Chapter CLXXVII: Appendix: IV (1)

TO PART FOURTH, OR PROSODY.

OF POETIC DICTION.

Poetry, as defined by Dr. Blair, "is the language of passion, or of enlivened imagination, formed, most commonly, into regular numbers."--_Rhet._, p. 377. The style of poetry differs, in many respects, from that which is commonly adopted in prose. Poetic diction abounds in bold figures of speech, and unusual collocations of words. A great part of the figures, which have been treated of in one of the chapters of Prosody, are purely poetical. The primary aim of a poet, is, to please and to move; and, therefore, it is to the imagination, and the passions, that he speaks. He may also, and he should, have it in his view, to instruct and to reform; but it is indirectly, and by pleasing and moving, that such a writer accomplishes this end. The exterior and most obvious distinction of poetry, is versification: yet there are some forms of verse so loose and familiar, as to be hardly distinguishable from prose; and there is also a species of prose, so measured in its cadences, and so much raised in its tone, as to approach very nearly to poetic numbers.

This double approximation of some poetry to prose, and of some prose to poetry, not only makes it a matter of acknowledged difficulty to distinguish, by satisfactory definitions, the two species of composition, but, in many instances, embarrasses with like difficulty the attempt to show, by statements and examples, what usages or licenses, found in English works, are proper to be regarded as peculiarities of poetic diction. It is purposed here, to enumerate sundry deviations from the common style of prose; and perhaps all of them, or nearly all, may be justly considered as pertaining only to poetry.

POETICAL PECULIARITIES.

The following are among the chief peculiarities in which the poets indulge, and are indulged:--

I. They not unfrequently omit the ARTICLES, for the sake of brevity or metre; as,

"What dreadful pleasure! there to stand sublime,
Like _shipwreck'd mariner_ on _desert_ coast!"
--_Beattie's Minstrel_, p. 12.

"_Sky lour'd_, and, muttering thunder, some sad drops
Wept at _completing_ of the mortal sin."
--_Milton, P. L._, B. ix, l. 1002.

II. They sometimes abbreviate common NOUNS, after a manner of their own: as, _amaze_, for _amazement_; _acclaim_, for _acclamation_; _consult_, for _consultation_; _corse_, for _corpse_; _eve_ or _even_, for _evening_; _fount_, for _fountain_; _helm_, for _helmet_; _lament_, for _lamentation_; _morn_, for _morning_; _plaint_, for _complaint_; _targe_, for _target_; _weal_, for _wealth_.

III. By _enallage_, they use verbal forms substantively, or put verbs for nouns; perhaps for brevity, as above: thus,

1. "Instant, without _disturb_, they took alarm."
--_P. Lost: Joh. Dict., w. Aware._

2. "The gracious Judge, without _revile_ reply'd."
--_P. Lost, B. x, l. 118._

3. "If they were known, as the _suspect_ is great."
--_Shakspeare._

4. "Mark, and perform it: seest thou? for the _fail_
Of any point in't shall be death."
--_Shakspeare._

IV. They employ several nouns that are not used in prose, or are used but rarely; as, _benison, boon, emprise, fane, guerdon, guise, ire, ken, lore, meed, sire, steed, welkin, yore_.

V. They introduce the noun _self_ after an other noun of the possessive case; as,

1. "Affliction's semblance bends not o'er thy tomb,
Affliction's _self_ deplores thy youthful doom."--_Byron._

2. "Thoughtless of beauty, she was beauty's _self._"--_Thomson._

VI. They place before the verb nouns, or other words, that usually come after it; and, after it, those that usually come before it: as,

1. "No jealousy _their dawn of love_ o'ercast,
Nor _blasted_ were _their wedded days_ with strife."
--_Beattie._

2. "No _hive_ hast _thou_ of hoarded sweets."
--_W. Allen's Gram._

3. "Thy chain _a wretched weight_ shall prove."
--_Langhorne._

4. "Follows the loosen'd aggravated _roar._"
--_Thomson._

5. "That _purple_ grows _the primrose pale._"
--_Langhorne._

VII. They more frequently place ADJECTIVES after their nouns, than do prose writers; as,

1. "Or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand,
Show'rs on her kings _barbaric_, pearl and gold."
--_Milton, P. L._, B. ii, l. 2.

2. "Come, nymph _demure_, with mantle _blue_."
--_W. Allen's Gram._, p. 189.

3. "This truth _sublime_ his simple sire had taught."
--_Beattie's Minstrel_, p. 14.

VIII. They ascribe qualities to things to which they do not literally belong; as,

1. "The ploughman homeward plods his _weary way_."
--_Gray's Elegy_, l. 3.

2. "Or _drowsy tinklings_ lull the distant folds."
--_Ibidem_, l. 8.

3. "Imbitter'd more and more from _peevish day_ to day."
--_Thomson_.

4. "All thin and naked, to the _numb_ cold _night_."
--_Shakspeare_.

IX. They use concrete terms to express abstract qualities; (i. e., adjectives for nouns;) as,

1. "Earth's meanest son, all trembling, prostrate falls,
And on the _boundless_ of thy goodness calls."
--_Young_.

2. "Meanwhile, whate'er of _beautiful_ or _new_,
_Sublime_ or _dreadful_, in earth, sea, or sky,
By chance or search, was offer'd to his view,
He scann'd with curious and romantic eye."
--_Beattie_.

3. "Won from the void and formless _infinite_."
--_Milton_.

4. "To thy large heart give utterance due; thy heart
Contains of _good, wise, just_, the perfect shape."
--_Id., P. R._, B. iii, l. 10.

X. They often substitute quality for manner; (i. e., adjectives for adverbs;) as,

1. ----"The stately-sailing swan
Gives out his snowy plumage to the gale,
And, arching _proud_ his neck, with oary feet,
Bears forward _fierce_, and guards his osier isle."
--_Thomson_.

2. "Thither _continual_ pilgrims crowded still."
--_Id., Cos. of Ind._, i, 8.

3. "Level at beauty, and at wit;
The fairest mark is _easiest_ hit."
--_Butler's Hudibras_.

XI. They form new compound epithets, oftener than do prose writers; as,

1. "In _world-rejoicing_ state, it moves sublime."
--_Thomson_.

2. "The _dewy-skirted_ clouds imbibe the sun."
--_Idem_.

3. "By brooks and groves in _hollow-whispering_ gales."
--_Idem_.

4. "The violet of _sky-woven_ vest."
--_Langhorne_.

5. "A league from Epidamnum had we sail'd,
Before the _always-wind-obeying_ deep
Gave any tragic instance of our harm."
--_Shakspeare_.

6. "'_Blue-eyed, strange-voiced, sharp-beaked, ill-omened_ fowl,
What art thou?' 'What I ought to be, an owl.'"
--_Day's Punctuation_, p. 139.

XII. They connect the comparative degree to the positive, before a verb; as,

1. "_Near and more near_ the billows rise."
--_Merrick_.

2. "_Wide and wider_ spreads the vale."
--_Dyer's Grongar Hill_.

3. "_Wide and more wide_, the overflowings of the mind
Take every creature in, of every kind."
--_Pope_.

4. "_Thick and more thick_ the black blockade extends,
A hundred head of Aristotle's friends."
--_Id., Dunciad_.

XIII. They form many adjectives in _y_, which are not common in prose; as, The _dimply_ flood,--_dusky_ veil,--a _gleamy_ ray,--_heapy_ harvests,--_moony_ shield,--_paly_ circlet,--_sheety_ lake,--_stilly_ lake,--_spiry_ temples,--_steely_ casque,--_steepy_ hill,--_towery_ height,--_vasty_ deep,--_writhy_ snake.

XIV. They employ adjectives of an abbreviated form: as, _dread_, for _dreadful_; _drear_, for _dreary_; _ebon_, for _ebony_; _hoar_, for _hoary_; _lone_, for _lonely_; _scant_, for _scanty_; _slope_, for _sloping_: _submiss_, for _submissive_; _vermil_, for _vermilion_; _yon_, for _yonder_.

XV. They employ several adjectives that are not used in prose, or are used but seldom; as, _azure, blithe, boon, dank, darkling, darksome, doughty, dun, fell, rife, rapt, rueful, sear, sylvan, twain, wan._

XVI. They employ the personal PRONOUNS, and introduce their nouns afterwards; as,

1. "_It_ curl'd not Tweed alone, that _breeze_."
--_Sir W. Scott_.

2. "What may _it_ be, the heavy _sound_
That moans old Branksome's turrets round?"
--_Idem, Lay_, p. 21.

3. "Is it the lightning's quivering glance,
That on the thicket streams;
Or do _they_ flash on spear and lance,
The sun's retiring _beams_"
--_Idem, L. of L._, vi, 15.

XVII. They use the forms of the second person singular oftener than do others; as,

1. "Yet I had rather, if I were to chuse,
_Thy_ service in some graver subject use,
Such as may make _thee_ search thy coffers round,
Before _thou clothe_ my fancy in fit sound."
--_Milton's Works_, p. 133.

2. "But _thou_, of temples old, or altars new,
_Standest_ alone--with nothing like to thee."
--_Byron, Pilg._, iv, 154.

3. "Thou seest not all; but piecemeal thou must break,
To separate contemplation, the great whole."
--_Id., ib._, iv, 157.

4. "Thou rightly deemst, fair youth, began the bard;
The form then sawst was Virtue ever fair."
--_Pollok, C. of T._, p. 16.

XVIII. They sometimes omit relatives that are nominatives; (see Obs. 22, at p. 555;) as,

"For is there aught in sleep can charm the wise?"
--_Thomson_.

XIX. They omit the antecedent, or introduce it after the relative; as,

1. "_Who_ never fasts, no banquet e'er enjoys,
_Who_ never toils or watches, never sleeps."
--_Armstrong_.

2. "_Who_ dares think one thing and an other tell,
My soul detests _him_ as the gates of hell."
--_Pope's Homer_.

XX. They remove relatives, or other connectives, into the body of their clauses; as,

1. "Parts the fine locks, her graceful head _that_ deck."
--_Darwin_.

2. "Not half so dreadful rises to the sight
Orion's dog, the year _when_ autumn weighs."
--_Pope, Iliad_, B. xxii, l. 37.

XXI. They make intransitive VERBS transitive, changing their class; as,

1. ----"A while he stands,
_Gazing_ the inverted landscape, half afraid
To _meditate_ the blue profound below."
--_Thomson_.

2. "Still in harmonious intercourse, they _liv'd_
The rural day, and _talk'd_ the flowing heart."
--_Idem_.

3. ----"I saw and heard, for we sometimes
Who _dwell_ this wild, constrain'd by want, come forth."
--_Milton, P. R._, B. i, l. 330.

XXII. They make transitive verbs intransitive, giving them no regimen; as,

1. "The soldiers should have _toss'd_ me on their pikes,
Before I would have _granted_ to that act."
--_Shakspeare_.

2. "This minstrel-god, well-pleased, amid the quire
Stood proud to _hymn_, and tune his youthful lyre."
--_Pope_.

XXIII. They give to the imperative mood the first and the third person; as,

1. "_Turn we_ a moment fancy's rapid flight."
--_Thomson_.

2. "_Be_ man's peculiar _work_ his sole delight."
--_Beattie_.

3. "And what is reason? Be _she_ thus _defin'd_:
Reason is upright stature in the soul."
--_Young_.

XXIV. They employ _can, could_, and _would_, as principal verbs transitive; as,

1. "_What_ for ourselves we _can_, is always ours."
--_Anon_.

2. "Who does the best his circumstance allows,
Does well, acts nobly; angels _could_ no _more_."
--_Young_.

3. "What _would_ this man? Now upward will he soar,
And, little less than angel, would be more."
--_Pope_.

XXV. They place the infinitive before the word on which it depends; as,

1. "When first thy sire _to send_ on earth
Virtue, his darling child, _design'd_"
--_Gray_.

2. "As oft as I, _to kiss_ the flood, _decline_;
So oft his lips ascend, to close with mine."
--_Sandys_.

3. "Besides, Minerva, _to secure_ her care,
_Diffus'd_ around a veil of thicken'd air."
--_Pope_.

XXVI. They place the auxiliary verb after its principal, by hyperbaton; as,

1. "No longer _heed_ the sunbeam bright
That plays on Carron's breast he _can_"
--_Langhorne_.

2. "_Follow_ I _must_, I cannot go before."
--_Beauties of Shakspeare_, p. 147.

3. "The man who suffers, loudly may complain;
And _rage_ he _may_, but he shall rage in vain."
--_Pope_.

XXVII. Before verbs, they sometimes arbitrarily employ or omit prefixes: _as, bide_, or _abide_; _dim_, or _bedim_; _gird_, or _begird_; _lure_, or _allure_; _move_, or _emove_; _reave_, or _bereave_; _vails_, or _avails_; _vanish_, or _evanish_; _wail_, or _bewail_; _weep_, or _beweep_; _wilder_, or _bewilder_:--

1. "All knees to thee shall bow, of them that _bide_
In heav'n, or earth, or under earth in hell."
--_Milton, P. L._, B. iii, l. 321.

2. "Of a horse, _ware_ the heels; of a bull-dog, the jaws;
Of a bear, the embrace; of a lion, the paws."
--_Churchills Cram._, p. 215.

XXVIII. Some few verbs they abbreviate: as _list_, for _listen_; _ope_, for _open_; _hark_, for _hearken_; _dark_, for _darken_; _threat_, for _threaten_; _sharp_, for _sharpen_.

XXIX. They employ several verbs that are not used in prose, or are used but rarely; as, _appal, astound, brook, cower, doff, ken, wend, ween, trow_.

XXX. They sometimes imitate a Greek construction of the infinitive; as,

1. "Who would not sing for Lycidas? he knew
Himself _to sing_, and _build_ the lofty rhyme."
--_Milton_.

2. "For not, _to have been dipp'd_ in Lethè lake,
Could save the son of Thetis _from to die_."
--_Spenser_.

XXXI. They employ the PARTICIPLES more frequently than prose writers, and in a construction somewhat peculiar; often intensive by accumulation: as,

1. "He came, and, standing in the midst, explain'd
The peace _rejected_, but the truce _obtain'd_."
--_Pope_.

2. "As a poor miserable captive thrall
Comes to the place where he before had sat
Among the prime in splendor, now _depos'd,
Ejected, emptied, gaz'd, unpitied, shunn'd_,
A spectacle of ruin or of scorn."
--_Milton, P. R._, B. i, l. 411.

3. "Though from our birth the faculty divine
Is _chain'd_ and _tortured--cabin'd, cribb'd, confined_."
--_Byron, Pilg._, C. iv, St. 127.

XXXII. In turning participles to adjectives, they sometimes ascribe actions, or active properties, to things to which they do not literally belong; as,

"The green leaf quivering in the gale,
The _warbling hill_, the _lowing vale_."
--MALLET: _Union Poems_, p. 26.

XXXIII. They employ several ADVERBS that are not used in prose, or are used but seldom; as, _oft, haply, inly, blithely, cheerily, deftly, felly, rifely, starkly_.

XXXIV. They give to adverbs a peculiar location in respect to other words; as,

1. "Peeping from _forth_ their alleys green."
--_Collins_.

2. "Erect the standard _there_ of ancient Night"
--_Milton_.

3. "The silence _often_ of pure innocence
Persuades, when speaking fails."
--_Shakspeare_.

4. "Where Universal Love _not_ smiles around."
--_Thomson_.

5. "Robs me of that which _not_ enriches him."
--_Shakspeare_.

XXXV. They sometimes omit the introductory adverb _there_: as,

"_Was_ nought around but images of rest."
--_Thomson_.

XXXVI. They briefly compare actions by a kind of compound adverbs, ending in _like_; as,

"Who bid the stork, _Columbus-like_, explore
Heavens not his own, and worlds unknown before?"
--_Pope_.

XXXVII. They employ the CONJUNCTIONS, _or--or_, and _nor--nor_, as correspondents; as,

1. "_Or_ by the lazy Scheldt _or_ wandering Po."
--_Goldsmith_.

2. "Wealth heap'd on wealth, _nor_ truth, _nor_ safety buys."
--_Johnson_.

3. "Who by repentance is not satisfied,
Is _nor_ of heaven, _nor_ earth; for these are pleas'd."
--_Shakspeare_.

4. "Toss it, _or_ to the fowls, _or_ to the flames."
--_Young, N. T._, p. 157.

5. "_Nor_ shall the pow'rs of hell, _nor_ wastes of time,
_Or_ vanquish, _or_ destroy."
--_Gibbon's Elegy on Davies_.

XXXVIII. They oftener place PREPOSITIONS and their adjuncts, before the words on which they depend, than do prose writers; as,

"_Against_ your fame _with_ fondness hate _combines_;
The rival batters, and the lover mines."
--_Dr. Johnson_.

XXXIX. They sometimes place a long or dissyllabic preposition after its object; as,

1. "When beauty, _Eden's bowers within_,
First stretched the arm to deeds of sin,
When passion burn'd and prudence slept,
The pitying angels bent and wept."
--_James Hogg_.

2. "The Muses fair, _these peaceful shades among_,
With skillful fingers sweep the trembling strings."
--_Lloyd_.

3. "Where Echo walks _steep hills among_,
List'ning to the shepherd's song."
--_J. Warton, U. Poems_, p. 33.

XL. They have occasionally employed certain prepositions for which, perhaps, it would not be easy to cite prosaic authority; as, _adown, aloft, aloof, anear, aneath, askant, aslant, aslope, atween, atwixt, besouth, traverse, thorough, sans_. (See Obs. 10th, and others, at p. 441.)

XLI. They oftener employ INTERJECTIONS than do prose writers; as,

"_O_ let me gaze!--Of gazing there's no end.
_O_ let me think!--Thought too is wilder'd here."
--_Young_.

XLII. They oftener employ ANTIQUATED WORDS and modes of expression; as,

1. "_Withouten_ that, would come _an_ heavier bale."
--_Thomson_.

2. "He was, _to weet_, a little roguish page,
_Save_ sleep and play, who minded nought at all."
--_Id._

3. "Not one _eftsoons_ in view was to be found."
--_Id._

4. "To number up the thousands dwelling here,
_An_ useless were, and eke _an_ endless task."
--_Id._

5. "Of clerks good plenty here you _mote espy_."
--_Id._

6. "But these I _passen_ by with nameless numbers _moe_."
--_Id._

THE END OF APPENDIX FOURTH

INDEX TO THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH GRAMMARS.

[Asterism] _In the following Index, the_ page _of the Grammar is directly referred to_: Obs. _or_ N. _before a numeral, stands for_ Observation _or_ Observations, _or for_ Note _or_ Notes _of the text_: R. _after a reference, stands for_ RULE. _The small letter_ n., _with an asterisk or other mark affixed to it, relates to a_ footnote _with such mark in the Grammar. Occasionally_, t., m., _or_ b., _or_ u., _or_ l., _accompanies a reference, to indicate the_ top, middle, _or_ bottom, _or the_ upper _or the_ lower half, _of the page referred to. Few abbreviations are employed beyond those of the ordinary grammatical terms. The Index is not intended to supersede the use of the_ Table of Contents, _which stands after the Preface. It is occupied wholly with the matter of the_ Grammar _proper; hence there are in it no references to the_ Introduction Historical and Critical, _which precedes the didactic portion of the work. In the Table before-mentioned must be sought the general division of English grammar, and matters pertaining to praxis, to examination, and to the writing of exercises_.

A.

A, lett., names itself
--its plur.
--sounds properly its own
--numb. of sounds pertaining to, orthoëpists differ concerning
--diphthongs beginning with,
--triphth. do.
--its true sound to be carefully preserved at end of words,
_A_, as prep, or prefix
--before part, in _ing_.
_A_ and _an_, in Gr. derivatives.
_A_ or _an_, art., see _An, A_

_Abbreviations_, frequent in writt. lang.
--rule of punct. for.
C, M, D, &c., as numerals, see _Letters_.
Needless abbreviations, to be avoided

_Able, ible_, class of adjectives in, numerous in Eng.; difficulty with
resp. to the prop. form and signif. of; to what _able_ most properly
belongs
--application of _able_ to nouns, its propriety doubtf.
--_Able_ or _ible_, prop. application of, how far determined from Lat.
etymol.
--_Able_ and _ible_, words of the same meaning in, how formed from
different roots,

_About_, with infin., as substitute for Lat. fut. part, in _rus_
--_About_, with _of_ preced., ("OF ABOUT _one hundred feet_")
--_About_, derivat. of, from Sax.

_Abrupt_ transitions in the Bible

_Absolute_, when, and in what _case_, a noun or a pron. is put
--_Absol._, case, defect of the common rule for
--in how many ways the nom. case is put
--nom. case put, with part., to what often equivalent; what part.
frequently understood after nouns put
--case, its existence denied by what authors
--words put, punct. of,

_Abstract numbers_, synt. of the phraseology used in speaking of, ("_Twice two_ IS _four_," or "_Twice two_ ARE _four_")

_Absurd_ or incompatible expressions, to be avoided

_Absurdities_ of expression, Crit. N. concerning

_Acatalectic_, when a line is said to be

_Accent_ and quantity, critical observations on

_Accent_, difficulty with respect to the import of the word
--various definitions of, cited
--_Accent_, confounded by some with _emphasis_
--defined, as commonly understood
--chief or primary and secondary
--_Accent_, by what regulated
--compared with emphasis
--as affected by do.
--is distinct from quantity
--as understood by DR. JOH.
--SHERID. teachings concerning; mostly adopted by MURR.
--what lett. of a word receives the mark of
--stress on a monosyl. more properly _emphasis_ than
--_Accents_, more than one on a word
--DR. ADAM'S view of

_Accentuation_, modern, of Gr. and Lat. words, by what regulated; SANCTIUS'S rule for, new vers. of

_According to, as to_, resolved. _Accordingly_, whether may be said for the questionable _according_

_Accusative_ before infin., in Lat. and Gr., of what reckoned the subject
--whether the construc. can in general be imitated in Eng.
--who adopt the Lat. doctrine of
--what our nearest approach to the Lat. construc. of

_Active_, in reference to verbs, in what sense may be used

_Active-transitive verb_, defined
--_Act.-trans. verbs_ gov. obj. case
--place of agent and object in respect to
--_Act.-trans. verb_, or part., has some noun or pron. for its object
--with two words in appos. ("_Proclaim_ THEE KING,")
--with do., neither in appos. nor connected by conjunc., ("_I paid_ HIM
_the_ MONEY,")
--with redund. _me, thee, you_
--should not be used without an object
--should not assume a governm. incompatible with its signif.

_Active-intransitive verb_, defined
--_Act.-intrans. verb_, with prep. and its object, put in the pass.
form
--in pass. form with neut. signif. ("_I_ AM COME,")
--should not be used transitively

_Addison_, undeservedly criticised by BLAIR, for his frequent use of _that_, as a relative

_Addition, enumeration_, of numbers, by what _number_ of the verb to be expressed

_Address_, ordinary fashion of, in Eng., the plur. numb.
--has introduced the anomal. compound _yourself_
--_Address_, direct, nom. absol. by
--terms of, _your Majesty, your Highness_, &c., in what construc. used
--general usage of, in Fr.; in Span., Portug., or Germ.

ADJECTIVES, Etymol. of
--Classes of, named and defined
--Modifications of
--Comparison of, reg.; by adverbs; irreg.
--_Adjectives_ in _able_ and _ible_, (see _Able, Ible_.)
--_Adjectives_, number of, in Eng.
--how have been otherwise called
--how distinguished from nouns
--other parts of speech may become
--MURR., on nouns assuming the nature of
--whether nouns plur. can assume the character of
--_Adjectives_ that cannot be compared
--that are compared by means of adverbs
--(See _Comparison, Comparative Deg._, and _Superlative Deg._)
--_Adjectives_ requiring the article _the_
--denoting place or situation, comparison of
--become adverbs
--use of, for adv., improper
--with prep., ellipt., equivalent to adv.
--poet., for nouns
--do., for adverbs
--_Adjectives_, Synt. of
--do., in what consists
--to what relate
--substituted ellipt. for their abstr. nouns
--relate to nouns or pronouns understood
--used with def. art., ellipt., as nouns
--two or more before a noun, order of
--two, joined by hyphens
--denoting unity or plurality, how agree with their nouns
--connected, position of
--differing in numb., connected without repetition of noun ("ONE _or
more letters_,")
--_much, little_, &c., preceded by _too, how_, &c., taken substantively
--_Adjectives_, punct. of
--derivation of, from nouns, from adjectives, &c.
--poet. peculiarities in respect to
--_Adjective_, taken abstractly with infin. or part.
--following a finite verb, without a noun
--do. an infin. or a part.
--position of, in Eng.
--when may either precede or follow its noun
--Whether _adj._ or adv. is required, how determined
--_Adjective_, one superadded to an other, without conjunc., position
of
--when the figure of, affects the sense, what to be done
--should not be represented by a pronoun
--ellipsis of, shown

_Adjectives, common_, probable numb. of, in Eng.
--enumeration of, according to their endings

_Adjectives, compound_, analogies of their formation, traced
--nouns derived from, generally disapproved

_Adjectives, numeral_, kinds of, named
--Cardinal numb. and its corresponding _numeral_, what denote
--Construction and figure of the _numerals_

_Adjectives, participial_, what words to be referred to the class of
--cannot be construed to govern obj. case

_Adjectives, pronominal_, list of
--which, sometimes used adverbially
--which, sometimes used partitively, appar. as nouns
--without nouns expressed, how parsed
--distribution of, by CHURCH See _Other_, &c.

_Adjectives, proper_, peculiarities of, considered
--rule for initial capital in

_Adjuncts_ of nominative in the agreement of a verb

_Admitting, allowing_, &c., appar. independent, to what may relate

ADVERBS, Etymol. of
--_Adverb_, defined
--_Adverbs_, serve to abbreviate expression
--other classes of words sometimes take the nature of
--appar. take the nat. of other parts of speech
--how distinguished from adjectives
--Classes of, named and defined
--proper classification of, by what indicated
--of time, place, and manner, with what connected; of degree, do.
--_conjunctive_ (see _Conjunctive Adverb_:)
--Modifications of
--number of, in Eng.
--Whether _adverb_ or adjective required, how determined
--_Adverbs_, Synt. of
--in what do. consists
--to what relate
--_Adverb_ before a prep. ("CONSIDERABLY _beyond_,")
--_Adverbs_, whether sometimes qualify nouns
--of participles which become nouns, how managed
--_above, then_, &c., as relating directly to a noun, how parsed
--_Adverbs_, of degree, to what adjectives not applicable
--direct use of, for pronouns, inelegant
--position of
--needless use of, for adjectives
--_hither_, &c., for _here_, &c., with verb of motion
--_hence_, &c., with _from_ prefixed
--_when_, &c., not to follow _is_ in a definition ("_Concord is_ WHEN,"
&c.,)
--_ever_ and _never_, to be carefully distinguished
--in _ly_, when preferable to other forms
--_Adverb_, appar. made object of a prep. ("_At_ ONCE,")
--emphatic, with verb of self-motion suppressed ("_I'll_ HENCE,")
--_Adverb_ HOW, misuse of ("_He said_ HOW," &c.,)
--NO, not to be used in reference to a verb or a part.
--_Adverbial_ form or character, words of, how parsed
--_Adverbs_, punct. of
--_Adverb_, ellips. of, shown
--_Adverbs_, derivation of,
--many common Eng., of Anglo-Sax. origin
--poet. peculiarities in the use of
--peculiar use of those of two syllables in _ly_, by MILT. and his
contemporaries
--_Adverbial phrase_, a needless and improper designation in analysis

_Affectation_ of fine writing, PREC. against

_Ago_ and _since_, difference between

AGREEMENT, of words, defined
--with what synonymous
--_Agreement_, how many of the parts of speech in Eng., incapable of;
none necessary between words unrelated
--as differing from relation
--of words in the same construc., not easy to determine
--rules of, as applied to articles, impertinent
--_Agreements_, syntactical, in Eng., specified
--_Agreement_, general principles of
--figurative, of pronouns with antecedents

_Ah_, sometimes departs from usage

_Alexandrine verse_, description of

_Alias_, for the equivocal _or_, use of, in judicial proceedings

_All_, when may be reckoned a noun

_Allegory_, defined
--_Allegory_ includes most parables of Script., and some fables

_Alphabet_, Eng., names and plur. numb. of the letters
--Hebrew, names and characters of, given,
--Greek, do.
--Latin, names of the letters of, scarcely known even to the learned;
account of its letters
--A _perfect alphabet_ in Eng., what it would effect
--Letters of the _alphabet_, when and how used in the sciences

_Alphabetic writing_, its advantage over the syllabic

_Ambiguous, construc._, with respect to the _class_ of a word
--do., with resp. to the _case_ of a word
--_expressions_, PREC. against

_Amen_, use and import of

_Among_ and _amongst, amid_ and _amidst_, different in sense and construc.
from _between_ and _betwixt_
--incompatible with the distributive _one an other_
--derivation of, from Sax.

_Amphibrach_, defined

_Amphimac, amphimacer_, or _Cretic_, defined.

_An_, conjunc., obsolete for _if_ ("_Nay_, AN _thou 'lt mouthe_," &c., SHAK.,) --derivation of, from Sax.

_An, a_, art., one and the same
--preferable form before a particular sound
--_A_ or _an_ before _genus_
--how commonly limits the sense
--belongs to sing. numb. only
--with adjective of numb.
--its effect upon proper and common nouns
--is without agreem.
--Whether _an_ is from _a_ or _a_ from _an_
--_An, a_, origin of
--of proportion
--with numerals
--by what definitives superseded
--implies unity; sometimes precedes collective noun conveying the idea
of plurality
--present usage of, how differs from that of ancient writers
--use of, before _humble_, and its compounds and derivatives
--erroneous use of, as relating to a plural
--not to be used for _the_, to denote emphat. a whole kind

_Analysis_, "to analyze a sentence," what
--_Analysis_ of sentences shown in five different methods; which method
BROWN calls "the best and most thorough"
--_Analysis_, notices of the different methods of
--importance of, in teaching grammar; the truest method of, _parsing_

_Anapest_, defined

_Anapestic verse_, treated
--what syll. of, has stress; first foot of, how may be varied
--what variation of, produces composite verse
--whether a surplus syll. in, may compensate for a deficient one
--what number of syllables in the longest measure of
--_Anapestic verse_ shown in its four measures
--_Anapestic_, measures, why few
--_poetry_, pieces in general short
--(instance of a long piece, L. HUNT'S "Feast of the Poets,")

_And_, discriminated from _or_
--when preferable to _with, or_, or _nor_
--whether emphatic of word or phrase following it ("_Part pays_, AND
_justly_;" &c., POPE,)
--derivation of, from Sax.

_Anglo-Saxon_ dialect, and accessions thereto, as forming the modern Eng. lang.

_An other_, see _Other_

_Antecedent_, proper sense of the term
--sometimes placed after its pronoun
--sometimes doubly restricted
--of pron., applied figuratively
--sing., with the adj. _many_, and a plur. pron.
--suppressed
--_Antecedents_ of different persons, numbers, and genders,
disjunctively connected, how represented
--joint, agreem. of pron. in ellipt. construct. of

_Antibacchy_, or _hypobacchy_, defined

_Antiquated_ words and modes of expression, more frequent in poetry than in prose

_Antithesis_, defined

_Aorist_, or indefinite, may be applied to imperf. tense pot. and subjunc.

_Aphæresis_, defined

_Apocope_, defined

_Apophasis_, or _paralipsis_, explained

_Apostrophe_, mark, what denotes; for what sometimes used
--at what period introduced into the poss. case _Apostrophe_, figure,
defined

_Apposition_, Synt.
--agreement between words in
--_Apposition_, what, and from whom received this name
--different from _same cases_ put after verbs and participles not
trans.; false teachings of MURR. _et al_. hereon
--the rule for, to _which_ apposed term applied; whether words in,
should be parsed separately
--common rule and definition of, wherein faulty
--which word of, the _explanatory_ term; _when_ explan. word placed
_first_
--in what case of, either word may be taken as the explan. term,
--why two possessive words cannot be in
--two or more nouns in, where sign of possession put
--whether compat. with, to supply relative and verb between the apposed
words
--_Apposition_, appar., of noun without poss. sign, _with_ pron.
possess. ("YOUR _success as an_ INSTRUCTER,")
--noun or pron. emphat. repeated ("_Cisterns, broken_ CISTERNS," &c.,)
--appar., of a noun to a sentence
--of words differing in numb. ("_Go_ YE _every_ MAN,")
--of proper nouns with appellatives ("_The river_ THAMES,")
--act. verb followed by two words in
--whether requires any other agreem. than that of cases
--words in, punct. of
--of a common with a prop. name, use of capital lett.

_Archaism_, what

_Aristotle_, division of the Greek letters
--what neoterics wiser than; how considers the compounding or
non-compounding of terms

_Arithmetical_ numbers, relation of the terms in

ARRANGEMENT of words, term defined
--_Arrang_. of words, of what importance in synt.; whether it affects
the method of parsing words

ARTICLES, Etymol. of
--_Article_, defined
--_Article_, common noun without; Eng. nouns without, taken
indefinitely partitive
--words of mere _being_, used without
--_Articles_, how often inserted
--needless, to be omitted
--Classes of, named and defined
--Modificat. (_an_ short, to _a_, the only,)
--_Articles_, the frequent use of; freq. misapplication of
--to be distinguished from adjectives, and from each other
--appar. used for adverbs
--_Article_, Eng., its demonstrative character
--do., compared with the Gr. def. art.; no rule for _agreement of_,
appropriate in Eng.
--use of, before names of rivers
--_Articles_, Synt. of
--to what RELATE
--_Article_, with _the poss. and its governing noun_, only _one_, used
--one noun admits of one, only; before an adj., relates to a noun
understood
--why not repeated, as in Fr., before every noun of a series; why the
omission of, cannot constitute a proper ellips.
--position of, with respect to its noun; ditto, with respect to an adj.
and noun
--relative position of, and adj., not a matter of indifference
--excluded by certain pronom. adjectives; what ones precede it; its
position in respect to an adj. of quality, limited by _too, so, as_,
or _how_
--position of, when an adj. is preceded by another adv. than _too, so,
as_, or _how_
--do., when an adj. follows its noun
--whether the insertion or the omission of, can greatly affect the
import of a sentence
--_Article_, repetition of, with nouns connected
--do. with adjectives connected, and, oppos.
--added to each of two or more nouns sing., or a plural put ("THE
_nominative and_ THE _objective_ CASE," or "THE _nominative and
objective_ CASES,")
--use of, in special correspondence of phrases
--do., in correspondence peculiar
--do., in a series of terms
--erroneous use of, before the _species_, for THE; do., when the
_species_ is said to be of the _genus_ ("A JAY _is a sort of_ A
BIRD,")
--not used before names of the virtues, vices, &c., before limited
terms, and before nouns of definite signif.
--do. before titles or names mentioned merely as such
--do. before a part. not taken as a noun
--insertion or omission of, with respect to a comparison or an
alternation made with two nouns
--required in the construc. which converts a part. into a verbal noun
--_Articles_, what the false synt. of, includes
--Ellips. of _article_, shown
--_Articles_, derivation of
--frequently omitted by the poets See also _Definite Article_, and _An,
A_

_Articulate_ or _elementary sound_, nature of

_Articulation_, as defined by COMST.; do. by BOLLES
--_Articulation_, how differs from pronunciation
--the principles of, what they constitute
--a good one, what, in the view of COMST.; do., in what consists,
according to SHERID.; do. importance of; do., how delivers words

_As_, as subject or object of a verb, _its_ CLASS
--with a clause or sentence as anteced., do. _As_, as _relative_,
WEBST. absurd explanation of; CHAND. do.; BULL. denial
--to what construc. limited
--peculiarities with respect to position
--declined
--derivation of, from Teuton., DR. JOH.
--_As follow, as follows_, &c., construction of; MURR., himself
perplexed by TOOKE and CAMPB., delivers dubious instructions
concerning
--Opinion of NIX. and CROMB. concerning. _As_, as a conjunc., uniting
words in appos.
--between adj. or part. and its noun ("_Actions_ AS _such_")
--with ellips. of latter term of comparison ("_For such_ AS HE")
--_As_ and _than_, character and import of
--words connected by, generally put in the same case
--_As
--as; as
--so; so_ (preceded by a negative,)
--_as; so
--as_ (with an infin. following;) correspondents

_Asking_ and _exclaiming_, simple and appropriate _names_ for _the marks of_, desirable

_Aspirates_, see _Semivowels_

_Asterisk_, use of. _Asterism_, do.

_Ate_, particular words ending in, peculiarities of

_Auxiliary_, defined
--_Auxiliary_, form of a verb, when preferable to the simp.
--verbs, are mostly defective
--do., are needful in the conjug. of English verbs
--do., inflection of, shown
--_Auxiliaries_ used as expletives
--_Auxiliary_, poet. placed after verb

_Averse, aversion_, whether to be construed with _from_ or _to_

_Avoiding_, verbs of, with part. in stead of infin.

_Awkwardness, literary_, Crit. N. censuring

_Ay, I_, assentive adv.
--_Ay_, sometimes improp. written for _ah_

B.

B, its name and plur. number
--its sound
--in what situations silent

_Bacchy_, described

BE, how varied
--CONJUGATED, affirmat.
--Use of the form _be_ for the pres. indic.
--_Be_, ellips. of the infin. often needlessly supposed by ALLEN _et
al._
--whether it should be inserted after the verb _make_
--_Is_, contracted, giving its nom. the same form as that of the poss.
case ("_A_ WIT'S _a feather_," &c., POPE)

_Become_, &c., whether they demand the auxiliary _am_ or _have_

_Besides_, prep., in what cases proper to be used after _else_ or _other_, in lieu of _than_

_Between_, cannot refer to more than two things
--_Between_ or _betwixt_, how differs in use from _among_ or _amongst_
--_Between, betwixt_, derivation of, from Sax.

_Bible, the Holy_, application of the name
--what is shown by Italics in the text of
--quotations in, how indicated
--abrupt transitions in
--its general accuracy of lang.
--in the lang. of, _ye_ and _you_, in what constructions not found

_Bid_, as commanding, or as promising, its construction with the infin.

_Blair, Dr._, unjustly censures Addison's frequent use of _that_, as a relative

_Blank verse_, as distinguished from rhyme

_Blunders_, as readily copied, as originated, by makers of school-books
--_literary_, Crit. N. concerning

_Bombast_, as opposed to purity, PREC. against _Books_, mentioned by name, rule for capitals

_Both_, as conjunc., corresponding to _and_
--as adj.
--derivation of, acc. to DR. MURR.

_Brace_, its purpose

_Breve_, or _stenotone_, for what used

_Brevity_ of expression, sought in the ordinary business of life

_Brokenness_, or _hitching_, as a fault of style, PREC. censuring

_But, save, as well as_, construc. of two nouns connected by
--_But_, how has acquired the signif. of _only_
--in ambiguous construc. ("_There cannot be_ BUT _one_," &c., KAMES)
--as used for _that_, contrary to its import
--derivation of, from Sax.
--_But_ and _save_, whether they ever govern the obj. case as
prepositions
--_Cannot but_, construc. and signif. of
--_Not but_, to what equivalent, and the class of _but_

C.

C, name and plur. numb. of
--sounds of
--where silent
--with cedilla placed under (ç)
--written for a number
--_Ch_, sounds of
--_Arch_, sound of, before a vowel, and before a conson.
--_Ck_, final, for double _c_

_Cadence_, explained
--faulty, precept against, by RIPP.
--MURR. direction concerning

_Cadmus_, carried the Phoenician alphabet into Greece

_Cæsura_, signif. and application of
--_Cæsural_ or _divisional pause_; _demi-cæsuras_, or _minor rests_;
(see _Pauses_)

_Can_, verb, varied
--derivation and signif. of
--_Can not_ and _cannot_, with what distinction used
--_Cannot_, with a verb of _avoiding_, or with BUT
--_Can, could, would_, as principal verbs, by poet. use

_Capital letters, capitals_, for what used; how marked for the printer, in
manuscript
--what things are exhibited wholly in,
--Rules for the use of,
--use of, in comp. prop, names,
--needless,
--lavish use of, its effect,
--discrepancies with respect to, abound in books.

_Cardinal numeral_, distinguished from its corresponding ordinal,
--should _follow_ the ordinal, in a specification of a part of a
series, ("_The first_ TWO,").

_Caret_, in what used, and for what purpose.

_Cases_, in grammar, what,
--named and defined,
--nom. and obj., alike in form, how distinguished,
--on what founded, and to what parts of speech belong.
--(See _Nominative Case_, &c.)
--_Cases_, whether infinitives, participles, &c., can take the nature
of,
--what is the proper number of, to be assigned to Eng. nouns,
--what authorities for the true doctrine of three,
--discordant doctrine of sundry grammarians concerning the numb, of,
--WEBST. and MURR. opposite instructions concerning do.
--_Cases_, whether personal pronouns have two, only,
--rules for the construc. of,
--whether a noun may be in two, at once,
--whether Eng. verbs govern two,
--whether in Eng., as in Lat., when a verb governs two, the pass.
retains the latter case.
--_Cases, same_, (see _Same Cases_.)
--_Cases_, what kinds of words take different, after them.
--_Case_ of noun or pron. after part. governed by prep., whether
undetermined; err. of SANB. and BULL. hereon expos.; GREE. false
teaching, do.,
--_doubtful_, after participles, in what kind of examples found; canon
concerning do.

_Case_, technical term with printers, ("Letters of the _lower case_.")

_Catachresis_, how commonly explained, and what sort of fig.

_Catalectic_, when a measure is said to be.

_Cedilla_, from whom borrowed, and how applied.

_Change_, of numb. in the second pers., ineleg.,
--of the connective of two nominatives appar. requiring a plur. verb,
canon concerning.
--_Changing_ the scene, or deserting the principal subj., in a sent.,
PREC. against.

_Chaucer's_ imperfect measures, DRYDEN'S remarks on.

_Cherokee_ alphabet, some account of.

_Cherubim_ and _seraphim_, Heb. plurals, sometimes mistaken for singulars.

_Chief terms_, or _principal parts_, of a verb, necessary to be first ascertained. --_Chief words_ may be distinguished by capitals.

_Circumflex_, inflection, (see _Inflection_,)
--mark, use of.

_Classes_ under the parts of speech, what meant by.

_Classification_ of words, explanations to assist beginners in making,
--DR. WILSON'S observations on.

_Clause_, see _Member_.

_Climax_, defined.

_Cognomination_, relation of the article, in instances of, ("_Alexander the Great_").

_Collective noun_, defined.
--_Collective nouns_, forms of, sing. and plur.; how understood,
--gend. of, how determined,
--by what relative represented.
--_Collec. noun_, represented by plur. pron.,
--in what two ways may be taken, and with what accord of pron.; the
plur. construc. of, under what fig. of synt. ranked by the old
grammarians,
--whether with a sing. definitive, admits a plur. verb or pronoun.
--_Collec. nouns_ generally admit of plur. form.
--_Collect. noun_, represented by sing. pron. neut.,
--uniformity of numb. to be preserved in words constructed with,
--agreem. of verb with,
--how determined whether it conveys the idea of plurality or not,
--strictures on the rules of ADAM, LOWTH, _et. al._, concerning,
--NIX. notion of the construc. of verb and.
--_Coll. nouns_, partitive of plur., construc. of,
--as expressing collections of persons, or coll. of things, which most
often taken plurally,
--when not plur. in form, whether it admits of plur. adj. before it.

_Colon_, from what takes its name,
--for what used,
--in what year adopted in England,
--its utility maintained against some objectors,
--Rules for the use of,
--used by some between numb. of chap. and that of verse, in quotations
from the Bible.

_Comma_, from what takes its name,
--what denotes,
--less common in Germ. than in Eng.,
--its ancient form,
--Rules for the use of,
--use of, in a series of words.

_Commanding, desiring, expecting_, &c., verbs of, to what actions or events, refer.

_Commandments_, the ten, how expressed as to _forms_ of verb,
--by what points divided in books,
--example of, versified in iamb. hexameter, by DR. WATTS.

_Common gender_, unnecessary and improper term in Eng. gram.

_Common noun_, defined,
--when admits of no art.,
--with def. art. sometimes becomes proper,
--by personif. often do.
--_Common nouns_ include the classes, _collective, abstract_, and
_verbal_.
--_Common nouns_, their nature and numerical distribution, as
distinguished from proper.

_Comparative degree_, defined.
--_Compar. degree_, why BROWN presents a new definit. of, in place of
his former one,
--true nature of
--whether always required in a comparison of two objects
--with what construc. proper in exclusive comparisons, canon of BROWN
--_Comparatives_, certain, not construed with the conjunc. _than_
--double, how to be considered and treated
--_Comparative_ terminations, to what adjectives not to be applied
--_Compar. degree_ in Gr. and in Lat., construc. of
--poet. connected to the positive

_Comparison_, defined
--_Comparison, degrees of_, named and defined
--what adjectives admit not of
--CHURCH. on the different, (and BROWN on CHURCH.)
--character of BROWN'S definitions of; do. of those of MURR. _et al._,
exhibited
--MURR. definitions of, criticised
--relative nature of
--_Comparison_, regular
--to what adjectives applicable
--when preferable to the comparison by adverbs
--_Comparison_, HARR. on the degrees of; the positive a _degree_
--(in oppos. to HARR. _et al._)
--_Comparison of equality_, what; sometimes involves solec.,
("_Nothing_ SO _uncertain_ AS,")
--_Comparison of equality and of ineq._, canon on
--_Comparison_, adaptation of the terms of, to the deg. to be expressed
--belongs chiefly to comm. adjectives
--_Comparis._, irregular
--_Comparis._, whether to be mentioned in parsing adverbs
--inclusive, and exclusive
--_Comparisons, extra_, their impropriety
--Crit. N. on, See also _Comparative Degree_, and _Superlative Degree_.

_Comparison_ or _contrast_ of things, the resemblance or opposition how rendered more striking

_Complex prepositions_, how may be formed

_Composite orders_ of verse, what uniformity of construc. they require
--_Composite verse_
--description of; why requires rhythm
--kinds of, unlimited; which preferable
--liable to doubtful scansion

_Composition_, the frequent practice of, necessary, in order to acquire a good style, _Composition_ of language, two kinds of

_Compound_ or _progressive form_ of verb, how made
--exemplified in the verb READ, conjugated, what verbs do not admit of;
what it implies
--verbs of, having a pass. signif.

_Compound word_, defined, _Compounds_, permanent, consolidated; temporary,
formed by hyphen
--_Comp. words_, not to be needlessly broken
--two or more, not to be split
--when to be written with hyphen; when without it
--_Compounding of words_, unsettled usage respecting; manner of, in
Lat. and Gr.; arbitrary practice of, in Eng., its effect
--does not necessarily preclude their separate use
--propriety of, sometimes difficult to decide
--_Compounds_, orthog. of
--_Compounding_ the words of a reg. phrase, its impropriety
--_Compound adjectives_, see _Adjectives, Compound_.

_Concord_, (see _Agreement_.)
--_Concords_ and _governments_, examples of false ones from the
grammarians
--in Lat., diversely enumerated by the Lat. grammarians

_Concrete _terms for abstract qualities, poet. use of

_Confusion_ of senses, in use of pron., to be avoided

_Conjugation_ of a verb, defined
--what some teachers choose to understand by
--Conjugating a verb, four ways of, named
--_Conjugation_ of an Eng. verb, what the simplest form of
--_Conjug._ of verbs, shown in five Examples
--(See also _Compound_ or _Progressive_, &c.)
--_Conjugat._ negative, how made, interrogative, do.
--interrog. and negative, do.

CONJUNCTIONS, Etymol. of
--_Conjunction_, defined
--_Conjunctions_, how differ from other connectives
--nature and office of; R. F. MOTT quot.
--nature of the connexions made by
--how many in common use
--how parsed
--as "connecting the same moods, &c.," strictures on the doctrine of
MURR. _et al._, concerning
--_Conjunctions_, classes of, named and defined
--(See _Copulative Conjunction, Disjunc. Conj._, and _Corresp.
Conjunc.)
--Conjunctions_, List of
--appar. used as adverbs
--peculiar phrases having the force of
--importance of, as copulative or as disjunctive, to be carefully
observed
--_Conjunctions_, Synt. of
--do., in what consists, (MURR. _et al._ teaching erron.)
--what connect
--declinable words connected by, why in the same case
--power and position of those that connect sentences or clauses
--absurd and contradictory notions concerning the office of, by LENN.,
BULL., _et al._
--two or three coming together, how parsed
--_Conjunction_, followed by a phrase, and not a whole member
--connecting two terms to one
--do. two terms the same in kind or quality
--_Conjunctions_, to be used with due regard to import and idiom
--punct. of
--ellips. of, shown
--derivation of
--are mostly of Anglo-Sax. origin
--H. TOOKE'S derivations of, given
--poet. usage of _or
--or_, and _nor
--nor_

_Conjunctive adverbs_, what office perform; what classes of words embrace
--often relate equally to two verbs in different clauses
--list of
--_whence, whither_, &c., sometimes partake of the nature of pronouns
_Connected terms_, two, limited by a third, what both must be
--should be the same in kind or quality. _Connected_ adjectives, how
should be placed. _Connective_ words, or connectives, kinds of, named
--do., how may be distinguished

_Consonants_, divisions and subdivisions of
--properties of, as _sharp, flat, labial_, &c.

_Construing_, whether differs from parsing

_Continuance_ of action, see _Compound_ or _Progressive_

_Contractions_, in the orthog. and the pronunciation of words
--ocular, in printing poetry, not important

_Correlatives_, combinations of, ("_Father's son_,") how to be regarded

_Corresponding_, or _corresponsive conjunctions_, in what manner used
--named and exemplified in their several pairs
--nature of the terms standing in the relat. of
--the former of two, how parsed
--CHURCH. canon on the use of
--_Or_
--_or_, and _nor_
--_nor_, by poet. usage _Crotchets_, or _brackets_, how used
--confused and inaccurate teaching of WEBST. _et al._, concerning

_Cum_ with an ablative, Lat., ("_Dux_ CUM _aliquibus_," &c.,) the construc. imitated in Eng. --canon on do.

_Curves_, or _marks of parenthesis_
--have been in use for centuries
--the use of, not to be discarded
--confused teaching of WEBST. _et al._, respecting do.
--what used to distinguish
--clause enclosed by, how to be uttered; pause of do.
--Rules for the application of

_Customary_ actions require to be expressed by indic. pres.

D.

D, name and plur. numb.
--sounds of
--written for a number

_Dactyl_, defined

_Dactylic verse_
--stress, on what syll. laid; what rhyme it generally forms
--is not very common; seldom pure and regular
--shown in its eight measures
--has been but little noticed by prosodists and grammarians
--misconceived and misrepresented Rev. D. BLAIR

_Dare_, construc. with infin. foll.
--Use of the form DARE for the third pers. sing.

_Dash_, the mark, explanation of
--LOWTH _et al._ make no mention of
--Rules for the application of
--_Dash_, needless, how to be treated
--between quotation and name of the author
--applied to side-title
--used to signify omission

_Dates_, ordinarily abbreviated; how best written
--objectives in, without their prepositions

_Dative case_, faulty relic, in Eng., of old Sax., ("_It ascends_ ME _into_," &c., SHAK.)

_Days_ of the week, names of, to be reckoned prop. names, and written with capital

_Deaf and dumb_
--The _deaf and dumb_, to whom the letters represent no sounds, learn
to read and write; what inferred herefrom

_Defective verb_, what verb so called
--which tenses of, wanting
--_Defective verbs_, whether they should be reckoned a distinct class
--_may, can, must_, and _shall_, not to be referred to the class of
--_will, beware_, &c., construc. and import of explained
--_Defec. verbs_, List of

_Definite article_, defined
--_Definite art._, its demonstrative character
--used before names of rivers
--do. by way of eminence
--no rule of agreem. for, in Eng.
--prefixed as an adv., to comparatives and superlatives
--repeated before every term in a series of adjectives used ellipt. as
nouns
--used for a poss. pron., ("_Full in_ THE _face_")
--position with respect to its noun
--required before antecedent to a restricted relative. See also _The_

_Definition_, defined
--A _perfect definition_, what
--_Definitions_, needful qualities of certain, in gram.
--bad, peculiar vice of
--Crit. N. on

_Definitives_, what, in Eng., and how to be classed
--example to show what is meant by
--_Definitive_ word required before antecedent to restricted relative

_Degrees of comparison_, see _Comparison_

_Deity_, names of, use of capitals in
--in all languages, masc.; direct names of, do.. The sing. numb,
universally employed in reference to the Supreme Being

_Demonstratives_, from the class, pronominal adjectives

_Derivation_, as a topic of gram., what explains
--importance of
--a knowledge of what languages will throw light on the subject of Eng.

_Desiring_, verbs of; see _Commanding_

_Desisting_, verbs of; with part., in stead of infin.

_Despauter_, (Despauterius Joannes,) grammarian, when died
--his Lat. Gram.
--his remark on the origin of using plur. pron. of second pers. for
sing.
--gives the rule that the _verb governs the nominative before it_

_Diæresis_, or _dialysis_, mark, place and use of
--explained

_Diesis_, or _double dagger_, for what purpose used. _Dimeter_, line,
_iambic_, examples of
--_trochaic_, do.
--_anapæstic_, do.
--_dactylic_, do.

_Diphthong_, defined
--_Diphthongs_, distinction of
--enumeration and specification of the Eng.

_Discourse_, or _narration_, its nature and requirements

_Disjunctive conjunction_, defined
--_Disjunctives_, List of
--_Disjunctive_ OR, see _Or_

_Distance_, see _Time_, &c.

_Distribution_, of words into classes, a matter of some difficulty; explanations concerning, for learners --of verbs in Lat., grammarians have disputed respecting

_Distributives_, of the class _pronominal adjectives_
--_Distributive_ term sing. in apposit. with a plur.

_Division, literary_, see _Literary Division_

_Do_, verb, how varied:
--particular uses of
--in what manner may be substituted for an other term

_Double comparatives_ and _double superlatives_, how may be regarded; canon; (LATH. and CHILD)

_Double negatives_, see _Negation_, and _Negatives_

_Doubling_ of the final consonant before additional syll.; not doubling,
before do.
--_Double_ letter retained
--_Doubling_, certain letters incline to; others, do not

_Doubtful case_ after a part., in what kind of examples found; the construc. to be avoided

_Drink_, verb, grammarians greatly at variance respecting the pret. and the perf. part. of

_Dual_ number, found in Gr. and in Arab., what denotes

_Duplication_, see _Doubling_

_Du Vivier, G._, his _Grammaire des Grammaires_, and his _Traité des Participes_, a copious treatment of the Fr. participle

E.

E, (as A, O, I, and U,) self-naming:
--how spoken and written
--its plur.
--sounds properly its own
--final, mute, and to what belongs; exceptions
--effect on preced. vowel, of _e_ mute after a sing. conson., or after
_st_, or _th_
--diphthongs beginning with
--triphthongs do.

_Each_, pronom. adj., always of the third pers. sing.; its agreements. _Each other_, see _Other_

_Ecphoneme_, or note of exclamation
--occasional introduction into the classics
--diversely called by MURR. _et al._
--for what used, and of what a sign
--Rules for the application of

_Ecphonesis_, defined

_Either_ and _neither_, pronom. adjectives, relate to two only
--M. HARR. on the illegit. use of
--their numb. and pers.; what agreements they require, when they are
the leading words in their clauses
--derivation of, from the Sax.

_Either
--or, neither
--nor_, corresponsives:
--transposed, with repeated disjunction or negat.

_Elegiac stanza_, description of

_Elementary sound_, or _elements of speech_, defined. See _Sounds_

_Ellipsis_, figure defined
--either not defined by grammarians in general, or absurdly defined
--frequent in comp. sentences
--to be supplied in parsing
--_supposed_, may change the construc. without affecting the sense
--the principle of, as explaining several questionable but customary
expressions, ("_Fair and softly_ GOES _far_")
--MURR. on "THE _ellipsis_"
--_Ellipsis supplied_, EXAMPLES of
--Needless _ellipses_, the supposition of, to be avoided
--_Ellipses_, faulty, as opposed to perspicuity, PREC. against.
_Ellipsis_, or _suppression_, mark of, how figured, and what used to
denote

_Elliptical_ construction of nouns, ("_A horse, a horse_," &c., SHAK.)

_Elocution_, defined

_Else, other_, &c., with _than_, in exclusive comparisons
--_Else_ or _other_, sometimes construed with _besides_
--_Else_, derivation of

_Emphasis_, defined:
--comparative view of accent and
--as connected with quantity, MURR.
--as affecting accent
--what the guide to a right.
--_Emphatic_ words, not to be multiplied

_Enallage_, defined
--signif. of the Gr. word
--special application of the term
--with what other terms synonymous
--the most common forms of, in Eng.
--examples of, how differ from solecisms
--too much latitude was given to the fig. by Despauter, and by others

_Enallixis_, see _Enallage_

_Ending_ of a sentence with an adv., a prep., or any inconsid. word or phrase, PREC. concerning

_English Grammar_, see _Grammar_

_English language_, some account of its origin
--its character
--its simplicity and facility asserted by LOWTH
--its chief defect, according to DR. JOH.

_Enumeration_ of numbers, see _Addition_

_Epicene nouns_, see _Generic Names_ _Epithets_, new compound, poets frequently form

_Equivalence_, the argument of, has often led into errors

_Equivocal_, or _ambiguous construc._ of cases, to be avoided
--of rel. pron., by misplacement
--of prep. with converted part., how amended
--of the word _but_, ("_There cannot be_ BUT _one_," &c.)
--of words, leaving the classification doubtful, Crit. N. concerning
--_Equiv._, or _ambig_. expressions, as opposed to propriety, PREC.
against

_Eroteme_, its form in Greek
--derivation; fitness of the name
--diversely called by MURR. _et al_.
--its use
--Rules for do.
--its value as a sign of pause
--retained by a quoted question

_Erotesis_, explained

_Errors, incorrigible_, Crit. N. concerning

ETYMOLOGY
--_Etymol._, of what treats
--when and how should be taught
--_figures of_, term defined; the principal do., named and defined
--_Etymology_ and meaning of words, HARRIS on the usefulness of
disquisitions into

_Ever_, contrac., _e'er_; so in comp. rel. pronouns
--_Ever a one_, contrac. by the comm. people into _e'er a one_
--_Ever_ and _never_, opposite to each other in sense, yet freq.
confounded and misapplied; canon on the employment of
--_Ever so_, (prop., _everso_,) signif. of
--_Ever so wisely_, its propriety determined, against the false
phraseology _never so wisely_
--_Ever_, derivation of, from Sax.

_Example_, as used in teaching, meaning of
--_Examples_, use of capitals in

_Exception_, noun, and _except_, verb, whether more properly followed by _from_ or by _to_

_Exclamation_, note of, (see _Ecphoneme_)
--_Exclamation_, nom. absolute by
--the _case_ of nouns used in

_Exclusive_ and _inclusive terms_ of a comparison

_Exercise_, in grammar, what

_Expecting_, &c., verbs of, see _Commanding_