Chapter XXXIV: Appendix (5)

Same, form of, iii. 209, 231, iv. 226.

Sankhya, i. 378 _n._, ii. 389 _n._, 426 _n._

Salvador, Jacob, iii. 300 _n._

Scepticism, of Xenophanes, i. 18;
Plato, 342;
Greek sceptics, iii. 293 _n._

Schleiermacher, on Plato's view of knowledge and opinion, iii. 167
_n._;
theory of Platonic canon, i. 303;
includes a preconceived scheme, and an order of interdependence,
318;
proofs slender, 317, 325 _n._;
assumptions as to _Phædrus_ inadmissible, 319, 329
_n._;
reasons internal, 319, 337, iv. 431;
himself shows the unsafe grounds of modern critics, i. 336;
Ueberweg attempts to reconcile Hermann with, 313;
theory adopted by Trendelenburg, 345 _n._;
on relation of _Euthyphron_ to _Protagoras_ and
_Parmenidês_, 443 _n._;
_Menon_, ii. 247 _n._;
_Parmenidês_, iii. 85 _n._;
_Sophistês_, 244 _n._, i. 127;
_Kratylus_, iii. 303 _n._, 304 _n._; 307
_n._, 310 _n._, 321, 321 _n._;
_Philêbus_, 334 _n._, 365 _n._, 369 _n._,
398 _n._;
_Euthydêmus_, i. 127;
_Menexenus_, iii. 408;
_Kleitophon_, 426 _n._;
_Republic_, iv. 38 _n._;
_Leges_, 430.

Schneider, on Xenophon's _Symposion_, iv. 313 _n._

School, [Greek: scholê/], i. 121 _n._, 127 _n._;
Plato's establishment of, a new epoch in philosophy, 266;
of Plato fixed at Athens, 254;
and transmitted to successors, 265;
its importance for his manuscripts, 266, 267;
decorations of the Academy and Lykeum, 209;
Peripatetic at Lykeum, _ib._;
of Isokrates, iii. 35;
Eretrian, i. 121, 148;
Megaric, 121.

Schöne, on the dates of Plato's compositions, i. 326 _n._

Schwegler, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 86 _n._;
_Homo Mensura_, 151 _n._

Science, derivation of [Greek: e)pistê/mê], iii. 301 _n._;
_scientia_, 302 _n._;
logic of a, Plato's different from Aristotelic and modern view,
i. 358 _n._;
science of good and evil distinct from others, ii. 161, 168;
relation to art, iii. 43 _n._, 46, 263;
antithesis of emotion and, 61, 195, 197 _n._;
dialectic the standard for classifying, as more or less true,
382;
dialectic the consummation of, iv. 75;
relation to kosmical soul, 227;
see _Knowledge_.

Self-knowledge, temperance is, ii. 155;
what is the object known in, 156;
in _Charmidês_ declared impossible, elsewhere essential and
inestimable, 167.

Selli, asceticism of, i. 163 _n._

Seneca, on the Good, iii. 372 _n._;
filial ingratitude, iv. 400 _n._;
Diogenes of Sinôpê, i. 156 _n._

Sensation, Empedokles' theory, i. 44;
Theophrastus, 46 _n._;
theory of Anaxagoras, opposed to Empedokles', 58;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 62;
Demokritus, 71, 76, 77, 80;
the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii.
164;
distinct from opinion, 167;
verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or
possible, 168.

Sense, derivation of [Greek: ai)/sthêsis], iii. 308 _n._;
doctrine of Empedokles, i. 44;
illusions of, belief of Anaxagoras, 59 _n._;
defects of, belief of Demokritus, 68 _n._, 71;
Zeno's arguments, 93;
Plato's conception of, iii. 164 _n._;
worlds of intellect and, distinct, i. 403;
organs of, iv. 236;
principal advantages of sight and hearing, 238;
hearing, i. 46, 62, 78;
ethical and emotional effects conveyed by, iv. 307 _n._;
smell, i. 46;
pleasures of, true, iii. 356;
_Homo Mensura_, 122;
relativity of sensible facts, 126, 154, 298;
its verifications recognised by Plato as the main guarantee for
accuracy, 155 _n._, 240;
fundamental distinction of _ens_ and _fientia_, iv.
219;
relation to kosmical soul, 227;
see _Particulars_, _Phenomena_, _Sensation_.

Serranus, on Platonic canon, i. 302.

Sextus Empiricus, doctrine, iii. 292 _n._;
no definition of a general word, i. 168 _n._;
on poets, iv. 24 _n._

Shaftesbury, Lord, iv. 105 _n._

Simonides, interpretation of a song of, ii. 283;
definition of justice, iv. 2, 7.

Slavery, iv. 309, 342, 400;
Aristotle differs, 344 _n._;
evidence of slaves. 410 _n._

Sleeman, Sir Wm., grounds of belief among Hindoos, iii. 150 _n._

Sleep, doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34;
Plato, iv. 237.

Smith, Adam, _Moral Sentiments_, iii. 333.

Socher, theory of Platonic canon, i. 306;
_Parmenidês_, 338 _n._, iii. 88 _n._, 185
_n._;
_Politikus_, _ib._, 196 _n._, 265 _n._;
_Sophistês_, 185 _n._, 196 _n._, 243 _n._,
244;
_Philêbus_, 369 _n._;
_Kritias_, iv. 266 _n._

Societies, Benefit, iv. 399.

Society, ethics and politics, topic of Sokrates, i. 376;
genesis of, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327, iv. 21, 111, 112
_n._, 133;
social art conferred by Zeus, ii. 268;
dissent a necessary condition of its progressiveness, 367
_n._;
frequent destruction of communities, iv. 307;
historical retrospect of, 307-314;
see _State_.

Sokrates, life, character, and surroundings, i. 410 _n._;
character unparalleled in history, _vi_;
personal appearance and peculiar character, iii. 19;
patience, 24 _n._;
courage and equanimity, 21 _n._;
compared to Antoninus Pius, ii. 382 _n._;
proof against temptation, iii. 20, 22, 23, iv. 287, 288;
sensibility to youthful beauty, ii. 22 _n._;
as representative of _Eros Philosophus_, iii. 15, 25;
income, i. 192 _n._;
procedure of, repugnant to Athenian public, 387, 412, 441, iv.
127;
aggravated by his extreme publicity of speech, i. 393;
feels his own isolation as a dissenter, ii. 365;
accused of corrupting the youths, i. 391 _n._, 183
_n._;
Plato's reply, magical influence ascribed to his conversation,
ii. 23, iii. 19, 21 _n._, 24 _n._, 113 _n._, 388
_n._, iv. 412 _n._, i. 110;
influence he claims, enlarged by Plato and Xenophon, 418;
disobedience of the laws, 434 _n._;
imprisonment, 425;
indictment, against, 412, 418 _n._, 437, iv. 230, i. 113;
grounds for his indictment, iv. 162 _n._, 211, 381, 385;
reply to Melêtus, Plato and Xenophon compared, i. 456, ii. 421
_n._;
opposition of feeling between, and the Dikasts, i. 375;
trial and death might have been avoided without dishonour, 426
_n._;
equanimity before death, ii. 417, 418;
answer to Kriton's appeal to fly, i. 426;
last words and death, ii. 377, 418;
general features of character in _Apology_ confirmed, i.
419 _n._;
character and disposition, differently set forth in
_Kriton_, 428, 431-2;
of _Apology_ and _Phædon_ contrasted, ii. 421;
the real compared with character in _Republic_, iv. 211;
Plato's early relations with, i. 248;
of Xenophon and Plato compared, ii. 37, i. 178, 199;
Xenophon's relations with, 206-10;
uniform description of, in dialogues of _viri Sokratici_,
115;
brought down philosophy from heaven, _x_;
revolutionised method, _ib._;
progenitor of philosophy of 4th century B.C., 111
_n._;
theory of natural state of human mind, 373, 414;
false persuasion of knowledge, an ethical defect, iii. 177;
omnipotence of King Nomos, i. 378-84;
differs from others by consciousness of ignorance, 413, 416;
Delphian oracle, on his wisdom, 413;
combated _commonplace_, 398 _n._;
in reference to social, political, ethical, topics, 376;
mission, _x_, 374, 395, ii. 146, 419, iii. 219, 422, iv.
219, 381;
declared in _Alkibiadês I._ and _Apology_, ii. 24;
imposed on him by the gods, i. 415;
his _dæmon_, 437, ii. 104, i. 115;
his experience of it, ii. 102;
explains his eccentricity, 105;
a special revelation, 110, 130-1;
variously alluded to, 106-11;
determined to persevere in mission, i. 416;
not a teacher, 417, ii. 140, 146, 162, 165, 184, 232, 237, 242;
only stimulates, i. 449, iii. 415, 421-24, iv. 52 _n._;
his excuse, ii. 106;
knows of no teacher, i. 417, ii. 225;
a positive teacher, employing indirect methods, modern
assumption, i. 419;
incorrect, for his Elenchus does not furnish a solution, 420;
his positive solutions illusory, ii. 26;
_obstetric_, i. 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176;
the Sokratic dialogue, i. _x_, _xi_;
usefulness of, ii. 186, 207;
effect like shock of torpedo, 237;
diversified conversations, i. 182;
humbles presumptuous youths, ii. 21;
manner well illustrated in _Lysis_, 177;
asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i.
386, 423, 436, ii. 379;
on _Homo Mensura_, i. 432, iii. 162 _n._;
his Eristic character, ii. 203;
the greatest Eristic of his age, i. 124;
followed by Plato and Megarics, _ib._, 126;
resemblance to Sophists, ii. 280, iii. 198 _n._, 216, iv.
165, 412 _n._;
_Menon_ gives points in common between Sophists and, ii.
257;
the "sophistic art" peculiar to him, iii. 218;
negative vein, i. _viii_, _x_, 370, 372, 373
_n._, 375, 387;
affirmative and negative veins distinct, 420;
charge against him of negative method, by his contemporaries,
371, 388;
first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 389
_n._;
to social, political, ethical topics, 376, 385;
value and importance of Elenchus, 421;
see _Negative_;
introduced search for definitions, ii. 48;
authority of public judgment nothing--of Expert, everything, i.
426, 435;
does not name, but himself acts as, Expert, _ib._;
early study, ii. 391;
stages of intellectual development, _ib._;
turned on different views as to a true cause, 398;
accused of substituting physical for mental causes, 401;
does not distinguish different meanings of same term, 279;
not always consistent, 29, 303;
sophistry in _Hippias Minor_, 62;
avoided physics, i. 376;
the Reason of the kosmos, ii. 402 _n._;
distinguished objective and subjective views of Ethics, i. 451;
proper study of mankind, 122;
order of ethical problems as conceived by, ii. 299;
not observed by Xenophon, i. 230;
and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual conditions of
human conduct, ii. 67;
fruits of virtue, i. 415;
Utilitarianism, ii. 310 _n._, i. 185 _n._;
belief in the deity, 413, 414;
disbelieves discord among gods, 440;
principle of making oneself like the gods, _ib._;
on the holy, difference in Plato and Xenophon, 454;
on prayer and sacrifice, ii. 17, 418-9, iv. 394;
much influenced by prophecies, dreams, &c., ii. 418
_n._, 420, iii. 351, iv. 395, i. 225 _n._;
on death, 422, 429 _n._;
and Plato, difference on subject of beauty, ii. 54;
companions of, i. 111;
their proceedings after his death, 116;
no Sokratic school, 117;
Antisthenes constant friend of, 152;
manner copied by Antisthenes, 150, 159 _n._;
precepts fullest carried out by Diogenes and Krates, 160, 174;
and Parmenides, blended by Eukleides, 118;
discourse with Aristippus, 175;
the choice of Heraklês, 177;
the Good and Beautiful, 184.

Soldiers, class of, characteristics, iv. 23;
division of guardians into rulers and, 29;
Plato's training compared with modern, 148;
modern development of military profession, 180.

Solon, on despotism, i. 219 _n._;
unfinished poem of, subject of _Kritias_, iv. 266.

[Greek: Sophi/a] and [Greek: phro/nêsis] of Aristotle, ii. 120 _n._; identical with [Greek: sôphrosu/nê], ii. 280.

Sophisms, a collection of, necessary for a logical theory, i. 131;
discussion of popular at philosophers' banquets, 134 _n._;
of Eubulides, 128, 133;
Theophrastus on, 134 _n._;
Diodôrus Kronus, 141, 143;
real character of, 135;
of Stoics, 128 _n._, 138;
see _Fallacy_.

Sophist, meaning of [Greek: sophistê/s], i. 256 _n._, 391
_n._, ii. 261, iii. 27 _n._;
compared to an angler, 191;
Plato's definition, 191-4, 196 _n._;
a juggler, 198;
imitator of the wise man, 216;
Plato's ironical admiration, ii. 208, 283;
no real class, 210, 341 _n._, iii. 249 _n._, iv. 136
_n._, i. 178;
Theopompus on profession of, 212 _n._;
usually depicted from opponents' misrepresentations, 308
_n._, ii. 210;
accused of generating scepticism and uncertainty, 64 _n._;
negative dialectic attributed by historians to, i. 371;
did not first apply negative analysis to the common
consciousness, 389 _n._;
negative dialectic not peculiar to, 387;
the charge brought by contemporaries against Sokrates, 388;
dialectic contrasted with Sokrates', ii. 197;
Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age, i. 124;
Sokrates a, ii. 183 _n._, 185 _n._, 188, 199, iv. 165,
412 _n._;
_Menon_ gives point in common between Sokrates and, ii.
257;
in _Euthydêmus_, 196;
not represented by Kallikles, 339;
lives in region of _non-ens_, iii. 208;
devoted to the production of falsehood, 215;
is [Greek: e)nantiopoiologiko\s] and [Greek: ei)/rôn], 216;
those the characteristics of Sokrates, _ib._;
the "sophistic art" peculiar to Sokrates, 218;
their alleged claim to universal knowledge--common to all
philosophers then, 219;
etymologies in _Kratylus_ not caricatures of, 302, 310
_n._, 314 _n._, 317 _n._, 321, 323;
no proof of their etymologising, 304;
as teachers, ii. 261;
motives of pupils, _ib._ _n._, 264 _n._;
as corruptors of public mind, 288 _n._;
jealousy of parents towards influential teachers, 265 _n._;
probably often used illustrative mythes, 267 _n._;
money-making, 210, _ib._ _n._, iii. 27 _n._, i.
212 _n._;
not distinguishable from dialectician, ii. 210, 211 _n._;
raised question of criterion of truth, 246;
logical distinctions, 236 _n._;
did not invent fallacies, 217, i. 133 _n._;
abuse of fallacies, biddings for popularity, ii. 199;
did not deny natural justice, 341 _n._;
not the perverters of philosophy, iv. 55;
conform to prevalent orthodoxy, 56;
relation to poets, 150;
Demochares' law against, i. 111 _n._;
Aristippus taught as a, 193.

_Sophistês_, date, i. 305-11, 313, 315, 324-5, iii. 369
_n._;
authenticity, i. 307, 316 _n._, iii. 185 _n._, 243
_n._;
purpose, 188, 190, 223, 253, 261, 267;
relation to _Theætêtus_, 187;
scenery and personages, 185;
in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, 195;
definition of angler, 189;
sophist compared to an angler, 192;
defined, 191-5, 196 _n._;
a juggler, 198, 200;
imitator of the wise man, 216;
classification of imitators, 215;
philosopher lives in region of _ens_, sophist, of
_non-ens_, 208;
bodily and mental evil, 197;
the worst, ignorance mistaking itself for knowledge, _ib._;
Elenchus the sovereign purifier, _ib._;
is false thought or speech possible, 172 _n._, 199, 249;
falsehood possible, and object of sophists' profession, 181
_n._, 214;
imperfect analysis of propositions, 235, 238;
view of the negative erroneous, 237, 239;
theories of philosophers about _ens_, 201;
_non-ens_ inconceivable, 200;
is _ens_ one or many, 201;
difficulties about _ens_ and _non-ens_ equally great,
_ib._, 206;
the materialists and the idealists, 203;
argument against materialists, _ib._, 223, 226, 228;
reply open to materialists, 224, 230;
argument against idealists, 204, 225;
their doctrine the same as Plato's in _Phædon_, &c.,
244, 246;
no allusion intended to Megarics or Pythagoreans, 244, 390
_n._;
communion implies relativity, 125, 205;
to know and to be known is action and passion, 205, 226, 287
_n._;
motion and rest both agree in _ens_, which is therefore a
_tertium quid_, 206;
argument against "only identical predication legitimate,"
_ib._, 212, 221, 251;
Antisthenes meant, i. 163, 165;
intercommunion of _some_ Forms, iii. 207, 228, 246
_n._, 251 _n._;
analogy of letters and syllables, 207;
what forms admit of it, determined by philosopher, 208;
of _non-ens_ and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213,
214, 235;
[Greek: to\ mê\ o)/n], meaning, 181 _n._;
five forms examined, 208, 231, 233;
Plato's view of _non-ens_ unsatisfactory, 236, 239, 242
_n._, 248 _n._;
an approximation to Aristotle's view, 247;
different from other dialogues, 242;
compared with _Phædon_, 244, 246;
_Phædrus_, 18, 257;
_Symposion_, 19;
_Theætêtus_, 182 _n._, 187, 242, 256, 332;
_Kratylus_, _ib._;
_Philêbus_, 369 _n._;
_Republic_, 242, 257.

Sophokles, Antigone, compared with _Apology_, i. 429
_n._;
its popularity, ii. 135 _n._;
as a general, 135.

[Greek: Sôphrosu/nê], ii. 153 _n._;
see _Temperance_;
derivation, iii. 301 _n._;
identical with [Greek: sophi/a], ii. 279;
and [Greek: ai)dô/s], 269 _n._

Sorites, i. 128, 133, 135 _n._

Soul, derivation of [Greek: psuchê/], iii. 301 _n._;
meaning, iv. 387 _n._;
prior to and more powerful than body, 386, 419-20;
the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386;
one continuous cosmical, ii. 248 _n._;
of the kosmos, iii.** 265 _n._, iv. 220, 421;
affinity to human, iii. 366 _n._;
of kosmos, position and elements of, iv. 225;
of plants, 248;
doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34;
Empedokles, 44;
Anaxagoras, 54;
Demokritus, 75;
Plato's conception of existence, iii. 205, 226, 229, 231;
not tripartite, antithesis to body, ii. 384;
Hegel on Plato's view, 414 _n._;
a mixture, refuted, 390;
life a struggle between body and, 386, 388, iv. 234, 235
_n._;
partial emancipation of, by philosophy, ii. 386;
purification of, 388;
[Greek: knê=sis] compared to children's teething, iii. 399
_n._;
pre-existence admitted, ii. 390;
mythe, iii. 12, 15 _n._;
Leibnitz on, ii. 248 _n._;
pre-existence of, necessary hypothesis for didactic
_idéal_, iii. 52;
metempsychosis of ordinary men only, ii. 387, iv. 234;
mythe of departed, in _Republic_, 94;
state after emancipation from body, ii. 416;
yet may suffer punishment, inconsistency, _ib._;
three constituent elements of, iii. 232 _n._;
Galen, iv. 258;
are the three parts immortal, ii. 385, iv. 243;
no place for tender and æsthetic emotions in tripartite division
of, 149 _n._;
each part at once material and mental, 257;
supremacy of rational, to be cultivated, 251;
Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body, 233, 243;
Demiurgus prepares for man's construction, places a soul in each
star, 233;
generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos with
rational soul rotating within, _ib._;
mount cranium on a tall body, 236;
seat of, 235-7, 243-7, 259 _n._;
Littré, 257 _n._;
abdominal, function of liver, 245, 259;
seat of prophetic agency, 246;
thoracic, function of heart and lungs, 245, 259 _n._;
of spleen, 246;
vision, sleep, dreams, 236;
Aristotle on relation of body to, iii. 389 _n._;
Monboddo, iv. 387 _n._;
see _Body_, _Immortality_, _Mind_, _Reason_.

Sound, Zeno's arguments, i. 96;
pleasures of, true, iii. 356.

Space, and time comprised in Parmenides' ens, i. 19;
Zeno's reductiones ad absurdum, 94;
contents of the idea of, 20 _n._

Sparta, unlettered community, iv. 278;
law forbids introduction of foreign instruction, ii. 35;
Hippias lectures at, 39;
mixed government, iv. 310;
kings eulogised, ii. 8;
customs of, iii. 24 _n._;
peculiar to itself and Krete, iv. 280 _n._;
blended with Persian in _Cyropædia_, i. 222;
influence on philosopher's theories, iv. 181;
Xenophon's _idéal_ of character, 147, 148, 182;
Plato's in _Leges_, 276, 280 _n._, 403;
basis of institutions too narrow, 282;
endurance of pain in discipline of, 285;
public training and mess, 279, 280 _n._, 285 _n._;
no training for women, censured, 188;
infanticide, 203;
number of citizens, 327 _n._;
drunkenness forbidden at, 286;
_kryptia_, Plato's agronomi compared, 336.

Specific and generic terms, distinction unfamiliar in Plato's time, ii. 13.

Speech, conducted according to fixed laws, iii. 286;
the thing spoken of _suffers_, 287 _n._;
Psammetichus' experiment, 289 _n._;
and music illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite, 340-3.

Spencer, Herbert, abstract names, iii. 78 _n._

Spengel, on Thrasymachus, iv. 7 _n._;
_Kratylus_, iii. 309 _n._

Speusippus, borrowed from Pythagoreans, iii. 390 _n._;
on pleasure, 386 _n._, 389 _n._;
on the Demiurgus, iv. 255.

Sphere, the earth a, early views, i. 25 _n._;
Pythagorean music of the spheres, 14;
_Sphærus_ of Empedokles, 39.

Stallbaum, on Platonic canon, i. 307, 443 _n._;
_Erastæ_, ii. 121;
_Theagês_, 100 _n._;
_Euthydêmus_, 202;
_Protagoras_, 314, iv. 284 _n._;
_Theætêtus_, iii. 158 _n._;
_Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, 196 _n._, 257
_n._;
_Kratylus_, 303 _n._, 305 _n._, 310 _n._,
321, 323 _n._;
_Philêbus_, 342 _n._, 343 _n._, 347 _n._,
356 _n._, 389 _n._, 398 _n._;
_Menexenus_, 408, 409;
_Republic_ iv. 106 _n._;
_Timæus_, 219 _n._;
_Leges_, 188 _n._, 272 _n._, 410 _n._, 431;
theory of Ideas, iii. 69 _n._;
Sophists, ii. 209 _n._;
Megarics, i. 132 _n._

Stars, iv. 229.

State, Lewis on _idéals_, iv. 139 _n._;
realisation of _idéals_, 190 _n._;
three ends of political constructor, 328 _n._;
influence of Spartan institutions, on theories, 181;
no evidence of Plato's study of practical working of different
institutions, 397;
Aristeides on, i. 243 _n._;
citizens willing to be ruled, _idéal_ of Plato and
Xenophon, iv. 283 _n._;
Platonic type of character is Athenian, Xenophontic is Spartan,
147, 148, 182;
its religious and ethical character primary, constitution and
laws secondary, 284;
religion in connection with, 24, 160;
and education combined, 185;
Plato's ideal, compared with Athens, 430;
the Spartan adopted in _Leges_, 276, 280 _n._, 403;
Plato carries abstraction farther than Xenophon or Aristotle,
183;
more anxious for good treatment of Demos, _ib._;
in Aristotle the Demos adjuncts, not members, of state, 184;
model city practicable if philosophy and political power united,
47;
perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60;
those who have contemplated Ideas are reluctant to undertake
active duties. 70;
as at present constituted, the just man stands aloof from, 90;
ideal, how to be realised, 78, 190 _n._;
admitted only partially realisable, 327;
only an outline, 139;
a military _bureaucracy_, 183;
second, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical sentiment,
333, 337;
Aristotle objects to Plato's ideal, it is two states, 185;
objection valid against his own ideal, 186 _n._;
Plato fails from no training for Demos, 186;
Plato's state impossible, in what sense true, 189;
from adverse established sentiments, 191;
genesis, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327, iv. 20, 111, 112
_n._, 133;
historical retrospect of society, 307-314;
analogy of individual and, 11, 21, 37, 79-84, 96;
Hobbes on, _ib._;
parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 123;
its [Greek: u(po/thesis], 328 _n._;
basis of Spartan institutions too narrow, 282;
site, 320, 329, 336;
circular form, unwalled, 344;
influence of climate, 330 _n._;
wisdom and courage in the guardians, 34;
justice and temperance in all classes, 35;
class of guardians, characteristics, 23;
divided into rulers and soldiers, 29;
same duties and training for women as men, 41, 46, 77, 171-4;
on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187;
maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends,
195;
contrast with Aristotle, 194;
[Greek: sussi/tia], 32, 345, 359;
communism of guardians, _ib._, 140, 169;
necessary to city's safety, 32, 34, 44, 140, 170-179;
peculiarity of Plato's communism, 179;
Plato's view of wealth, 199 _n._;
no family ties, 41, 174, 178;
temporary marriages for guardians, 175-8;
Plato's and modern sentiments, 192, 194;
influence of Aphroditê very small in Platonic, 197, 359;
citizens should be tested against pleasure, 285;
self-control tested by wine, 289;
healthy, has few wants, enlargement of city's wants, 22;
from multiplied wants, war, _ib._;
perfection of, each part performing its own function, 97;
one man can do only one thing well, 23, 33, 183, 361;
unity of end to be kept in view, 417;
end, happiness of entire state, 98, 139 _n._;
and virtue of the citizens, 417;
three classes in, analogous to reason, energy, appetite, in
individual, 39;
fiction as to origin of classes, 30;
four stages of degeneracy, 79-84;
proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83;
in healthy condition, possesses wisdom, courage, temperance,
justice, 34;
laws about marriage, 328, 331, 341, 344;
Aristotle, 198-201;
Malthus' law recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202;
number of citizens, 178, 326, 328;
limited, Plato and Aristotle, 198-201;
Aristotle, 326 _n._;
approximation in Mill, 199 _n._;
rearing of children, 43, 44;
infanticide, _ib._, 177;
Aristotle, 202;
contrast of modern sentiment, 203;
citizens of Plato's ideal, identified with ancient Athenians,
266;
division of citizens and land, twelve tribes, 329;
perpetuity of lots of land, 320, 360;
Aristotle, 326 _n._;
succession, 328;
orphans, guardians, 404, 406;
limited inequality tolerated as to movable property, 330;
no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest,
331;
distribution of annual produce, 361;
state importation of necessary articles, _ib._;
regulations for retailers, 21, 361, 401;
admission of Metics, 362, i. 238;
of strangers, and foreign travel of citizens, iv.** 414;
slavery, 342;
Aristotle differs, 344 _n._;
direct taxation, according to wealth, 331;
four classes, property classification for magistracies and
votes, _ib._;
thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332;
military commanders and council, _ib._;
monthly military muster of whole population, 358;
electoral scheme, 333;
the council, and other magistrates, 335;
Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out the end, 418, 425,
429;
and enforce orthodox creed, 419;
most important magistrate, minister of education, 338;
defence of territory, rural police, 335;
Spartan _kryptia_ compared, 336;
_Xenophon's_ ideal of an active citizen, i. 214;
he admires active commerce and variety of pursuits, 236;
encouragement of metics, 238;
training of citizens, 226;
formation of treasury funds, 238;
distribution among citizens, three oboli each, daily, 239;
its purpose and principle, 240, 241 _n._;
see _Government_, _Political Art_, &c.

Statesmen, ignorant of the true, the ideal, ii. 89;
incompetent to teach. 100, 357, 360, 369;
the philosopher the fully qualified practitioner, 114, 116, 118;
disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, 224;
dislike of Sokrates and Sophists, 256;
their right opinion, from inspiration, 242;
defects of best Athenian, 360;
considered by Sokrates as spiritual teachers and trainers, 362;
Plato's _idéal_, 363;
relation of philosopher to practical, iii. 179, 183, 273;
definition of, 263.

Steersman, simile of, iv. 53.

Steinhart, on Platonic canon, rejects several, i. 309;
[Greek: to\ e)xai/phnês], iii. 103 _n._;
_Parmenidês_, 109 _n._, 245 _n._;
_Theætêtus_, 167 _n._;
_Sophistês_, 245 _n._;
_Kratylus_, 307 _n._;
_Menexenus_, 412 _n._

Steinthal, no objective absolute, iii. 296 _n._

Stewart, Dugald, on the beautiful, ii. 50 _n._;
relativity of knowledge, iii. 156 _n._;
Berkeley, iv. 243 _n._

Stilpon, nominalism of, i. 167;
only identical predication possible, 166, 168;
_of Megara_, 148.

Stoics, influenced by Herakleitus, i. 27, 34 _n._;
developed Antisthenes' doctrines, 198;
practical life preferable, 181 _n._;
[Greek: pa/nta au(tou= e(/neka pra/ttein], iv. 106 _n._;
all-sufficiency of virtue, germ of doctrine in _Republic_,
102;
fate, i. 143 _n._;
view of Dialectic, 371 _n._;
style of their works, 406;
doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. 248 _n._;
notion of time, iii. 101 _n._;
natural rectitude of signification of names, 286 _n._;
etymologies, 308 _n._;
sophisms of, i. 128 _n._, 138;
minute reasons of, 130 _n._;
Cicero on, 157.

Strabo, value of poets, iv. 152 _n._

Straton, theory of sensation, i. 63 _n._, iii. 166 _n._;
Plato's doctrine of reminiscence, ii. 250 _n._

Strümpell, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 71 _n._, 75 _n._

Subject, independent object and, do not explain facts of
consciousness, iii. 131;
perpetually implicated with object, 118, 122 _n._, 123,
128;
in regard to intelligible world, proved from Plato, 121, 125;
shown more easily than in reference to sense, 122;
Hobbes on, 117 _n._;
relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject,
127;
see _Relativity_.

Subjective, of Xenophanes, i. 18;
and objective views of ethics, Sokrates distinguished, 451;
unanimity coincident with objective dissent, _ib._;
Plato's reference to objective and, iii. 134.

Subjectivism, an objection to _Homo Mensura_, iii. 151.

Suckow, on _Menexenus_, iii. 412 _n._;
_Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, 185 _n._;
_Leges_, iv. 431, 432.

Suicide, Hegesias, the death-persuader, i. 202;
Cynics, and Indian Gymnosophists, 161 _n._

[Greek: Sumphe/ron], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

[Greek: Sunô/numa] and [Greek: o(mô/numa] first distinguished by Aristotle, iii. 94 _n._; [Greek: sunônu/môs], ii. 194.

Susemihl, on Platonic canon, coincides with Hermann, i. 310;
_Timæus_, iv. 218 _n._

Sydenham, on Aristippus and Eudoxus, i. 202 _n._;
seat of happiness, iii. 372 _n._;
_Philêbus_, 376 _n._

Syllogistic and Inductive Dialectic, ii. 27.

Symposion, of Xenophon, i. 152;
date, iii. 26 _n._;
compared with Plato's, 22;
of Epikurus, _ib._ _n._

_Symposion_, the, date, i. 307, 309, 311, 312, 324, iii. 26
_n._;
purpose, ii. 382 _n._, iii. 8;
antithesis and complement of _Phædon_, 22;
contains much transcendental assertion, 56;
censured for erotic character, 3 _n._;
Idea of Beauty exclusively presented in, 18;
Eros, views of interlocutors, 9;
a Dæmon intermediate between gods and men, _ib._;
but in _Phædrus_ a powerful god, _ib._ _n._, 11
_n._;
amends empire of Necessity, iv. 222 _n._;
discourse of Sokrates, iii. 11;
analogy of Eros to philosophy, 10, 11;
the stimulus to mental procreation, 4, 6;
knowledge, by evolution of indwelling conceptions, 17;
exaltation of Eros in a few, love of beauty _in genere_, 7;
common desire for immortality, 6;
attained through mental procreation, beauty the stimulus,
_ib._;
only metaphorical immortality recognised in, 17;
Sokrates' personal appearance and peculiar character, 19;
proof against temptation, 20, iv. 287;
concluding scene, iii. 19;
compared with Xenophon, 22;
_Phædon_, ii. 382, iii. 17-8, 22;
_Phædrus_, 11 _n._, 11, 15, 16-8;
_Philêbus_, 370 _n._, 399;
reading in p. 201D, [Greek: mantikê=s], 8 _n._

Syracuse, the Athenian expedition against, iii. 406.

Syssitia, iv. 280 _n._, 285 _n._, 335, 345.

T.

Tacitus, iv. 408 _n._, i. 245 _n._

Taste, Empedokles, i. 46;
Demokritus, 78.

Taxation, direct, according to wealth, iv. 331.

Teaching, denied in Menon, ii. 254 _n._;
[Greek: didachê\] and [Greek: peithô/], distinct, _ib._,
iii. 172 _n._;
knowledge to be elicited out of untutored mind, how far correct,
ii. 249;
dialectician alone can teach, iii. 37;
_idéal_ unrealisable, 51;
books (q. v.) and lectures of little use, 34;
proper use of dialectic and rhetoric, 40;
of rhetoricians, practical value of, 45;
Sokrates' and Aristotle's views, 53 _n._;
exercises for students, 79, 80 _n._, 90 _n._;
parents' jealousy towards influential teachers, ii. 265
_n._

[Greek: Techni/tês], ii. 272 _n._

Teleology, physiology of _Timæus_ subordinated to ethical, iv. 257; see _Ends_.

Temperance, [Greek: sôphrosu/nê], ii. 153 _n._;
as treated by Plato and Aristotle, 170;
is self-knowledge, 155;
and with justice the condition of happiness and freedom, 12;
the condition of virtue and happiness, 358;
and intelligence identical, having same contrary, 279;
a kind of sedateness, objections, 154;
a variety of feeling of shame, refuted, _ib._;
doing one's own business, refuted, 155;
as cognition of cognition and of non-cognition, of no avail
for our end, happiness, 159, 160;
not the science of good and evil, and of little service, 161;
undiscovered, but a good, 162;
_Charmidês_, difficulties unnoticed in _Politikus_,
iii. 282;
in state, iv. 34-5;
distinction effaced between justice and, 135;
relation to rest of virtue, 425.

Tennemann, i. 302.

Thales, philosophy, i. 4;
doctrine of eclipses, 6 _n._;
foretold eclipse, 4 _n._;
misrepresented by Cicero, _ib._

[Greek: Tharra/leos], ii. 145 _n._

_Theætêtus_, date, i. 307-10, 313, 315, 324, 325 _n._,
ii. 228 _n._, iii. 111 _n._;
purpose, 167 _n._, 176;
value, 177;
great advance in analytical psychology, 164;
negative result, 176;
difficulties not solved in any other dialogue, 180;
sophisms in, 158 _n._;
like Megarics, i. 134 _n._;
method contrasted with _Philêbus_, iii. 335 _n._;
scenery and personages, 110;
Sokrates' mental obstetric, 112;
what is knowledge, 111;
sensible perception, _ib._, 113, 154, 256;
doctrine erroneously identified with _Homo Mensura_, 113,
118, 120 _n._, 122, 162 _n._;
Herakleitean flux, 114, 115, 126, 128;
Empedokles' doctrine, 114, 115;
Plato's exposition confused, 114;
relativity of sensible facts, 126, 154;
divergences of men, from mental and associative difference, 155;
statesman and philosopher contrasted, 183;
the genuine ruler a shepherd, iv. 10;
relativity twofold, to comparing subject, and to another object,
besides the one directly described, iii. 127;
relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject,
_ib._;
no absolute ens, 129;
arguments from dreams, &c., answered, 130;
Plato's reference to subjective and objective, 134;
_Homo Mensura_, true meaning, 137, 164 _n._;
its counter-proposition, 148;
Plato's arguments against _Homo Mensura_, 135;
he ignores the proper qualification, 137;
the doctrine equalises all animals, 135, 292;
not true in the sense meant, 141;
the wise man alone a measure, 136;
reply, 143;
special knowledge required, where future consequences involved,
136;
but Relativity does not imply that every man believes himself to
be infallible, 145;
it annuls dialectic--not true, 146;
sensible perception does not include memory, 157;
argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time,
_ib._;
the mind sees not _with_ but _through_ the eyes, 159;
the mind makes several judgments by itself, 160;
knowledge lies in the mind's comparisons respecting sensible
perceptions, 161;
difference from modern views, 162;
cognition is true opinion--objections, 168, 184 _n._;
are false opinions possible, 169, 181 _n._;
waxen memorial tablet in the mind, 169;
distinction of possessing, and having actually in hand,
knowledge, 170;
simile of pigeon-cage, 171;
false opinion impossible or a man may know what he does not
know, 170;
the confusions of cognitions and non-cognitions, refuted, 171;
for rhetors communicate true opinion, not knowledge, 172;
knowledge is true opinion _plus_ rational explanation, 173;
analogy of elements and compounds, _ib._;
rejected, 175;
compared with _Phædrus_, 18;
_Symposion_, _ib._;
_Sophistês_, 181 _n._, 187, 227, 242, 258, 332;
_Politikus_, 185 _n._, 187, 256;
_Kratylus_, 332;
_Philêbus_, 335 _n._

_Theagês_, authenticity, i. 306, 309, 319, ii. 98, 100
_n._, 107;
prolixity, 100 _n._;
analogy with _Lachês_, 104;
its peculiarity, the _dæmon_, _ib._;
explains eccentricity of Sokrates, 105;
Theagês desires a teacher of wisdom, 99;
incompetence of best statesmen for teaching, 100;
Sokrates asked to teach--declares inability, 101;
excuse, 105;
sometimes useful--his experience of his _dæmon_, 102;
Theagês anxious to be Sokrates' companion, 103.

Thebans, iii. 24 _n._

Themistius, i. 388 _n._

Theodorus, i. 202.

Theology, not a progressive science, ii. 428;
primitive, contrasted by Aristotle with "human wisdom," i. 3
_n._;
see _God_, _Religion_.

Theophrastus, friend of Ptolemy Soter, i. 279;
banished from Athens, _ib._ _n._;
change in Peripatetic school after death of, 272;
physiology, 46 _n._;
combated Demokritus' theory of vision_, 78 _n._;
criticises Demokritean division of qualities, 80 _n._;
astronomy, 257 _n._;
Plato's doctrine of earth's position, iv. 424 _n._;
sophism, _Mentiens_, i. 134 _n._;
fate, 143 _n._

Theopompus, view of dialectic, i. 450;
qualities non-existent without the mind, iii. 74 _n._;
on profession of Sophist, i. 212 _n._;
authorship of Plato's dialogues, 112 _n._, 115.

Theory, difference between precepts and, iv. 131.

Thomson, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 84 _n._

Thonissen, iv. 380 _n._

Thracians, iv. 38.

Thrasyllus, on Platonic canon, i. 265;
follows Aristophanes' classification, 295, 299;
not an internal sentiment, 298;
trustworthiness, 299;
acknowledged till 16th century, 301;
more trustworthy than moderns, 335;
classifies in Tetralogies works of Plato and Demokritus, 273
_n._;
not the order established by Plato, 335 _n._;
classification of Demokritus, 295 _n._;
Plato's works--dramatic, philosophical, 289;
his principle, 294 _n._;
incongruity, 294;
of Search, of Exposition defective but useful, 361;
erroneously applied, 364;
coincides with Aristotle's two methods, Dialectic,
Demonstrative, 362;
sub-classes recognised, 366;
the scheme, when principles correctly applied, 365;
did not doubt _Hipparchus_, 297 _n._;
nor _Erastæ_, ii. 121;
_Kleitophon_ in _Republic_ tetralogy, iii. 419.

Thrasymachus, iii. 419, iv. 7.

Thucydides, pupil of Sokrates, ii. 102;
probably never read by Plato, iii. 411 _n._;
the gods' jealousy, iv. 165 _n._;
speeches of Perikles, ii. 373 _n._, 373, iv. 148 _n._;
Melian dialogue, ii. 341 _n._, i. 180 _n._

[Greek: Thumo/s], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

Thurot, on Sophists, i. 389 _n._

Tiedemann, i. 132 _n._

_Timæus_, date, i. 307, 309, 311-3, 315, 325, iii. 368
_n._;
sequel to _Republic_, iv. 215;
is earliest physical theory extant in its author's words, 216;
how much mythical, 255 _n._;
relation to old Greek cosmogonies, i. 87, iv. 255 _n._;
coincidence with Orpheus, _ib._;
adopted by Alexandrine Jews as a parallel to Mosaic Genesis,
256;
physiology subordinated to ethical teleology, 257;
Plato's theory, acknowledged to be merely an [Greek: ei)kô\s
lo/gos], 217;
contrast with Sokrates, Isokrates, Xenophon, _ib._;
subject and persons, 215;
position and character of Pythagorean Timæus, 216;
fundamental distinction of _ens_ and _fientia_, 219;
no knowledge of kosmos obtainable, 220;
Demiurgus, Ideas, and Chaos postulated, _ib._, iii. 121;
Demiurgus, how conceived by other philosophers of same century,
iv. 254;
kosmos a living being and a god, 220, 223;
Time began with, 227;
Demiurgus produces kosmos by persuading Necessity, 220, 238;
process of demiurgic construction, iii. 409 _n._, iv. 223;
copy of the [Greek: Au)to/zôon], 223, 227, 235 _n._, 263;
body, form, and rotation of kosmos, 225, 229, 237, 252;
change of view in _Epinomis_, 424 _n._;
position and elements of soul of kosmos, 225;
affinity to human, iii. 366 _n._;
four elements not primitive, iv. 238;
varieties of each element, 242;
forms of the elements, 239;
Ideas and Materia Prima, iii. 397 _n._, iv. 239;
primordial chaos, 240;
geometrical theory of the elements, _ib._;
borrowed from Pythagoreans, i. 349 _n._;
Aristotle on, iv. 241 _n._;
primary and visible gods, 229;
secondary and generated gods, 230;
Plato's acquiescence in tradition, 230-3, 241 _n._;
address of Demiurgus to generated gods, 233;
preparations for man's construction, a soul placed in each star,
235;
construction of man, 243;
Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body, 233;
generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos, with
rational soul rotating within, 235;
mount cranium on a tall body, 236;
man the cause of evil, 234;
inconsistency, _ib._ _n._;
organs of sense, 236;
soul tripartite, compared with _Phædon_, ii. 384;
the gentle, tender, and æsthetical emotions omitted, iv. 149
_n._;
each part at once material and mental, 257;
seat of, 259 _n._;
thoracic, function of heart and lungs, 245, 259 _n._;
abdominal, function of liver, 245, 259;
seat of prophetic agency, 246;
function of spleen, _ib._;
object of length of intestinal canal, 247;
bone, flesh, marrow, nails, mouth, teeth, 247;
vision, sleep, dreams, 237;
advantages of sight and hearing, _ib._;
mortal soul of plants, 248;
plants for man's nutrition, _ib._;
general survey of diseases, 249;
Plato compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, 260;
mental diseases arise from body, 250;
no man voluntarily wicked, 249;
preservative and healing agencies, 260;
treatment of mind by itself, 251;
rotations of kosmos to be studied, 252;
contrast of Plato's admiration, with degenerate realities, 262,
264;
genesis of women and inferior animals from degenerate man, 252;
degeneracy originally intended, 263;
poetical close, 264;
compared with _Protagoras_, ii. 268 _n._;
_Phædon_, 383, 407 _n._, 411, 412, 422, iv. 239
_n._;
_Phædrus_, _ib._;
_Theætêtus_, iii. 163;
_Philêbus_, 397 _n._;
_Republic_, iv. 38 _n._, 253 _n._;
_Leges_, 276, 389 _n._;
_Epinomis_, 424 _n._

Time, contents of the idea of, i. 20 _n._;
and space comprised in Parmenides' ens, 19;
Herakleitus' doctrine, iv. 228 _n._;
Plato's imagination of momentary stoppages in, iii. 100, 102;
Aristotle, 103;
began with the kosmos, iv. 227;
difficulties of Diodôrus Kronus, i. 145;
Stoical belief, iii. 101 _n._;
Harris, i. 146 _n._;
calendar of ancients, iv. 325 _n._

Timocracy, iv. 79.

Tracy, Destutt, _Homo Mensura_, iii. 292 _n._;
individualism, 139 _n._;
origin of language, 328 _n._

Trade, see _Commerce_.

Tragedy, mixed pleasure and pain excited by, iii. 355 _n._;
Plato's aversion to Athenian, iv. 316, 350;
peculiar to himself, 317;
Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._

Trendelenburg, on Platonic canon, i. 345 _n._;
_Philêbus_, iii. 398 _n._;
relativity of knowledge, 124 _n._

Trent, Council of, i. 390 _n._

Truth, and Good and Real, coalesce in Plato's mind, ii. 88, iii.
391;
obtainable by reason only, Demokritus' doctrine, i. 72;
the search after, the business of life to Sokrates and Plato,
396;
_per se_ interesting, 403;
modern search goes on silently, 369;
philosophy is reasoned, _vii-ix_;
its criterion, ii. 247;
resides in universals, 411, 412, iv. 3 _n._;
necessary, iii. 253 _n._;
all persuasion founded on a knowledge of, 28;
generating cause of error, 33;
dialectic the standard for classifying sciences as more or less
true, 383;
classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions,
394;
its valuable principles, 395;
is falsehood possible? 199;
is theoretically possible, and its production may be object of
such a profession as Sophists, 214;
lie for useful end, justifiable, ii. 347 _n._, iv. 3
_n._;
Aristotle on, iii. 386 _n._;
see _Mythe_.

Turgot, on etymology, iii. 303 _n._;
_Existence_, 135 _n._;
hopelessness of defining common and vague terms, ii. 186
_n._

Tyndall, Prof., i. 373 _n._

Type gives natural groups, definition classes, ii. 48, 193 _n._

U.

Ueberweg, on Platonic canon, attempts reconcilement of
Schleiermacher and Hermann, i. 313;
the Dialogues, 401 _n._;
_Theætêtus_, iii. 167 _n._;
_Sophistês_, 186 _n._, 253, 369 _n._;
_Politikus_, 186 _n._;
_Philêbus_, 368 _n._;
_Timæus_, _ib._, iv. 255 _n._;
_Menexenus_, iii. 412 _n._;
Ideas, iv. 239 _n._

Universals, debates about meaning, iii. 76-7;
different views of Aristotle and Plato, 76;
definition of, the object of the Sokratic dialectic, i. 452;
Sokrates sought the common characteristic, Plato found it in his
Idea, 454;
process of forming, ii. 27;
truth resides in, 411-2, iv. 3 _n._;
amidst particulars, iii. 257;
different dialogues compared, _ib._;
how is generic unity distributed among species and individuals,
339;
natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340;
illustration from speech and music, 342;
explanation insufficient, 343;
see _Ideas_, _One_.

Upton, sophism [Greek: Kurieu/ôn], i. 141 _n._

Useful, the Good, ii. 30;
the Just or Good--general but not constant explanation in Plato,
38;
the lawful is the, 36;
not identical with the beautiful, 44, 50 _n._

Utilitarianism, its standard, ii. 310 _n._;
doctrine of Sokrates, 349, 354 _n._;
theory in _Protagoras_, 308;
_Republic_, iv. 3 _n._, 12, 14, 104.

V.

Vacherot, i. 376 _n._

Vacuum, theory of Demokritus, i. 67;
Pythagorean different from Plato's doctrine, iv. 225 _n._

Varro, etymologies, iii. 311 _n._

Vaughan, Dr., iv. 380 _n._

Veron, M., Relativity, iii. 144 _n._

Virgil, general doctrine of metempsychosis in, ii. 425 _n._

Virtue, identified with knowledge by Sokrates, ii. 67 _n._,
239, 240, 321;
of what, unsolved, 244;
Sokrates and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual
conditions, 67-8, 83;
its one sufficient condition, perfect state of the intelligence,
149;
is it teachable, 232, 239, 240, 266, 275, iii. 330 _n._;
Xenophon on, i. 230;
plurality of virtues, ii. 233;
the highest, teachable, but all existing virtue is from
inspiration, 242;
problem unsolved, _ib._;
taught by citizens, 269, 272;
quantity acquired depends on individual aptitude, _ib._;
analogy of learning the vernacular, 273;
is it in divisible, or of parts, homogeneous or heterogeneous,
277;
no man does evil voluntarily, 292, iv. 249, 365-7;
a right comparison of pleasure and pain, ii. 293, 305;
temperance the condition of, 358;
natural dissidence of the gentle and the energetic, iii. 272;
excess of the energetic entail death or banishment, of the
gentle, slavery, 273;
Sokrates' power in awakening ardour for, 415;
but he does not explain what it is, _ib._;
unsatisfactory answers of Sokrates and his friends, 416;
quadruple distribution in city, iv. 34;
Platonic conception is self-regarding, 104;
motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just, 105;
view substantially maintained since, _ib._;
four cardinal virtues assumed as constituting all virtue where
each resides, 134;
as an exhaustive classification, 135, 417;
difference in other dialogues, 137;
the four, source of all other goods, 428;
the only common property of, 425;
and of vice, 426;
of the citizens, the end of the state, 417;
Xenophon on motive to practice of, 101 _n._, 135 _n._;
Sokrates on its fruits, i. 415;
all-sufficiency of, germ in _Republic_ of Stoical doctrine,
iv. 102;
see _Courage_, _Holiness_, _Justice_,
_Temperance_, _Wisdom_.

Vision, doctrine of Empedokles, i. 45;
caused by images from objects, Demokritus, 78;
Plato's conception of the act of, iii. 129 _n._, 159;
Plato's theory, iv. 236;
Aristotle on, 237 _n._;
ancient theories of, _ib._;
principal advantages of, 237.

Voltaire, iv. 233, i. 168 _n._

W.

War, from city's increased wants, iv. 22;
class of soldiers, characteristics, 23;
both sexes to go together to battle, 46;
against Greek enemies to be carried on mildly, 47;
Spartan institutions adapted to, 282;
military commanders and council, 332;
military training of youths, 349;
Sokrates on qualities for, i. 133 _n._

Water, the Chaos of Hesiod, i. 4 _n._;
principle of Thales, 4;
originally covered the earth, according to Xenophanes, &c.,
18;
Empedokles, 38;
discovery of the composition of, ii. 163 _n._

Watt, discovery of composition of water, ii. 163 _n._

Wealth, Plato's view of, iv. 199 _n._

Wedgwood, H., iii. 326 _n._

Weisse, on _Timæus_, iv. 256 _n._

Westermann, on _Menexenus_, iii. 408 _n._

Whately, Abp., on Fallacies, ii. 217.

Whewell, Dr., ii. 48, 193 _n._

Wholes, abstract and concrete, ii. 52, 53;
generic and analogical, 48, 193 _n._, iii. 365.

Wilson, Dr. Geo., ii. 163 _n._

Winckelmann, i. 132 _n._

Wisdom, no positive knowledge of, i. 414, 416;
in state, iv. 34-5;
what it is, 421, 423;
see _Knowledge_.

Wise, term applied when men know when and how far to use their accomplishments, ii. 15.

Wise man, the Ideal, see _Expert_.

Women, position of Greek, iii. 1;
genesis from degenerate man, iv. 252;
inferiority to men, 234, 252;
best, equal by nature to second-best men, 42, 171-4;
not superior in weaving and cookery, 172 _n._;
temporary marriages, 43, 175-8;
object, 198;
Plato's and modern sentiments, 192, 194 _n._;
influence of Aphroditê very small in Platonic state, 197;
both sexes to go together to battle, 46;
same duties and training for women as men, 41, 46;
same duties and training as men, 77;
on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187;
maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends,
196;
contrast with Aristotle, 195.

Wordsworth, ii. 250 _n._

Writing, see _Books_.

Wyttenbach, on meaning of _Atheist_, iv. 382 _n._;
Plato's immortality of the soul, ii. 423 _n._

X.

Xanthippê, iii. 23 _n._

Xanthus, i. 19 _n._

Xenokrates, iv. 255.

Xenophanes, life, i. 16;
doctrines, _ib._;
unsatisfactory, 18;
held Non-Ens inadmissible, _ib._;
the relative and absolute, 19;
infers original aqueous state of earth from prints of shells and
fishes, _ib._;
censured by Herakleitus, 26;
scepticism, 18;
popular mythology censured, 16;
religious element in, _ib._, 18;
the Universe God, 119 _n._

Xenophon, date of, i. 207;
Sokratic element an accessory in, 206;
essentially a man of action, _ib._;
personal history, 207-12, 215, 220;
alleged enmity between Plato and, iii. 22 _n._, iv. 146
_n._, 312 _n._;
antipathy to Aristippus, i. 182 _n._;
enlarges the influence claimed by Sokrates, 418;
Sokrates of Plato and, 178, 199;
Sokrates on the Holy, different from Platonic Sokrates, 454;
and Plato compared, on Sokrates' reply to Melêtus, 456, ii. 420
_n._;
Sokrates' character one-sided, iii. 423;
discussion of _law_, ii. 86;
the ideal the only real, 88 _n._;
Sokrates on friendship, 186;
_natural_ causes of friendship, 341 _n._;
view of Eros, iii. 25;
[Greek: paiderasti/a], 20 _n._;
Sokrates' identification of Good with pleasure, ii. 305;
Sokrates' doctrine of good, iii. 365;
motive to practice of virtue, iv. 99, 101 _n._, 135
_n._;
immortality of soul, ii. 420 _n._;
on filial ingratitude, iv. 399 _n._;
Sokrates on qualities for war, i. 133 _n._;
Sokrates' view of rhetoric, ii. 371 _n._;
relation of mind to kosmos, iii. 368;
the gods' jealousy, iv. 165 _n._;
change in old age, Plato compared, i. 244;
contrasted with Plato in _Timæus_, iv. 219;
works, i. 213;
analogy with _Alkibiadês I._ and _II._, ii. 21;
Sokrates' order of problems not observed, i. 230;
_Symposion_ of, 152;
date, iii. 26 _n._;
compared with Plato's, 22;
_Memorabilia_ compared with _Alkibiadês II._, ii. 29;
debate of Sokrates and Hippias, 34, 37, 49, 66;
_OEkonomikus_, ideal of an active citizen, i. 214;
_Hieron_, contents, 216-20;
Sokrates not introduced in _Hieron_ and _Cyropædia_,
216;
_Hieron_ compared with _Gorgias_, 221;
why Syracusan despot taken for subject, 220-2;
interior life of despot, 218, 220;
Sokratic ideal of government differently worked out by Plato,
and, iii. 273;
_idéal_, citizens willing to be ruled, iv. 283 _n._,
i. 215, 218, 225;
love of subjects obtainable by good government, 220;
_Cyropædia_, a romance, blending Persian and Spartan
customs, 222;
compared with _Leges_, iv. 319;
contents, i. 223-35;
his experience of younger Cyrus, 222;
education of Cyrus the Great, 223;
scientific ruler best, 224;
_Cyropædia_ does not solve the problem, 225;
Cyrus, of heroic genius, _ib._;
biography, 232;
generous and amiable qualities, 234;
scheme of government, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism,
_ib._;
position of the Demos, iv. 183;
ideal state wants unity, 186 _n._;
training of citizens, i. 226;
Plato's training of guardians compared, iv. 141-7;
_idéal_ of character is Spartan, Plato's is Athenian, 147,
151, 182, 276, 280 _n._, 403;
Persian training, 278 _n._;
details of education, i. 227;
its good effects, 228;
tuition in justice, 229;
definition of justice unsatisfactory, 231;
Sokrates on justice, iv. 3 _n._;
music omitted in education, 305, i. 229;
theoretical and practical geometry, iii. 395;
relation of sexes, iv. 194 _n._;
division of labour, 139 _n._;
inexperienced in finance and commerce, i. 236;
admires active commerce and variety of pursuits, _ib._;
formation of treasury funds, 238;
encouragement of Metics, _ib._;
distribution among citizens, three oboli each, daily, 239;
its purpose and principle, 240, 241 _n._;
visionary anticipations, 241;
financial scheme, Boeckh on, 242 _n._;
exhortation to peace, 243.

Xerxes, iv. 7.

Y.

Yxem, on _Kleitophon_, iii. 419 _n._;
_Hipparchus_, ii. 97;
_Erastæ_, 121.

Z.

Zaleukus, laws of, iv. 323 _n._

Zeller, on Plato, iii. 245 _n._;
_Parmenidês_, 84 _n._;
_Leges_, i. 338 _n._, iv. 274 _n._, 325
_n._, 389 _n._, 431-3;
Ideas, i. 120 _n._;
Eukleides, 127 _n._;
Megarics, 131 _n._;
Sophists, 389 _n._

Zeno of Elea, i. 93;
contrasted with earlier philosophers, 105;
modern critics on, 101;
defended Parmenidean doctrine, 93, 98, iii. 8;
the relative alone knowable, i. 98;
two worlds, impugned by Sokrates, iii. 59;
arguments in regard to space, i. 95;
motion, 97;
not denied as a phenomenal and relative fact, 102;
Sorites, 135 _n._;
reductiones ad absurdum, 94, 121 _n._;
not contradictions of data generalised from experience, 100;
no systematic theory of scepticism, iii. 93;
dialectic, 107;
purpose and result, i. 98;
carried out by Sokrates, 371;
compared with Platonic _Parmenidês_, 100.

Zeno the Stoic, i. 160;
attracted to Athens by perusal of _Apology_, 418;
eclectic, 174;
communism of wives, 189 _n._

Zenodotus, Alexandrine librarian, i. 274 _n._

Zeus conferred social art on men, ii. 268.

* * * * *

ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS.

************************************* Transcriber's Note

The text is based on versions made available by the Internet Archive.

For the Greek transcriptions the following conventions have been used: ) is for smooth breathing; ( for hard; + for diaeresis; / for acute accent; \ for grave; = for circumflex; | for iota subscript. ch is used for chi, ph for phi, ps for psi, th for theta; ê for eta and ô for omega; u is used for upsilon in all cases.

Corrections to the text, indicated in text with **:

Location Text of scan of 3rd edition Correction ToC p. 272 The heading -- CHAPTER XXXIX. LEGES AND EPINOMIS -- is missing ToC p. 418 Noctural Nocturnal Ch. 35 before extreme extremes fn. 304 Ch. 37 before fn. 18 convinced that "if they convinced that if they Ch. 37 fn. 26 Cyrop. viii. i. 40 Cyrop. viii. 1, 40 Ch. 37 fn. 51 gout goût Ch. 37 fn. 80 proh sancta pro sancta Ch. 37 fn. 136 nsmothe/tês nomothe/tês Ch. 37 fn. 157 )xxxiv. 8, 19) (xxxiv. 8, 19) Ch. 37 fn. 165 a)o/ri ston a)o/riston Ch. 38 3rd sn and character of the Position and character of the Ch. 38 fn. 25 members numbers Ch. 38 fn. 40 that than Ch. 39 p. 299 The one footnote on this page is numbered 3 at the foot, 1 in the text Ch. 39 fn. 93 xxviii. p. 150, seq. xxxvi. p. 100, seq. Ch. 39 p. 303 docrine doctrine Ch. 39 p. 334 possses possess Ch. 39 p. 359 that than Ch. 39 p. 371 weath wealth Index, s.v. Actual iv. i. Index, s.v. Analogy a)nalogi/am a)nalogi/an Index, s.v. Animal A)utozo/zôon Au)to/zôon Index, s.v. Apology i. 429, n. i. 429 n. Index, s.v. Aristotle 189 180 Index, s.v. Art see Poetry see Poets Index, s.v. Cyrus iv. 312; iv. 312, Index, s.v. Death 235, n. 235 n. Index, s.v. Eleatic 234, n. 237 n. Index, s.v. Ethics a)thrô/pina a)nthrô/pina Index, s.v. Knowledge i. 37, 8-84; i. 378-84; Index, s.v. Martin on Timæus, iii. on Timæus, iv. Index, s.v. Physics 241 n. 397 n. Index, s.v. Physics 89 n. 90 n. Index, s.v. Plato 369 n. 178 n. Index, s.v. Pleasure 374 n. 376 n. Index, s.v. Politikus scienific man scientific man Index, s.v. Praxiphanes 268 n. 265 n. Index, s.v. Reid 241 n. 243 n. Index, s.v. Soul kosmos, 265 kosmos, iii. 265 Index, s.v. State 414 iv. 414 Index, s.v. Virtue 330, n. 330 n.