Chapter III: Columbians (6)

The _Kootenais_ live in the space bounded by the Columbia River, Rocky Mountains, and Clarke River. The Kitunaha, Coutanies, or Flatbows, 'wander in the rugged and mountainous tract enclosed between the two northern forks of the Columbia. The Flat-bow River and Lake also belong to them.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 204-5, map, p. 297. 'Inhabit the country extending along the foot of the Rocky mountains, north of the Flatheads, for a very considerable distance, and are about equally in American and in British territory.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 416. Kootoonais, 'on McGillivray's River, the Flat Bow Lake, etc.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 82. Kootonais, on 'or about the fiftieth parallel at Fort Kootonie, east of Fort Colville.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 138. 'Between the Rocky Mountains, the Upper Columbia and its tributary the Killuspeha or Pend'oreille, and watered by an intermediate stream called the Kootanais River is an angular piece of country peopled by a small, isolated tribe bearing the same name as the last-mentioned river, on the banks of which they principally live.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 297. The lands of the Cottonois 'lie immediately north of those of the Flatheads.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 70. Kutanàe, Kútani, Kitunaha, Kutneha, Coutanies, Flatbows, 'near the sources of the Mary River, west of the Rocky Mountains.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 98. 'Inhabit a section of country to the north of the Ponderas, along M'Gillivray's river.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 312. 'Koutanies ou Arcs-Plats, Près du fort et du lac de ce nom.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'In the Kootanie Valley.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 178. Kootonays, south of the Shushwaps. _Palliser's Explor._, p. 44. 'Great longitudinal valley' of the Kootanie river. _Hector_, in _Id._, p. 27. 'The Tobacco Plains form the country of the Kootanies.' _Blakiston_, in _Id._, p. 73. 'About the northern branches of the Columbia.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 30. Kootanais, 'angle between the Saeliss lands and the eastern heads of the Columbia.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 79. About the river of the same name, between the Columbia and Rocky Mountains. _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143. A band called Sinatcheggs on the upper Arrow Lake. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 190. The Kootenais were perhaps the Tushepaws of Lewis and Clarke.

The _Tushepaws_ are 'a numerous people of four hundred and fifty tents, residing on the heads of the Missouri and Columbia rivers, and some of them lower down the latter river.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 321, and map; _Bulfinch's Ogn._, p. 134. 'On a N. fork of Clarke's River.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 372. Ootlashoots, Micksucksealton (Pend d'Oreilles?), Hohilpos (Flatheads?), branches of the Tushepaws. _Id._, and _Lewis and Clarke's Map_. The Tushepaw nation might as correctly be included in the Salish family or omitted altogether. According to _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417, they were the Kootenais.

The _Okanagans_, or Okinakanes, 'comprise the bands lying on the river of that name, as far north as the foot of the great lake. They are six in number, viz: the Tekunratum at the mouth; Konekonep, on the creek of that name; Kluckhaitkwee, at the falls; Kinakanes, near the forks; and Milaketkun, on the west fork. With them may be classed the N'Pockle, or Sans Puelles, on the Columbia river, though these are also claimed by the Spokanes. The two bands on the forks are more nearly connected with the Schwogelpi than with the ones first named.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 237, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 412. Oakinackens, Priests' Rapids, northward over 500 miles, and 100 miles in width, to the Shewhaps, branching out into 12 tribes, as follows, beginning with the south: 'Skamoynumachs, Kewaughtchenunaughs, Pisscows, Incomecanétook, Tsillane, Intiétook, Battlelemuleemauch, or Meatwho, Inspellum, Sinpohellechach, Sinwhoyelppetook, Samilkanuigh and Oakinacken, which is nearly in the centre.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 289-90. 'On both sides the Okanagan River from its mouth up to British Columbia, including the Sennelkameen River.' _Ross_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 22. 'Près du fort de ce nom.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'On the Okanagan and Piscour Rivers.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 82. 'Composed of several small bands living along the Okinakane river, from its confluence with the Columbia to Lake Okinakane.... A majority of the tribe live north of the boundary line.' _Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 99. 'Columbia Valley.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 490. North-east and west of the Shoopshaps. _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 51. Junction of the Okanagan and Columbia. _Parker's Map._ 'Upper part of Fraser's River and its tributaries.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. Principal family called Conconulps about 9 miles up stream of the same name. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 289-90. The Similkameen live on S. river, and 'are a portion of the Okanagan tribe.' _Palmer_, in _B. Col. Papers_, vol. iii., p. 85. The Okanagans, called Catsanim by Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. Cutsahnim, on the Columbia above the Sokulks, and on the northern branches of the Taptul. _Morse's Rept._, p. 372.

[Sidenote: THE SALISH FAMILY.]

THE SALISH FAMILY includes all the inland tribes between 49° and 47°. The Salish, Saalis, Selish, or Flatheads, 'inhabit the country about the upper part of the Columbia and its tributary streams, the Flathead, Spokan, and Okanagan Rivers. The name includes several independent tribes or bands, of which the most important are the Salish proper, the Kullespelm, the Soayalpi, the Tsakaitsitlin, and the Okinakan.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 205. 'The Saeliss or Shewhapmuch race, whose limits may be defined by the Rocky Mountains eastward; on the west the line of Frazer's river from below Alexandria to Kequeloose, near the Falls, in about latitude 49° 50´; northward by the Carrier offset of the Chippewyans; and south by the Sahaptins or Nez Percés of Oregon.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 73. 'From Thompson's River other septs of this race--the Shuswaps, Skowtous, Okanagans, Spokans, Skoielpoi (of Colville), Pend'oreilles, and Coeurs d'Aleines--occupy the country as far as the Flathead Passes of the Rocky Mountains, where the Saelies or Flatheads form the eastern portion of the race.' _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 296-7. 'About the northern branches of the Columbia.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 30; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 55. Tribes mentioned in _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, and map: Tushepaw (Kootenai), Hopilpo (Flathead), Micksucksealtom (Pend d'Oreilles), Wheelpo, (Chualpays), Sarlisto and Sketsomish (Spokanes), Hehighenimmo (Sans Poils), according to _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. See _Morse's Rept._, p. 372; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 55. 'Between the two great branches of the Columbia and the Rocky Mountains are only five petty tribes: the Kootanais and Selish, or Flatheads, at the foot of the mountains, and the Pointed Hearts, Pend d'Oreilles, and Spokanes lower down.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 190. 'Divided into several tribes, the most important of which are the Selishes, the Kullespelms, the Soayalpis, the Tsakaïtsitlins, and the Okinakans.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 55-6.

The _Flatheads_, or Salish proper, reside on the river, valley, and lake of the same name. 'Inhabit St. Mary's or the Flathead Valley and the neighborhood of the lake of the same name.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 415, and in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 207. 'Occupying the valleys between the Bitter Root and Rocky mountains.' _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 282. 'South of the Flathead Valley on the Bitter Root.' _Sully_, in _Id._, 1870, p. 192. St. Mary's River. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 490. 'East and south-east (of the Coeurs d'Alène) and extends to the Rocky Mountains.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 311, and map. _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 31. Saalis ou faux Têtes-Plates. Sur la rivière de ce nom au pied des Montagnes Rocheuses. _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Along the foot of the mountains.' _Ross' Adven._, p. 213. 'In New Caledonia, W. of the Rocky Mountains.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. Bitter Root valley. _Hutchins_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 455, 1865, p. 246; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 153. Hopilpo, of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. 'Ils occupent le pays compris entre le Lewis River et la branche nord-ouest ou la Columbia, et borné en arrière par les Monts-Rocailleux.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 43.

The _Pend d'Oreilles_ occupy the vicinity of the lake of the same name. 'On the Flathead or Clarke River.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 82. 'At Clark's Fork.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 490. Lower Pend d'Oreilles, 'in the vicinity of the St. Ignatius Mission.' _Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 98. 'The Kalispelms or Pend d'Oreilles of the Lower Lake, inhabit the country north of the Coeur d'Alenes and around the Kalispelm lake.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 415. Calispels, or Calispellum, 'on Fool's Prairie at the head of Colville Valley, and on both sides of the Pend d'Oreille River, from its mouth to the Idaho line, but principally at the Camas Prairie.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, pp. 22, 25, 192. Situated to the east of Fort Colville, adjoining the Kootonais on their eastern border. _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 146. 'Pend'oreilles ou Kellespem. Au-dessous du fort Colville.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Skatkmlschi, or Pend d'Oreilles of the upper lake. A tribe who, by the consent of the Selish, occupy jointly with them the country of the latter. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 415. Kullas-Palus, 'on the Flathead or Clarke River.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 82. Ponderas, 'north of Clarke's river and on a lake which takes its name from the tribe.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 312 and map; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 32. The Pend'oreilles were probably the Micksucksealtom of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

Tribes baptized by De Smet: Thlishatkmuche, Stietshoi, Zingomenes, Shaistche, Shuyelpi, Tschilsolomi, Siur Poils, Tinabsoti, Yinkaceous, Yejak-oun, all of same stock.

Tribes mentioned by Morse as living in the vicinity of Clarke River: Coopspellar, Lahama, Lartielo, Hihighenimmo, Wheelpo, Skeetsomish. _Rept._, p. 372.

The _Coeurs d'Aléne_ 'live about the lake which takes its name from them.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 209. East of the Spokanes, at headwaters of the Spokane River. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 310, and map. 'The Skitswish or Coeur d'Alenes, live upon the upper part of the Coeur d'Alene river, above the Spokanes, and around the lake of the same name.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 415. Their mission is on the river ten miles above the lake and thirty miles from the mountains. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 216. Stietshoi, or Coeur d'Alenes on the river, and about the lake. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map, vol. v., p. 490. Pointed Hearts, 'shores of a lake about fifty miles to the eastward of Spokan House.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 150; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143; _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 31. 'St. Joseph's river.' _Mullan's Rept._, p. 49.

The _Colvilles_ include the tribes about Kettle Falls, and the banks of the Columbia up to the Arrow Lakes. 'Colville valley and that of the Columbia river from Kettle Falls to a point thirty miles below.' _Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 98. 'The Colvilles, whose tribal name is Swielpree, are located in the Colville Valley, on the Kettle River, and on both sides of the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls down to the mouth of the Spokane.' _Winans_, in _Id._, 1870, p. 22. Colvilles and Spokanes, 'near Fort Colville.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 82.

The Lakes, 'whose tribal name is Senijextee, are located on both sides of the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls north to British Columbia.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 22. 'So named from their place of residence, which is about the Arrow Lakes.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 312. 'Les sauvages des Lacs ... résident sur le Lac-aux-flèches.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50.

The Chaudières, or Kettle Falls, reside 'about Colville.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 313. The village of Les Chaudières 'is situated on the north side just below the fall.' _Cox's Advent._, vol. i., p. 358. Chaudières 'live south of the Lake Indians.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50. 'Fort Colville is the principal ground of the Schwoyelpi or Kettle Falls tribe.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 413. 'The tribe in the vicinity (of Fort Colville) is known as the Chaudière, whose territory reaches as far up as the Columbia Lakes.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 151. 'Gens des Chaudières. Près du lac Schouchouap au-dessous des Dalles.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Called in their own language, Chualpays.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 308-9. 'Called Quiarlpi (Basket People).' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 472. The Chualpays called Wheelpo by Lewis and Clarke, and by Morse. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

[Sidenote: THE SPOKANE NATION.]

The _Spokanes_ live on the Spokane river and plateau, along the banks of the Columbia from below Kettle Falls, nearly to the Okanagan. 'The Spokihnish, or Spokanes, lie south of the Schrooyelpi, and chiefly upon or near the Spokane river. The name applied by the whites to a number of small bands, is that given by the Coeur d'Alene to the one living at the forks. They are also called Sinkoman, by the Kootonies. These bands are eight in number: the Sinslihhooish, on the great plain above the crossings of the Coeur d'Alene river; the Sintootoolish, on the river above the forks; the Smahoomenaish (Spokehnish), at the forks; the Skaischilt'nish, at the old Chemakane mission; the Skecheramouse, above them on the Colville trail; the Scheeetstish, the Sinpoilschne, and Sinspeelish, on the Columbia river; the last-named band is nearly extinct. The Sinpoilschne (N'pochle, or Sans Puelles) have always been included among the Okinakanes, though, as well as the Sinspeelish below them, they are claimed by the Spokanes. The three bands on the Columbia all speak a different language from the rest.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 220, 236; and _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 414-15. 'This tribe claim as their territory the country commencing on the large plain at the head of the Slawntehus--the stream entering the Columbia at Fort Colville; thence down the Spokane to the Columbia, down the Columbia half way to Fort Okinakane, and up the Spokane and Coeur d'Alene, to some point between the falls and the lake, on the latter.' _Id._, p. 414. 'Inhabit the country on the Spokane river, from its mouth to the boundary of Idaho.' _Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 99. 'At times on the Spokane, at times on the Spokane plains.' _Mullan's Rept._, pp. 18, 49. 'Principally on the plains.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 157. 'North-east of the Palooses are the Spokein nation.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 310, and map. 'Au-dessous du fort Okanagam à l'Est.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Au nord-ouest des Palooses se trouve la nation des Spokanes.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 31. 'Have a small village at the entrance of their river, but their chief and permanent place of residence is about forty miles higher up ... where the Pointed-heart River joins the Spokan from the south-east.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 147. 'The Spokanes, whose tribal names are Sineequomenach, or Upper, Sintootoo, or Middle Spokamish, and Chekasschee, or Lower Spokanes, living on the Spokane River, from the Idaho line to its mouth.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 23. Spokane, the Sarlilso and Sketsomish of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

The _Sans Poils_ (Hairless), or 'Sanpoils, which includes the Nespeelum Indians, are located on the Columbia, from the mouth of the Spokane down to Grand Coulée (on the south of the Columbia), and from a point opposite the mouth of the Spokane down to the mouth of the Okanagan on the north side of the Columbia, including the country drained by the Sanpoil, and Nespeelum Creeks.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 22. Sinpoilish, west of the Columbia between Priest Rapids and Okanagan. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map. Sinpauelish, west of the Kettle Falls Indians. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 313. 'Sinipouals. Près des grands rapides du Rio Colombia.' _Mofras_, _Explor_., tom. ii., p. 335. Sinpavelist, west of the Chaudières. _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50. Sinapoils, 'occupy a district on the northern banks of the Columbia, between the Spokan and Oakinagan rivers.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 145. Hehighenimmo of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

The _Pisquouse_ inhabit the west bank of the Columbia between the Okanagan and Priest Rapids. Piskwaus, or Piscous; 'name properly belongs to the tribe who live on the small river which falls into the Columbia on the west side, about forty miles below Fort Okanagan. But it is here extended to all the tribes as far down as Priest's Rapids.' The map extends their territory across the Columbia. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 210, and map, p. 197. Pisquouse, 'immediately north of that of the Yakamas.' 'On the Columbia between the Priest's and Ross Rapids.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 236; and _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 412. 'Piscaous. Sur la petite rivière de ce nom à l'Ouest de la Colombie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335.

The Skamoynumacks live on the banks of the Columbia, at Priest Rapids, near the mouth of the Umatilla. Thirty miles distant up the river are the Kewaughtohenemachs. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 134, 137.

'The Mithouies are located on the west side of the Columbia River, from the mouth of the Okanagan down to the Wonatchee, and includes the country drained by the Mithouie, Lake Chelan, and Enteeatook Rivers.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 23.

'The Isle de Pierres, whose tribal name is Linkinse, are located on the east and south side of the Col. Riv. from Grand Coulée down to Priests' Rapids, which includes the peninsula made by the great bend of the Col.' _Ib._

[Sidenote: SAHAPTIN FAMILY.]

THE SAHAPTIN FAMILY is situated immediately south of the Salish. Only six of the eight nations mentioned below have been included in the Family by other authors. 'The country occupied by them extends from the Dalles of the Columbia to the Bitter-Root mountains, lying on both sides of the Columbia and upon the Kooskooskie and Salmon Forks of Lewis' and Snake River, between that of the Selish family on the north, and of the Snakes on the south.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. 'The first and more northern Indians of the interior may be denominated the Shahaptan Family, and comprehends three tribes; the Shahaptan, or Nez Percés of the Canadians; the Kliketat, a scion from the Shahaptans who now dwell near Mount Rainier, and have advanced toward the falls of the Columbia; and the Okanagan, who inhabit the upper part of Fraser's River and its tributaries.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. Hale's map, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 197, divides the territory among the Nez Percés, Walla-Wallas, Waiilaptu, and Molele. 'The Indians in this district (of the Dalles) are Dog River, Wascos, Tyicks, Des Chutes, John Day, Utilla, Cayuses, Walla-Walla, Nez Percés, Mountain Snakes and Bannacks.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 435. 'The different tribes attached to Fort Nez Percés, and who formerly went by that cognomen, are the Shamooinaugh, Skamnaminaugh, E'yackimah, Ispipewhumaugh, and Inaspetsum. These tribes inhabit the main north branch above the Forks. On the south branch are the Palletto Pallas, Shawhaapten or Nez Percés proper, Pawluch, and Cosispa tribes. On the main Columbia, beginning at the Dallas, are the Necootimeigh, Wisscopam, Wisswhams, Wayyampas, Lowhim, Sawpaw, and Youmatalla bands.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 185-6. Cathlakahikits, at the rapids of Columbia river, N. side; Chippanchickchicks, 'N. side of Columbia river, in the long narrows, a little below the falls.' Hellwits, 'at the falls of Columbia river;' Ithkyemamits, 'on Columbia river, N. side near Chippanchickchicks'; Yehah, 'above the rapids.' _Morse's Rept._, pp. 368-70.

The _Nez Percés_ 'possess the country on each side of the Lewis or Snake River, from the Peloose to the Wapticacoes, about a hundred miles--together with the tributary streams, extending, on the east, to the foot of the Rocky Mountains.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 212; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 551. 'On both sides of the Kooskooskia and north fork of Snake river.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 416; and _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 217. 'A few bands of the Nez Percés Indians occupy the Salmon river and the Clearwater.' _Thompson_, in _Id._, p. 282. 'The Nez Percés country is bounded west by the Palouse river and the Tucannon; on the north by the range of mountains between Clear Water and the Coeur d'Alene; east by the Bitter Root mountains; on the south they are bounded near the line dividing the two Territories.' _Craig_, in _Id._, 1857, p. 353. The Buffalo, a tribe of the Nez Perces, winter in the Bitter Root Valley. _Owen_, in _Id._, 1859, p. 424. 'Upper waters and mountainous parts of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108. 'Country lying along Lewis river and its tributaries from the eastern base of the Blue Mountains to the Columbia.' _Palmer's Jour._, p. 55. Nez Percés or Sahaptins, 'on the banks of the Lewis Fork or Serpent River.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 54. 'Chohoptins, or Nez-Percés, ... on the banks of Lewis River.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 143. 'Rove through the regions of the Lewis branch.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 30. 'The Lower Nez Percés range upon the Wayleeway, Immahah, Yenghies, and other of the streams west of the mountains.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301. Some Flatheads live along the Clearwater River down to below its junction with the Snake. _Gass' Jour._, p. 212. Country 'drained by the Kooskooskie, westward from the Blackfoot country, and across the Rocky Mountains.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 533. 'Près du fort de ce nom, à la junction des deux branches du fleuve.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Junction of Snake and Clearwater. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, _Map_. Chopunnish. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 331, and map. Copunnish. _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 144. 'The Nez-Percés are divided into two classes, the Nez-Percés proper, who inhabit the mountains, and the Polonches, who inhabit the plain country about the mouth of the Snake River.' _Gairdner_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 256. Chopunnish, 'on Lewis river below the entrance of the Kooskooskee, on both sides.' 'On the Kooskooskee river below the forks, and on Cotter's creek.' Bands of the Chopunnish; Pelloatpallah, Kimmooenim, Yeletpoo, Willewah, Soyennom. _Morse's Rept._, p. 369.

The _Palouse_, or 'the Palus, usually written Paloose, live between the Columbia and the Snake.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vi. 'The Peloose tribe has a stream called after it which empties into Lewis River.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. Upon the Peloose River. 'Entrance of Great Snake River and surrounding country.' _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 105, 245. 'Properly a part of the Nez Percés. Their residence is along the Nez Percé river and up the Pavilion.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 310. In three bands; at the mouth of the Pelouse River; on the north bank of Snake River, thirty miles below the Pelouse; and at the mouth of the Snake River. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 222-3, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 150-1. Palouse, or Pelouse, 'reside on the banks of the Palouse and Snake rivers.' _Mullan's Rept._, pp. 18, 49. 'La tribu Paloose appartient à la nation des Nez-Percés ... elle habite les bords des deux rivières des Nez-percés et du Pavilion.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 31. Selloatpallah, north of the Snake, near its confluence with the Columbia. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ Same as the Sewatpalla. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

The _Walla-Wallas_ 'occupy the country south of the Columbia and about the river of that name.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. 'A number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river to a little east of the Peluse.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 402. 'Are on a small stream which falls into the Columbia near Fort Nez-percés.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. 'Inhabit the country about the river of the same name, and range some distance below along the Columbia.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 310. 'Upon the banks of the Columbia, below the mouth of the Lewis Fork are found the Walla-wallas.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 535. 'Oualla-Oualla, au-dessus du fort des Nez Percés.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Under this term are embraced a number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river, to a little east of the Pelouse; as also the Klikatats and Yakamas, north of the former.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 223. 'On both sides of the Columbia river between Snake river and Hudson Bay fort, Walla-Walla.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 374. Walla Wallapum. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 244-7. 'Les Walla-walla habitent, sur la rivière du même nom, l'un des tributaires de la Colombie, et leur pays s'étend aussi le long de ce fleuve.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 30. Wollaw Wollah. South side of the Snake, at junction with the Columbia. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ Wollaolla and Wollawalla, 'on both sides of Col., as low as the Muscleshell rapid, and in winter pass over to the Taptul river.' _Morse's Rept._, pp. 369-70. 'Country south of the Columbia and about the river of that name.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. Walawaltz nation about the junction of the Snake and Columbia. On Walla Walle River. _Gass' Jour._, pp. 294-8. 'On both banks of the Columbia, from the Blue Mountains to the Dalles.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 151. Wallah Wallah. _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 142. 'About the river of that name.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, pp. 143, 151. Wallawallahs, 'reside along the lower part of the Walla Walla, the low bottom of the Umatilla and the Columbia, from the mouth of Lewis River for one hundred miles south.' _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 58, 124. 'On the borders of the Wallahwallah and Columbia.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 64; _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 35.

The Sciatogas and Toustchipas live on Canoe River (Tukanon?), and the Euotalla (Touchet?), the Akaïtchis 'sur le Big-river,' (Columbia). _Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x., pp. 74-8. The Sciatogas 'possède le pays borné au sud-est par la Grande-Plaine; au nord, par le Lewis-River; à l'ouest par la Columbia; au sud par l'Oualamat.' _Id._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 42.

[Sidenote: THE CAYUSES AND WASCOS.]

The _Cayuses_ extend from John Day River eastward to Grande Ronde Valley. The Cayuse, Cailloux, Waiilatpu, 'country south of the Sahaptin and Wallawalla. Their head-quarters are on the upper part of Wallawalla River.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 214, map, p. 197. 'The country belonging to the Cayuse is to the south of and between the Nez Perces and Walla-Wallas, extending from the Des Chutes, or Wanwanwi, to the eastern side of the Blue mountains.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 218; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 416. 'On the west side of the Blue mountains and south of the Columbia river.' _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 282. 'Occupy a portion of the Walla-Walla valley.' _Dennison_, in _Id._, 1857, p. 374; _Cain_, in _Id._, 1859, pp. 413-14. 'À l'ouest des Nez-perces sont les Kayuses.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 30. The Kayouse dwell upon the Utalla or Emnutilly River. _Townsend's Nar._, p. 122. 'West of the Nez Percés.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 309, and map. 'Rove through the regions of the Lewis branch.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 30. 'Kayouses. Près du grand détour de la Colombie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Waiilatpu, Molele, called also Willetpoos, Cayuse, 'western Oregon, south of the Columbia river.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 199; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. Caäguas 'inhabit the country bordering on Wallawalla river and its tributaries, the Blue mountains and Grand round.' _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 54-6. Wyeilat or Kyoose, country to the south of Walla Walla. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 244-5. The Skyuses 'dwell about the waters of the Wayleeway and the adjacent country.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 388.

The Willewah 'reside on the Willewah river, which falls into the Lewis river on the S.W. side, below the forks.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 369. In Grande Ronde Valley. _Lewis and Clarke's Map_; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

The Umatillas 'live near the junction of the Umatilla and Columbia rivers.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 97. Umatallow River and country extending thence westward to Dalles. _Tolmie_, in _Id._, p. 245. 'The Utillas occupy the country along the river bearing that name.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 374.

The Wahowpum live 'on the N. branch of the Columbia, in different bands from the Pishquitpahs; as low as the river Lapage; the different bands of this nation winter on the waters of Taptul and Cataract rivers.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370; _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ On John Day's River. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

The _Wascos_ include all the tribes between the Cascade Range and John Day River, south of the Columbia. 'They are known by the name of Wasco Indians, and they call their country around the Dallas, Wascopam. They claim the country extending from the cascades up to the falls of the Columbia, the distance of about fifty miles.' _Hines' Voy._, p. 159. 'The Wascos occupy a small tract of country near to and adjoining the Dalles.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 372. On both sides of the Columbia about the Dalles are the Wascopams. _Map_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200. Eneshur, Echeloots, Chillukkitequaw and Sinacshop occupy the territory, on _Lewis and Clarke's Map_; _Morse's Rept._, p. 370. The Tchipantchicktchick, Cathlassis, Ilttekaïmamits, and Tchelouits about the Dalles. _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 26; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

'The residence of the Molele is (or was) in the broken and wooded country about Mounts Hood and Vancouver.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 214. The Mollales have their home in the Willamette Valley. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 492.

'The Tairtla, usually called Taigh, belong ... to the environs of the Des-Chutes River.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii.

'The Des Chutes ... formerly occupied that section of country between the Dalles and the Tyich river.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 373.

'The Tyichs ... formerly occupied the Tyich valley and the country in its vicinity, which lies about 30 miles south of Fort Dalles.' _Ib._

'The John Day Rivers occupy the country in the immediate vicinity of the river bearing that name.' _Ib._

'The Dog River, or Cascade Indians reside on a small stream called Dog river, which empties into the Columbia river, about half way between the Cascades and Dalles.' _Id._, p. 371. The Cascades dwell 'on the river of that name.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143.

The _Yakimas_ occupy the valley of the Yakima River and its branches. 'The upper Yakimas occupy the country upon the Wenass and main branch of the Yakima, above the forks; the Lower upon the Yakima and its tributaries, below the forks and along the Columbia from the mouth of the Yakima to a point three miles below the Dalles.' _Robie_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 350. Three bands, Wishhams, Clickahut, and Skien, along the Columbia. _Id._, p. 352. 'The Pshwanwappam bands, usually called Yakamas, inhabit the Yakama River.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. Lewis and Clarke's Chanwappan, Shaltattos, Squamaross, Skaddals, and Chimnahpum, on the Yakima River. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. The Yakimas 'are divided into two principal bands, each made up of a number of villages, and very closely connected; one owning the country on the Nahchess and Lower Yakima, the other are upon the Wenass and main branch above the forks.' _Id._, p. 407. Yackamans, northern banks of the Columbia and on the Yackamans river. _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 143. On the Yakima. _Hale's Ethnog._, _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. 'South of the Long Rapids, to the confluence of Lewis' river with the Columbia, are the Yookoomans.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 313. Pishwanwapum (Yakima), in Yakimaw or Eyakema Valley. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 244-7. Called Stobshaddat by the Sound Indians. _Id._, p. 245.

The Chimnapums are 'on the N.W. side of Col. river, both above and below the entrance of Lewis' r. and the Taptul r.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370; _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ The 'Chunnapuns and Chanwappans are between the Cascade Range and the north branch of the Columbia.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143.

The Pisquitpahs, 'on the Muscleshell rapids, and on the N. side of the Columbia, to the commencement of the high country; this nation winter on the waters of the Taptul and Cataract rivers.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370.

The Sokulks dwell north of the confluence of the Snake and Columbia. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 351, and map; _Morse's Rept._, p. 369. At Priest Rapids. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

[Sidenote: THE KLIKETATS.]

The _Kliketats_ live in the mountainous country north of the Cascades, on both sides of the Cascade Range, and south of the Yakimas. Klikatats 'inhabit, properly, the valleys lying between Mounts St. Helens and Adams, but they have spread over districts belonging to other tribes, and a band of them is now located as far south as the Umpqua.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 403. 'Roilroilpam is the Klikatat country, situated in the Cascade mountains north of the Columbia and west of the Yakamas.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. 'Wander in the wooded country about Mount St. Helens.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113. Klikatats. 'Au-dessus du fort des Nez-Percés.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Kliketat, a scion from the Sahaptans, who now dwell near Mount Rainier and have advanced towards the falls of the Columbia.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. On _Lewis and Clarke's Map_ the Kliketat territory is occupied by the Chanwappan, Shallatos, Squamaros, Skaddals, Shahalas. Also in _Morse's Rept._, p. 372. Whulwhypum, or Kliketat, 'in the wooded and prairie country between Vancouver and the Dalles.' _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 245.

The Weyehhoo live on the north side of the Columbia, near Chusattes River. (Kliketat.) _Gass' Jour._, p. 288.

FOOTNOTES:

[228] The _Nootka-Columbians_ comprehend 'the tribes inhabiting Quadra and Vancouver's Island, and the adjacent inlets of the mainland, down to the Columbia River, and perhaps as far S. as Umpqua River and the northern part of New California.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 221.

[229] Gilbert Malcolm Sproat, a close observer and clear writer, thinks 'this word Nootkah--no word at all--together with an imaginary word, Columbian, denoting a supposed original North American race--is absurdly used to denote all the tribes which inhabit the Rocky Mountains and the western coast of North America, from California inclusively to the regions inhabited by the Esquimaux. In this great tract there are more tribes, differing totally in language and customs, than in any other portion of the American continent; and surely a better general name for them could be found than this meaningless and misapplied term _Nootkah Columbian_.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 315. Yet Mr Sproat suggests no other name. It is quite possible that Cook, _Voy. to the Pacific_, vol. ii., p. 288, misunderstood the native name of Nootka Sound. It is easy to criticise any name which might be adopted, and even if it were practicable or desirable to change all meaningless and misapplied geographical names, the same or greater objections might be raised against others, which necessity would require a writer to invent.

[230] _Kane's Wand._, p. 173; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 441; _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108; the name being given to the people between the region of the Columbia and 53° 30´.

[231] The name _Nez Percés_, 'pierced noses,' is usually pronounced as if English, _Nez Pér-ces_.

[232] For particulars and authorities see TRIBAL BOUNDARIES at end of this chapter.

[233] 'The Indian tribes of the North-western Coast may be divided into two groups, the Insular and the Inland, or those who inhabit the islands and adjacent shores of the mainland, and subsist almost entirely by fishing; and those who live in the interior and are partly hunters. This division is perhaps arbitrary, or at least imperfect, as there are several tribes whose affinities with either group are obscure.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 217. See _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 147-8, and _Mayne's B. C._, p. 242. 'The best division is into coast and inland tribes.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 226.

[234] 'By far the best looking, most intelligent and energetic people on the N. W. Coast.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 218. Also ranked by Prichard as the finest specimens physically on the coast. _Researches_, vol. v., p. 433. The Nass people 'were peculiarly comely, strong, and well grown.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 207. 'Would be handsome, or at least comely,' were it not for the paint. 'Some of the women have exceedingly handsome faces, and very symmetrical figures.' 'Impressed by the manly beauty and bodily proportions of my islanders.' _Poole's Queen Charlotte Isl._, pp. 310, 314. Mackenzie found the coast people 'more corpulent and of better appearance than the inhabitants of the interior.' _Voy._, pp. 322-3; see pp. 370-1. 'The stature (at Burke's Canal) ... was much more stout and robust than that of the Indians further south. The prominence of their countenances and the regularity of their features, resembled the northern Europeans.' _Vancouver's Voy._ vol. ii., p. 262. A chief of 'gigantic person, a stately air, a noble mien, a manly port, and all the characteristics of external dignity, with a symmetrical figure, and a perfect order of European contour.' _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 279, 251, 283, 285. Mayne says, 'their countenances are decidedly plainer' than the southern Indians. _B. C._, p. 250. 'A tall, well-formed people.' _Bendel's Alex. Arch._, p. 29. 'No finer men ... can be found on the American Continent.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 23. In 55°, 'Son bien corpulentos.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 646. 'The best looking Indians we had ever met.' 'Much taller, and in every way superior to the Puget Sound tribes. The women are stouter than the men, but not so good-looking.' _Reed's Nar._

[235] The Sebassas are 'more active and enterprising than the Millbank tribes.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 273. The Haeeltzuk are 'comparatively effeminate in their appearance.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 223. The Kyganies 'consider themselves more civilised than the other tribes, whom they regard with feelings of contempt.' _Id._, p. 219. The Chimsyans 'are much more active and cleanly than the tribes to the south.' _Id._, p. 220. 'I have, as a rule, remarked that the physical attributes of those tribes coming from the north, are superior to those of the dwellers in the south.' _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 40.

[236] _Mackenzie's Voy._, pp. 370-1, 322-3; _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 262, 320; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 197. 'Regular, and often fine features.' _Bendel's Alex. Arch._, p. 29.

[237] _Mackenzie's Voy._, pp. 309-10, 322-3, 370-1; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 229. 'Opening of the eye long and narrow.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 197.

[238] 'Had it not been for the filth, oil, and paint, with which, from their earliest infancy, they are besmeared from head to foot, there is great reason to believe that their colour would have differed but little from such of the labouring Europeans, as are constantly exposed to the inclemency and alterations of the weather.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 262. 'Between the olive and the copper.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, pp. 370-1. 'Their complexion, when they are washed free from paint, is as white as that of the people of the S. of Europe.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 218. Skin 'nearly as white as ours.' _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 314-5. 'Of a remarkable light color.' _Bendel's Alex. Arch._, p. 29. 'Fairer in complexion than the Vancouverians.' 'Their young women's skins are as clear and white as those of Englishwomen.' _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 23-4. 'Fair in complexion, sometimes with ruddy cheeks.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 197. 'De buen semblante, color blanco y bermejos.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 646.

[239] Tolmie mentions several instances of the kind, and states that 'amongst the Hydah or Queen Charlotte Island tribes, exist a family of coarse, red-haired, light-brown eyed, square-built people, short-sighted, and of fair complexion.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 229-30.

[240] _Mackenzie's Voy._, pp. 322-3, 371; _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 370; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 283; _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, p. 315.

[241] _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 218; _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, p. 74. 'What is very unusual among the aborigines of America, they have thick beards, which appear early in life.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 197.

[242] 'After the age of puberty, their bodies, in their natural state, are covered in the same manner as those of the Europeans. The men, indeed, esteem a beard very unbecoming, and take great pains to get rid of it, nor is there any ever to be perceived on their faces, except when they grow old, and become inattentive to their appearance. Every crinous efflorescence on the other parts of the body is held unseemly by them, and both sexes employ much time in their extirpation. The Nawdowessies, and the remote nations, pluck them out with bent pieces of hard wood, formed into a kind of nippers; whilst those who have communication with Europeans procure from them wire, which they twist into a screw or worm; applying this to the part, they press the rings together, and with a sudden twitch draw out all the hairs that are inclosed between them.' _Carver's Trav._, p. 225.

[243] _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 220.

[244] _Mackenzie's Voy._, pp. 370-1; _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 226; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 287.

[245] _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 232; _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., pp. 218, 220, 223. 'The most northern of these Flat-head tribes is the Hautzuk.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 325.

[246] _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., pp. 204, 233. 'This wooden ornament seems to be wore by all the sex indiscriminately, whereas at Norfolk Sound it is confined to those of superior rank.' _Dixon's Voy._, pp. 225, 208, with a cut. A piece of brass or copper is first put in, and 'this corrodes the lacerated parts, and by consuming the flesh gradually increases the orifice.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 279-80, 408. _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 218; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 276, 279; _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 651; _Cornwallis' New El Dorado_, p. 106; _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113, with plate.

[247] _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 281-2; _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 75, 311; _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, pp. 45-6; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 279, 285.

[248] _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 82, 106, 310, 322-3; _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 282, 283; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 251.

[249] _Mayne's B. C._, p. 282; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 251, 276, 291; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 263; _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, p. 310. 'The men habitually go naked, but when they go off on a journey they wear a blanket.' _Reed's Nar._ 'Cuero de nutrias y lobo marino ... sombreros de junco bien tejidos con la copa puntiaguda.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 646.

[250] _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 253, 276-7; _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113.

[251] At Salmon River, 52° 58´, 'their dress consists of a single robe tied over the shoulders, falling down behind, to the heels, and before, a little below the knees, with a deep fringe round the bottom. It is generally made of the bark of the cedar tree, which they prepare as fine as hemp; though some of these garments are interwoven with strips of the sea-otter skin, which give them the appearance of a fur on one side. Others have stripes of red and yellow threads fancifully introduced towards the borders.' Clothing is laid aside whenever convenient. 'The women wear a close fringe hanging down before them about two feet in length, and half as wide. When they sit down they draw this between their thighs.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, pp. 322-3, 371; _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 280, 339.

[252] A house 'erected on a platform, ... raised and supported near thirty feet from the ground by perpendicular spars of a very large size; the whole occupying a space of about thirty-five by fifteen (yards), was covered in by a roof of boards lying nearly horizontal, and parallel to the platform; it seemed to be divided into three different houses, or rather apartments, each having a separate access formed by a long tree in an inclined position from the platform to the ground, with notches cut in it by way of steps, about a foot and a half asunder.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 274. See also pp. 137, 267-8, 272, 284. 'Their summer and winter residences are built of split plank, similar to those of the Chenooks.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 263. 'Ils habitent dans des loges de soixante pieds de long, construites avec des troncs de sapin et recouvertes d'écorces d'arbres.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 337. 'Their houses are neatly constructed, standing in a row; having large images, cut out of wood, resembling idols. The dwellings have all painted fronts, showing imitations of men and animals. Attached to their houses most of them have large potatoe gardens.' _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 293-4. See also, pp. 251-2, 273-4, 290; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 89; vol. ii., pp. 253, 255, with cuts on p. 255 and frontispiece. 'Near the house of the chief I observed several oblong squares, of about twenty feet by eight. They were made of thick cedar boards, which were joined with so much neatness, that I at first thought they were one piece. They were painted with hieroglyphics, and figures of different animals,' probably for purposes of devotion, as was 'a large building in the middle of the village.... The ground-plot was fifty feet by forty-five; each end is formed by four stout posts, fixed perpendicularly in the ground. The corner ones are plain, and support a beam of the whole length, having three intermediate props on each side, but of a larger size, and eight or nine feet in height. The two centre posts, at each end, are two and a half feet in diameter, and carved into human figures, supporting two ridge poles on their heads, twelve feet from the ground. The figures at the upper part of this square represent two persons, with their hands upon their knees, as if they supported the weight with pain and difficulty: the others opposite to them stand at their ease, with their hands resting on their hips.... Posts, poles, and figures, were painted red and black, but the sculpture of these people is superior to their painting.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 331. See also pp. 307, 318, 328-30, 339, 345; _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 111, 113-4; _Reed's Nar._; _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 127-31.

[253] On food of the Haidahs and the methods of procuring it, see _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., pp. 41, 152; _Mackenzie's Voy._, pp. 306, 313-14, 319-21, 327, 333, 339, 369-70; _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 148, 284-5, 315-16; _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 273; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 251, 267, 274, 290-1; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 337; _Pemberton's Vancouver Island_, p. 23; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 263; _Reed's Nar._

[254] _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 339; _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, p. 316; _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 372-3. 'Once I saw a party of Kaiganys of about two hundred men returning from war. The paddles of the warriors killed in the fight were lashed upright in their various seats, so that from a long distance the number of the fallen could be ascertained; and on each mast of the canoes--and some of them had three--was stuck the head of a slain foe.' _Bendel's Alex. Arch._, p. 30.

[255] The Kaiganies 'are noted for the beauty and size of their cedar canoes, and their skill in carving. Most of the stone pipes, inlaid with fragments of Haliotis or pearl shells, so common in ethnological collections, are their handiwork. The slate quarry from which the stone is obtained is situated on Queen Charlotte's Island.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 411. The Chimsyans 'make figures in stone dressed like Englishmen; plates and other utensils of civilization, ornamented pipe stems and heads, models of houses, stone flutes, adorned with well-carved figures of animals. Their imitative skill is as noticeable as their dexterity in carving.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 317. The supporting posts of their probable temples were carved into human figures, and all painted red and black, 'but the sculpture of these people (52° 40´) is superior to their painting.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, pp. 330-1; see pp. 333-4. 'One man (near Fort Simpson) known as the Arrowsmith of the north-east coast, had gone far beyond his compeers, having prepared very accurate charts of most parts of the adjacent shores.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 207. 'The Indians of the Northern Family are remarkable for their ingenuity and mechanical dexterity in the construction of their canoes, houses, and different warlike or fishing implements. They construct drinking-vessels, tobacco-pipes, &c., from a soft argillaceous stone, and these articles are remarkable for the symmetry of their form, and the exceedingly elaborate and intricate figures which are carved upon them. With respect to carving and a faculty for imitation, the Queen Charlotte's Islanders are equal to the most ingenious of the Polynesian Tribes.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 218. 'Like the Chinese, they imitate literally anything that is given them to do; so that if you give them a cracked gun-stock to copy, and do not warn them, they will in their manufacture repeat the blemish. Many of their slate-carvings are very good indeed, and their designs most curious.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 278. See also, _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 293; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 337, and plate p. 387. The Skidagates 'showed me beautifully wrought articles of their own design and make, and amongst them some flutes manufactured from an unctuous blue slate.... The two ends were inlaid with lead, giving the idea of a fine silver mounting. Two of the keys perfectly represented frogs in a sitting posture, the eyes being picked out with burnished lead.... It would have done credit to a European modeller.' _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, p. 258. 'Their talent for carving has made them famous far beyond their own country.' _Bendel's Alex. Arch._, p. 29. A square wooden box, holding one or two bushels, is made from three pieces, the sides being from one piece so mitred as to bend at the corners without breaking. 'During their performance of this character of labor, (carving, etc.) their superstitions will not allow any spectator of the operator's work.' _Reed's Nar._; _Ind. Life_, p. 96. 'Of a very fine and hard slate they make cups, plates, pipes, little images, and various ornaments, wrought with surprising elegance and taste.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 197. 'Ils peignent aussi avec le même goût.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, p. 298; _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., pp. 74-5.

[256] _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 338; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 63; vol. ii., pp. 215-17, 254, 258; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 251, 253, 291, 293. 'They boil the cedar root until it becomes pliable to be worked by the hand and beaten with sticks, when they pick the fibres apart into threads. The warp is of a different material--sinew of the whale, or dried kelp-thread.' _Reed's Nar._ 'Petatito de vara en cuadro bien vistoso, tejido de palma fina de dos colores blanco y negro que tejido en cuadritos.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, s. iv., vol. vi., pp. 647, 650-1.