Chapter II: Hyperboreans (5)

[42] The snow houses are called by the natives _igloo_, and the underground huts _yourts_, or _yurts_, and their tents _topeks_. Winter residence, 'iglut.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 310. Beechey, describing the same kind of buildings, calls them 'yourts.' _Voy._, vol. i., p. 366. Tent of skins, tie-poo-eet; topak; toopek. Tent, too-pote. _Ibid._, vol. ii., p. 381. 'Yourts.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 59. Tent, topek. Dall says Richardson is wrong, and that igloo or iglu is the name of ice houses. _Alaska_, p. 532. House, iglo. Tent, tuppek. _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 378. Snow house, eegloo. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 47.

[43] They are so fond of the warm blood of dying animals that they invented an instrument to secure it. See _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 344. 'Whale-blubber, their great delicacy, is sickening and dangerous to a European stomach.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 192.

[44] Hearne says that the natives on the Arctic coast of British America are so disgustingly filthy that when they have bleeding at the nose they lick up their own blood. _Travels_, p. 161. 'Salt always appeared an abomination.' 'They seldom cook their food, the frost apparently acting as a substitute for fire.' _Collinson_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxv., p. 201. At Kotzebue Sound they 'seem to subsist entirely on the flesh of marine animals, which they, for the most part, eat raw.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 239.

[45] 'During the two summer months they hunt and live on swans, geese, and ducks.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 346.

[46] 'Secures winter feasts and abundance of oil for the lamps of a whole village, and there is great rejoicing.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 313. 'The capture of the seal and walrus is effected in the same manner. Salmon and other fish are caught in nets.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 61. 'Six small perforated ivory balls attached separately to cords of sinew three feet long.' _Dease & Simpson_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. viii., 222.

[47] Near Smith River, a low piece of ground, two miles broad at the beach, was found enclosed by double rows of turf set up to represent men, narrowing towards a lake, into which reindeer were driven and killed. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 135.

[48] 'Ce qu'il y a encore de frappant dans la complexion de ces barbares, c'est l'extrême chaleur de leur estomac et de leur sang; ils échauffent tellement, par leur haleine ardente, les huttes où ils assemblent en hiver, que les Européans, s'y sentent étouffés, comme dans une étuve dont la chaleur est trop graduée: aussi ne font-ils jamais de feu dans leur habitation en aucune saison, et ils ignorent l'usage des cheminées, sous le climat le plus froid du globe.' _De Pauw_, _Recherches Phil._, tom. i., p. 261.

[49] 'The voluptuousness and Polygamy of the North American Indians, under a temperature of almost perpetual winter, is far greater than that of the most sensual tropical nations.' _Martin's British Colonies_, vol. iii., p. 524.

[50] 'The seal is perhaps their most useful animal, not merely furnishing oil and blubber, but the skin used for their canoes, thongs, nets, lassoes, and boot soles.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 161.

[51] They have 'two sorts of bows; arrows pointed with iron, flint, and bone, or blunt for birds; a dart with throwing-board for seals; a spear headed with iron or copper, the handle about six feet long; and formidable iron knives, equally adapted for throwing, cutting, or stabbing.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 123. They ascended the Mackenzie in former times as far as the Ramparts, to obtain flinty slate for lance and arrow points. _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 213. At St. Lawrence Island, they are armed with a knife two feet long. _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 193, 211. One weapon was 'a walrus tooth fixed to the end of a wooden staff.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 343.

[52] At the Coppermine River, arrows are pointed with slate or copper; hatchets also are made of a thick lump of copper. _Hearne's Travels_, pp. 161-9.

[53] 'The old ivory knives and flint axes are now superseded, the Russians having introduced the common European sheath-knife and hatchet. The board for throwing darts is in use, and is similar to that of the Polynesians.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 53.

[54] The 'baydare is a large open boat, quite flat, made of sea-lions' skins,' and is used also for a tent. At Lantscheff Island it was 'a large and probably leathern boat, with black sails.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 202, 216. 'The kaiyaks are impelled by a double-bladed paddle, used with or without a central rest, and the umiaks with oars.' Can 'propel their kaiyaks at the rate of seven miles an hour.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., pp. 238, 358. At Hudson Strait they have canoes of seal-skin, like those of Greenland. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 29. Not a drop of water can penetrate the opening into the canoe. _Müller's Voy._, p. 46. The kyak is like an English wager-boat. They are 'much stronger than their lightness would lead one to suppose.' _Hooper's Tuski_, pp. 226, 228. _Oomiaks_ or family canoes of skin; float in six inches of water. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 148. 'With these boats they make long voyages, frequently visiting St. Lawrence Island.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 380. 'Frame work of wood--when this cannot be procured whalebone is substituted.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 98. Mackenzie saw boats put together with whalebone; 'sewed in some parts, and tied in others.' _Voyages_, p. 67. They also use a sail. 'On découvrit au loin, dans la baie, un bateau qui allait à la voile; elle était en cuir.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 6. They 'are the best means yet discovered by mankind to go from place to place.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 43. 'It is wonderful what long voyages they make in these slight boats.' _Campbell's Voy._, p. 114. 'The skin, when soaked with water, is translucent; and a stranger placing his foot upon the flat yielding surface at the bottom of the boat fancies it a frail security.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 346.

[55] The 'kajak is shaped like a weaver's shuttle.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 308. 'The paddle is in the hands of an Eskimo, what the balancing pole is to a tight-rope dancer.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 56.

[56] 'The Koltshanen construct birch-bark canoes; but on the coast skin boats or baidars, like the Eskimo kaiyaks and umiaks, are employed.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 405. If by accident a hole should be made, it is stopped with a piece of the flesh of the sea-dog, or fat of the whale, which they always carry with them. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 43. They strike 'the water with a quick, regular motion, first on one side, and then on the other.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 516. 'Wiegen nie über 30 Pfund, und haben ein dünnes mit Leder überzognes Gerippe.' _Neue Nachrichten_, p. 152. 'The Aleutians put to sea with them in all weathers.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 40. At the Shumagin Islands they 'are generally about twelve feet in length, sharp at each end, and about twenty inches broad.' _Meares' Voy._, p. x. They are as transparent as oiled paper. At Unalaska they are so light that they can be carried in one hand. _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 157, 159.

[57] 'They average twelve feet in length, two feet six inches in height, two feet broad, and have the fore part turned up in a gentle curve.' 'The floor resembles a grating without cross-bars, and is almost a foot from the level of the snow.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 56. At Saritscheff Island 'I particularly remarked two very neat sledges made of morse and whalebones.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 201. 'To make the runners glide smoothly, a coating of ice is given to them.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 309. At Norton Sound Captain Cook found sledges ten feet long and twenty inches in width. A rail-work on each side, and shod with bone; 'neatly put together; some with wooden pins, but mostly with thongs or lashings of whale-bone.' _Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 442, 443. Mackenzie describes the sledges of British America, _Voyages_, pp. 67, 68.

[58] 'About the size of those of Newfoundland, with shorter legs.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 25. 'Neither plentiful nor of a good class.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 171.

[59] The dog will hunt bear and reindeer, but is afraid of its near relative, the wolf. _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 474.

[60] 'An average length is four and a half feet.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 183. 'The Innuit snowshoe is small and nearly flat,' 'seldom over thirty inches long.' 'They are always rights and lefts.' Ingalik larger; Kutchin same style; Hudson Bay, thirty inches in length. _Dall's Alaska_, pp. 190, 191. 'They are from two to three feet long, a foot broad, and slightly turned up in front.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 60.

[61] 'Blue beads, cutlery, tobacco, and buttons, were the articles in request.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 352. At Hudson Strait they have a custom of licking with the tongue each article purchased, as a finish to the bargain. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., 27. 'Articles of Russian manufacture find their way from tribe to tribe along the American coast, eastward to Repulse Bay.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 317.

[62] Are very anxious to barter arrows, seal-skin boots, and ivory ornaments for tobacco, beads, and particularly for iron. _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 217. Some of their implements at Coppermine River are: stone kettles, wooden dishes, scoops and spoons made of buffalo or musk-ox horns. _Hearne's Travels_, p. 168. At Point Barrow were ivory implements with carved figures of sea-animals, ivory dishes, and a 'fine whalebone net.' Also 'knives and other implements, formed of native copper' at Coppermine River. _Simpson's Nar._, pp. 147, 156, 261. At Point Barrow they 'have unquestionably an indirect trade with the Russians.' _Simpson's Nar._, 161.

[63] 'They are very expert traders, haggle obstinately, always consult together, and are infinitely happy when they fancy they have cheated anybody.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 211. 'A thieving, cunning race.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 110. They respect each other's property, 'but they steal without scruple from strangers.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 352.

[64] 'They have a chief (Nalegak) in name, but do not recognize his authority.' _Dr Hayes_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. i., p. 6. Government, 'a combination of the monarchical and republican;' 'every one is on a perfect level with the rest.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 59, 60. 'Chiefs are respected principally as senior men.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 41. At Kotzebue Sound, a robust young man was taken to be chief, as all his commands were punctually obeyed. _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 235. Quarrels 'are settled by boxing, the parties sitting down and striking blows alternately, until one of them gives in.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 326. Every man governs his own family. _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 475. They 'have a strong respect for their territorial rights, and maintain them with firmness.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 351.

[65] They are 'horribly filthy in person and habits.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 224. 'A husband will readily traffic with the virtue of a wife for purposes of gain.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 195. 'More than once a wife was proffered by her husband.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 356. As against the above testimony, Seemann affirms: 'After the marriage ceremony has been performed infidelity is rare.' _Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 66. 'These people are in the habit of collecting certain fluids for the purposes of tanning; and that, judging from what took place in the tent, in the most open manner, in the presence of all the family.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 407.

[66] 'Two men sometimes marry the same woman.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 66. 'As soon as a girl is born, the young lad who wishes to have her for a wife goes to her father's tent, and proffers himself. If accepted, a promise is given which is considered binding, and the girl is delivered to her betrothed husband at the proper age.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 41. Women 'carry their infants between their reindeer-skin jackets and their naked backs.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 121. 'All the drudgery falls upon the women; even the boys would transfer their loads to their sisters.' _Collinson_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxv., p. 201.

[67] The '_Kashim_ is generally built by the joint labour of the community.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 311.

[68] 'Their dance is of the rudest kind, and consists merely in violent motion of the arms and legs.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 63. They make 'the most comical motions with the whole body, without stirring from their place.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 192. Their song consisted of the words: 'Hi, Yangah yangah; ha ha, yangah--with variety only in the inflection of voice.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 225. When heated by the dance, even the women were stripped to their breeches. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 158. 'An old man, all but naked, jumped into the ring, and was beginning some indecent gesticulations, when his appearance not meeting with our approbation he withdrew.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 396.

[69] 'C'était la plus grande marque d'amitié qu'ils pouvaient nous donner.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 5. 'They came up to me one after the other--each of them embraced me, rubbed his nose hard against mine, and ended his caresses by spitting in his hands and wiping them several times over my face.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 192, 195.

[70] 'Their personal bravery is conspicuous, and they are the only nation on the North American Continent who oppose their enemies face to face in open fight.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 244. 'Simple, kind people; very poor, very filthy, and to us looking exceedingly wretched.' _McClure's Dis. N. W. Passage_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxiv., p. 242. 'More bold and crafty than the Indians; but they use their women much better.' _Bell's Geog._, vol. v., p. 294.

[71] 'Their diseases are few.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 67. 'Diseases are quite as prevalent among them as among civilized people.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 195. 'Ophthalmia was very general with them.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 345. 'There is seldom any mortality except amongst the old people and very young children.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 197.

[72] At Point Barrow, bodies were found in great numbers scattered over the ground in their ordinary seal-skin dress; a few covered with pieces of wood, the heads all turned north-east towards the extremity of the point. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 155. 'They lay their dead on the ground, with their heads all turned to the north.' 'The bodies lay exposed in the most horrible and disgusting manner.' _Dease and Simpson_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. viii., p. 221, 222. 'Their position with regard to the points of the compass is not taken into consideration.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 67. 'There are many more graves than present inhabitants of the village, and the story is that the whole coast was once much more densely populated.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 19. Hooper, on coming to a burial place not far from Point Barrow, 'conjectured that the corpses had been buried in an upright position, with their heads at or above the surface.' _Tuski_, p. 221.

[73] Kadiak 'is a derivative, according to some authors, from the Russian _Kadia_, a large tub; more probably, however, it is a corruption of Kaniag, the ancient Innuit name.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 532. Holmberg thinks that the word Kadiak arose from _Kikchtak_, which in the language of the Koniagas means a large island. 'Der Name Kadjak ist offenbar eine Verdrehung von Kikchtak, welches Wort in der Sprache der Konjagen "grosse Insel" bedeutet und daher auch als Benennung der grössten Insel dieser Gruppe diente.' _Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des Russischen Amerika_, p. 75. 'A la division _Koniagi_ appartient la partie la plus septentrionale de l'Alaska, et l'île de Kodiak, que les Russes appellent vulgairement _Kichtak_, quoique, dans la langue des naturels, le mot Kightak ne désigne en général qu'une île.' _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 347. Coxe affirms that the natives 'call themselves Kanagist.' _Russian Dis._, p. 135. And Sauer says, 'the natives call themselves _Soo-oo-it_.' _Billings' Ex._, p. 175. 'Man verstand von ihnen, das sie sich selbst Kanagist nennen.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 114.

[74] _Tschugatsches_, _Tschugatsi_ or _Tschgatzi_. Latham, _Native Races_, p. 290, says the name is Athabascan, and signifies 'men of the sea.'

[75] _Kuskoquigmutes_, _Kuskokwimen_, _Kuskokwigmjuten_, _Kusckockwagemuten_, _Kuschkukchwakmüten_, or _Kaskutchewak_.

[76] The termination _mute_, _mut_, _meut_, _muten_, or _mjuten_, signifies people or village. It is added to the tribal name sometimes as a substantive as well as in an adjective sense.

[77] 'Herr Wassiljew schätzt ihre Zahl auf mindestens 7000 Seelen beiderlei Geschlechts und jeglichen Alters.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 127.

[78] 'Es waren wohl einst alle diese Inseln bewohnt.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 76.

[79] The Malemutes are 'a race of tall and stout people.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 159. 'Die Kuskokwimer sind, mittlerer Statur, schlank, rüstig und oft mit grosser Stärke begabt.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 135. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 186. 'Bisweilen fallen sogar riesige Gestalten auf, wie ich z. B. einen Häuptling in der igatschen Bucht zu sehen Gelegenheit hatte, dessen Länge 6¾ Fuss betrug.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 80. The chief at Prince William Sound was a man of low stature, 'with a long beard, and seemed about sixty years of age.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 237. A strong, raw-boned race. _Meares' Voy._, p. 32. At Cook's Inlet they seemed to be of the same nation as those of Pr. Wm. Sd., but entirely different from those at Nootka, in persons and language. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 400. They are of 'middle size and well proportioned.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 68. 'They emigrated in recent times from the Island of Kadyak, and they claim, as their hereditary possessions, the coast lying between Bristol Bay and Beering's Straits.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 364. 'Die Tschugatschen sind Ankömmlinge von der Insel Kadjack, die während innerer Zwistigkeiten von dort vertrieben.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 116.

[80] Achkugmjuten, 'Bewohner der warmen Gegend.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. 'Copper complexion.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 194.

[81] 'They bore their under lip, where they hang fine bones of beasts and birds.' _Staehlin's North. Arch._, p. 33. 'Setzen sich auch--Zähne von Vögeln oder Thierknochen in künstliche Oeffnungen der Unterlippe und unter der Nase ein.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 113.

[82] The people of Kadiak, according to Langsdorff, are similar to those of Unalaska, the men being a little taller. They differ from the Fox Islanders. _Voy._, pt. ii., p. 62. 'Die Insulaner waren hier von den Einwohnern, der vorhin entdeckten übrigen Fuchsinsuln, in Kleidung und Sprache ziemlich verschieden.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 113. 'Ils ressemblent beaucoup aux indigènes des îles Curiles, dépendantes du Japon.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, vol. vi., p. 45.

[83] 'They wore strings of beads suspended from apertures in the lower lip.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 195. 'Their ears are full of holes, from which hang pendants of bone or shell.' _Meares' Voy._, p. xxxii. 'Elles portent des perles ordinairement en verre bleu, suspendues au-dessous du nez à un fil passé dans la cloison nasale.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 573. 'Upon the whole, I have nowhere seen savages who take more pains than these people do to ornament, or rather to disfigure their persons.' At Prince William Sound they are so fond of ornament 'that they stick any thing in their perforated lip; one man appearing with two of our iron nails projecting from it like prongs; and another endeavouring to put a large brass button into it.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 370. They slit the under lip, and have ornaments of glass beads and muscle-shells in nostrils and ears; tattoo chin and neck. _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 63. 'Die Frauen machen Einschnitte in die Lippen. Der Nasenknorpel ist ebenfalls durchstochen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 135.

[84] The Kadiaks dress like the Aleuts, but their principal garment they call _Konägen_; _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 63. Like the Unalaskas, the neck being more exposed, fewer ornamentations. _Sauer_, _Billings' Voy._, p. 177. 'Consists wholly of the skins of animals and birds.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 249. A coat peculiar to Norton Sound appeared 'to be made of reeds sewed very closely together.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 191. 'Nähen ihre _Parken_ (Winter-Kleider) aus Vögelhäuten und ihre _Kamleien_ (Sommer-Kleider) aus den Gedärmen von Wallfischen und Robben.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 117. At Norton Sound 'principally of deer-skins.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 484. 'Ihre Kleider sind aus schwarzen und andern Fuchsbälgen, Biber, Vogelhäuten, auch jungen Rennthier and Jewraschkenfellen, alles mit Sehnen genäht.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 113. 'The dress of both sexes consists of parkas and camleykas, both of which nearly resemble in form a carter's frock.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 194.

[85] 'Una tunica entera de pieles que les abriga bastantemente.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 66. 'By the use of such a girdle, it should seem that they sometimes go naked.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 437.

[86] 'Plastered over with mud, which gives it an appearance not very unlike a dung hill.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 214. Sea-dog skin closes the opening. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 62. The Kuskoquims have 'huttes qu'ils appellent barabores pour l'été.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 574. 'Mit Erde und Gras bedeckt, so dass man mit Recht die Wohnungen der Konjagen Erdhütten nennen kann.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 97. 'A door fronting the east.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Voy._, p. 175. At Norton Sound 'they consist simply of a sloping roof, without any side-walls.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 484. Build temporary huts of sticks and bark. _Portlock's Voy._, p. 253.

[87] 'In dem Kashim versammelt sich die männliche Bevölkerung des ganzen Dorfes zur Berathschlagung über wichtige Angelegenheiten, über Krieg und Frieden, etc.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 129.

[88] 'Le poisson est la principale nourriture.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 574. 'Berries mixed with rancid whale oil.' 'The fat of the whale is the prime delicacy.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, pp. 178, 195. 'Meistentheils nähren sie sich mit rohen und trocknen Fischen, die sie theils in der See mit knöchernen Angelhaken, theils in den Bächen mit Sacknetzen, die sie aus Sehnen flechten, einfangen.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 114. They generally eat their food raw, but sometimes they boil it in water heated with hot stones. _Meares' Voy._, p. xxxv. The method of catching wild geese, is to chase and knock them down immediately after they have shed their large wing-feathers; at which time they are not able to fly. _Portlock's Voy._, p. 265.

[89] 'Ich hatte auf der Insel Afognak Gelegenheit dem Zerschneiden eines Wallfisches zuzusehen und versichere, dass nach Verlauf von kaum 2 Stunden nur die blanken Knochen auf dem Ufer lagen.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 91.

[90] The Kadiaks 'pass their time in hunting, festivals, and abstinence. The first takes place in the summer; the second begins in the month of December, and continues as long as any provisions remain; and then follows the period of famine, which lasts till the re-appearance of fish in the rivers. During the period last mentioned, many have nothing but shell-fish to subsist on, and some die for want.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, pp. 209, 210.

[91] 'Wild animals which they hunt, and especially wild sheep, the flesh of which is excellent.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 188. They eat the larger sort of fern-root baked, and a substance which seemed the inner bark of the pine. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 374. 'Die Eingebornen essen diese Wurzeln (Lagat) roh und gekocht; aus der Wurzel, nachdem sie in Mehl verwandelt ist, bäckt man, mit einer geringen Beimischung von Weizenmehl, süssliche, dünne Kuchen.' _Sagoskin_, _Tagebuch_, in _Denkschr. d. russ. Geog. Gesell._, p. 343.

[92] 'Ihre hölzernen Schilde nennen sie Kujaki.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 114.

[93] 'Selecting the roots of such plants as grow alone, these roots are dried and pounded, or grated.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 178.

[94] 'Die Pfeilspitzen sind aus Eisen oder Kupfer, ersteres erhalten sie von den Kenayern, letzteres von den Tutnen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 118. 'De pedernal en forma de arpon, cortado con tanta delicadeza como pudiera hacerlo el mas hábil lapidario.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 66.

[95] At Prince William Sound Cook found the canoes not of wood, as at Nootka. At Bristol Bay they were of skin, but broader. _Third Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 371, 437. 'Die kadjakschen Baidarken unterscheiden sich in der Form ein wenig von denen der andern Bewohner der amerikanischen Küste, von denen der Aleuten aber namentlich darin, dass sie kürzer und breiter sind.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 99. At Prince William Sound, 'formada la canoa en esqueleto la forran por fuera con pieles de animales.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 65. 'Qu'on se figure une nacelle de quatre mètres de long et de soixante centimètres de large tout au plus.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, vol. vi., p. 48. 'These canoes were covered with skins, the same as we had seen last season in Cook's River. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 147. 'Safer at sea in bad weather than European boats.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 211.

[96] Their whale-sinew thread was as fine as silk. _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 207.

[97] The only tool seen was a stone adze. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 373.

[98] 'Their sewing, plaiting of sinews, and small work on their little bags may be put in competition with the most delicate manufactures found in any part of the known world.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 373, 374. 'If we may judge by these figures, the inhabitants of Cadiack must have lost much of their skill in carving, their old productions of this kind being greatly superior.' _Lisiansky_, p. 178. The Ingalik's household furniture is made 'von gebogenem Holz sehr zierlich gearbeitet und mittelst Erdfarben roth, grün und blau angestrichen. Zum Kochen der Speisen bedienen sie sich irdener, ausgebrannter Geschirre.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 121.

[99] 'Tis most probable they are divided into clans or tribes.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 67. 'They have a King, whose name was Sheenoway.' _Meares' Voy._, p. xxvii. 'They always keep together in families, and are under the direction of toyons or chiefs.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 151.

[100] Female slaves are sold from one tribe to another. _Sauer, Billings' Voy._, p. 175.

[101] 'Zugleich verschwand auch ihre Benennung; man nannte sie ferner Kajuren, ein Wort aus Kamtschatka hieher übergesiedelt, welches Tagelöhner oder Arbeiter bedeutet.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 79.

[102] 'They will not go a step out of the way for the most necessary purposes of nature; and vessels are placed at their very doors for the reception of the urinous fluid, which are resorted to alike by both sexes.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 214.

[103] 'Not only do brothers and sisters cohabit with each other, but even parents and children.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 64.

[104] 'Images dressed in different forms.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 178. 'The most favoured of women is she who has the greatest number of children.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Voy._, p. 176.

[105] 'Der Vater oder die Mutter bestimmen den Sohn schon in seiner frühsten Kindheit zum Achnutschik, wenn er ihnen mädchenhaft erscheint.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 121. 'Male concubines are much more frequent here than at Oonalashka.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 64. They 'are happy to see them taken by the chiefs, to gratify their unnatural desires. Such youths are dressed like women, and taught all their domestic duties.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 176. 'Ces peuples sont très adonnés aux plaisirs des sens et même à un vice infame.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. vii., p. 8. 'Of all the customs of these islanders, the most disgusting is that of men, called _schoopans_, living with men, and supplying the place of women.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 199. This shameful custom applies to the Thlinkeets as well. 'Quelques personnes de l'Equipage du Solide ont rapporté qu'il ne leur est pas possible de douter que les Tchinkîtânéens ne soient souillés de ce vice honteux que la Théogonie immorale des Grecs avoit divinisé.' _Marchand_, _Voy. aut. du Monde_, tom. ii., p. 97.

[106] 'Der Schamane hat seiner Obliegenheit gemäss oder aus besonderem Wohlwollen sie der Jungferschaft beraubt und sie wäre unwürdig vor der Versammlung zu erscheinen, wenn sie ihre erste Liebe irgend einem Anderen und nicht dem Schamanen gezollt hätte.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 133.

[107] 'Their dances are proper tournaments.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 176. They are much addicted to public dances, especially during winter. _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 165. 'Masks of the most hideous figures are worn.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 210. 'Use a sort of rattle composed of a number of the beaks of the sea-parrot, strung upon a wooden cross,'--sounds like castanets. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 64. 'Die Tänzer erscheinen, eben so, mit Wurfspiessen oder Messern in den Händen, welche sie über dem Kopfe schwingen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 118.

[108] 'Les sorciers et chamans jouissent d'une grande faveur dans cette région glacée de l'Amérique.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 574. 'Schamanen und alte Weiber kennen verschiedene Heilmittel.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 135. 'Next in rank to the shamans are the kaseks, or sages, whose office is to teach children the different dances, and superintend the public amusements and shows, of which they have the supreme control.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 208.

[109] 'The dead body of a chief is embalmed with moss, and buried.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 177.

[110] 'In one of the small buildings, or kennels, as they may very properly be called, was a woman who had retired into it in consequence of the death of her son.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 184.

[111] 'The word Aleutian seems to be derived from the interrogative particle _allix_, which struck strangers in the language of that people.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 312. The Unalaskas and 'the people of Oomnak, call themselves _Cowghalingen_.' 'The natives of Alaska and all the adjacent islands they call _Kagataiakung'n_.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 154. 'The inhabitants of Unalashka are called _Kogholaghi_; those of Akutan, and further east to Unimak, _Kighigusi_; and those of Unimak and Alaxa, _Kataghayekiki_. They cannot tell whence these appellations are derived; and now begin to call themselves by the general name of _Aleyut_, given to them by the Russians, and borrowed from some of the Kurile Islands.' _Coxe's Russ. Dis._, p. 219.

[112] Yet, says D'Orbigny, _Voyage_, p. 577: 'Si on interroge les Aléoutiens sur leur origine, ils disent que leurs ancêtres ont habité un grand pays vers l'ouest, et que de là ils sont avancés de proche en proche sur les îles désertes jusqu'au continent américain.'

[113] Trapesnikoff took from an unknown island in 1753, 1920 sea-otter skins. Durneff returned to Kamchatka in 1754, with 3,000 skins. In 1752 one crew touched at Bering Island and took 1,222 Arctic foxes, and 2,500 sea-bears. Cholodiloff, in 1753, took from one island 1,600 otter-skins. Tolstych in one voyage took 1,780 sea-otter, 720 blue foxes, and 840 sea-bears. _Coxe's Russ. Dis._, pp. 43, 44, 49, 51, 53.

[114] _Sparks_, _Life of Ledyard_, p. 79.

[115] A great deal of character. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 32.

[116] 'Rather low of stature, but plump and well shaped; with rather short necks; swarthy chubby faces; black eyes; small beards, and long, straight, black hair; which the men wear loose behind, and cut before, but the women tie up in a bunch.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 510. 'Von Gesicht sind sie platt und weiss, von guter Statur, durchgängig mit schwarzen Haaren.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 150. 'Low in stature, broad in the visage.' _Campbell's Voy._, p. 112. Hair 'strong and wiry;' scanty beard, but thick on the upper lip. _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 154.

[117] 'Les femmes aléoutes portaient aux mains et aux pieds des chapelets de pierres de couleur et préférablement d'ambre.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 579. 'None are so highly esteemed as a sort of long muscle, commonly called sea-teeth, the _dentalium entalis_ of Linnæus.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 40. 'Women have the chin punctured in fine lines rayed from the centre of the lip and covering the whole chin.' They wear bracelets of black seal-skin around the wrists and ankles, and go barefoot. _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 155. 'Im Nasen-Knorpel und der Unterlippe machen beide Geschlechter Löcher und setzen Knochen ein, welches ihr liebster Schmuck ist. Sie stechen sich auch bunte Figuren im Gesicht aus.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 169. 'They bore the upper lip of the young children of both sexes, under the nostrils, where they hang several sorts of stones, and whitened fish-bones, or the bones of other animals.' _Staehlin's North Arch._, p. 37.

[118] 'Leur conformation est robuste et leur permet de supporter des travaux et des fatigues de toute sorte.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 577.

[119] At Shumagin Island, their caps were of sea-lion skins. _Müller's Voy._, p. 46. On the front are one or two small images of bone. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 510. A wooden hat, 'which in front comes out before the eyes like a sort of umbrella, and is rounded off behind.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 38. 'Einige haben gemeine Mützen von einem bunten Vogelfell, woran sie etwas von den Flügeln und dem Schwanz sitzen lassen;--sind vorn mit einem Brettchen wie ein Schirm versehn und mit Bärten von Seebären--geschmücket.' _Neue Nachr._, pp. 151, 152.

[120] On a feather garment, 'a person is sometimes employed a whole year.' 'The women for the most part go bare-footed.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., pp. 36, 39. 'Seams covered with thin slips of skin, very elegantly embroidered with white deer's hair, goat's hair, and the sinews of sea animals, dyed of different colours.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 156. 'Ihr Pelzkleid wird über den Kopf angezogen, und ist hinten und vorn ganz zu. Die Männer tragen es aus Vogelhäuten; die Weiber hingegen von Bibern und jungen Seebären.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 152. 'Boots and breeches in one piece.' _Campbell's Voy._, p. 113.

[121] 'Round the sides and ends of the huts, the families (for several are lodged together) have their separate apartments, where they sleep, and sit at work; not upon benches, but in a kind of concave trench, which is dug all around the inside of the house, and covered with mats.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 512. 'When they have stood for sometime, they become overgrown with grass, so that a village has the appearance of an European churchyard full of graves.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, p. 32. 'In den Jurten wird niemals Feuer angelegt und doch ist es gemeiniglich sehr warm darinnen, so dass beide Geschlechter ganz nakkend sitzen.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 150.

[122] 'A bidarka or boat is turned up sideways, and at the distance of four or five feet, two sticks, one opposite to the head and the other to the stern, are driven into the ground, on the tops of which a cross stick is fastened. The oars are then laid along from the boat to the cross stick, and covered with seal skins, which are always at hand for the purpose.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 152.

[123] 'Among the greatest delicacies of Oonalashka are the webbed feet of a seal, which are tied in a bladder, buried in the ground, and remain there till they are changed into a stinking jelly.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 165. Almost everything is eaten raw. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 520. The sea-dog is caught with nets, killed when asleep, or enticed on shore by a false cap made to resemble a seal's head. _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 205.

[124] 'L'Aléoute peut tuer les phoques et les oiseaux, sans être obligé d'en rendre compte à la compagnie.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. vii., p. 4.

[125] 'Die Spitze selbst wird theils aus Obsidian oder Lavaglas, theils auch aus Trachyt verfertigt.' _Kittlitz_, _Reise_, vol. i., p. 268. Spear-handles are feathered, the points of sharpened flint. _Neue Nachr._, p. 102, 'Arrows are thrown from a narrow and pointed board, twenty inches long, which is held by the thumb and three fingers. They are thrown straight from the shoulder with astonishing velocity.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 205. 'Les armes défensives consistaient en une cotte de joncs tressés qui leur couvrait tout le corps.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 579. 'No such thing as an offensive, or even defensive weapon was seen amongst the natives of Oonalashka.' Probably they had been disarmed by the Russians. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 515. 'Wherever any one has fixed his habitation, nobody else dares to hunt or fish.' _Staehlin's Nor. Arch._, p. 37. For birds they point their darts with three light bones, spread and barbed. _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 157. 'Indeed, there is a neatness and perfection in most of their work, that shews they neither want ingenuity nor perseverance.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 514.

[126] They make 'baskets called ishcats, in which the Aleutians keep all their valuables.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 181. 'Thread they make of the sinews of the seal, and of all sizes, from the fineness of a hair to the strength of a moderate cord, both twisted and plaited.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 157. Of the teeth of sea-dogs they carve little figures of men, fish, sea-otters, sea-dogs, sea-cows, birds, and other objects. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 46.

[127] 'Wollen sie etwas an ihren Pfeilen oder sonst eine Kleinigkeit leimen, so schlagen sie sich an die Nase und bestreichen es mit ihrem Blute.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 173.

[128] _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 159; _Campbell's Voy._, p. 59.

[129] 'Comme les femmes coûtaient cher en présents de fiançailles, la plupart des Aléoutes n'en avaient qu'une ou deux.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 579. Purchase as many girls for wives as they can support. _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 160. 'Objects of unnatural affection.' _Id._, p. 160. 'Their beards are carefully plucked out as soon as they begin to appear, and their chins tattooed like those of the women.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 48. 'The Russians told us, that they never had any connections with their women, because they were not Christians. Our people were not so scrupulous; and some of them had reason to repent that the females of Oonalashka encouraged their addresses without any reserve; for their health suffered by a distemper that is not unknown here.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 521.

[130] 'It often happens that a mother plunges her noisy child into water, even in winter, and keeps it there till it leaves off crying.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 202. 'Schreyt das Kind, so trägt es die Mutter, es sey Winter oder Sommer nakkend nach der See, und hält es so lange im Wasser bis es still wird.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 168.

[131] 'Have their own chiefs in each island.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 510. 'Generally is conferred on him who is the most remarkable for his personal qualities.' _Coxe's Russ. Dis._, p. 219.

[132] Those of the inhabitants who have two wives give their guests one, or a slave. _Neue Nachr._, p. 171. 'In the spring holidays, they wear masks, neatly carved and fancifully ornamented.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 160.

[133] 'On avait soin de le disposer de manière à ce qu'il ne touchât pas la terre.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 579. 'Embalm the bodies of the men with dried moss and grass.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 161. Slaves sometimes slaughtered. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 48. 'Bury their dead on the summits of hills.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 521. 'When a man dies in the hut belonging to his wife, she retires into a dark hole, where she remains forty days. The husband pays the same compliment to his favorite wife upon her death.' _Coxe's Russ. Dis._, p. 218. 'Die Todten werden begraben, und man giebt dem Mann seinen Kahn, Pfeile und Kleider mit ins Grab.' 'Die Todten umwinden sie mit Riemen und hängen sie in einer Art hölzerner Wiege an einen auf zwey Gabelen ruhenden Querstock in der Luft auf.' _Neue Nachr._, pp. 101, 154.

[134] 'Naturellement silencieux.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 578. 'Sie verrichten auch die Nothdurft und das Ehegeschäft ohne alle Scheu.' _Neue. Nachr._, p. 150. 'A stupid silence reigns among them.' 'I am persuaded that the simplicity of their character exceeds that of any other people.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, pp. 182, 183. 'Kind-hearted and obliging, submissive and careful; but if roused to anger, they become rash and unthinking, even malevolent, and indifferent to all danger.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 32. 'To all appearance, they are the most peaceable, inoffensive people, I ever met with. And, as to honesty, they might serve as a pattern to the most civilized nation upon earth.' _Cook_, vol. ii., p. 509.

[135] 'To hunt was their task; to be drowned, or starved, or exhausted, was their reward.' _Simpson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 229. 'They are harmless, wretched slaves,' whose race will soon be extinct. _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 315. The Russian hunters 'used not unfrequently to place the men close together, and try through how many the ball of their rifle-barrelled musket would pass.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex. App._, p. 56. 'Of a thousand men, who formerly lived in this spot, scarcely more than forty remained.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 235. 'La variole, la syphilis, voire même le choléra depuis quelques années, en emportent une effrayante quantité.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, vol. ii., p. 51.

[136] _Kaluga_, _Kaljush_, _Koljush_, _Kalusch_, _Kolush_, _Kolosch_, _Kolosh_, _Kolosches_. Marchand calls them Tchinkîtâné. _Voyage aut. du Monde_, tom. ii., p. 3.

[137] See _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, pp. 15, 16.

[138] _Ugalachmiuti_, _Ugaljachmjuten_, _Ugalyachmutzi_, _Ugalukmutes_, _Ugalenzi_, _Ugalenzen_, _Ugalenzes_.

[139] They 'call themselves G-tinkit, or S-chinkit, or also S-chitcha-chon, that is, inhabitants of Sitki or Sitcha.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., 128.

[140] The orthographic varieties of this word are endless. _Stickeen_, _Stekin_, _Stakhin_, _Stachin_, _Stikin_, _Stachine_, _Stikeen_, _Stikine_, _Stychine_, are among those before me at the moment.

[141] At the end of this chapter, under Tribal Boundaries, the location of these tribes is given definitely.

[142] A Thlinkeet boy, 'when under the whip, continued his derision, without once exhibiting the slightest appearance of suffering.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 242.

[143] 'Leur corps est ramassé, mais assez bien proportionné.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 46. 'Very fierce.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 291. 'Limbs straight and well shaped.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 171. 'Stolze gerade Haltung.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 16. 'Active and clever.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 237. 'Bigote á manera de los Chinos.' _Perez_, _Nav._, MS. p. 14. 'Limbs ill-proportioned.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 49. 'Très supérieurs en courage et en intelligence.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 54.

[144] The women 'are pleasing and their carriage modest.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 291. When washed, white and fresh. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 171. 'Dunkle Hautfarbe.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 16. 'Eran de color blanco y habia muchos con ojos azules.' _Perez_, _Nav._, MS. p. 14. As fair as many Europeans. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 112. 'Muchos de ellos de un blanco regular.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 43.

[145] 'Leur chevelure, dure, épaisse, mêlée, couverte d'ocre, de duvet d'oiseaux et de toutes les ordures que la négligence et le temps y ont accumulées, contribue encore à rendre leur aspect hideux.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 46. 'A more hideous set of beings, in the form of men and women, I had never before seen.' _Cleveland's Voy._, p. 91. The men painted 'a black circle extending from the forehead to the mouth, and a red chin, which gave the face altogether the appearance of a mask.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 146. Pourraient même passer pour jolies, sans l'horrible habitude qu'elles ont adoptée.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 87. 'That person seems to be reckoned the greatest beau amongst them, whose face is one entire piece of smut and grease.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 68. 'Ils se font des cicatrices sur les bras et sur la poitrine.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 223. 'Um aus dem Gesichte diese fette Farbenmasse abzuwaschen, gebrauchen sie ihren eignen Urin, und dieser verursacht bei ihnen den widerlichen Geruch, der den sich ihm nahenden Fremdling fast zum Erbrechen bringt.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 20.

[146] Meares, _Voyages_, p. xxxi., states that at Prince William Sound, 'the men have universally a slit in their under lip, between the projecting part of the lip and the chin, which is cut parallel with their mouths, and has the appearance of another mouth.' Worn only by women. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 172.

[147] 'About three tenths of an inch below the upper part of the under lip.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 280. 'In the centre of the under-lip.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 115. 'Fendue au ras des gencives.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 224. 'In the thick part near the mouth.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'When the first person having this incision was seen by one of the seamen, who called out, that the man had two mouths.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 369. 'In their early infancy, a small incision is made in the center of the under lip, and a piece of brass or copper wire is placed in, and left in the wound. This corrodes the lacerated parts, and by consuming the flesh gradually increases the orifice, until it is sufficiently large to admit the wooden appendage.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 408. 'Les femmes de Tchinkîtâné ont cru devoir ajouter à leur beauté naturelle, par l'emploi d'un ornement labial, aussi bizarre qu'incommode.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 48.

[148] 'Simply perforated, and a piece of copper wire introduced.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'Les jeunes filles n'ont qu'une aiguille dans la lèvre inférieure.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 226. 'On y prépare les petites filles aussitôt qu'elles sont nées.' _Id._, tom. iv., p. 54. 'At first a thick wire.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 115. When almost marriageable. _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 51. 'The children have them bored at about two years of age, when a piece of copper-wire is put through the hole; this they wear till the age of about thirteen or fourteen years, when it is taken out, and the wooden ornament introduced.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 289. 'Said to denote maturity.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 100. 'Se percer la lèvre inférieure des l'enfance.' 'D'agrandir peu à peu cette ouverture au point de pouvoir jeune fille y introduire une coquille, et femme mariée une énorme tasse de bois.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 87. 'Never takes place during their infancy.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'When the event takes place that implies womanhood.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 243. 'Wenn zum ersten Mal beim Mädchen sich Spuren der Mannbarkeit zeigen, wird ihre Unterlippe durchstochen und in diese Oeffnung eine Knochenspitze, gegenwärtig doch häufiger ein Silberstift gelegt.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. 'Pues les pareció que solo lo tenian los casados.' _Perez_, _Nav._, MS. p. 15.

[149] 'Concave on both sides.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 280. 'So lange sie unverheirathet ist, trägt sie diesen; erhält sie aber einen Mann, so presst man einen grösseren Schmuck von Holz oder Knochen in die Oeffnung, welcher nach innen, d. h. zur Zahnseite etwas trogförmig ausgehöhlt ist.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. 'Une espèce d'écuelle de bois sans anses qui appuie contre les gencives.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 224. Pieces of shell resembling teeth. _Meares' Voy._, p. xxxi.

[150] 'As large as a large saucer.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 289. 'From one corner of the mouth to the other.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 280. 'Frequently increased to three, or even four inches in length, and nearly as wide.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'A communément un demi-pouce d'épaisseur, deux de diamètre, et trois pouces de long.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 54. 'At least seven inches in circumference.' _Meares' Voy._, p. xxxviii. 'Mit den Jahren wird der Schmuck vergrössert, so dass er bei einem alten Weibe über 2 Zoll breit angetroffen wird.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. From two to five inches long, and from one and a half to three inches broad. Ladies of distinction increase the size. 'I have even seen ladies of very high rank with this ornament, full five inches long and three broad.' Mr Dwolf affirms that he saw 'an old woman, the wife of a chief, whose lip ornament was so large, that by a peculiar motion of her under-lip she could almost conceal her whole face with it.' 'Horrible in its appearance to us Europeans.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 115. 'Es una abertura como de media pulgada debaxo del labio inferior, que representa segunda boca, donde colocan una especie de roldana elíptica de pino, cuyo diámetro mayor es de dos pulgadas, quatro lineas, y el menor de una pulgada.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 126.

[151] 'Une énorme tasse de bois, destinée à recevoir la salive qui s'en échappe constamment.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 87. 'L'effet de cet ornement est de rabattre, par le poids de sa partie saillante la lèvre inférieure sur le menton, de développer les charmes d'une grande bouche béante, qui prend la forme de celle d'un four, et de mettre à découvert une rangée de dents jaunes et sales.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 49. 'She is obliged to be constantly on the watch, lest it should fall out, which would cover her with confusion.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 244. 'The weight of this trencher or ornament weighs the lip down so as to cover the whole of the chin, leaving all the lower teeth and gum quite naked.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 289. 'L'usage le plus révoltant qui existe peut-être sur la terre.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 226. 'Always in proportion to a person's wealth.' 'Distorts every feature in the lower part of the face.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 68, 172. 'In running the lip flaps up and down so as to knock sometimes against the chin and sometimes against the nose. Upon the continent the kaluga is worn still larger; and the female who can cover her whole face with her under-lip passes for the most perfect beauty,' 'The lips of the women held out like a trough, and always filled with saliva stained with tobacco-juice, of which they are immoderately fond, is the most abominably revolting part of the spectacle.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 52. 'Dadurch entsteht eine im selbigen Maasse ausgedehnte Lippe, die höchst widerlich aussieht, um so mehr, da sich nun mehr der Mund nicht schliessen kann, sondern unaufhörlich einen braunen Tabaksspeichel von sich gibt.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. 'So distorts the face as to take from it almost the resemblance to the human; yet the privilege of wearing this ornament is not extended to the female slaves, who are prisoners taken in war.' _Cleveland's Voy._, p. 91. 'Look as if they had large flat wooden spoons growing in the flesh.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 115. 'The sight is hideous. Our men used jocosely to say, this lower lip would make a good slab to lay their trousers on to be scrubbed.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 277. 'On ne connaît point d'explication plausible de cette mutilation, qui, chez les Indiens, passe pour un signe de noblesse.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 336.

[152] 'Die Männertracht unterscheidet sich in Nichts von der Weiber; sie besteht nämlich aus einem bis zu den Knieen gehenden Hemde.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 18. Some of their blankets 'are so curiously worked on one side with the fur of the sea-otter, that they appear as if lined with it.' 'Some dress themselves in short pantaloons.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 238. 'Las mugeres visten honestamente una especie de túnica interior de piel sobada.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvii. 'Se vestian las mugeres tunicas de pieles ajustadas al cuerpo con brazaletes de cobre o hierro.' _Perez_, _Nav._, MS. p. 15. 'Usual clothing consists of a little apron.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 49. 'Their feet are always bare.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 114.

[153] 'Usan sombreros de la corteza interior del pino en forma de cono truncado.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvii. Their wooden masks 'are so thick, that a musket-ball, fired at a moderate distance, can hardly penetrate them.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 150.

[154] Pluck out their beard. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 112. 'Ils ont de la barbe, moins à la vérité que les Européens, mais assez cependant pour qu'il soit impossible d'en douter.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 229. 'The women in general are hair-dressers for their husbands.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 290.