i. 47;
Plato's laws against, iv. 407.

Magnet, analogy to poetic inspiration, ii. 128, 129.

Magnetic colony, see _Leges_.

Maine, meaning of natural justice, ii. 342 _n._;
influence of Law in early societies, i. 382 _n._

Making and _doing_, ii. 155.

Malebranche, ii. 404 _n._, iv. 233.

Mallet, on _Sophistês_, iii. 245 _n._

Malthus, law of population, iv. 201;
recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202.

Man, Plato on antiquity of, iv. 307;
construction of, 243;
the cause of evil, 234;
inconsistency _ib._ _n._;
see _Body_, _Soul_, _Immortality_.

Manichæanism of _Leges_, iv. 389 _n._

Mansel, Dr., iii. 124 _n._

Mantineia, i. 211.

Marathon, iii. 406.

Marbach, i. 132 _n._

Mariandyni, iv. 343 _n._

Marriage, temporary for guardians, iv. 43, 175-8;
object, 198;
Plato's and modern sentiments, 192;
Aristotle, 188, 198-201;
laws in second _idéal_, 328, 332, 341, 344, 359, 405, 406;
board of Matrons, 345;
Malthus' law recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202;
divorce, 406.

Martin on _Timæus_, iv.** 218 _n._, 224 _n._, 233 _n._, 424 _n._; _Leges_, 355 _n._

Materialists, iii. 203, 223;
meaning of _ens_, 231;
argument against, 203, 224, 226, 228;
reply open to, 224, 229.

Matter, Aristotle's _materia prima_, i. 72, iii. 397
_n._;
[Greek: to\ dektiko\n] of _Timæus_, _ib._;
four elements not primitive, iv. 238;
prime, action of Ideas on, _ib._;
Voltaire on, i. 168 _n._

Maximus Tyrius, on Plato's reminiscence, ii. 250 _n._;
variety, iii. 400 _n._

Measure, Plato's conception, ii. 112, 117, iii. 260;
[Greek: to\ me/trion] of Plato, 397 _n._;
Platonic _idéal_, undefined results, ii. 374;
Pythagorean [Greek: kairo/s], iii. 397 _n._;
necessary, to choose pleasures rightly, ii. 293, 357 _n._,
iii. 391;
virtue a right estimate of pleasure and pain, ii. 293, 305;
courage a just estimate of things terrible, 307;
false estimates of pleasures habitual, iii. 353;
true pleasures admit of, 357;
directive sovereignty of, 391;
how applied in _Protagoras_, _ib._;
how explained in _Philêbus_, 393.

Medical Art, analogy of rhetoric to, iii. 31;
reducible to rule, ii. 372 _n._;
physician not bound by peremptory rules, iii. 269;
no refined, allowed, iv. 28;
Plato's view of, 250;
synthetic character of ancient, 260 _n._

Megarics, transcendental, not ethical, i. 122;
shared with Plato the eristic of Sokrates, 124, 126;
logical position misrepresented by historians, 131;
negative dialectic attributed by historians to, 371;
not peculiar to, 387;
the charge brought by contemporaries against Sokrates, 388;
fallacies of, ii. 215, iii. 92;
sophisms of Eubulides, i. 133;
real character of, 135;
alleged over-refinement in classification of, iii. 196
_n._;
not the idealists of _Sophistês_, 244;
controversy with Aristotle about Power, i. 135;
Aristotle's arguments not valid, 136-8;
Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine, 139 _n._;
doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus, 140, 143;
defended by Hobbes, _ib._;
depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141;
sophism of Diodôrus Kronus, _ib._, 143;
Stilpon, 147;
Cicero on, 135 _n._;
Ritter, 129 _n._;
Prantl, _ib._, 132 _n._;
Zeller, 131 _n._;
Winckelmann, 132 _n._;
Marbach, _ib._;
Tiedemann, _ib._;
Stallbaum, _ib._;
Deycks, 136 _n._;
see _Eukleides_.

Melêtus, reply of Sokrates to, Plato and Xenophon compared, i. 456; Plato's views coincide with, iv. 211, 230 _n._, 381, 385, 411, i. 113.

Melissus of Samos, i. 93.

Memory, difference of [Greek: mnê/mê] and [Greek: a)na/mnêsis], iii. 350 _n._; see _Association_.

Ménage, on etymology, iii. 303 _n._

Menedêmus the Eretrian, i. 148;
disallowed negative predications, 170.

_Menexenus_, its authenticity, i. 316, 338, iii. 412
_n._;
date, i. 307, 309, 313, 324;
anachronism, iii. 411;
scenery and persons, 401;
funeral harangues at Athens, _ib._, 404;
Sokrates recites harangue learnt from Aspasia, 402;
framed on the established type, 405;
excited much admiration, 407;
probable motives of Plato, _ib._, 410;
contrast with _Leges_, iv. 315 _n._, 318;
_Gorgias_, ii. 374, iii. 409.

_Menon_, date, i. 306-7, 308-10, 313, 315, 325 _n._, ii.
228 _n._, 246 _n._;
purpose, 235;
gives points in common between Sokrates and Sophists, 257;
scenery and persons, 232;
is virtue teachable, _ib._, 239, iii. 330 _n._;
plurality of virtues, ii. 233;
search for common property, 234;
how is process of search useful, 237;
Sokrates' cross-examination like effect of torpedo, _ib._;
analogies, definitions of figure and colour, 235;
Menon's definition, refuted, 236;
theory of reminiscence, 237;
illustrated by questioning Menon's slave, 238, 249 _n._,
251;
metempsychosis, 249;
little said of the _Ideas_, 253, 255 _n._;
virtue is knowledge, 239;
and so teachable, 240;
relation of opinion to knowledge, 241, 255 _n._, 392
_n._, iii. 172 _n._;
right opinion of good statesmen, from inspiration, ii. 242;
highest virtue teachable, but all existing virtue is from
inspiration, _ib._;
virtue itself remains unknown, _ib._, 245;
Sokrates' doctrine, universal desire of good, 243;
compared with _Phædrus_ and _Phædon_, 249;
_Protagoras_, 244;
_Politikus_, iii. 283;
_Timæus_, _Gorgias_, _Republic_, ii. 254
_n._

Mentiens, sophism, i. 128, 133.

Messênê, bad basis of government, iv. 310.

Metaphor, Herakleitus' exposition by, i. 28, 30, 37
_n._;
Plato's tendency to found arguments on, 343, 353, _n._, ii.
337 _n._, iii. 65 _n._, 173, 207, 351, 364;
doctrine of Ideas derived its plausibility from, i. 343;
waxen memorial tablet in the mind, iii. 169;
pigeon-cage, 171;
souls' [Greek: knê=sis] compared to children's teething, 399
_n._;
the steersman, iv. 53;
Idea of Good in intellectual, as sun in visible, 63;
the cave, iii. 257 _n._, iv. 67-70;
analogy of state and individual, 11, 20, 39, 79-84, 96;
exaggerated, 115, 121, 124;
kosmos, absolute height and depth, 87.

Metaphysics, see _Ontology_.

Meteorology, of Anaxagoras, i. 58;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 64;
Sokrates avoided, 376.

Metempsychosis, included in all ancient speculations, ii. 390, 425
_n._;
belief of Empedokles, i. 46;
included in Plato's proof of soul's immortality, ii. 414;
theory of, 237, 247, iv. 234;
of ordinary men only, ii. 390, 416, 425;
mythe, iii. 12, 14 _n._;
general doctrine in Virgil, ii. 425 _n._

Method, revolutionised by Sokrates, i. _x_;
obstetric, 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176;
Aristotle's Dialectic and Demonstrative, i. 363;
see _Dialectic_, _Negative_, _Inductive_.

Metics, admission of, iv. 362;
Xenophon on, i. 238.

[Greek: Me/trion, to/], of Plato, iii. 397 _n._

Michelet, iv. 151 _n._

Middle ages, disputations in the, i. 397 _n._;
views on causation, ii. 409 _n._

[Greek: Mi/gma], see _Chaos_.

Mill, Jas., on law of mental association, ii. 192 _n._;
transmission of established morality of a society, 275
_n._;
on the moral sense, iv. 128 _n._;
ethical end, 105 _n._

Mill, J. S., on vague connotation of general terms, ii. 48
_n._;
evils of informal debate, 220 _n._, 222 _n._;
definition of fallacy, i. 129;
heads of fallacies, ii. 218;
fallacies of confusion, Descartes' argument, iii. 297 _n._;
of Sufficient Reason, earliest example of, i. 6 _n._;
relativity of knowledge, iii. 128 _n._;
abstract names, 78 _n._;
simple objects undefinable, i. 172 _n._;
comparison of Form with particular phenomena, iii. 64 _n._;
necessity of Verification, 168 _n._;
_antecedent_, _consequent_, _simultaneous_, 165
_n._;
assumption in axioms of arithmetic, 396 _n._;
axioms of arithmetic and geometry, from induction, iv. 353
_n._;
ultimate laws of nature, iii. 132 _n._;
relation of art to science, 43 _n._;
the beautiful, ii. 50 _n._;
hostility to novel attempts at analysis of ethics, i. 387
_n._;
_Liberty_, 395 _n._, ii. 367 _n._;
Sokrates' Utilitarianism, 310 _n._;
theory of syllogism, 255 _n._;
approximation to Plato and Aristotle as to ideal state of
society, iv. 199 _n._

Milton, on Plato's intolerance, iv. 379 _n._

Mind, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26;
identified with heat by Demokritus, 75;
its seat in various parts of the body, Demokritus, 76;
Sokrates' theory of natural state of human, 373;
elenchus the sovereign purifier of, iii. 197;
Sokrates' obstetric, 112;
the self, ii. 11, 25;
state of agent's, as to knowledge, frequent enquiry in Plato,
83;
Plato's view, an assemblage of latent capacities, 164;
knowledge is dominant agency in, 290;
usefulness of negative result for training, 186;
operation of pre-natal experience on, iii. 13;
rhetoric should include a classification of minds and
discourses, 32;
_idéal_ unattainable, 42, 45;
compared to paper, 169, 351;
of each individual, tripartite, iv. 37;
analogous to rulers, guardians, craftsmen, 39;
high development of body and, equally necessary, ii. 422
_n._;
relation to bodily organs, iii. 159, iv. 387 _n._;
diseases of, from body, 250;
no man voluntarily wicked, 249, 365-8;
preservative and healing agencies, 250;
treatment of, by itself, 251;
rotations of kosmos to be studied, 252;
see _Reason_, _Soul_.

_Minos_, authenticity, i. 306-7, 309, 336, 337 _n._, ii.
82, 93;
in _Leges_ trilogy, 91;
and _Hipparchus_ analogous and inferior to other works, 82;
subject the characteristic property connoted by _law_, 76,
86;
discussed by historical Sokrates, _ib._;
its meanings, 91;
three parts, objections, 76;
is _good_ opinion of the city, true opinion, or finding out
of reality, 77;
real things always accounted real, analogies, 79;
only what _ought to be_ law, _is_, 80, 88-9, iii. 281
_n._, 317 _n._;
Expert finds out and certifies truth, ii. 87-9;
laws of Cretan Minos divine and excellent, extant, 80, 90;
Minos' character variously represented, 81;
what does the lawgiver prescribe for health of mind--unanswered,
_ib._;
bad definitions of law, 86;
Sokrates' reasoning unsound but Platonic, 88.

[Greek: Mnê/mê], derivation, iii. 302 _n._;
difference of [Greek: a)na/mnêsis], 350 _n._

Mohl, Prof., on Hafiz, iii. 16 _n._

[Greek: Moi=rai], relation to Gods, iv. 221 _n._

Monad, the Pythagorean, i. 11-12;
Platonic form of Pythagorean doctrine, 15 _n._;
see _Number_.

Monarchy, and democracy the _mother-polities_, iv. 312;
dissent of Aristotle, _ib._ _n._;
monarch a Principal Cause, iii. 266;
true government by the one scientific man, 268, 273;
no laws to limit scientific governor, 269;
_idéal_ attainable only in Saturnian period, 264, iv. 319;
distinguished from general, rhetor, &c., iii. 271;
aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272;
Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon,
273;
of Atlantis, iv. 268;
bad education of kings' son, 312.

Monboddo, on Cartesian and Newtonian theories, ii. 402 _n._;
on Ideas, 408 _n._;
mind and body, iv. 387 _n._

Monkeys, Galen on structure of, iv. 257 _n._

Morality of a society, how transmitted, ii. 274; relation of art to, see _Education_, _Poetry_; _Ethics_.

More, Dr. Henry, emanative cause, ii. 403 _n._;
metempsychosis, 427 _n._;
relativity of knowledge, iii. 124 _n._

Moses, Plato compared to, iv. 256.

Motion, of atoms, the capital fact of Demokritean kosmos, i. 72;
Zeno's arguments, 97;
not denied as a phenomenal and relative fact, 102;
form of, iii. 209-10, 232, 245 _n._;
varieties of rectilinear, iv. 225 _n._;
circular, the best, 225, 388-9;
Diodôrus Kronus, i. 145;
Aristotle nearly coincides with, 146;
and Hobbes, _ib._;
Monboddo on Aristotle and Plato, iv. 386 _n._

Motives, distinction of, ii. 357 _n._

Müller, Prof. Max, origin of language, iii. 326 _n._;
vague use of words, i. 398 _n._

Munk, Dr. Edward, i. 311, 320, 401 _n._

Music, Pythagorean, of the spheres, i. 14;
and speech illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite, iii.
340;
Cynics' contempt for, i. 151, 155;
Platonic sense, iv. 149;
disparaged, ii. 355;
education in, necessary for guardians, iv. 23;
and dancing, effect on emotions, 347;
excites love of the beautiful, 27;
importance of, in education, 305;
Aristotle on, 151 _n._, 306;
Xenophon, _ib._, i. 228;
Luther, iv. 151 _n._;
gymnastic necessary to correct, 29;
prizes at festivals, 292, 337, 358;
three choruses, youths, mature men, elders, 296, 305;
only grave allowed, 32, 168, 298 _n._;
regulated by authority, 292-4, 349;
to keep emotions in a proper state, 169;
elders, by example, to keep up purity of music, 297;
change for worse at Athens began in, 313, 314 _n._, 318;
dangers of change in national, doctrine also of Damon, 315.

Mysticism, religious, in Empedokles, i. 47 _n._; mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious, with dialectic theory, iii. 16.

Mythe, general character of Plato's, ii. 415, iii. 310, iv. 255
_n._;
disparaged, in _Sophistês_, iii. 265 _n._;
Plato's resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. 160 _n._;
Aristotle on blending philosophy with, 255 _n._;
probably often used by Sophists, ii. 267 _n._;
of Prometheus and Epimetheus, 267;
value of, 276;
of Hades in _Gorgias_, 361;
of soul in _Phædon_, 415;
of pre-existent soul, iii. 12, 14 _n._;
of the kosmos in _Politikus_, 265 _n._;
_Timæus_, 409 _n._;
_Kritias_, _ib._, iv. 268;
of departed souls in _Republic_, 94;
the choice of Herakles, i. 177;
training by fictions, iv. 24, 154;
Plato's view of the purpose of, _ib._, 303-5;
Plato's and Homer's fictions contrasted, 153 _n._;
retort open to poets, _ib._, 154 _n._;
no repulsive fictions to be tolerated about gods or Hades, 25,
154;
a better class to be substituted from religion for the existing
fictions, 160;
poet must avoid variety of imitation, 26, 155;
type for narratives about men, 26;
fiction as to origin of classes, 30;
difficulty of procuring first admission for fiction, 158.

Mythology, prolonged belief in, iv. 152 _n._;
Xenophanes' censure of, i. 16;
Herakleitus', 26;
Plato and the popular, 441 _n._, ii. 415, iii. 265
_n._, iv. 24, 155 _n._, 196, 238 _n._, 325, 328,
337, 398.

N.

Names, _relative_ and _non-relative_, iii. 232
_n._;
Pythagorean theory, 304 _n._, 316 _n._;
mystic sanctity of, 323 _n._;
distinction of divine and human, 300 _n._;
natural rectitude of, ii. 89, iii. 286 _n._, 300 _n._,
306 _n._;
connected with doctrine of _Ideas_, 286 _n._, 327
_n._;
difficult to harmonise with facts, 323;
the essence of things, 305 _n._;
things known only through names, not true, 320;
the thing spoken of _suffers_, 287 _n._;
forms of names and of things nameable, 289;
didactic instruments made by law-giver on type of name-forms,
287, 290, 313;
onomastic art, _ib._;
proofs cited from etymology, 299, 300 _n._, 307 _n._;
specimens of ancient etymologies, 307 _n._, 308 _n._,
309 _n._, 310 _n._, 311 _n._;
not caricatures of sophists, 302, 304, 306-12, 314 _n._,
317 _n._, 321, 324;
Plato's _idéal_, 325, 328 _n._, 330;
compared with his views on social institutions, 327;
_Homo Mensura_ the counter theory of language, 326
_n._;
intrinsic aptitude of, for particular things, 289;
consists in resemblance, 313;
vary in degree of aptitude, 318;
first imposer of, a Herakleitean, 302 _n._, 314-7, 319
_n._;
how they have become disguised, 312;
changes hard to follow, 315;
Herakleitean theory admitted, 310;
some names not consistent with it, 319;
the theory uncertain, implicit trust not to be put in names,
321, 325;
see _Language_.

Nature, course of, the ultimatum of Demokritus and moderns, i. 73,
_ib._ _n._;
all proceedings of, conducted according to fixed laws, iii. 286;
Greek view of, hostile to philosophical speculation, i. 86;
interdependence of, ii. 247;
antithesis of law and, 333, 338, i. 197;
also in Indian philosophy, 162;
[Greek: phu/sei] and [Greek: kata\ phu/sin], iii. 294 _n._,
iv. 309 _n._;
Aristotle, 387 _n._;
uncertainty of referring to, ii. 340, iv. 194, i. 162;
meaning of law of, ii. 341 _n._;
Mill on number of ultimate Laws of, iii. 132;
no object in, mean to the philosopher, 61.

Necessary truth, iii. 253 _n._

Necessity, means _Freewill_ in Plato, iv. 221;
kosmos produced by joint action of reason and, 238.

Negative, Plato's view of the, erroneous, iii. 236. 239;
predications disallowed by Menedêmus, i. 170.

Negative Method, harshly censured by historians of philosophy, i.
123;
preponderated in Plato's age, _ib._;
erroneously attributed to Sophists and Megarics, 371, 387;
the charge brought by contemporary Athenians against Sokrates,
388;
Sokrates and Plato its champions, _vii_, _x_, 372;
Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age, 124;
first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness,
385, 389 _n._;
to social, political, ethical topics, 385;
the Megarics shared with Plato the negative impulse of Sokrates,
126;
Academics, 131 _n._;
negative and affirmative veins in Plato distinct, 399, 403, 420;
the negative extreme in _Parmenidês_, iii. 71, i. 125;
overlooked in _Kriton_, 433;
well illustrated in _Lysis_, ii. 177;
the affirmative prominent in his old age, i. 408;
its necessity as a condition of reasoned truth, 91, 371, 373,
387, 395 _n._, 421, ii. 186, i. 130;
a value by itself, iii. 51, 70, 85, 149-50, 176, 184 _n._,
284, 422;
a necessary preliminary to the affirmative, ii. 186, 201;
essential to control of the affirmative, iii. 92 _n._, i.
123;
its difficulties never solved, iii. 51;
see _Dialectic_.

Nemesius, relativity of mental and sensational processes, iii. 122 _n._

Newton, accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 402 _n._

Nile, inundation of, explanation of Anaxagoras, i. 58 _n._

[Greek: No/mimon], equivocal use, ii. 38.

Nominalism, first protest against Realism, Antisthenes, i. 164;
of Stilpon, 167.

Nomos, idea of law less extensive than, i. 380 _n._, 382
_n._, ii. 92 _n._;
omnipotence of King, i. 378, 380, 392 _n._, 424, ii. 333;
Sokrates an exception, _ib._;
Plato's and Aristotle's theory of politics to resist King, i.
393 _n._;
Plato appeals to, iv. 24 _n._;
Epiktêtus, i. 388 _n._;
common sense of a community, its propagation, ii. 274;
no common End among established [Greek: no/mima], iii. 282
_n._, iv. 204 _n._;
see _Authority_, _Orthodoxy_.

Non-ens, see _Ens_.

Noumenon of Kant agrees with Parmenidês' ens, i. 21.

Nous, see _Reason_.

Number, the _principle_ of Pythagoreans, i. 9-12, 14;
differs from Plato's Idea, 10;
its modern application, _ib._ _n._, 14 _n._;
limited to ten, according to Plato and Pythagoreans, 11
_n._;
the Greek geometrical conception of, iii. 112 _n._;
mean proportionals, iv. 224 _n._;
see _Arithmetic_.

O.

Oaths, iv. 413.

Objective, and subjective views of ethics, Sokrates distinguished,
i. 451;
dissent coincident with subjective unanimity, _ib._;
see _Relativity_.

Observation, astronomy must not be studied by, iv. 73;
nor acoustics, 74.

Obstetric, of Sokrates, i. 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176.

Odysseus, ii. 56.

Oken, Pythagoreanism, i. 10 _n._

Old Age, iv. 2.

Oligarchy, iv. 79;
Plato's second state a compromise of democracy and, 333, 337.

[Greek: O(mô/numa], first distinguished from [Greek: sunô/numa] by Aristotle, iii. 94 _n._

[Greek: O(mônu/môs], ii. 193.

One, in the Many, and Many in the One, aim of philosophy, i. 407;
difficulties about many and, iii. 339;
see _Idea_.

Ontology and physics, radically distinct points of view, i. 23
_n._;
the science of Ens, first appears in the Eleates, 22;
reconciliation of physics with, attempted unsuccessfully after
Parmenides, 23 _n._;
Plato blends ethics with, iii. 306;
Aristotle's substratum for phenomenology, i. 24 _n._;
tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, ii. 404
_n._;
see _Ens_, _Philosophy_.

Opinion, public, see _Authority_.

Opinion, Xenophanes' doctrine, i. 18;
Parmenides', 20;
Demokritus', 72;
embraces all varieties of knowledge save of the Good, ii. 30;
right, of good statesmen, derived from inspiration, 242;
compared with knowledge, 241, 253, 255 _n._, iii. 167
_n._, 181 _n._;
antithesis less marked in _Theætêtus_ than
_Politikus_, 257;
Plato's compared with modern views, ii. 254;
the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii.
164;
distinct from sensation, 166;
true, knowledge is, 168;
verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or
possible, _ib._;
if false, possible, 169, 181 _n._, 351;
waxen memorial tablet in the mind, 169;
false, is the confusion of cognitions and non-cognitions,
refuted, 171;
wherein different from knowledge, 172;
true, not knowledge, communicated by rhetor, _ib._;
true, _plus_ rational explanation, is knowledge, 173;
analogy of elements and compounds, _ib._;
rejected, 174;
intercommunion of forms of _non-ens_ and of proposition,
opinion, judgment, 213, 214;
akin to proposition, and may be false, by partnership with form
_non-ens_, 214;
relation to kosmical soul, iv. 227;
its matter, what is between ens and non-ens, 49;
two grades of, Faith or Belief, and Conjecture, 67;
true pleasure attached to true, iii. 351.

Opposites, only one to each thing, ii. 13 _n._

Optimism, ii. 393-6.

Orphans, iv. 406-7.

Orphic canon of life, iii. 390 _n._, iv. 15;
coincidence of _Timæus_ with, 255 _n._

Orthodoxy, local infallibility claimed, but rarely severely
enforced in Greece, iv. 396;
less intolerance at Athens than elsewhere, iii. 277, iv. 126;
Sophists conform to prevalent, 56;
irresistible effect of public opinion in producing, i. 392, iv.
55;
common sense of a community, its propagation, ii. 274;
Plato on, i. _xi_, 342, 392 _n._, 424, iv. 69
_n._, 165;
probable feelings of Plato, ii. 367;
Sokrates in _Phædon_ contrasted with _Apology_, 421;
inconsistently exacted in Plato's state, iii. 277-8, iv. 24,
156, 160, 327, 379, 430;
three varieties of heresy, 376;
proëm to laws against, 383;
first confuted, 386;
argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory, 388;
second confuted, 389;
contradicts _Republic_, 390;
the third the worst, 384;
confuted, 391;
general Greek belief, 381, 391, 394;
incongruity of Plato's doctrine, 393;
opposition to Plato's doctrine in Greece, 395;
Cicero, 379 _n._;
Milton, _ib._;
Bp. Butler, 166 _n._;
book-burning, 379 _n._;
see _Authority_.

[Greek: Ou)si/a], must be known before [Greek: pa/thê], ii. 243 _n._

P.

[Greek: Paiderasti/a], iii. 20 _n._, iv. 359.

Pain, see [Greek: a)lupi/a], _Pleasure_.

Paley, remarks illustrative of Sokratic dialectic, i. 377 _n._

Panætius, style, i. 406 _n._;
on _Phædon_, 288, 334 _n._;
Plato's immortality of the soul, ii. 423 _n._;
dialogues of _Sokratici viri_, i. 112 _n._

Parmenidês, metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, i.
23 _n._, 89;
the absolute, 19-24, iii. 104;
Herakleitus opposed to, i. 37;
ens and non-ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind, 19;
ens alone contains truth, phenomena probability, 24;
ens erroneously identified by Aristotle with heat, _ib._
_n._;
non-ens, iii. 243 _n._;
opposition to _Homo Mensura_, 113;
phenomena of, the object of modern physics, i. 23 _n._;
mind, 26;
theology, 19, 25;
physics, 7 _n._, 90 _n._;
two physical principles, 24;
doctrine defended by Zeno, 93, 99, iii. 58;
relation of Demokritus to, i. 66;
with Pythagoras supplied basis of Platonic philosophy, 89;
refutation of, in _Sophistês_, iii. 211, 223;
summum genus enlarged by Eukleides, 196 _n._;
and Sokrates blended by Eukleides, i. 118.

_Parmenidês_, the, date, i. 309, 315, 316 _n._, 338
_n._, iii. 71 _n._, 244 _n._;
authenticity, i. 307-11, 320, 327, 338 _n._, 401 _n._,
iii. 68 _n._, 69, 88 _n._, 185 _n._;
criticism of dialogue generally, 82;
its character, 56;
purpose negative, 71, 85 _n._, 85, 93, 97, 108, i. 125;
the genuine Platonic theory attacked, iii. 68;
attack not unnatural, 71;
its dialectic, compared with Zeno's, i. 100;
scenery and personages, iii. 58;
Sokrates impugns Zeno's doctrine, 59;
and affirms Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible
objects, _ib._;
objections, 60-7;
no object in nature mean to the philosopher, 61, 195 _n._;
ideas, how participable by objects, 63, 72, iv. 138;
analogous difficulty of predication, i. 169;
not merely conceptions, iii. 64, 74;
"the third man," 64 _n._;
not mere types, 65;
not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves, _ib._, 72;
cognizable only through unattained Idea of cognition, 66;
which gods have, 67, 68 _n._;
dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68;
exercises required from students, 79;
provisional assumption of hypotheses, and their consequences
traced, _ib._;
nine demonstrations from _unum est_ and _unum non
est_, 81, 340;
criticism of antinomies, 82, 85 _n._, 88 _n._, 99
_n._;
exercises only specimens of method applicable to other
antinomies, 91;
more formidable than problems of Megarics, 92;
these assumptions convey the minimum of determinate meaning, 94;
different meanings of the same proposition in words, 95, 97
_n._;
first demonstration a Reductio ad absurdum of _Unum non
multa_, 96, 101;
second, demonstrates _Both_ of what the first demonstrated
_Neither_, 98, 101;
third mediates, 100, 101;
but unsatisfactory, 102;
Plato's imagination of the _Instantaneous_, 100;
found no favour, 102;
the fourth and fifth, 101, 102;
the sixth and seventh, 103;
unwarranted steps in the reasoning, 105;
seventh is founded on genuine doctrine of Parmenidês, 104;
eighth and ninth, 106;
conclusion compared to enigma in _Republic_, 108;
compared with _Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, 187
_n._, 259;
_Philêbus_, 97 _n._, 340 _n._, 343;
_Republic_, iv. 138;
_Euthydêmus_, ii. 200.

Particulars, doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 29;
the one in the many, and many in one, aim of philosophy, 407;
Herakleitean flux true of, but not of Ideas, iii. 320;
universals amidst, 257;
and universals, different dialogues compared, _ib._;
difficulties about one and many, 339;
natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340;
illustration from speech and music, 342;
explanation insufficient, 343;
no constant truth in, iv. 3 _n._;
fluctuate, 50;
ordinary men discern only, 49, 51;
see _Phenomena_.

Pascal, on King _Nomos_, i. 381 _n._;
Cartesian theory, ii. 401 _n._;
justice, i. 231 _n._;
authority, iv. 232.

[Greek: Pa/thê], must be known after [Greek: ou)si/a], ii. 243 _n._

Pathology of Plato, compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, iv. 260.

Pausanias, the gods jealousy, iv. 164 _n._

Peloponnesian war, iii. 406.

Pentateuch, allegorical interpretation of, iv. 157 _n._;
relation to Greek schemes, 256.

Pentathlos, the, ii. 114;
expert of Plato and Aristotle, 119 _n._

Percept and concept, relative, iii. 75;
prior to the percipient, 76 _n._

Perception, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26;
Empedokles, 44;
Theophrastus, 46 _n._;
Anaxagoras, opposed to Empedokles, 58;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 62;
Demokritus, 77;
Plato, iii. 159;
different views of Plato, 163;
sensible, province wider in _Politikus_ than
_Theætêtus_, 256;
knowledge is sensible, 111, 113, 154, 173 _n._;
identified with _Homo Mensura_, 123, 162 _n._;
sensible perception does not include memory, 157;
argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time,
_ib._;
knowledge lies in the mind's comparisons respecting sensible
perceptions, 161;
difference from modern views, 162;
objects of conception and of, comprised in Plato's _ens_,
229, 231.

Pergamus, library of, i. 270 _n._, 280 _n._

Periander, iv. 7.

[Greek: Perie/chon] of Herakleitus, i. 35 _n._;
compared with Nous of Anaxagoras, 56 _n._

Perikles, upheld the claims of intellect, ii. 373;
rhetorical power, 370, 371.

Peripatetic school at the Lykeum, i. 269;
change after death of Theophrastus, 272;
loss of library, 270;
see _Lykeum_.

Persian and Spartan kings eulogised, ii. 8;
and Athens compared, iv. 312;
invasion, 311, 313;
customs blended with Spartan in _Cyropædia_, i. 222;
government, 235.

Phædon the Eretrian, i. 148.