Chapter VII: Participles (3)

NOTE X.--In the use of participles and of verbal nouns, the leading word in sense should always be made the leading or governing word in the construction; and where there is reason to doubt whether the possessive case or some other ought to come before the participle, it is better to reject both, and vary the expression. Examples: "Any person may easily convince himself of the truth of this, by listening to _foreigners conversing_ in a language [which] he does not understand."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 361. "It is a relic of the ancient _style abounding_ with negatives."--_Ib._, p. 367. These forms are right; though the latter might be varied, by the insertion of "_which abounds_" for "_abounding_." But the celebrated examples before cited, about the "_lady holding up_ her train," or the "_lady's holding up_ her train,"--the "_person dismissing_ his servant," or the "_person's dismissing_ his servant,"--the "_horse running_ to-day," or the "_horse's running_ to-day,"--and many others which some grammarians suppose to be interchangeable, are equally bad in both forms.

NOTE XI.--Participles, in general, however construed, should have a clear reference to the proper subject of the being, action, or passion. The following sentence is therefore faulty: "By _establishing_ good laws, our _peace_ is secured."--_Russell's Gram._, p. 88; _Folker's_, p. 27. Peace not being the _establisher_ of the laws, these authors should have said, "By _establishing_ good laws, _we_ secure our peace." "_There will be no danger_ of _spoiling_ their faces, or of _gaining_ converts."--_Murray's Key_, ii, p. 201. This sentence is to me utterly unintelligible. If the context were known, there might possibly be some sense in saying, "_They_ will be in no danger of spoiling their faces," &c. "The law is annulled, in the very _act of its being made_."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 267. "The _act of_ MAKING _a law_," is a phrase intelligible; but, "the _act of its_ BEING MADE," is a downright solecism--a positive absurdity.

NOTE XII.--A needless or indiscriminate use of participles for nouns, or of nouns for participles, is inelegant, if not improper, and ought therefore to be avoided. Examples: "_Of_ denotes possession or _belonging_."-- _Murray's Gram._, Vol. i, p. 118; _Ingersoll's_, 71. "The preposition _of_, frequently implies possession, property, or _belonging to_."--_Cooper's Pl. and Pr. Gram._, p. 137. Say, "_Of_ frequently denotes possession, or _the relation of property_." "England perceives the folly _of the denying of_ such concessions."--_Nixon's Parser_, p. 149. Expunge _the_ and the last _of_, that _denying_ may stand as a participle.

NOTE XIII.--Perfect participles being variously formed, care should be taken to express them agreeably to the best usage, and also to distinguish them from the preterits of their verbs, where there is any difference of form. Example: "It would be well, if all writers who endeavour to be accurate, would be careful to avoid a corruption at present so prevalent, of saying, _it was wrote_, for, _it was written; he was drove_, for, _he was driven; I have went_, for, _I have gone_, &c., in all which instances a verb is absurdly used to supply the proper participle, without any necessity from the want of such word."--_Harris's Hermes_, p. 186.

IMPROPRIETIES FOR CORRECTION.

FALSE SYNTAX UNDER RULE XX.

EXAMPLES UNDER NOTE I.--EXPUNGE OF.

"In forming of his sentences, he was very exact."--_Error noticed by Murray_, Vol. i, p. 194.

[FORMULE.--Not proper, because the preposition _of_ is used after the participle _forming_, whose verb does not require it. But, according to Note 1st under Rule 20th, "Active participles have the same government as the verbs from which they are derived; the preposition _of_, therefore, should not be used after the participle, when the verb does not require it." Therefore, _of_ should be omitted; thus, "In forming his sentences, he was very exact."]

"For not believing of which I condemn them"--_Barclay's Works_, iii. 354. "To prohibit his hearers from reading of that book."--_Ib._, i, 223. "You will please them exceedingly, in crying down of ordinances."--MITCHELL: _ib._, i, 219. "The war-wolf subsequently became an engine for casting of stones,"--_Constable's Miscellany_, xxi, 117. "The art of dressing of hides and working in leather was practised."--_Ib._, xxi, 101. "In the choice they had made of him, for restoring of order."--_Rollin's Hist._, ii, 37. "The Arabians exercised themselves by composing of orations and poems."--_Sale's Koran_, p. 17. "Behold, the widow-woman was there gathering of sticks."--_1 Kings_, xvii, 10. "The priests were busied in offering of burnt-offerings."--_2 Chron._, xxxv, 14. "But Asahel would not turn aside from following of him."--_2 Sam._, ii, 21. "He left off building of Ramah, and dwelt in Tirzah."--_1 Kings_, xv, 21. "Those who accuse us of denying of it, belie us."--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 280. "And breaking of bread from house to house."--_Ib._, i, 192. "Those that set about repairing of the walls."--_Ib._, i, 459. "And secretly begetting of divisions."--_Ib._, i, 521. "Whom he had made use of in gathering of his church."--_Ib._, i, 535. "In defining and distinguishing of the acceptions and uses of those particles."--_Walker's Particles_, p. 12.

"In punishing of this, we overthrow
The laws of nations, and of nature too."--_Dryden_, p. 92.

UNDER NOTE II.--ARTICLES REQUIRE OF.

"The mixing them makes a miserable jumble of truth and fiction."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, ii, 357. "The same objection lies against the employing statues."--_Ib._, ii, 358. "More efficacious than the venting opulence upon the Fine Arts."--_Ib._, Vol. i, p. viii. "It is the giving different names to the same object."--_Ib._, ii, 19. "When we have in view the erecting a column."--_Ib._, ii, 56. "The straining an elevated subject beyond due bounds, is a vice not so frequent."--_Ib._, i, 206. "The cutting evergreens in the shape of animals is very ancient."--_Ib._, ii, 327. "The keeping juries, without meet, drink or fire, can be accounted for only on the same idea."--_Webster's Essays_, p. 301. "The writing the verbs at length on his slate, will be a very useful exercise."--_Beck's Gram._, p. 20. "The avoiding them is not an object of any moment."--_Sheridan's Lect._, p. 180. "Comparison is the increasing or decreasing the Signification of a Word by degrees."--_British Gram._, p. 97. "Comparison is the Increasing or Decreasing the Quality by Degrees."--_Buchanan's English Syntax_, p. 27. "The placing a Circumstance before the Word with which it is connected, is the easiest of all Inversion."--_Ib._, p. 140. "What is emphasis? It is the emitting a stronger and fuller sound of voice," &c.--_Bradley's Gram._, p. 108. "Besides, the varying the terms will render the use of them more familiar."--_Alex. Murray's Gram._, p. 25. "And yet the confining themselves to this true principle, has misled them!"--_Horne Tooke's Diversions_, Vol. i, p. 15. "What is here commanded, is merely the relieving his misery."--_Wayland's Moral Science_, p. 417. "The accumulating too great a quantity of knowledge at random, overloads the mind instead of adorning it."--_Formey's Belles-Lettres_, p. 5. "For the compassing his point."--_Rollin's Hist._, ii, 35. "To the introducing such an inverted order of things."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 95. "Which require only the doing an external action."--_Ib._, p. 185. "The imprisoning my body is to satisfy your wills."--GEO. FOX: _Sewel's Hist._, p. 47. "Who oppose the conferring such extensive command on one person."--_Duncan's Cicero_, p. 130. "Luxury contributed not a little to the enervating their forces."--_Sale's Koran_, p. 49. "The keeping one day of the week for a sabbath."--_Barclay's Works_, i. 202. "The doing a thing is contrary to the forbearing of it."--_Ib._, i, 527. "The doubling the Sigma is, however, sometimes regular."--_Knight, on the Greek Alphabet_, p. 29. "The inserting the common aspirate too, is improper."--_Ib._, p. 134. "But in Spenser's time the pronouncing the _ed_ seems already to have been something of an archaism."--_Philological Museum_, Vol. i, p. 656. "And to the reconciling the effect of their verses on the eye."--_Ib._, i, 659. "When it was not in their power to hinder the taking the whole."--_Brown's Estimate_, ii, 155. "He had indeed given the orders himself for the shutting the gates."--_Ibid._ "So his whole life was a doing the will of the Father."--_Penington_, iv, 99. "It signifies the suffering or receiving the action expressed."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 37. "The pretended crime therefore was the declaring himself to be the Son of God."--_West's Letters_, p. 210. "Parsing is the resolving a sentence into its different parts of speech."--_Beck's Gram._, p. 26.

UNDER NOTE II.--ADJECTIVES REQUIRE OF.

"There is no expecting the admiration of beholders."--_Baxter_. "There is no hiding you in the house."--_Shakspeare_. "For the better regulating government in the province of Massachusetts."--_British Parliament_. "The precise marking the shadowy boundaries of a complex government."--_J. Q. Adams's Rhet._, Vol. ii, p. 6. "[This state of discipline] requires the voluntary foregoing many things which we desire, and setting ourselves to what we have no inclination to."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 115. "This amounts to an active setting themselves against religion."--_Ib._, p. 264. "Which engaged our ancient friends to the orderly establishing our Christian discipline."--_N. E. Discip._, p. 117. "Some men are so unjust that there is no securing our own property or life, but by opposing force to force."--_Brown's Divinity_, p. 26. "An Act for the better securing the Rights and Liberties of the Subject."--_Geo._ III, 31st. "Miraculous curing the sick is discontinued."--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 137. "It would have been no transgressing the apostle's rule."--_Ib._, p. 146. "As far as consistent with the proper conducting the business of the House."--_Elmore, in Congress_, 1839. "Because he would have no quarrelling at the just condemning them at that day."--_Law and Grace_, p. 42. "That transferring this natural manner--will ensure propriety."--_Rush, on the Voice_, p. 372. "If a man were porter of hell-gate, he should have old turning the key."--_Macbeth_, Act ii, Sc. 3.

UNDER NOTE II.--POSSESSIVES REQUIRE OF.

"So very simple a thing as a man's wounding himself."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 97; _Murray's Gram._, p. 317. "Or with that man's avowing his designs."--_Blair_, p. 104; _Murray_, p. 308; _Parker and Fox, Part III_, p. 88. "On his putting the question."--_Adams's Rhet._, Vol. ii, p. 111. "The importance of teachers' requiring their pupils to read each section many times over."--_Kirkham's Elocution_, p. 169. "Politeness is a kind of forgetting one's self in order to be agreeable to others."--_Ramsay's Cyrus_. "Much, therefore, of the merit, and the agreeableness of epistolary writing, will depend on its introducing us into some acquaintance with the writer."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 370; _Mack's Dissertation in his Gram._, p. 175. "Richard's restoration to respectability, depends on his paying his debts."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 176. "Their supplying ellipses where none ever existed; their parsing words of sentences already full and perfect, as though depending on words understood."--_Ib._, p. 375. "Her veiling herself and shedding tears," &c., "her upbraiding Paris for his cowardice," &c.--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 433. "A preposition may be known by its admitting after it a personal pronoun, in the objective case."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 28; _Alger's_, 14; _Bacon's_, 10; _Merchant's_, 18; and others. "But this forms no just objection to its denoting time."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 65. "Of men's violating or disregarding the relations which God has placed them in here."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 164. "Success, indeed, no more decides for the right, than a man's killing his antagonist in a duel."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 295. "His reminding them."--_Kirkham's Elocution_, p. 123. "This mistake was corrected by his preceptor's causing him to plant some beans."--_Ib._, p. 235. "Their neglecting this was ruinous."--_Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 82. "That he was serious, appears from his distinguishing the others as 'finite.'"--_Felch's Gram._, p. 10. "His hearers are not at all sensible of his doing it."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 119.

UNDER NOTE III.--CHANGE THE EXPRESSION.

"An allegory is the saying one thing, and meaning another; a double-meaning or dilogy is the saying only one thing, but having two in view."--_Philological Museum_, Vol. i, p. 461. "A verb may generally be distinguished, by its making sense with any of the personal pronouns, or the word _to_ before it."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 28; _Alger's_, 13; _Bacon's_, 10; _Comly's_, and many others. "A noun may, in general, be distinguished by its taking an article before it, or by its making sense of itself."--_Merchant's Gram._, p. 17; _Murray's_, 27; &c. "An Adjective may usually be known by its making sense with the addition of the word _thing_: as, a _good_ thing; a _bad_ thing."--_Same Authors_. "It is seen in the objective case, from its denoting the object affected by the act of leaving."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 44. "It is seen in the possessive case, from its denoting the _possessor_ of something."--_Ibid._ "The name man is caused by the adname _whatever_ to be twofold subjective case, from its denoting, of itself, one person as the subject of the two remarks."--_Ib._, p. 56. "_When_, as used in the last line, is a connective, from its joining that line to the other part of the sentence."--_Ib._, p. 59. "From their denoting reciprocation."--_Ib._, p. 64. "To allow them the making use of that liberty."--_Sale's Koran_, p. 116. "The worst effect of it is, the fixing on your mind a habit of indecision."--_Todd's Student's Manual_, p. 60. "And you groan the more deeply, as you reflect that there is no shaking it off."--_Ib._, p. 47. "I know of nothing that can justify the having recourse to a Latin translation of a Greek writer."--_Coleridge's Introduction_, p. 16. "Humour is the making others act or talk absurdly."--_Hazlitt's Lectures_. "There are remarkable instances of their not affecting each other."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 150. "The leaving Cæsar out of the commission was not from any slight."--_Life of Cicero_, p. 44. "Of the receiving this toleration thankfully I shall say no more."--_Dryden's Works_, p. 88. "Henrietta was delighted with Julia's working lace so very well."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 255. "And it is from their representing each two different words that the confusion has arisen."--_Booth's Introd._, p. 42. "Æschylus died of a fracture of his skull, caused by an eagle's letting fall a tortoise on his head."--_Biog. Dict._ "He doubted their having it."--_Felch's Comp. Gram._, p. 81. "The making ourselves clearly understood, is the chief end of speech."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 68. "There is no discovering in their countenances, any signs which are the natural concomitants of the feelings of the heart."--_Ib._, p. 165. "Nothing can be more common or less proper than to speak of a _river's emptying itself_."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 186. "Our not using the former expression, is owing to this."--_Bullions's E. Gram._, p. 59.

UNDER NOTE IV.--DISPOSAL OF ADVERBS.

"To this generally succeeds the division, or the laying down the method of the discourse."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 311. "To the pulling down of strong holds."--_2 Cor._, x, 4. "Can a mere buckling on a military weapon infuse courage?"--_Brown's Estimate_, i, 62. "Living expensively and luxuriously destroys health."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 234. "By living frugally and temperately, health is preserved."--_Ibid._ "By living temperately, our health is promoted."--_Ib._, p. 227. "By the doing away of the necessity."--_The Friend_, xiii, 157. "He recommended to them, however, the immediately calling of the whole community to the church."--_Gregory's Dict., w. Ventriloquism_. "The separation of large numbers in this manner certainly facilitates the reading them rightly."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 303. "From their merely admitting of a twofold grammatical construction."--_Philol. Museum_, i. 403. "His gravely lecturing his friend about it."--_Ib._, i, 478. "For the blotting out of sin."--_Gurney's Evidences_, p. 140. "From the not using of water."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 189. "By the gentle dropping in of a pebble."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 125. "To the carrying on a great part of that general course of nature."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 127. "Then the not interposing is so far from being a ground of complaint."--_Ib._, p. 147. "The bare omission, or rather the not employing of what is used."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 180; _Jamieson's_, 48. "Bringing together incongruous adverbs is a very common fault."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 329. "This is a presumptive proof of its not proceeding from them."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 186. "It represents him in a character to which the acting unjustly is peculiarly unsuitable."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 372. "They will aim at something higher than merely the dealing out of harmonious sounds."--_Kirkham's Elocution_, p. 65. "This is intelligible and sufficient; and going farther seems beyond the reach of our faculties."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 147. "Apostrophe is a turning off from the regular course of the subject."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 348; _Jamieson's Rhet._, 185. "Even Isabella was finally prevailed upon to assent to the sending out a commission to investigate his conduct."--_Life of Columbus_. "For the turning away of the simple shall slay them."--_Prov._, i, 32.

"Thick fingers always should command
Without the stretching out the hand."--_King's Poems_, p. 585.

UNDER NOTE V.--PARTICIPLES WITH ADJECTIVES.

"Is there any Scripture speaks of the light's being inward?"--_Barclay's Works_, i, 367. "For I believe not the being positive therein essential to salvation."--_Ib._, iii, 330. "Our not being able to act an uniform right part without some thought and care."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 122. "Upon supposition of its being reconcileable with the constitution of nature."--_Ib._, p. 128. "Upon account of its not being discoverable by reason or experience."--_Ib._, p. 170. "Upon account of their being unlike the known course of nature."--_Ib._, p. 171. "Our being able to discern reasons for them, gives a positive credibility to the history of them."--_Ib._, p. 174. "From its not being universal."--_Ib._, p. 175. "That they may be turned into the passive participle in _dus_ is no decisive argument in favour of their being passive."--_Grant's Lat. Gram._, p. 233. "With the implied idea of St. Paul's being then _absent_ from the Corinthians."--_Kirkham's Elocution_, p. 123. "On account of its becoming gradually weaker, until it finally dies away into silence."--_Ib._, p. 32. "Not without the author's being fully aware."--_Ib._, p. 84. "Being witty out of season, is one sort of folly."--_Sheffield's Works_, ii. 172. "Its being generally susceptible of a much stronger evidence."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 102. "At least their being such rarely enhanceth our opinion, either of their abilities or of their virtues."--_Ib._, p. 162. "Which were the ground of our being one."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 513. "But they may be distinguished from it by their being intransitive."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 60. "To distinguish the higher degree of our persuasion of a thing's being possible."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 234.

"His being idle, and dishonest too,
Was that which caus'd his utter overthrow."--_Tobitt's Gram._, p. 61.

UNDER NOTE VI.--COMPOUND VERBAL NOUNS.

"When it denotes being subjected to the exertion of another."--_Booth's Introd._, p. 37. "In a passive sense, it signifies being subjected to the influence of the action."--_Felch's Comp. Gram._, p. 60. "The being abandoned by our friends is very deplorable."--_Goldsmith's Greece_, i, 181. "Without waiting for their being attacked by the Macedonians."--_Ib._, ii, 97. "In progress of time, words were wanted to express men's being connected with certain conditions of fortune."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 135. "Our being made acquainted with pain and sorrow, has a tendency to bring us to a settled moderation."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 121. "The chancellor's being attached to the king secured his crown; The general's having failed in this enterprise occasioned his disgrace; John's having been writing a long time had wearied him."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 66; _Sanborn's_, 171; _Cooper's_, 96; _Ingersoll's_, 46; _Fisk's_, 83; _and others_. "The sentence should be, 'John's having been writing a long time has wearied him.'"--_Wright's Gram._, p. 186. "Much depends on this rule's being observed."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 195. "He mentioned a boy's having been corrected for his faults; The boy's having been corrected is shameful to him."--_Alger's Gram._, p. 65; _Merchant's_, 93. "The greater the difficulty of remembrance is, and the more important the being remembered is to the attainment of the ultimate end."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 90. "If the parts in the composition of similar objects were always in equal quantity, their being compounded would make no odds."--_Ib._, p. 65. "Circumstances, not of such importance as that the scope of the relation is affected by their being known."--_Ib._, p. 379. "A passive verb expresses the receiving of an action or the being acted upon; as, 'John is beaten'"--_Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 16. "So our Language has another great Advantage, namely its not being diversified by Genders."--_Buchanan's Gram._, p. 20. "The having been slandered is no fault of Peter."--_Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 82. "Without being Christ's friends, there is no being justified."--_William Penn_. "Being accustomed to danger, begets intrepidity, i.e. lessens fear."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 112. "It is, not being affected so and so, but acting, which forms those habits."--_Ib._, p. 113. "In order to our being satisfied of the truth of the apparent paradox."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 164. "Tropes consist in a word's being employed to signify something that is different from its original and primitive meaning."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 132; _Jamieson's_, 140; _Murray's Gram._, 337; _Kirkham's_, 222. "A _Trope_ consists in a word's being employed," &c.--_Hiley's Gram._, p. 133. "The scriptural view of our being saved from punishment."--_Gurney's Evidences_, p. 124. "To submit and obey, is not a renouncing a being led by the Spirit."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 542.

UNDER NOTE VII.--PARTICIPLES FOR INFINITIVES, &C.

"Teaching little children is a pleasant employment."--_Bartlett's School Manual_, ii, 68. "Denying or compromising principles of truth is virtually denying their divine Author."--_Reformer_, i, 34. "A severe critic might point out some expressions that would bear being retrenched."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 206. "Never attempt prolonging the pathetic too much."--_Ib._, p. 323. "I now recollect having mentioned a report of that nature."-- _Whiting's Reader_, p. 132. "Nor of the necessity which there is for their being restrained in them."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 116. "But doing what God commands, because he commands it, is obedience, though it proceeds from hope or fear."--_Ib._, p. 124. "Simply closing the nostrils does not so entirely prevent resonance."--_Music of Nature_, p. 484. "Yet they absolutely refuse doing so."--_Harris's Hermes_, p. 264. "But Artaxerxes could not refuse pardoning him."--_Goldsmith's Greece_, i, 173. "Doing them in the best manner is signified by the name of these arts."--_Rush, on the Voice_, p. 360. "Behaving well for the time to come, may be insufficient." --_Butler's Analogy_, p. 198. "The compiler proposed publishing that part by itself."--_Dr. Adam, Rom. Antiq._, p. v. "To smile upon those we should censure, is bringing guilt upon ourselves."--_Kirkham's Elocution_, p. 108. "But it would be doing great injustice to that illustrious orator to bring his genius down to the same level."--_Ib._, p. 28. "Doubting things go ill, often hurts more than to be sure they do."--_Beauties of Shak._, p. 203. "This is called straining a metaphor."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 150; _Murray's Gram._, i, 341. "This is what Aristotle calls giving manners to the poem."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 427. "The painter's being entirely confined to that part of time which he has chosen, deprives him of the power of exhibiting various stages of the same action."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 195. "It imports retrenching all superfluities, and pruning the expression."-- _Blair's Rhet._, p. 94; _Jamieson's_, 64; _Murray's Gram._, p. 301; _Kirkham's_, 220. "The necessity for our being thus exempted is further apparent."--_West's Letters_, p. 40. "Her situation in life does not allow of her being genteel in every thing."--_Ib._, p. 57. "Provided you do not dislike being dirty when you are invisible."--_Ib._, p. 58. "There is now an imperious necessity for her being acquainted with her title to eternity."--_Ib._, p. 120. "Discarding the restraints of virtue, is misnamed ingenuousness."--_Ib._, p. 105. "The legislature prohibits opening shop of a Sunday."--_Ib._, p. 66. "To attempt proving that any thing is right."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 256. "The comma directs making a pause of a second in duration, or less."--_Ib._, p. 280. "The rule which directs putting other words into the place of it, is wrong."--_Ib._, p. 326. "They direct calling the specifying adjectives or adnames adjective pronouns."-- _Ib._, p. 338. "William dislikes attending court."--_Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 82. "It may perhaps be worth while remarking that Milton makes a distinction."--_Philological Museum_, i, 659. "Professing regard, and acting differently, discover a base mind."--_Murray's Key_, p. 206; _Bullions's E. Gram._, pp. 82 and 112; _Lennie's_, 58. "Professing regard and acting indifferently, discover a base mind."--_Weld's Gram., Improved Edition_, p. 59. "You have proved beyond contradiction, that acting thus is the sure way to procure such an object."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 92.

UNDER NOTE VIII.--PARTICIPLES AFTER BE, IS, &C.

"Irony is expressing ourselves in a manner contrary to our thoughts."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 353; _Kirkham's_, 225; _Goldsbury's_, 90. "Irony is saying one thing and meaning the reverse of what that expression would represent."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 303. "An Irony is dissembling or changing the proper signification of a word or sentence to quite the contrary."--_Fisher's Gram._, p. 151. "Irony is expressing ourselves contrary to what we mean."--_Sanborn's Gram._, p. 280. "This is in a great Measure delivering their own Compositions."--_Buchanan's Gram._, p. xxvi. "But purity is using rightly the words of the language."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 59. "But the most important object is settling the English quantity."--_Walker's Key_. p. 17. "When there is no affinity, the transition from one meaning to another is taking a very wide step."-- _Campbell's Rhet._, p. 293. "It would be losing time to attempt further to illustrate it."--_Ib._, p. 79. "This is leaving the sentence too bare, and making it to be, if not nonsense, hardly sense."--_Cobbett's Gram._, ¶220. "This is requiring more labours from every private member."--_West's Letters_, p. 120. "Is not this using one measure for our neighbours, and another for ourselves?"--_Ib._, p. 200. "Is it not charging God foolishly, when we give these dark colourings to human nature?"--_Ib._, p. 171. "This is not enduring the cross as a disciple of Jesus Christ, but snatching at it like a partizan of Swift's Jack."--_Ib._, p. 175. "What is Spelling? It is combining letters to form syllables and words."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 18. "It is choosing such letters to compose words," &c.--_Ibid._ "What is Parsing? (1.) It is describing the nature, use, and powers of words."--_Ib._, pp. 22 and 192. (2.) "For parsing is describing the words of a sentence as they are used."--_Ib._, p. 10. (3.) "Parsing is only describing the nature and relations of words as they are used."--_Ib._, p. 11. (4.) "Parsing, let the pupil understand and remember, is describing facts concerning words; or representing them in their offices and relations as they are."--_Ib._, p. 34. (5.) "Parsing is resolving and explaining words according to the rules of grammar."--_Ib._, p. 326. (6.) "Parsing a word, remember, is enumerating and describing its various relations and qualities, and its grammatical relations to other words in the sentence."--_Ib._, p. 325. (7.) "For parsing a word is enumerating and describing its various properties and relations _to the_ sentence."--_Ib._, p. 326. (8.) "Parsing a noun is telling of what person, number, gender, and case, it is; and also telling all its grammatical relations in a sentence with respect to other words."--_Ingersoll's Gram._, p. 16. (9.) "Parsing any part of speech is telling all its properties and relations."--_Ibid._ (10.) "Parsing is resolving a sentence into its elements."--_Fowler's E. Gram._, 1850, §588. "The highway of the righteous is, departing from evil."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 168. "Besides, the first step towards exhibiting truth should be removing the veil of error."--_Ib._, p. 377. "Punctuation is dividing sentences and the words of sentences, by pauses."--_Ib._, p. 280. "Another fault is using the preterimperfect _shook_ instead of the participle _shaken_"--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 259. "Her employment is drawing maps."--_Alger's Gram._, p. 65. "Going to the play, according to his notion, is leading a sensual life, and exposing ones self to the strongest temptations. This is begging the question, and therefor requires no answer."--_Formey's Belles-Lettres_, p. 217. "It is overvaluing ourselves to reduce every thing to the narrow measure of our capacities."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 193; _Ingersoll's_, 199. "What is vocal language? It is speaking; or expressing ideas by the human voice."--_Sanders, Spelling-Book_, p. 7.

UNDER NOTE IX.--VERBS OF PREVENTING.

"The annulling power of the constitution prevented that enactment's becoming a law."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 267. "Which prevents the manner's being brief."--_Ib._, p. 365. "This close prevents their bearing forward as nominatives."--_Rush, on the Voice_, p. 153. "Because this prevents its growing drowzy."--_Formey's Belles-Lettres_, p. 5. "Yet this does not prevent his being great."--_Ib._, p. 27. "To prevent its being insipid."--_Ib._, p. 112. "Or whose interruptions did not prevent its being continued."--_Ib._, p. 167. "This by no means prevents their being also punishments."--_Wayland's Moral Science_, p. 123. "This hinders not their being also, in the strictest sense, punishments."--_Ibid._, "The noise made by the rain and wind prevented their being heard."--_Goldsmith's Greece_, Vol. i, p. 118. "He endeavoured to prevent its taking effect."--_Ib._, i, 128. "So sequestered as to prevent their being explored."--_West's Letters_, p. 62. "Who prevented her making a more pleasant party."--_Ib._, p. 65. "To prevent our being tossed about by every wind of doctrine."--_Ib._, p. 123. "After the infirmities of age prevented his bearing his part of official duty."--_Religious World_, ii, 193. "To prevent splendid trifles passing for matters of importance."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 310. "Which prevents his exerting himself to any good purpose."--_Beattie's Moral Science_, i, 146. "The want of the observance of this rule, very frequently prevents our being punctual in our duties."--_Student's Manual_, p. 65. "Nothing will prevent his being a student, and his possessing the means of study."--_Ib._, p. 127. "Does the present accident hinder your being honest and brave?"--_Collier's Antoninus_, p. 51. "The e is omitted to prevent two es coming together."--_Fowle's Gram._, p. 34. "A pronoun is used for or in place of a noun.--to prevent repeating the noun."--_Sanborn's Gram._, p. 13. "Diversity in the style relieves the ear, and prevents it being tired with the too frequent recurrence of the rhymes."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 166. "Diversity in the style relieves the ear, and prevents its being tired," &c.--_Murray's Gram._, i. p. 362. "Timidity and false shame prevent our opposing vicious customs."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 236; _Sanborn's Gram._, 171; _Merchant's_, 205. "To prevent their being moved by such."-- _Campbell's Rhet._, p. 155. "Some obstacle or impediment, that prevents its taking place."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 38. "Which prevents our making a progress towards perfection."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 4. "This method of distinguishing words, must prevent any regular proportion of time being settled."--_Ib._, p. 67. "That nothing but affectation can prevent its always taking place."--_Ib._, p. 78. "This did not prevent John's being acknowledged and solemnly inaugurated Duke of Normandy."--HENRY: _Webster's Philos. Gram._, p. 182; his _Improved Gram._, 130; _Sanborn's Gram._, 189; _Fowler's_, 8vo, 1850, p. 541.

UNDER NOTE X.--THE LEADING WORD IN SENSE.

"This would preclude the possibility of a _nouns'_ or any other word's ever being in the possessive case."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 338. "A great part of our pleasure arises from the plan or story being well conducted."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 18, "And we have no reason to wonder at this being the case."--_Ib._, p. 249. "She objected only, as Cicero says, to Oppianicus having two sons by his present wife."--_Ib._, p. 274. "The Britons being subdued by the Saxons, was a necessary consequence of their having called in these Saxons, to their assistance."--_Ib._, p. 329. "What he had there said, concerning the Saxons expelling the Britons, and changing the customs, the religion, and the language of the country, is a clear and good reason for our present language being Saxon rather than British."--_Ib._, p. 230. "The only material difference between them, besides the one being short and the other being prolonged, is, that a metaphor always explains itself by the words that are connected with it."--_Ib._, p. 151; _Murray's Gram._, p. 342. "The description of Death's advancing to meet Satan, on his arrival."--_Rush, on the Voice_, p. 156. "Is not the bare fact of God being the witness of it, sufficient ground for its credibility to rest upon?"--_Chalmers, Serm._, p. 288. "As in the case of one entering upon a new study."--_Beattie's Moral Science_, i, 77. "The manner of these affecting the copula is called the imperative mode."--BP. WILKINS: _Lowth's Gram._, p. 43. "We are freed from the trouble, by our nouns having no diversity of endings."--_Buchanan's Syntax_, p. 20. "The Verb is rather indicative of the actions being _doing_, or _done_, than _the time when_, but indeed the ideas are undistinguishable."--_Booth's Introd._, p. 69. "Nobody would doubt of this being a sufficient proof."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 66. "Against the doctrine here maintained, of conscience being, as well as reason, a natural faculty."--_Beattie's M. Sci._, i, 263. "It is one cause of the Greek and English languages being much more easy to learn, than the Latin."--_Bucke's Classical Gram._, p. 25. "I have not been able to make out a solitary instance of such being the fact."--_Liberator_, x, 40. "An angel's forming the appearance of a hand, and writing the king's condemnation on the wall, checked their mirth, and filled them with terror."--_Wood's Dict., w. Belshazzar_. "The prisoners' having attempted to escape, aroused the keepers."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 357. "I doubt not, in the least, of this having been one cause of the multiplication of divinities in the heathen world."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 155. "From the general rule he lays down, of the verbs being the parent word of all language."--_Diversions of Purley_, Vol. i, p. 227. "He was accused of himself being idle."--_Felch's Comp. Gram._, p. 52. "Our meeting is generally dissatisfied with him so removing."--_Wm. Edmondson_. "The spectacle is too rare of men's deserving solid fame while not seeking it."--_Prof. Bush's Lecture on Swedenborg_. "What further need was there of an other priest rising?"--See _Key_.

UNDER NOTE XI.--REFERENCE OF PARTICIPLES.

"Viewing them separately, different emotions are produced."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, ii, 344. "But leaving this doubtful, another objection occurs."--_Ib._, ii, 358. "Proceeding from one particular to another, the subject grew under his hand."--_Ib._, i, 27. "But this is still an interruption, and a link of the chain broken."--_Ib._, ii, 314. "After some days hunting, Cyrus communicated his design to his officers."--_Rollin_, ii, 66. "But it is made, without the appearance of making it in form."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 358. "These would have had a better effect disjoined thus."--_Ib._, p. 119; _Murray's Gram._, i, 309. "An improper diphthong has but one of the vowels sounded."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 9; _Alger's_, 12; _Merchant's_, 9; _Smith's_, 118; _Ingersoll's_, 4. "And being led to think of both together, my view is rendered unsteady."-- _Blair's Rhet._, p. 95; _Murray's Gram._, 302; _Jamieson's Rhet._, 66. "By often doing the same thing, it becomes habitual."--_Murray's Key_, p. 257. "They remain with us in our dark and solitary hours, no less than when surrounded with friends and cheerful society."--_Ib._, p. 238. "Besides shewing what is right, the matter may be further explained by pointing out what is wrong."--_Lowth's Gram., Pref._, p. viii. "The former teaches the true pronunciation of words, comprising accent, quantity, emphasis, pause, and tone."--_Murray's Gram._, Vol., i, p. 235. "Persons may be reproved for their negligence, by saying; 'You have taken great care indeed.'"--_Ib._, i, 354. "The words preceding and following it, are in apposition to each other."--_Ib._, ii, p. 22. "Having finished his speech, the assembly dispersed."--_Cooper's Pract. Gram._, p. 97. "Were the voice to fall at the close of the last line, as many a reader is in the habit of doing."-- _Kirkham's Elocution_, p. 101. "The misfortunes of his countrymen were but negatively the effects of his wrath, by depriving them of his assistance."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, ii, 299. "Taking them as nouns, this construction may be explained thus."--_Grant's Latin Gram._, p. 233. "These have an active signification, those which come from neuter verbs being excepted."--_Ib._, p. 233. "From the evidence of it not being universal."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 84. "And this faith will continually grow, by acquainting ourselves with our own nature."--_Channing's Self-Culture_, p. 33. "Monosyllables ending with any consonant but _f, l_, or _s_, and preceded by a single vowel, never double the final consonant; excepting add, ebb," &c.--_Murray's Gram._, p. 23; _Picket's_, 10; _Merchant's_, 13; _Ingersoll's_, 8; _Fisk's_, 44; _Blair's_, 7. "The relation of being the object of the action is expressed by the change of the Noun _Maria_ to _Mariam_"--_Booth's Introd._, p. 38. "In analyzing a proposition, it is first to be divided into its logical subject and predicate."--_Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Gram._, p. 254. "In analyzing a simple sentence, it should first be resolved into its logical subject and logical predicate."--_Wells's School Gram._, 113th Ed., p. 189.

UNDER NOTE XII.--OF PARTICIPLES AND NOUNS.

"The discovering passions instantly at their birth, is essential to our well being."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 352. "I am now to enter on considering the sources of the pleasures of taste."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 28. "The varieties in using them are, indeed many."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 319. "Changing times and seasons, removing and setting up kings, belong to Providence alone."--_Ib., Key_, ii, p. 200. "Adhering to the partitions seemed the cause of France, accepting the will that of the house of Bourbon."--_Bolingbroke, on Hist._, p. 246. "Another source of darkness in composing is, the injudicious introduction of technical words and phrases."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 247. "These are the rules of grammar, by the observing of which, you may avoid mistakes."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 192; _Merchant's_, 93; _Fisk's_, 135; _Ingersoll's_, 198. "By the observing of the rules you may avoid mistakes."--_Alger's Gram._, p. 65. "By the observing of these rules he succeeded."--_Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 82. "Being praised was his ruin."--_Ibid._ "Deceiving is not convincing."-- _Ibid._ "He never feared losing a friend."--_Ibid._ "Making books is his amusement."--_Alger's Gram._, p. 65. "We call it declining a noun."-- _Ingersoll's Gram._, p. 22. "Washington, however, pursued the same policy of neutrality, and opposed firmly, taking any part in the wars of Europe."--_Hall and Baker's School Hist._, p. 294. "The following is a note of Interrogation, or asking a question (?)."--_Infant School Gram._, p. 132. "The following is a note of Admiration, or expressing wonder (!)."--_Ib._ "Omitting or using the article _a_ forms a nice distinction in the sense."--_Murray's Gram._, ii, 284. "Placing the preposition before the word it governs is more graceful."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 150. "Assistance is absolutely necessary to their recovery, and retrieving their affairs."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 197. "Which termination, [_ish_,] when added to adjectives, imports diminution, or lessening the quality."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 131; _Kirkham's_, 172. "After what is said, will it be thought refining too much to suggest, that the different orders are qualified for different purposes?"--_Kames, El. of Crit._, ii, 114. "Who has nothing to think of but killing time."--_West's Letters_, p. 58. "It requires no nicety of ear, as in the distinguishing of tones, or measuring time."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 65. "The _Possessive Case_ denotes possession, or belonging to."--_Hall's Gram._, p. 7.

UNDER NOTE XIII.--PERFECT PARTICIPLES.

"Garcilasso was master of the language spoke by the Incas."--_Robertson's Amer._, ii, 459. "When an interesting story is broke off in the middle."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 244. "Speaking of Hannibal's elephants drove back by the enemy."--_Ib._, ii, 32. "If Du Ryer had not wrote for bread, he would have equalled them."--_Formey's Belles-Lettres_, p. 166. "Pope describes a rock broke off from a mountain, and hurling to the plain."--_Kames_, ii, 106. "I have wrote _or_ have written, Thou hast wrote _or_ hast written. He hath or has wrote, _or_ hath or has written;" &c.--_Dr. Ash's Gram._, p. 47; _Maltby's_, 47. "This was spoke by a pagan."--_Webster's Improved Gram._, p. 174. "But I have chose to follow the common arrangement."--_Ib._, p. 10. "The language spoke in Bengal."--_Ib._, p. 78. "And sound Sleep thus broke off, with suddain Alarms, is apt enough to discompose any one."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 32. "This is not only the Case of those Open Sinners, before spoke of."--_Right of Tythes_, p. 26. "Some Grammarians have wrote a very perplexed and difficult doctrine on Punctuation."--_Ensell's Gram._, p. 340. "There hath a pity arose in me towards thee."--_Sewel's Hist., fol._, p. 324. "Abel is the only man that has underwent the awful change of death."--_Juvenile Theatre_, p. 4.

"Meantime, on Afric's glowing sands,
Smote with keen heat, the Trav'ler stands."--_Union Poems_, p. 88.