Chapter IV: Adjectives

The syntax of the English Adjective is fully embraced in the following brief rule, together with the exceptions, observations, and notes, which are, in due order, subjoined.

RULE IX.--ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives relate to nouns or pronouns: as, "_Miserable_ comforters are ye _all_"--_Job_, xvi, 2. "_No worldly_ enjoyments are _adequate_ to the _high_ desires and powers of an _immortal_ spirit."--_Blair_.

"Whatever faction's _partial_ notions are,
_No_ hand is wholly _innocent_ in war."
--_Rowe's Lucan_, B. vii, l. 191.

EXCEPTION FIRST.

An adjective sometimes relates to a _phrase_ or _sentence_ which is made the subject of an intervening verb; as, "_To insult the afflicted_, is _impious_"--_Dillwyn_. "_That he should refuse_, is not _strange_"--"_To err_ is _human_." _Murray_ says, "_Human_ belongs to its substantive 'nature' understood."--_Gram._, p. 233. From this I dissent.

EXCEPTION SECOND.

In combined arithmetical numbers, one adjective often relates _to an other_, and the whole phrase, to a subsequent noun; as, "_One thousand four hundred and fifty-six_ men."--"Six dollars and _eighty-seven and a half_ cents for _every five_ days' service."--"In the _one hundred and twenty-second_ year."--"_One seven_ times more than it was wont to be heated."--_Daniel_, iii, 19.

EXCEPTION THIRD.

With an infinitive or a participle denoting being or action in the abstract, an adjective is sometimes also taken _abstractly_; (that is, without reference to any particular noun, pronoun, or other subject;) as, "To be _sincere_, is to be _wise, innocent_, and _safe_."--_Hawkesworth_. "_Capacity_ marks the abstract quality of being _able_ to receive or hold."--_Crabb's Synonymes_. "Indeed, the main secret of being _sublime_, is to say great things in few and plain words."--_Hiley's Gram._, p. 215. "Concerning being _free_ from sin in heaven, there is no question."--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 437. Better: "Concerning _freedom_ from sin," &c.

EXCEPTION FOURTH.

Adjectives are sometimes substituted for their corresponding abstract nouns; (perhaps, in most instances, _elliptically_, like Greek neuters;) as, "The sensations of _sublime_ and _beautiful_ are not always distinguished by very distant boundaries."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 47. That is, "of _sublimity_ and _beauty_." "The faults opposite to _the sublime_ are chiefly two: _the frigid_, and _the bombast_"--_Ib._, p. 44. Better: "The faults opposite to _sublimity_, are chiefly two; _frigidity_ and _bombast_." "Yet the ruling character of the nation was that of _barbarous_ and _cruel_."--_Brown's Estimate_, ii, 26. That is, "of _barbarity_ and _cruelty_." "In a word, _agreeable_ and _disagreeable_ are qualities of the objects we perceive," &c.--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 99. "_Polished_, or _refined_, was the idea which the author had in view."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 219.

OBSERVATIONS ON RULE IX.

OBS. 1.--Adjectives often relate to nouns or pronouns _understood_; as, "A new sorrow recalls _all_ the _former_" [sorrows].--_Art of Thinking_, p. 31. [The place] "_Farthest_ from him is best."--_Milton, P. L._ "To whom they all gave heed, from the _least_ [person] to the _greatest_" [person].--_Acts_, viii, 10. "The Lord your God is God of gods, and Lord of lords, a great God, a _mighty_ [God], and a _terrible_" [God].--_Deut._, x, 17. "Every one can distinguish an _angry_ from a _placid_, a _cheerful_ from a _melancholy_, a _thoughtful_ from a _thoughtless_, and a _dull_ from a penetrating, countenance."--_Beattie's Moral Science_, p. 192. Here the word _countenance_ is understood seven times; for eight different countenances are spoken of. "He came unto his _own_ [possessions], and his _own_ [men] received him not."--_John_, i, 11. The _Rev. J. G. Cooper_, has it: "He came unto his own (_creatures_,) and his own (_creatures_) received him not."--_Pl. and Pract. Gram._, p. 44. This ambitious editor of Virgil, abridger of Murray, expounder of the Bible, and author of several "new and improved" grammars, (of different languages,) should have understood this text, notwithstanding the obscurity of our version. "[Greek: Eis ta idia ælthe. kai oi idioi auton ou parelabon]."--"In _propria_ venit, et _proprii_ eum non receperunt."--_Montanus_. "Ad _sua_ venit, et sui eum non exceperunt."--_Beza_. "Il est venu _chez soi_; et _les siens_ ne l'ont point reçu."--_French Bible_. Sometimes the construction of the adjective involves an ellipsis of _several words_, and those perhaps the principal parts of the clause; as, "The sea appeared to be agitated more than [in that degree _which_ is] _usual_."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 217. "During the course of the sentence, the scene should be changed as little as [in the least] _possible_" [degree].--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 107; _Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 312.

"Presumptuous man! the reason wouldst thou find,
Why [_thou art_] form'd so _weak_, so _little_, and so _blind_"
--_Pope_.

OBS. 2.--Because _qualities_ belong only to _things_, most grammarians teach, that, "_Adjectives_ are capable of being added _to nouns only_."--_Buchanan's Syntax_, p. 26. Or, as Murray expresses the doctrine: "Every adjective, and every adjective pronoun, _belongs to a substantive_, expressed or understood."--_Octavo Gram._, p. 161. "The adjective _always_ relates to a _substantive_."--_Ib._, p. 169. This teaching, which is alike repugnant to the true _definition_ of an adjective, to the true _rule_ for its construction, and to _all the exceptions_ to this rule, is but a sample of that hasty sort of induction, which is ever jumping to false conclusions for want of a fair comprehension of the facts in point. The position would not be tenable, even if all our _pronouns_ were admitted to be _nouns_, or "_substantives_;" and, if these two parts of speech are to be distinguished, the consequence must be, that Murray supposes a countless number of unnecessary and absurd _ellipses._ It is sufficiently evident, that in the construction of sentences, adjectives often relate immediately to _pronouns_, and only through them to the nouns which they represent. Examples: "I should like to know who has been carried off, except _poor dear me_."--_Byron_. "To _poor us_ there is not much hope remaining."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p 204. "It is the final pause _which alone_, on many occasions, marks the difference between prose and verse."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 260. "And sometimes after _them both_."--_Ib._, p. 196. "All men hail'd _me happy_."--_Milton_. "To receive _unhappy me_."--_Dryden_. "Superior to _them all_."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 419. "_They_ returned to their own country, _full_ of the discoveries which they had made."--_Ib._, p. 350. "_All ye_ are brethren."--_Matt._, xxiii, 8. "And _him only_ shalt thou serve."--_Matt._, iv, 10.

"Go _wiser thou_, and in thy scale of sense
Weigh thy opinion against Providence."--_Pope_.

OBS. 3.--When an adjective follows a finite verb, and is not followed by a noun, it generally relates to the subject of the verb; as, "_I_ am _glad_ that the _door_ is made _wide_."--"An unbounded _prospect_ doth not long continue _agreeable_."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 244. "Every thing which is _false, vicious_, or _unworthy_, is _despicable_ to him, though all the world should approve it."--_Spectator_, No. 520. Here _false, vicious_, and _unworthy_, relate to _which_; and _despicable_ relates to _thing_. The practice of Murray and his followers, of supplying a "substantive" in all such cases, is absurd. "When the Adjective forms the _Attribute_ of a Proposition, it belongs to the noun [or pronoun] which serves as the _Subject_ of the Proposition, and cannot be joined to any other noun, since it is of the Subject that we affirm the quality expressed by this Adjective."--_De Sacy, on General Gram._, p. 37. In some peculiar phrases, however, such as, _to fall short of, to make bold with, to set light by_, the adjective has such a connexion with the verb, that it may seem questionable how it ought to be explained in parsing. Examples: (1.) "This latter mode of expression falls _short_ of the force and vehemence of the former."--_L. Murray's Gram._, p. 353. Some will suppose the word _short_ to be here used _adverbially_, or to qualify _falls_ only; but perhaps it may as well be parsed as an adjective, forming a predicate with "_falls_," and relating to "_mode_," the nominative. (2.) "And that I have made so _bold_ with thy glorious Majesty."--_Jenks's Prayers_, p. 156. This expression is perhaps elliptical: it may mean, "that I have made _myself_ so bold," &c. (3.) "Cursed be he that _setteth light_ by his father or his mother: and all the people shall say, Amen."--_Deut._, xxvii, 16. This may mean, "that setteth light _esteem_ or _estimation_," &c.

OBS. 4.--When an adjective follows an infinitive or a participle, the noun or pronoun to which it relates, is sometimes before it, and sometimes after it, and often considerably remote; as, "A real gentleman cannot but practice those virtues _which_, by an intimate knowledge of mankind, he has found to be _useful_ to them."--"He [a melancholy enthusiast] thinks _himself_ obliged in duty to be _sad_ and _disconsolate_."--_Addison_. "He is scandalized at _youth_ for being _lively_, and at _childhood_ for being playful."--_Id._ "But growing _weary_ of one who almost walked him out of breath, _he_ left him for Horace and Anacreon."--_Steele._

OBS. 5.--Adjectives preceded by the definite article, are often used, by _ellipsis_, as _nouns_; as, _the learned_, for _learned men_. Such phrases usually designate those classes of persons or things, which are characterized by the qualities they express; and this, the reader must observe, is a use quite different from that _substitution_ of adjectives for nouns, which is noticed in the fourth exception above. In _our_ language, the several senses in which adjectives may thus be taken, are not distinguished with that clearness which the inflections of other tongues secure. Thus, _the noble, the vile, the excellent_, or _the beautiful_, may be put for three extra constructions: first, for _noble persons, vile persons_, &c.; secondly, for _the noble man, the vile man_, &c.; thirdly, for the abstract qualities, _nobility, vileness, excellence, beauty_. The last-named usage forms an exception to the rule; in the other two the noun is understood, and should be supplied by the parser. Such terms, if elliptical, are most commonly of the plural number, and refer to the word _persons_ or _things_ understood; as, "_The careless_ and _the imprudent, the giddy_ and _the fickle, the ungrateful_ and _the interested_, everywhere meet us."--_Blair_. Here the noun _persons_ is to be six times supplied. "Wherever there is taste, _the witty_ and _the humorous_ make themselves perceived."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 21. Here the author meant, simply, the qualities _wit_ and _humour_, and he ought to have used these words, because the others are equivocal, and are more naturally conceived to refer to persons. In the following couplet, the noun _places_ or _things_ is understood after "_open_," and again after "_covert_," which last word is sometimes misprinted "_coverts_:"

"Together let us beat this ample field,
Try what _the open_, what _the covert_, yield."--_Pope, on Man._

OBS. 6.--The adjective, in English, is generally placed immediately _before its noun_; as, "_Vain_ man! is grandeur given to _gay_ attire?"--_Beattie_. Those adjectives which relate to _pronouns_, most commonly follow them; as, "They left _me weary_ on a grassy turf."--_Milton._ But to both these general rules there are many exceptions; for the position of an adjective may be varied by a variety of circumstances, not excepting the mere convenience of emphasis: as, "And Jehu said, Unto _which_ of _all us_?"--_2 Kings_, ix, 5. In the following instances the adjective is placed _after the word_ to which it relates:

1. When other words depend on the adjective, or stand before it to qualify it; as, "A mind _conscious of right_,"--"A wall _three feet thick_,"--"A body of troops _fifty thousand strong_."

2. When the quality results from an action, or receives its application through a verb or participle; as, "Virtue renders _life happy_."--"He was in Tirzah, drinking _himself drunk_ in the house of Arza."--_1 Kings_, xvi, 9. "All men agree to call _vinegar sour, honey sweet_, and _aloes bitter_."--_Burke, on Taste_, p. 38. "God made _thee perfect_, not _immutable_."--_Milton_.

3. When the quality excites admiration, and the adjective would thus be more clearly distinctive; as, "Goodness _infinite_,"--"Wisdom _unsearchable_."--_Murray_.

4. When a verb comes between the adjective and the noun; as, "Truth stands _independent_ of all external things."--_Burgh_. "Honour is not _seemly_ for a fool."--_Solomon_.

5. When the adjective is formed by means of the prefix _a_; as, _afraid, alert, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake, aware, averse, ashamed, askew_. To these may be added a few other words; as, _else, enough, extant, extinct, fraught, pursuant_.

6. When the adjective has the nature, but not the form, of a participle; as, "A queen _regnant_,"--"The prince _regent_,"--"The heir _apparent_,"--"A lion, not _rampant_, but _couchant_ or _dormant_"--"For the time then _present_."

OBS. 7.--In some instances, the adjective may _either precede or follow_ its noun; and the writer may take his choice, in respect to its position: as, 1. In _poetry_--provided the sense be obvious; as,

------------------"Wilt thou to the _isles
Atlantic_, to the _rich Hesperian clime_,
Fly in the train of Autumn?"
--_Akenside, P. of I._, Book i, p. 27.

-----------------------------"Wilt thou fly
With laughing Autumn to _the Atlantic isles_,
And range with him th' _Hesperian field_?"
--_Id. Bucke's Gram._, p. 120.

2. When technical usage favours one order, and common usage an other; as, "A notary _public_," or, "A _public_ notary;"--"The heir _presumptive_," or, "The _presumptive_ heir."--See _Johnson's Dict._, and _Webster's_.

3. When an adverb precedes the adjective; as, "A Being _infinitely_ wise," or, "An _infinitely wise_ Being." Murray, Comly, and others, here approve only the former order; but the latter is certainly not ungrammatical.

4. When several adjectives belong to the same noun; as, "A woman, _modest, sensible_, and _virtuous_," or, "A _modest, sensible_, and _virtuous_ woman." Here again, Murray, Comly, and others, approve only the former order; but I judge the latter to be quite as good.

5. When the adjective is emphatic, it may be _foremost_ in the sentence, though the natural order of the words would bring it last; as, "_Weighty_ is the anger of the righteous."--_Bible_. "_Blessed_ are the pure in heart."--_Ib._ "_Great_ is the earth, _high_ is the heaven, _swift_ is the sun in his course."--_1 Esdras_, iv, 34. "_The more laborious_ the life is, _the less populous_ is the country."--_Goldsmith's Essays_, p. 151.

6. When the adjective and its noun both follow a verb as parts of the predicate, either may possibly come before the other, yet the arrangement is _fixed by the sense intended_: thus there is a great difference between the assertions, "We call the _boy good_," and, "We call the _good boy_"

OBS. 8.--By an ellipsis of the noun, an adjective with a preposition before it, is sometimes equivalent to an adverb; as, _"In particular;"_ that is, _"In a particular manner;"_ equivalent to _particularly_. So _"in general"_ is equivalent to _generally_. It has already been suggested, that, in parsing, the scholar should here supply the ellipsis. See Obs. 3d, under Rule vii.

OBS. 9.--Though English adjectives are, for the most part, incapable of any _agreement_, yet such of them as denote unity or plurality, ought in general to have nouns of the same number: as, _this man, one man, two men, many men_.[372] In phrases of this form, the rule is well observed; but in some peculiar ways of numbering things, it is commonly disregarded; for certain nouns are taken in a plural sense without assuming the plural termination. Thus people talk of many _stone_ of cheese,--many _sail_ of vessels,--many _stand_ of arms,--many _head_ of cattle,--many _dozen_ of eggs,--many _brace_ of partridges,--many _pair_ of shoes. So we read in the Bible of "two hundred _pennyworth_ of bread," and "twelve _manner_ of fruits." In all such phraseology, there is, in regard to the _form_ of the latter word, an evident disagreement of the adjective with its immediate noun; but sometimes, (where the preposition _of_ does not occur,) expressions that seem somewhat like these, may be elliptical: as when historians tell of _many thousand foot_ (soldiers), or _many hundred horse_ (troops). To denote a collective number, a singular adjective may precede a plural one; as, "_One_ hundred men,"--"_Every_ six weeks." And to denote plurality, the adjective many may, in like manner, precede _an_ or _a_ with a singular noun; as, "The Odyssey entertains us with _many a wonderful adventure_, and _many a landscape_ of nature."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 436." There _starts up many_ a writer."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 306.

"Full _many a flower is born_ to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air."--_Gray_.

OBS. 10.--Though _this_ and _that_ cannot relate to plurals, many writers do not hesitate to place them before singulars taken conjointly, which are equivalent to plurals; as, "_This power and will_ do necessarily produce that which man is empowered to do."--_Sale's Koran_, i, 229. "_That sobriety and self-denial_ which are essential to the support of virtue."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 218. "_This modesty and decency_ were looked upon by them as a law of nature."--_Rollin's Hist._, ii, 45. Here the plural forms, _these_ and _those_, cannot be substituted; but the singular may be repeated, if the repetition be thought necessary. Yet, when these same pronominal adjectives are placed _after_ the nouns to suggest the things again, they must be made plural; as, "_Modesty and decency_ were thus carefully guarded, for _these_ were looked upon as being enjoined by the law of nature."

OBS. 11.--In prose, the use of adjectives for adverbs is improper; but, in poetry, an adjective relating to the noun or pronoun, is sometimes elegantly used in stead of an adverb qualifying the verb or participle; as; "_Gradual_ sinks the breeze Into a perfect calm."--_Thomson's Seasons_, p. 34. "To Thee I bend the knee; to Thee my thoughts _Continual_ climb."--_Ib._, p. 48. "As on he walks _Graceful_, and crows defiance."--_Ib._, p. 56. "As through the falling glooms _Pensive_ I stray."--_Ib._, p. 80. "They, _sportive_, wheel; or, sailing down the stream, Are snatch'd _immediate_ by the quick-eyed trout."--_Ib._, p. 82. "_Incessant_ still you flow."--_Ib._, p. 91. "The shatter'd clouds _Tumultuous_ rove, the interminable sky _Sublimer_ swells."--_Ib._, p. 116. In order to determine, in difficult cases, whether an adjective or an adverb is required, the learner should carefully attend to the definitions of these parts of speech, and consider whether, in the case in question, _quality_ is to be expressed, or _manner_: if the former, an adjective is always proper; if the latter, an adverb. That is, in this case, the adverb, though not always required in poetry, is specially requisite in prose. The following examples will illustrate this point: "She looks _cold_;"--"She looks _coldly_ on him."--"I sat _silent_;"--"I sat _silently_ musing."--"Stand _firm_; maintain your cause _firmly_." See _Etymology_, Chap, viii, Obs. 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th, on the Modifications of Adverbs.

OBS. 12.--In English, an adjective and its noun are often taken as a sort of compound term, to which other adjectives may be added; as, "An _old man_; a _good_ old man; a very _learned, judicious_, good old man."--_L. Murray's Gram._, p. 169; _Brit. Gram._, 195; _Buchanan's_, 79. "Of an _other determinate positive new_ birth, subsequent to baptism, we know nothing."--_West's Letters_, p. 183. When adjectives are thus accumulated, the subsequent ones should convey such ideas as the former may consistently qualify, otherwise the expression will be objectionable. Thus the ordinal adjectives, _first, second, third, next_, and _last_, may qualify the cardinal numbers, but they cannot very properly be qualified by them. When, therefore, we specify any part of a series, the cardinal adjective ought, by good right, to follow the ordinal, and not, as in the following phrase, be placed before it: "In reading the _nine last chapters_ of John."--_Fuller_. Properly speaking, there is but one last chapter in any book. Say, therefore, "the _last nine_ chapters;" for, out of the twenty-one chapters in John, a man may select several different nines. (See _Etymology_, Chap, iv, Obs. 7th, on the Degrees of Comparison.) When one of the adjectives merely qualifies the other, they should be joined together by a hyphen; as, "A _red-hot_ iron."--"A _dead-ripe_ melon." And when both or all refer equally and solely to the noun, they ought either to be connected by a conjunction, or to be separated by a comma. The following example is therefore faulty: "It is the business of an epic poet, to form a _probable interesting_ tale."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 427. Say, "probable _and_ interesting;" or else insert a comma in lieu of the conjunction.

"Around him wide a sable army stand,
A _low-born, cell-bred, selfish, servile band_."
--_Dunciad_, B. ii, l. 355.

OBS. 13.--Dr. Priestley has observed: "There is a remarkable ambiguity in the use of the negative adjective _no_; and I do not see," says he, "how it can be remedied in any language. If I say, '_No laws are better than the English_,' it is only my known sentiments that can inform a person whether I mean to praise, or dispraise _them_."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 136. It may not be possible to remove the ambiguity from the phraseology here cited, but it is easy enough to avoid the form, and say in stead of it, "_The English laws are worse than none_," or, "_The English laws are as good as any_;" and, in neither of these expressions, is there any ambiguity, though the other may doubtless be taken in either of these senses. Such an ambiguity is sometimes used on purpose: as when one man says of an other, "He is no small knave;" or, "He is no small fool."

"There liv'd in primo Georgii (they record)
A worthy member, _no small fool, a lord_."--_Pope_, p. 409.

NOTES TO RULE IX.

NOTE I.--Adjectives that imply unity or plurality, must agree with their nouns in number: as, "_That sort, those sorts_;"--"_This hand, these hands_." [373]

NOTE II.--When the adjective is necessarily plural, or necessarily singular, the noun should be made so too: as, "_Twenty pounds_" not, "Twenty _pound_;"--"_Four feet_ long," not, "_Four foot_ long;"--"_One session_" not, "One _sessions_."

NOTE III.--The reciprocal expression, _one an other_, should not be applied to two objects, nor _each other_, or _one the other_, to more than two; as, "Verse and prose, on some occasions, run into _one another_, like light and shade."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 377; _Jamieson's_, 298. Say, "into _each other_" "For mankind have always been butchering _each other_"--_Webster's Essays_, p. 151. Say, "_one an other_" See _Etymology_, Chap, iv, Obs. 15th, 16th, 17th, and 18th, on the Classes of Adjectives.

NOTE IV.--When the comparative degree is employed with _than_, the latter term of comparison should _never include_ the former; nor the former the latter: as, "_Iron is more useful_ than _all the metals_"--"_All the metals are less useful_ than _iron_." In either case, it should be, "all the other metals,"

NOTE V.--When the superlative degree is employed, the latter term of comparison, which is introduced by _of_, should _never exclude_ the former; as, "A fondness for show, is, of all _other_ follies, the most vain." Here the word _other_ should be expunged; for this latter term must _include_ the former: that is, the fondness for show must be one of the follies of which it is the vainest.

NOTE VI.--When equality is denied, or inequality affirmed, neither term of the comparison should _ever include_ the other; because every thing must needs be equal to itself, and it is absurd to suggest that a part surpasses the whole: as, "_No writings whatever_ abound _so much_ with the bold and animated figures, _as the sacred books_."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 414. Say, "No _other_ writings whatever;" because the sacred books are "_writings_" See _Etymology_, Chap, iv, Obs. 6th, on Regular Comparison.

NOTE VII.--Comparative terminations, and adverbs of degree, should not be applied to adjectives that are not susceptible of comparison; and all double comparatives and double superlatives should be avoided: as, "_So universal_ a complaint:" say rather, "_So general_."--"Some _less nobler_ plunder:" say, "_less noble_"--"The _most straitest_ sect:" expunge _most_. See _Etymology_, Chap, iv, from Obs. 5th to Obs. 13th, on Irregular Comparison.[374]

NOTE VIII.--When adjectives are connected by _and, or_, or _nor_, the shortest and simplest should in general be placed first; as, "He is _older_ and _more respectable_ than his brother." To say, "_more respectable_ and _older_" would be obviously inelegant, as possibly involving the inaccuracy of "_more older_."

NOTE IX.--When one adjective is superadded to an other without a conjunction expressed or understood, the most distinguishing quality must be expressed next to the noun, and the latter must be such as the former may consistently qualify; as, "An _agreeable young_ man," not, "A _young agreeable_ man."--"The art of speaking, like _all other practical_ arts, may be facilitated by rules,"--_Enfield's Speaker_, p. 10. Example of error: "The Anglo-Saxon language possessed, for the _two first_ persons, a _Dual_ number."--_Fowler's E. Gram._, 1850, p. 59. Say, "the _first two_ persons;" for the _second_ of three can hardly be one of the _first_; and "_two first_" with the _second_ and _third_ added, will clearly make _more_ than three. See Obs. 12th, above.

NOTE X.--In prose, the use of adjectives for adverbs, is a vulgar error; the adverb alone being proper, when _manner_ or _degree_ is to be expressed, and not _quality_; as, "He writes _elegant_;" say, "_elegantly_."--"It is a _remarkable_ good likeness;" say, "_remarkably good_."

NOTE XI.--The pronoun _them_ should never be used as an adjective, in lieu of _those_: say, "I bought _those_ books;" not, "_them_ books." This also is a vulgar error, and chiefly confined to the conversation of the unlearned.[375]

NOTE XII.--When the pronominal adjectives, _this_ and _that_, or _these_ and _those_, are contrasted; _this_ or _these_ should represent the latter of the antecedent terms, and _that_ or _those_ the former: as,

"And, reason raise o'er instinct as you can,
In _this_ 'tis God directs, in _that_ 'tis man."--_Pope_.

"Farewell my friends! farewell my foes!
My peace with _these_, my love with _those_!"--_Burns_.

NOTE XIII.--The pronominal adjectives _either_ and _neither_, in strict propriety of syntax, relate to two things only; when more are referred to, _any_ and _none_, or _any one_ and _no one_, should be used in stead of them: as, "_Any_ of the three," or, "_Any one_ of the three;" not, "_Either_ of the three."--"_None_ of the four," or, "_No one_ of the four;" not, "_Neither_ of the four." [376]

NOTE XIV.--The adjective _whole_ must not be used in a plural sense, for _all_; nor _less_, in the sense of _fewer_; nor _more_ or _most_, in any ambiguous construction, where it may be either an adverb of degree, or an adjective of number or quantity: as, "Almost the _whole_ inhabitants were present."--HUME: see _Priestley's Gram._, p. 190.[377] Say, "Almost _all_ the inhabitants." "No _less_ than three dictionaries have been published to correct it."--_Dr. Webster_. Say, "No _fewer_." "This trade enriched some _people more_ than them."--_Murray's Gram._, Vol. i, p. 215. This passage is not clear in its import: it may have either of two meanings. Say, "This trade enriched some _other_ people, _besides_ them." Or, "This trade enriched some _others_ more than _it did them_."

NOTE XV.--Participial adjectives retain the termination, but not the government of participles; when, therefore, they are followed by the objective case, a preposition must be inserted to govern it: as, "The man who is most _sparing of_ his words, is generally most _deserving of_ attention."

NOTE XVI.--When the figure of any adjective affects the syntax and sense of the sentence, care must be taken to give to the word or words that form, simple or compound, which suits the true meaning and construction. Examples: "He is _forehead bald_, yet he is clean."--FRIENDS' BIBLE: _Lev._, xiii, 41. Say, "_forehead-bald._,"--ALGER'S BIBLE, and SCOTT'S. "From such phrases as, '_New England scenery_,' convenience requires the _omission_ of the hyphen."--_Sanborn's Gram._, p. 89. This is a false notion. Without the hyphen, the phrase properly means, "_New scenery in England_;" but _New-England scenery_ is scenery in New England. "'_Many coloured wings_,' means _many wings which are coloured_; but '_many-coloured wings_' means _wings of many colours_."--_Blair's Gram._, p. 116.

IMPROPRIETIES FOR CORRECTION.

FALSE SYNTAX UNDER RULE IX.

EXAMPLES UNDER NOTE I.--AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES.

"I am not recommending these kind of sufferings to your liking."--BP. SHERLOCK: _Lowth's Gram._, p. 87.

[FORMULE.--Not proper, because the adjective _these_ is plural, and does not agree with its noun _kind_, which is singular. But, according to Note 1st under Rule 9th: "Adjectives that imply unity or plurality, must agree with their nouns in number." Therefore, _these_ should be _this_; thus, "I am not recommending _this_ kind of sufferings."]

"I have not been to London this five years."--_Webster's Philos. Gram._, p. 152. "These kind of verbs are more expressive than their radicals."--_Dr. Murray's Hist. of Lang._, Vol. ii, p. 163. "Few of us would be less corrupted than kings are, were we, like them, beset with flatterers, and poisoned with that vermin."--_Art of Thinking_, p. 66. "But it seems this literati had been very ill rewarded for their ingenious labours."--_Roderick Random_, Vol. ii, p. 87. "If I had not left off troubling myself about those kind of things."--_Swift_. "For these sort of things are usually join'd to the most noted fortune."--_Bacon's Essays_, p. 101. "The nature of that riches and long-suffering is, to lead to repentance."--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 380. "I fancy they are these kind of gods, which Horace mentions."--_Addison, on Medals_, p. 74. "During that eight days they are prohibited from touching the skin."--_Hope of Israel_, p. 78. "Besides, he had not much provisions left for his army."--_Goldsmith's Greece_, i, 86. "Are you not ashamed to have no other thoughts than that of amassing wealth, and of acquiring glory, credit, and dignities?"--_Ib._, p. 192. "It distinguisheth still more remarkably the feelings of the former from that of the latter."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, Vol. i, p. xvii. "And this good tidings of the reign shall be published through all the world."--_Campbell's Gospels, Matt._, xxiv, 14. "This twenty years have I been with thee."--_Gen._, xxxi, 38. "In these kind of expressions some words seem to be understood."--_Walker's Particles_, p. 179. "He thought these kind of excesses indicative of greatness."--_Hunt's Byron_, p. 117. "These sort of fellows are very numerous."--_Spect._, No. 486. "Whereas these sort of men cannot give account of their faith."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 444. "But the question is, whether that be the words."--_Ib._, iii, 321. "So that these sort of Expressions are not properly Optative."--_Johnson's Gram. Com._, p. 276. "Many things are not that which they appear to be."--_Sanborn's Gram._, p. 176. "So that every possible means are used."--_Formey's Belles-Lettres_, p. iv.

"We have strict statutes, and most biting laws,
Which for this nineteen years we have let sleep."--_Shak_.

"They could not speak; and so I left them both,
To bear this tidings to the bloody king."--_Id., Richard III_.

UNDER NOTE II.--OF FIXED NUMBERS.

"Why, I think she cannot be above six foot two inches high."--_Spect._, No. 533. "The world is pretty regular for about forty rod east and ten west."--_Ib._, No. 535. "The standard being more than two foot above it."--BACON: _Joh. Dict., w. Standard_. "Supposing (among other Things) he saw two Suns, and two Thebes."--_Bacon's Wisdom_, p. 25. "On the right hand we go into a parlour thirty three foot by thirty nine."--_Sheffield's Works_, ii, 258. "Three pound of gold went to one shield."--_1 Kings_, x, 17. "Such an assemblage of men as there appears to have been at that sessions."--_The Friend_, x, 389. "And, truly, he hath saved me this pains."--_Barclay's Works_, ii, 266. "Within this three mile may you see it coming."--SHAK.: _Joh. Dict., w. Mile_. "Most of the churches, not all, had one or more ruling elder."--_Hutchinson's Hist. of Mass._, i, 375. "While a Minute Philosopher, not six foot high, attempts to dethrone the Monarch of the universe."--_Berkley's Alciphron_, p. 151. "The wall is ten foot high."--_Harrison's Gram._, p. 50. "The stalls must be ten foot broad."--_Walker's Particles_, p. 201. "A close prisoner in a room twenty foot square, being at the north side of his chamber, is at liberty to walk twenty foot southward, not to walk twenty foot northward."--LOCKE: _Joh. Dict., w. Northward_. "Nor, after all this pains and industry, did they think themselves qualified."--_Columbian Orator_, p. 13. "No less than thirteen _gypsies_ were condemned at one Suffolk assizes, and executed."--_Webster's Essays_, p. 333. "The king was petitioned to appoint one, or more, person, or persons."--MACAULAY: _Priestley's Gram._, p. 194. "He carries weight! he rides a race! 'Tis for a thousand pound!"--_Cowper's Poems_, i, 279. "They carry three tire of guns at the head, and at the stern there are two tire of guns."--_Joh. Dict., w. Galleass_. "The verses consist of two sort of rhymes."--_Formey's Belles-Lettres_, p. 112. "A present of 40 camel's load of the most precious things of Syria."--_Wood's Dict._, Vol. i, p. 162. "A large grammar, that shall extend to every minutiæ."--_S. Barrett's Gram._, Tenth Ed., Pref., p. iii.

"So many spots, like næves on Venus' soil,
One jewel set off with so many foil."--_Dryden_.

"For, of the lower end, two handful
It had devour'd, it was so manful."--_Hudibras_, i, 365.

UNDER NOTE III.--OF RECIPROCALS.

"That _shall_ and _will_ might be substituted for one another."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 131. "We use not _shall_ and _will_ promiscuously for one another."--_Brightland's Gram._, p. 110. "But I wish to distinguish the three high ones from each other also."--_Fowle's True Eng. Gram._, p. 13. "Or on some other relation, which two objects bear to one another."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 142. "Yet the two words lie so near to one another in meaning, that in the present case, any one of them, perhaps, would have been sufficient."--_Ib._, p. 203. "Both orators use great liberties with one another."--_Ib._, p. 244. "That greater separation of the two sexes from one another."--_Ib._, p. 466. "Most of whom live remote from each other."--_Webster's Essays_, p. 39. "Teachers like to see their pupils polite to each other."--_Webster's El. Spelling-Book_, p. 28. "In a little time, he and I must keep company with one another only."--_Spect._, No. 474. "Thoughts and circumstances crowd upon each other."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 32. "They cannot see how the ancient Greeks could understand each other."--_Literary Convention_, p. 96. "The spirit of the poet, the patriot, and the prophet, vied with each other in his breast."--_Hazlitt's Lect._, p. 112. "Athamas and Ino loved one another."--_Classic Tales_, p. 91. "Where two things are compared or contrasted to one another."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 119. "Where two things are compared, or contrasted, with one another."--_Murray's Gram._, Vol. i, p. 324. "In the classification of words, almost all writers differ from each other."--_Bullions, E. Gram._, p. iv.

"I will not trouble thee, my child. Farewell;
We'll no more meet; no more see one another."--_Shak. Lear_.

UNDER NOTE IV.--OF COMPARATIVES.

"Errours in Education should be less indulged than any."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. iv. "This was less his case than any man's that ever wrote."--_Pref. to Waller_. "This trade enriched some people more than it enriched them." [378]--_Murray's Gram._, Vol. i, p. 215. "The Chaldee alphabet, in which the Old Testament has reached us, is more beautiful than any ancient character known."--_Wilson's Essay_, p. 5. "The Christian religion gives a more lovely character of God, than any religion ever did."--_Murray's Key_, p. 169. "The temple of Cholula was deemed more holy than any in New Spain."--_Robertson's America_, ii, 477. "Cibber grants it to be a better poem of its kind than ever was writ."--_Pope_. "Shakspeare is more faithful to the true language of nature, than any writer."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 468. "One son I had--one, more than all my sons, the strength of Troy."--_Cowper's Homer_. "Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, because he was the son of his old age."--_Gen._, xxxvii, 3.

UNDER NOTE V.--OF SUPERLATIVES.

"Of all other simpletons, he was the greatest."--_Nutting's English Idioms_. "Of all other beings, man has certainly the greatest reason for gratitude."--_Ibid., Gram._, p. 110. "This lady is the prettiest of all her sisters."--_Peyton's Elements of Eng. Lang._, p. 39. "The relation which, of all others, is by far the most fruitful of tropes, I have not yet mentioned."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 141. "He studied Greek the most of any nobleman."--_Walker's Particles_, p. 231. "And indeed that was the qualification of all others most wanted at that time."--_Goldsmith's Greece_, ii, 35. "Yet we deny that the knowledge of him, as outwardly crucified, is the best of all other knowledge of him."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 144. "Our ideas of numbers are of all others the most accurate and distinct."--_Duncan's Logic_, p. 35. "This indeed is of all others the case when it can be least necessary to name the agent."--_J. Q. Adams's Rhet._, i, 231. "The period, to which you have arrived, is perhaps the most critical and important of any moment of your lives."--_Ib._, i, 394. "Perry's royal octavo is esteemed the best of any pronouncing Dictionary yet known."--_Red Book_, p. x. "This is the tenth persecution, and of all the foregoing, the most bloody."--_Sammes's Antiquities_, Chap. xiii. "The English tongue is the most susceptible of sublime imagery, of any language in the world."--See _Bucke's Gram._, p. 141. "Homer is universally allowed to have had the greatest Invention of any writer whatever."--_Pope's Preface to Homer_. "In a version of this particular work, which most of any other seems to require a venerable antique cast."--_Ib._ "Because I think him the best informed of any naturalist who has ever written."-- _Jefferson's Notes_, p. 82. "Man is capable of being the most social of any animal."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 145. "It is of all others that which most moves us."--_Ib._, p. 158. "Which of all others, is the most necessary article."--_Ib._, p. 166.

"Quoth he 'this gambol thou advisest,
Is, of all others, the unwisest.'"--_Hudibras_, iii, 316.

UNDER NOTE VI.--INCLUSIVE TERMS. "Noah and his family outlived all the people who lived before the flood."--_Webster's El. Spelling-Book_, p. 101. "I think it superior to any work of that nature we have yet had."--_Dr. Blair's Rec. in Murray's Gram._, Vol. ii, p. 300. "We have had no grammarian who has employed so much labour and judgment upon our native language, as the author of these volumes."--_British Critic, ib._, ii, 299. "No persons feel so much the distresses of others, as they who have experienced distress themselves."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo., p. 227. "Never was any people so much infatuated as the Jewish nation."--_Ib._, p. 185; _Frazee's Gram._, p. 135. "No tongue is so full of connective particles as the Greek."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 85. "Never sovereign was so much beloved by the people."--_Murray's Exercises_, R. xv, p. 68. "No sovereign was ever so much beloved by the people."--_Murray's Key_, p. 202. "Nothing ever affected her so much as this misconduct of her child."--_Ib._, p. 203; _Merchant's_, 195. "Of all the figures of speech, none comes so near to painting as metaphor."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 142; _Jamieson's_, 149. "I know none so happy in his metaphors as Mr. Addison."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 150. "Of all the English authors, none is so happy in his metaphors as Addison."--_Jamieson's, Rhet._, p. 157. "Perhaps no writer in the world was ever so frugal of his words as Aristotle."--_Blair_, p. 177; _Jamieson_, 251. "Never was any writer so happy in that concise spirited style as Mr. Pope."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 403. "In the harmonious structure and disposition of periods, no writer whatever, ancient or modern, equals Cicero."--_Blair_, 121; _Jamieson_, 123. "Nothing delights me so much as the works of nature."--_Murray's Gram._, Vol. i, p. 150. "No person was ever so perplexed as he has been to-day."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 216. "In no case are writers so apt to err as in the position of the word _only_."--_Maunder's Gram._, p. 15. "For nothing is so tiresome as perpetual uniformity."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 102.

"No writing lifts exalted man so high,
As sacred and soul-moving poesy."--_Sheffield_.

UNDER NOTE VII.--EXTRA COMPARISONS.

"How much more are ye better than the fowls!"--_Luke_, xii, 24. "Do not thou hasten above the Most Highest."--_2 Esdras_, iv, 34. "This word _peer_ is most principally used for the nobility of the realm."--_Cowell_. "Because the same is not only most universally received," &c.--_Barclay's Works_, i, 447. "This is, I say, not the best and most principal evidence."--_Ib._, iii, 41. "Offer unto God thanksgiving, and pay thy vows unto the Most Highest."--_The Psalter_, Ps. 1, 14. "The holy place of the tabernacle of the Most Highest."--_Ib._, Ps. xlvi, 4. "As boys should be educated with temperance, so the first greatest lesson that should be taught them is to admire frugality."--_Goldsmith's Essays_, p. 152. "More universal terms are put for such as are more restricted."--_Brown's Metaphors_, p. 11. "This was the most unkindest cut of all."--_Dodd's Beauties of Shak._, p. 251; _Singer's Shak._, ii, 264. "To take the basest and most poorest shape."--_Dodd's Shak._, p. 261. "I'll forbear: and am fallen out with my more headier will."--_Ib._, p. 262. "The power of the Most Highest guard thee from sin."--_Percival, on Apostolic Succession_, p. 90. "Which title had been more truer, if the dictionary had been in Latin and Welch."--VERSTEGAN: _Harrison's E. Lang._, p. 254. "The waters are more sooner and harder frozen, than more further upward, within the inlands."--_Id., ib._ "At every descent, the worst may become more worse."--H. MANN: _Louisville Examiner_, 8vo, Vol. i, p. 149.

"Or as a moat defensive to a house
Against the envy of less happier lands."--_Shakspeare_.

"A dreadful quiet felt, and worser far
Than arms, a sullen interval of war."--_Dryden_.

UNDER NOTE VIII.--ADJECTIVES CONNECTED.

"It breaks forth in its most energetick, impassioned, and highest strain."--_Kirkham's Elocution_, p. 66. "He has fallen into the most gross and vilest sort of railing."--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 261. "To receive that more general and higher instruction which the public affords."--_District School_, p. 281. "If the best things have the perfectest and best operations."--HOOKER: _Joh. Dict._ "It became the plainest and most elegant, the most splendid and richest, of all languages."--See _Bucke's Gram._, p. 140. "But the most frequent and the principal use of pauses, is, to mark the divisions of the sense."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 331; _Murray's Gram._, 248. "That every thing belonging to ourselves is the perfectest and the best."--_Clarkson's Prize Essay_, p. 189. "And to instruct their pupils in the most thorough and best manner."--_Report of a School Committee_.

UNDER NOTE IX.--ADJECTIVES SUPERADDED.

"The Father is figured out as an old venerable man."--_Dr. Brownlee's Controversy_. "There never was exhibited such another masterpiece of ghostly assurance."--_Id._ "After the three first sentences, the question is entirely lost."--_Spect._, No, 476. "The four last parts of speech are commonly called particles."--_Alex. Murray's Gram._, p. 14. "The two last chapters will not be found deficient in this respect."--_Student's Manual_, p. 6. "Write upon your slates a list of the ten first nouns."--_Abbott's Teacher_, p. 85. "We have a few remains of other two Greek poets in the pastoral style, Moschus and Bion."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 393. "The nine first chapters of the book of Proverbs are highly poetical."--_Ib._, p. 417. "For of these five heads, only the two first have any particular relation to the sublime."--_Ib._, p. 35. "The resembling sounds of the two last syllables give a ludicrous air to the whole."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, ii, 69. "The three last are arbitrary."--_Ib._, p. 72. "But in the phrase 'She hangs the curtains,' the verb _hangs_ is a transitive active verb."--_Comly's Gram._, p. 30. "If our definition of a verb, and the arrangement of transitive or intransitive active, passive, and neuter verbs, are properly understood."--_Ib._, 15th Ed., p. 30. "These two last lines have an embarrassing construction."--_Rush, on the Voice_, p. 160. "God was provoked to drown them all, but Noah and other seven persons."--_Wood's Dict._, ii, 129. "The _six first_ books of the Æneid are extremely beautiful."--_Formey's Belles-Lettres_, p. 27. "A few more instances only can be given here."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 131. "A few more years will obliterate every vestige of a subjunctive form."--_Nutting's Gram._, p. 46. "Some define them to be verbs devoid of the two first persons."--_Crombie's Treatise_, p. 205. "In such another Essay-tract as this."--_White's English Verb_, p. 302. "But we fear that not such another man is to be found."--REV. ED. IRVING: _on Horne's Psalms_, p. xxiii.

"Oh such another sleep, that I might see
But such another man!"--SHAK., _Antony and Cleopatra_.

UNDER NOTE X.--ADJECTIVES FOR ADVERBS.

"_The_ is an article, relating to the noun _balm_, agreeable to Rule 11."--_Comly's Gram._, p. 133. "_Wise_ is an adjective relating to the noun _man's_, agreeable to Rule 11th."--_Ibid._, 12th Ed., often. "To whom I observed, that the beer was extreme good."--_Goldsmith's Essays_, p. 127. "He writes remarkably elegant."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 152. "John behaves truly civil to all men."--_Ib._, p. 153. "All the sorts of words hitherto considered have each of them some meaning, even when taken separate."--_Beattie's Moral Science_, i, 44. "He behaved himself conformable to that blessed example."--_Sprat's Sermons_, p. 80. "Marvellous graceful."--_Clarendon, Life_, p. 18. "The Queen having changed her ministry suitable to her wisdom."--_Swift, Exam._, No. 21. "The assertions of this author are easier detected."--_Swift_: censured in _Lowth's Gram._, p. 93. "The characteristic of his sect allowed him to affirm no stronger than that."--_Bentley: ibid._ "If one author had spoken nobler and loftier than an other."--_Id., ib._ "Xenophon says express."--_Id., ib._ "I can never think so very mean of him."--_Id., ib._ "To convince all that are ungodly among them, of all their ungodly deeds, which they have ungodly committed."--_Jude_, 15th: _ib._ "I think it very masterly written."--_Swift to Pope_, Let. 74: _ib._ "The whole design must refer to the golden age, which it lively represents."--_Addison, on Medals: ib._ "Agreeable to this, we read of names being blotted out of God's book."--BURDER: approved in _Webster's Impr. Gram._, p. 107; _Frazee's_, 140; _Maltby's_, 93. "Agreeable to the law of nature, children are bound to support their indigent parents."--_Webster's Impr. Gram._, p. 109. "Words taken independent of their meaning are parsed as nouns of the neuter gender."--_Maltby's Gr._, 96.

"Conceit in weakest bodies strongest works."--_Beaut. of Shak._, p. 236.

UNDER NOTE XI.--THEM FOR THOSE.

"Though he was not known by them letters, or the name Christ."--_Wm. Bayly's Works_, p. 94. "In a gig, or some of them things."--_Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent_, p. 35. "When cross-examined by them lawyers."--_Ib._, p. 98. "As the custom in them cases is."--_Ib._, p. 101. "If you'd have listened to them slanders."--_Ib._, p. 115. "The old people were telling stories about them fairies, but to the best of my judgment there's nothing in it."--_Ib._, p. 188. "And is it not a pity that the Quakers have no better authority to substantiate their principles than the testimony of them old Pharisees?"--_Hibbard's Errors of the Quakers_, p. 107.

UNDER NOTE XII.--THIS AND THAT.

"Hope is as strong an incentive to action, as fear: this is the anticipation of good, that of evil."--_Brown's Institutes_, p. 135. "The poor want some advantages which the rich enjoy; but we should not therefore account those happy, and these miserable."--_Ib._

"Ellen and Margaret fearfully,
Sought comfort in each other's eye;
Then turned their ghastly look each one,
This to her sire, that to her son."
_Scott's Lady of the Lake_, Canto ii, Stanza 29.

"Six youthful sons, as many blooming maids,
In one sad day beheld the Stygian shades;
These by Apollo's silver bow were slain,
Those Cynthia's arrows stretched upon the plain."
--_Pope, Il._, xxiv, 760.

"Memory and forecast just returns engage,
This pointing back to youth, that on to age."
--See _Key_.

UNDER NOTE XIII.--EITHER AND NEITHER.

"These make the three great subjects of discussion among mankind; truth, duty, and interest. But the arguments directed towards either of them are generically distinct."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 318. "A thousand other deviations may be made, and still either of them may be correct in principle. For these divisions and their technical terms, are all arbitrary."--_R. W. Green's Inductive Gram._, p. vi. "Thus it appears, that our alphabet is deficient, as it has but seven vowels to represent thirteen different sounds; and has no letter to represent either of five simple consonant sounds."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 19. "Then neither of these [five] verbs can be neuter."--_Oliver B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 343. "And the _asserter_ is in neither of the four already mentioned."--_Ib._, p. 356. "As it is not in either of these four."--_Ib._, p. 356. "See whether or not the word comes within the definition of either of the other three simple cases."--_Ib._, p. 51. "Neither of the ten was there."--_Frazee's Gram._, p. 108. "Here are ten oranges, take either of them."--_Ib._, p. 102. "There are three modes, by either of which recollection will generally be supplied; inclination, practice, and association."--_Rippingham's Art of Speaking_, p. xxix. "Words not reducible to either of the three preceding heads."--_Fowler's E. Gram._, 8vo, 1850, pp. 335 and 340. "Now a sentence may be analyzed in reference to either of these [four] classes."--_Ib._, p. 577.

UNDER NOTE XIV.--WHOLE, LESS, MORE, AND MOST.

"Does not all proceed from the law, which regulates the whole departments of the state?"--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 278. "A messenger relates to Theseus the whole particulars."--_Kames. El. of Crit._, Vol. ii, p. 313. "There are no less than twenty dipthhongs [sic--KTH] in the English language."--_Dr. Ash's Gram._, p. xii. "The Redcross Knight runs through the whole steps of the Christian life."--_Spectator_ No. 540. "There were not less than fifty or sixty persons present."--_Teachers' Report._ "Greater experience, and more cultivated society, abate the warmth of imagination, and chasten the manner of expression."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 152; _Murray's Gram._, i, 351. "By which means knowledge, much more than oratory, is become the principal requisite."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 254. "No less than seven illustrious cities disputed the right of having given birth to the greatest of poets."--_Lemp. Dict., n. Homer._ "Temperance, more than medicines, is the proper means of curing many diseases."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 222. "I do not suppose, that we Britons want genius, more than our neighbours."--_Ib._, p. 215. "In which he saith, he has found no less than twelve untruths."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 460. "The several places of rendezvous were concerted, and the whole operations fixed."--HUME: see _Priestley's Gram._, p. 190. "In these rigid opinions the whole sectaries concurred."--_Id., ib._ "Out of whose modifications have been made most complex modes."--LOCKE: _Sanborn's Gram._, p. 148. "The Chinese vary each of their words on no less than five different tones."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 58. "These people, though they possess more shining qualities, are not so proud as he is, nor so vain as she."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 211. "'Tis certain, we believe ourselves more, after we have made a thorough Inquiry into the Thing."--_Brightland's Gram._, p. 244. "As well as the whole Course and Reasons of the Operation."--_Ib._ "Those rules and principles which are of most practical advantage."--_Newman's Rhet._, p. 4. "And there shall be no more curse."--_Rev._, xxii, 3. "And there shall be no more death."--_Rev._, xxi, 4. "But in recompense, we have more pleasing pictures of ancient manners."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 436. "Our language has suffered more injurious changes in America, since the British army landed on our shores, than it had suffered before, in the period of three centuries."--_Webster's Essays_, Ed. of 1790, p. 96. "The whole conveniences of life are derived from mutual aid and support in society."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, Vol. i, p. 166.

UNDER NOTE XV.--PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES.

"To such as think the nature of it deserving their attention."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 84. "In all points, more deserving the approbation of their readers."--_Keepsake_, 1830. "But to give way to childish sensations was unbecoming our nature."--_Lempriere's Dict., n. Zeno._ "The following extracts are deserving the serious perusal of all."--_The Friend_, Vol. v, p. 135. "No inquiry into wisdom, however superficial, is undeserving attention."--_Bulwer's Disowned_, ii, 95. "The opinions of illustrious men are deserving great consideration."--_Porter's Family Journal_, p. 3. "And resolutely keeps its laws, Uncaring consequences."--_Burns's Works_, ii, 43. "This is an item that is deserving more attention."--_Goodell's Lectures._

"Leave then thy joys, unsuiting such an age, To a fresh comer, and resign the stage."--_Dryden._

UNDER NOTE XVI.--FIGURE OF ADJECTIVES.

"The tall dark mountains and the deep toned seas."--_Sanborn's Gram._, p. 278. "O! learn from him To station quick eyed Prudence at the helm."--ANON.: _Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 104. "He went in a one horse chaise."--_Blair's Gram._, p. 113. "It ought to be, 'in a one horse chaise.'"--_Dr. Crombie's Treatise_, p. 334. "These are marked with the above mentioned letters."--_Folker's Gram._, p. 4. "A many headed faction."--_Ware's Gram._, p. 18. "Lest there should be no authority in any popular grammar for the perhaps heaven inspired effort."--_Fowle's True English Gram._, Part 2d, p. 25. "Common metre stanzas consist of four Iambic lines; one of eight, and the next of six syllables. They were formerly written in two fourteen syllable lines."--_Goodenow's Gram._, p. 69. "Short metre stanzas consist of four Iambic lines; the third of eight, and the rest of six syllables."--_Ibid._ "Particular metre stanzas consist of six Iambic lines; the third and sixth of six syllables, the rest of eight."--_Ibid._ "Hallelujah metre stanzas consist of six Iambic lines; the last two of eight syllables, and the rest of six."--_Ibid._ "Long metre stanzas are merely the union of four Iambic lines, of ten syllables each."--_Ibid._ "A majesty more commanding than is to be found among the rest of the Old Testament poets."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 418.

"You sulphurous and thought executed fires, Vaunt couriers to oak cleaving thunderbolts, Singe my white head! And thou, all shaking thunder Strike flat the thick rotundity o' the world!"--_Beauties of Shak._, p. 264.