Chapter IV: Californians (6)

The _Pi Edes_ 'are a band ranging through Beaver and Little Salt Lake Valley, and on the Virgin and Santa Clara rivers, down to the Muddy, embracing the whole southern portion of Utah Territory.' _Irish_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 145. 'The Py Edes live adjoining the Pahvants, down to the Santa Clara.' _Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 45. 'The Pi Ede Indians inhabit the country south of the Pah Vants.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142. 'The Piede Indians inhabit the extreme southern portion of the territory (Utah) on the Santa Clara and Muddy rivers.' _Armstrong_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 234. The Piede Indians live on Rio Virgin and Santa Clara river. _Carvalho's Incid. of Trav._, p. 223.

[Sidenote: WASHOES AND SAMPITCHES.]

The _Washoes_ 'inhabit the country along the base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, from Honey lake on the north to the west fork of Walker's river the south.' _Dodge_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 374. _Simpson's Route to Cal._, on p. 45, and _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 578, repeat this. The Washoes 'are stated to have boundaries as high up as the Oregon line, along the eastern flanks of the Sierra Nevada, as far to the east as two hundred miles and to the south to Walker's river.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. The Washoes live in the extreme western part of Nevada. _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 115. 'Commencing at the western boundary of the State, we have first the Washoe tribe, ... occupying a tract of country one hundred miles long, north and south, by twenty-five in width.' _Campbell_, in _Id._, p. 119. The Washoes 'live along Lake Bigler and the headwaters of Carson, Walker, and Truckee rivers, and in Long and Sierra Valleys.' _Wasson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1861, p. 114. The _Washoes_ 'are scattered over a large extent of country along the western border of the State' of Nevada. _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 18. The Washoes 'frequent the settled portions of the State, principally the towns of Virginia City, Carson City, Reno, Washoe City, and Genoa. In summer they betake themselves to the mountains in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe and Hope Valley.' _Douglas_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 96.

The _Sampitches_ 'range through the Sanpitch valley and creek on the Sevier river.' _Irish_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 145. 'The Sampiches are a tribe wandering on the desert to the south of Youta Lake.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 430. Burton mentions 'Sampichyas' settled at San Pete. _City of the Saints_, p. 578. The San Pitches 'live in the San Pitch valley and along the Sevier river.' _Cooley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 18. 'The San Pitches occupy a territory south and east of the Timpanagos.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869. p. 230. 'The San Pitch Indians inhabit the country about the San Pete reservation.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142. 'Les Sampectches, les Pagouts et les Ampayouts sont les plus proches voisins des Serpents.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 28.

The _Uinta Utes_ 'claim Uinta valley and the country along Green river.' _Forney_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 364. The Uinta Yutas live 'in the mountains south of Fort Bridger, and in the country along Green River.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 577.

The _Yam Pah Utes_ 'inhabit the country south of the Uinta Valley reservation.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142; _Id._, 1869, p. 231.

The _Elk Mountain Utes_ live in the south-eastern portion of Utah. _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142; _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 578. repeats.

The _Tosawees_ or White Knives, or as they are sometimes called Shoshoteos or Foot-men, on the Humboldt and Goose Creek. _Stuart's Montana_, p. 80. 'The Tosawitches, or White Knives, inhabit the region along the Humboldt River.' _Simpson's Shortest Route_, p. 47. The Indians about Stony Point are called Tosawwitches (white knives). _Hurt_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856.

The _Weber Utes_ 'live in the valley of Salt Lake.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 230, also in _Id._, 1870, p. 141. The Weber Utes live in the vicinity of Salt Lake City. _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p. 56. The Weber River Yutas are principally seen in Great Salt Lake City. Their chief settlement is forty miles to the north. _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 578.

The _Cum Umbahs_ 'are mixed-bloods of the Utes and Shoshonees, and range in the region of Salt lake, Weber and Ogden valleys in northern Utah.' _Irish_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 144.

The _Wimmenuches_ are 'a tribe of the Ute Indians, whose country is principally from Tierra Amarilla northward to Ellos de los Animas and thence also to the Rio Grande. They mix with the Pi Utes in Utah.' _Davis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 255. The Wemenuche Utes 'roam and hunt west of the San Juan River, and their lodges are to be found along the banks of the Rio de las Animas, Rio de la Plata and Rio Mancos.' _Hanson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 155. The Weminuche Utes live near the San Juan river. _Armstrong_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p. 307.

The _Capote Utes_ 'roam from within five to fifty miles of the agency, but the greater part of the time live in the vicinity of Tierra Amarilla, from five to ten miles distant, north and south along the Rio Charmer.' _Hanson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 154; _Armstrong_, in _Id._, 1870, p. 307.

'The _Sheberetches_ inhabit the country south of the Yam Pah Utes.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142.

The _Fish Utes_ 'inhabit the country about Red Lake, south of the Sheberetches.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142.

The _Tash Utes_ live near the Navajos. _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 578.

The _Tabechya_, or Sun-hunters, 'live about Tête de Biche, near Spanish lands.' 'Timpenaguchya, or Timpana Yuta, corrupted into Tenpenny Utes, ... dwell about the kanyon of that name, and on the east of the Sweetwater Lake.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, pp. 577-8. 'The Timpanoge Indians formerly resided at and about Spanish Fort reservation, but they are now scattered among other bands and do not now exist as a separate tribe.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142; see also _Id._, 1869, p. 230. The Timpanogs inhabit 'Utah valley, and the neighboring mountains.' _Cooley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 17.

FOOTNOTES:

[423] 'Sometimes there is a tribal name for all who speak the same language; sometimes none, and only names for separate villages; sometimes a name for a whole tribe or family, to which is prefixed a separate word for each dialect, which is generally co-extensive with some valley. Of the first, an instance is found in the Cahrocs, on the Klamath, who are a compact tribe, with no dialects; of the second, in the large tribe on the lower Klamath, who have also no dialects, and yet have no name, except for each village; of the third, in the great family of the Pomos on Russian river, who have many dialects, and a name for each,--as Ballo Ki Pomos, Cahto Pomos, etc.... Some remnants of tribes have three or four names, all in use within a radius of that number of miles; some, again, are merged, or dovetailed, into others; and some never had a name taken from their own language, but have adopted that given them by a neighbor tribe, altogether different in speech.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 328.

[424] The natives 'when asked to what tribe they belong, give the name of their chief, which is misunderstood by the inquirer to be that of the tribe itself.' _Bartlett's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 30.

[425] 'Every fifteen or twenty miles of country seems to have been occupied by a number of small lodges or septs, speaking a different language or very divergent dialect.' _Taylor_, in _Bancroft's Hand-book Almanac_, 1864, p. 29. Beechey counted eleven different dialects in the mission of San Carlos. _Voyage_, vol. ii., p. 73. 'Almost every 15 or 20 leagues, you find a distinct dialect; so different, that in no way does one resemble the other.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 240. 'From the San Joaquin northward to the Klamath there are some hundreds of small tribes.' _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 304.

[426] Hale calls them the _Lutuami_, or _Tlamatl_, and adds, 'the first of these names is the proper designation of the people in their own language. The second is that by which they are known to the Chinooks, and through them, to the whites.' _Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218.

[427] 'There true name is _Moüdoc_--a word which originated with the Shasteecas, who applied it indefinitely to all wild Indians or enemies.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, 1873, vol. x., p. 535. 'Also called Moahtockna.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. 'The word Modoc is a Shasta Indian word, and means all distant, stranger, or hostile Indians, and became applied to these Indians by white men in early days, by hearing the Shastas speak of them.' _Steele_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1861, p. 121.

[428] Speaking of Indians at the junction of the Salmon and Klamath rivers: 'They do not seem to have any generic appellation for themselves, but apply the terms "Kahruk," up, and "Youruk," down, to all who live above or below themselves, without discrimination, in the same manner that the others (at the junction of the Trinity) do "Peh-tsik," and "Poh-lik."' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 151.

[429] 'The Bay (Humboldt) Indians call themselves, as we were informed, Wish-osk; and those of the hills Te-ok-a-wilk; but the tribes to the northward denominate both those of the Bay and Eel river, We-yot, or Walla-walloo.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 133.

[430] They are also called Lototen or Tututamy, Totutime, Toutouni, Tootooton, Tutoten, Tototin, Tototutna, etc.

[431] For further particulars as to location of tribes, see notes on TRIBAL BOUNDARIES, at the end of this chapter.

[432] Mr. Gibbs, speaking of the tribes seen on the Klamath and Trinity rivers, says: 'In person these people are far superior to any we had met below; the men being larger, more muscular, and with countenances denoting greater force and energy of character, as well as intelligence. Indeed, they approach rather to the races of the plains, than to the wretched "diggers" of the greater part of California.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 140. 'The Indians in the northern portion of California and in Oregon, are vastly superior in stature and intellect to those found in the southern part of California.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, 1856. The Indians on the Trinity 'are of another tribe and nature from those along the Sacramento.' _Kelly's Excursion_, vol. ii., p. 166. Speaking of the Wallies, they, 'in many respects differ from their brethren in the middle and lower counties of the State. They are lighter colored and more intelligent.' _Johnson_, in _Overland Monthly_, 1869, vol. ii., p. 536.

[433] 'The males are tall, averaging in height about five feet eight inches, are well proportioned, athletic, and possess the power of endurance to a great degree.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, March, 1856. 'The people here (Rogue River) were larger and stronger than those in South California, but not handsomer.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317. Speaking of Indians on the Klamath River, 'their stature is a trifle under the American; they have well-sized bodies, erect and strong-knit.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 328. On the upper Trinity they are 'large and powerful men, of a swarthier complexion, fierce and intractable.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 129. Near Mount Shasta, 'a fine-looking race, being much better proportioned than those more to the northward, and their features more regular.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 254. At Klamath Lake, 'well-grown and muscular.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 277. On the Trinity, 'majestic in person, chivalrous in bearing.' _Kelly's Excursion_, vol. ii., p. 166.

[434] In the vicinity of Klamath lake 'the squaws are short in comparison with the men, and, for Indians have tolerably regular features.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 277. In the Rogue River region 'some of them are quite pretty, usually well-formed, handsomely developed, small features, and very delicate and well-turned hands and feet.... They are graceful in their movements and gestures, ... always timid and modest.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, March, 1856. On the Klamath River, 'with their smooth, hazel skins, oval faces, plump and brilliant eyes, some of the young maidens,--barring the tattooed chins,--have a piquant and splendid beauty.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 329. On the Klamath and Trinity Rivers, many of the women 'were exceedingly pretty; having large almond-shaped eyes, sometimes of a hazel color, and with the red showing through the cheeks. Their figures were full, their chests ample; and the younger ones had well-shaped busts, and rounded limbs.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 140. But as to the beauty of women tastes never agree; Mr Kelly in his _Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p. 167, speaking of a band of 'noble-looking Indians' which he met near Trinity River, says that they were 'accompanied by a few squaws, who, strange to say, in this latitude are ugly, ill-favoured, stunted in stature, lumpy in figure, and awkward in gait,' and concerning the Rogue River Indians a lady states that 'among the women ... there were some extremely clumsy figures.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317. The Pit-River Indian girls 'have the smallest and prettiest feet and hands I have ever seen.' _Miller's Life amongst the Modocs_, p. 374.

[435] At Crescent City, Mr Powers saw some 'broad-faced squaws of an almost African blackness;' the Patawats in the vicinity of Mad River and Humboldt Bay are 'blackskinned, pudgy in stature; well cushioned with adipose tissue;' at Redwood Creek 'like most of the coast tribes they are very dark colored, squat in stature, rather fuller-faced than the interior Indians.' _Pomo, MS._ At Trinidad Bay 'their persons were in general indifferently, but stoutly made, of a lower stature than any tribe of Indians we had before seen.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 246. At the mouth of Eel River the Weeyots 'are generally repulsive in countenance as well as filthy in person.... Their heads are disproportionately large; their figures, though short, strong and well developed.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 127. Carl Meyer names the Indians he saw at Trinidad Bay, _Allequas_, or Wood-Indians (Holzindianer). I do not find the name anywhere else, and judging by his description, they appear to differ considerably from the natives seen in the same vicinity by Vancouver or Mr Powers; he, Meyer, says; 'Sie sind von unserm Wuchse, starke und beleibte, kräftige Gestalten. Ihre Haut ist wenig zimmet oder lohfarbig, eher weisslich, wie die der antisischen Inkas gewesen sein soll; bei der Jugend und besonders beim weiblichen Geschlechte schimmert oft ein sanftes Roth auf den Wangen hervor. Ihr Kopf ist wenig gedrückt, die Stirn hoch, der Gesichtswinkel gegen 80 Grad, die Nase römisch gekrümmt, das Auge gross in wenig quadratisch erweiterten Augenhöhlen und intelligent, die Lippen nicht aufgetrieben, das Kinn oval, und Hände und Füsse klein.' _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 215.

[436] At Pitt River they 'have no dress except a buckskin thrown around them.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ Near Mount Shasta 'they can scarcely be said to wear any dress, except a mantle of deer or wolf skin. A few of them had deer-skins belted around their waists, with a highly ornamented girdle.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 255. Near Pitt River, the Indians were nearly naked. _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 61. At Trinidad Bay 'their clothing was chiefly made of the skins of land animals, with a few indifferent small skins of the sea-otter.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 247. 'The men, however, do not wear any covering, except the cold is intense, when indeed they put upon their shoulders the skins of sea-wolves, otters, deer, or other animals.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 16. 'They were clothed, for the most part, in skins.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 118. On Smith River they were 'in a complete state of nature, excepting only a kind of apology for an apron, worn by the women, sometimes made of elk's skin, and sometimes of grass.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 313. Among the Weeyots at Eel River the men 'wore a deer-skin robe over the shoulder, and the women a short petticoat of fringe.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 127. On Klamath River their only dress was the fringed petticoat, or at most, a deerskin robe thrown back over the shoulders, in addition. _Id._, p. 141. 'The primitive dress of the men is simply a buckskin girdle about the loins; of the women, a chemise of the same material, or of braided grass, reaching from the breast to the knees.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 329. 'Were quite naked excepting the maro.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 253. The Klamath Lake Indians 'wear little more than the breech-cloth.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 277. 'They were all well dressed in blankets and buckskin.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 70. Carl Meyer, speaking of a tribe he names Allequas, at Trinidad Bay, says: 'der Mann geht im Sommer ganz nackt, im Winter trägt er eine selbst gegerbte Hirsch- oder Rehdecke über die Schultern.' 'Die Allequas-Weiber tragen im Sommer von Bast-Schnüren oder von Rehfellstreifen, im Winter von Pelzwerk oder Gänseflaum verfertigte Schürzen, die bis auf die Knie reichen.' _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 217, 219. 'The Klamaths, during the summer go naked, in winter they use the skins of rabbits and wild fowl for a covering.' _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 283.

[437] 'An Indian will trap and slaughter seventy-five rabbits for one of these robes, making it double, with fur inside and out.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

[438] _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 204; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 107, 127; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., 282.

[439] _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 282; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 204.

[440] _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 142.

[441] _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 17; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 127, 142; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 329; _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317. 'Die Allequas (Trinidad Bay) haben starkes, ziemlich geschmeidiges Haar, das der Männer und der Kinder wird bis auf einen Zoll Länge regelmässig abgebrannt, so dass sie das Aussehen von Titusköpfen erhalten. Zuweilen sieht man die Männer auch mit einem ziemlich langen, durch eine harzige Flüssigkeit gesteiften, aufgerichteten Zopf, der als Schmuck betrachtet, bei festlichen Anlässen, oder im Kriege mit rothen oder weissen Federn geziert wird, und alsdann dem Schopf eines Wiedehopfs gleicht.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 215. 'Both men and women part their hair in the middle, the men cut it square on the neck and wear it rather long, the women wear theirs long, plaited in two braids, hanging down the back.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[442] _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 127. 'Barthaare haben sie, wie alle Indianer Nord-Amerikas, nur wenig; sie werden ausgerupft, und nur in der Trauer stehen gelassen.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, pp. 215-16.

[443] The men tattoo so that they may 'be recognized if stolen by Modocs.' 'With the women it is entirely for ornament.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors_, _MS_. At Rogue River the women 'were tattooed on the hands and arms as well as the chin.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317. At Trinidad Bay 'they ornamented their lower lip with three perpendicular columns of punctuation, one from each corner of the mouth and one in the middle, occupying three fifths of the chin.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 247. Maurelle says the same, and adds that a space is left between each line, 'which is much larger in the young than in the older women, whose faces are generally covered with punctures.' _Jour._, p. 17. At Mad River and Humboldt Bay, the same, 'and also lines of small dots on the backs of their hands.' _Powers' Pomo_, _MS_. At mouth of Eel River 'both sexes tattoo; the men on their arms and breasts; the women from inside the under lip down to and beneath the chin. The extent of this disfigurement indicates to a certain extent, the age and condition of the person.' 'In the married women the lines are extended up above the corners of the mouth.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 127, 142. 'I have never observed any particular figures or designs upon their persons; but the tattooing is generally on the chin, though sometimes on the wrist and arm. Tattooing has mostly been on the persons of females, and seems to be esteemed as an ornament, not apparently indicating rank or condition.' _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223. The squaws among the Cahrocs on the Klamath 'tattoo, in blue, three narrow fern-leaves, perpendicularly on the chin.' 'For this purpose they are said to employ soot, gathered from a stove, mingled with the juice of a certain plant.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 329. Among the Shastys the women 'are tattooed in lines from the mouth to the chin.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. Among the Allequas at Trinidad bay: 'Die Mädchen werden im fünften Jahre mit einem schwarzen Streifen von beiden Mundwinkeln bis unter das Kinn tättowirt, welchem Striche dann alle fünf Jahre ein parallellaufender beigefügt wird, so dass man an diesen Zeichnungen leicht das Alter jeder Indianerin übersehen kann.... Die Männer bemalen sich bei besondern Anlässen mit einem Tannenfirniss, den sie selbst bereiten, das Gesicht, und zeichnen allerlei geheimnissvolle Figuren und Verzierungen auf Wange, Nase und Stirn, indem sie mit einem hölzernen Stäbchen den noch weichen Firniss auf den einzelnen Stellen von der Haut wegheben.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 216.

[444] 'I never saw two alike.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors_, _MS_. At Klamath lake they are 'painted from their heads to their waists all colours and patterns.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 277. The Modocs 'paint themselves with various pigments formed from rotten wood, different kinds of earth, &c.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 536. Kane 'took a sketch of a Chastay (Shasta) female slave (among the Chinooks) the lower part of whose face, from the corners of the mouth to the ears and downwards, was tattooed of a bluish colour. The men of this tribe do not tattoo, but paint their faces like other Indians.' _Wand._, p. 182. Ida Pfeiffer, _Second Journ._, p. 315, saw Indians on Smith river, who painted their faces 'in a most detestable manner. They first smeared them with fish fat and then they rubbed in the paint, sometimes passing a finger over it in certain lines, so as to produce a pattern.' _Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 361.

[445] 'No taste in bead work.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors_, _MS_. 'In den Ohren tragen die Allequas (at Trinidad bay) Schmucksachen, welche sie theils von den Weissen erhalten, theils aus Holz nachahmen; auch sind diese Gegenstände zuweilen durch Steinchen ersetzt, die talismanische Kräfte besitzen sollen. Nur die in den fernen Bergen wohnenden tragen hölzerne oder auch eiserne Ringe in den Nasenwandungen.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 216; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 142; _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 537; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., plate xiv.

[446] _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 18.

[447] _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 247.

[448] 'The lodges are dome-shaped; like beaver-houses, an arched roof covers a deep pit sunk in the ground, the entrance to which is a round hole.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 278. 'Large round huts, perhaps 20 feet in diameter, with rounded tops, on which was the door by which they descended into the interior.' _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 204. 'The Modoc excavates a circular space from two to four feet deep, then makes over it a conical structure of puncheons, which is strongly braced up with timbers, frequently hewn and a foot square.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 536; _Id._, vol. ix., p. 156. 'The style was very substantial, the large poles requiring five or six men to lift.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 175. 'Have only an opening at the summit.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 261. On the inside of the door they frequently place a sliding panel. 'The Kailtas build wigwams in a conical shape--as all tribes on the Trinity do--but they excavate no cellars.' _Powers' Pomo_, _MS_. See full description of dwellings, by _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223. The entrance is a 'round hole just large enough to crawl into, which is on a level with the surface of the ground, or is cut through the roof.' _Johnson_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 536; _Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 377.

[449] 'Built of plank, rudely wrought.' The roofs are not 'horizontal like those at Nootka, but rise with a small degree of elevation to a ridge in the middle.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 241-2. Well built, of boards; often twenty feet square; roof pitched over a ridge-pole; ground usually excavated 3 or 4 feet; some cellars floored and walled with stone. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 140. 'The dwellings of the Hoopas were built of large planks, about 1½ inches thick, from two to four feet wide, and from six to twelve feet in length.' _Trinity Journal_, _April, 1857_. 'The floors of these huts are perfectly smooth and clean, with a square hole two feet deep in the centre, in which they make their fire.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 17. 'The huts have never but one apartment. The fire is kindled in the centre, the smoke escaping through the crevices in the roof.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, _March, 1856_. The houses of the Eurocs and Cahrocs 'are sometimes constructed on the level earth, but oftener they excavate a round cellar, four or five feet deep, and twelve or fifteen feet in diameter.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 530; _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 220; _The Shastas and their neighbors, MS_.

[450] Kit Carson says of lodges seen near Klamath lake: 'They were made of the broad leaves of the swamp flag, which were beautifully and intricately woven together.' _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 263. 'The wild sage furnishes them shelter in the heat of summer, and, like the Cayote, they burrow in the earth for protection from the inclemencies of winter.' _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 283. 'Their lodges are generally mere temporary structures, scarcely sheltering them from the pelting storm.' _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 262.

[451] 'Slightly constructed, generally of poles.' _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 218. 'The earth in the centre scooped out, and thrown up in a low, circular embankment.' _Turner_, in _Overland Monthly_, p. xi., p. 21.

[452] _Powers' Pomo, MS._

[453] 'The rocks supply edible shell-fish.' _Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS._ 'The deer and elk are mostly captured by driving them into traps and pits.' 'Small game is killed with arrows, and sometimes elk and deer are dispatched in the same way.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, _April, 1856_. 'The elk they usually take in snares.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317. 'The mountain Indians subsisted largely on game, which of every variety was very abundant, and was killed with their bows and arrows, in the use of which they were very expert.' _Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1867, p. 497. 'Die Indianer am Pittflusse machen Graben oder Löcher von circa 5 Kubikfuss, bedecken diese mit Zweigen und Gras ganz leicht, sodass die Thiere, wenn sie darüber gejagt werden, hinein fallen und nicht wieder herauskönnen. Wilde Gänse fangen sie mit Netzen ... Nur selten mögen Indianer den grauen Bär jagen.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 181; _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[454] Schumacher, _Oregon Antiquities, MS._, classifies their ancient arrow and spear points thus: Long barbs with projections, short barbs with projections, and long and short barbs without projections. 'The point of the spear is composed of a small bone needle, which sits in a socket, and pulls out as soon as the fish starts. A string connecting the spear handle and the center of the bone serves, when pulled, to turn the needle cross wise in the wound.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _March 8, 1861_; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 146.

[455] _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, _April, 1856_; _Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1867, p. 497. 'In spawning-time the fish school up from Clear Lake in extraordinary numbers, so that the Indians have only to put a slight obstruction in the river, when they can literally shovel them out.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 537; _Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS._

[456] 'The camas is a bulbus root, shaped much like an onion.' _Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 22.

[457] 'A root about an inch long, and as large as one's little finger, of a bitter-sweetish and pungent taste, something like ginseng.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 537.

[458] 'An aquatic plant, with a floating leaf, very much like that of a pond-lily, in the centre of which is a pod resembling a poppy-head, full of farinaceous seeds.' _Ib._ See also _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 222. 'Their principal food is the kamas root, and the seed obtained from a plant growing in the marshes of the lake, resembling, before hulled, a broom-corn seed.' _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 263.

[459] The Klamaths 'subsist upon roots and almost every living thing within their reach, not excepting reptiles, crickets, ants, etc.' _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 283; _Heintzelman_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 391; _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._

[460] _Turner_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. xi., p. 24.

[461] At Rogue River, 'the men go in the morning into the river, but, like the Malays, bring all the dirt out on their skins that they took in.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317. At Pitt River they are 'disgusting in their habits.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 61; _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ 'Of the many hundreds I have seen, there was not one who still observed the aboriginal mode of life, that had not a sweet breath. This is doubtless due to the fact that, before they became civilized, they ate their food cold.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ 'They always rise at the first dawn of day, and plunge into the river.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, _March, 1856_. 'Their persons are unusually clean, as they use both the sweat-house and the cold-bath constantly.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 142. 'Mit Tagesanbruch begibt sich der Allequa (Trinidad Bay) in jeder Jahreszeit zur nahen Quelle, wo er sich am ganzen Leibe wäscht und in den Strahlen der aufsteigenden Sonne trocknen lässt.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 221; _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._

[462] Carl Meyer, after describing the bow, adds: 'Fernere Waffen der Allequas sind; das Obsidian-Beil oder Tomahawk, die Keule, die Lanze und der Wurfspiess.' _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 218. This statement, I think, may be taken with some allowance, as nowhere else do I find mention of a tomahawk being used by the Californians.

[463] Schumacher, _Oregon Antiquities, MS._, speaking of an ancient spear-point, says, 'the pointed teeth show it to have been a very dangerous weapon.' _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._ On the Klamath River, 'among the skins used for quivers, I noticed the otter, wild-cat, fisher, fawn, grey fox and others.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 141. Near Mt Shasta, 'bows and arrows are very beautifully made: the former are of yew, and about three feet long ... backed very neatly with sinew, and painted.... The arrows are upwards of thirty inches long.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 255. At Port Trinidad, 'arrows are carried in quivers of wood or bone, and hang from their wrist or neck.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 20. On Pigeon River 'their arrows were in general tipped with copper or iron.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 110. The Pit River 'arrows are made in three parts.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 61. The Allequas at Trinidad Bay, described by Carl Meyer, carried their arrows either 'schussfertig in der Hand oder in einem über die Schultern geworfenen Köcher aus Fuchs- oder Biberpelz. Der Bogen ist aus einer starken, elastischen Rothtannenwurzel verfertigt, etwa 3½ Fuss lang und auf der Rückseite mit einer Bärensehne überklebt.' _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 217. See _Mofras_, _Explor._, _Atlas_, plate xxv. Speaking of the quiver, Mr Powers says: 'in the animal's head they stuff a quantity of grass or moss, as a cushion for the arrow-heads to rest in, which prevents them from being broken.' _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 532. 'Their arrows can only be extracted from the flesh with the knife.' _Cutts' Conquest of Cal._, p. 170. 'Am oberen Theile (California) ist der Bogen von einer Lage von Hirsch-Sehnen verstärkt und elastisch gemacht. Die Pfeile bestehen aus einem rohrartigen Gewächse von mässiger Länge, an der Spitze mit Obsidian ... versehen, ihre Länge ist 2 Zoll, ihre Breite 1 Zoll und die Dicke 1/3 Zoll, scharfkantig und spitz zulaufend.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 180.

[464] _Powers' Pomo, MS._; _Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS._; _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[465] _Hist. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 214.

[466] _Johnson_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 536. At Trinidad Bay 'zuweilen werden die Pfeile mit dem Safte des Sumachbaumes vergiftet, und alsdann nur zum Erlegen wilder Raubthiere gebraucht.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 218. 'Einige Stämme vergiften die Spitzen ihrer Pfeile auf folgende Weise: Sie reizen nämlich eine Klapperschlange mit einer vorgehaltenen Hirschleber, worin sie beisst, und nachdem nun die Leber mit dem Gifte vollständig imprägnirt ist, wird sie vergraben und muss verfaulen; hierin wird nun die Spitze eingetaucht und dann getrocknet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 180. The Pitt River Indians 'use the poison of the rattle-snake, by grinding the head of that reptile into an impalpable powder, which is then applied by means of the putrid blood and flesh of the dog to the point of the weapon.' _Gross' System of Surgery_, vol. i., p. 321. 'The Pitt River Indians poisoned their arrows in a putrid deer's liver. This is a slow poison, however, and sometimes will not poison at all.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS._

[467] Among other things seen by Meyer were, 'noch grössere Bogen, die ihnen als bedeutende Ferngeschosse dienen. Ein solcher ist 6 Fuss lang, und der Indianer legt sich auf die Erde, um denselben zu spannen, indem er das rechte Knie in den Bogen einstemmt und mit beiden Armen nachhilft.' The bow and arrow, knife, and war-club, constitute their weapons. In one of their lodges I noticed an elk-skin shield, so constructed as to be impervious to the sharpest arrows. _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 262. Miller mentions a Modoc who was 'painted red, half-naked, and held a tomahawk in his hand.' _Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 20.

[468] _Salem Statesman_, _April, 1857_.

[469] Hence, if we may credit Miller, _Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 373, the name Pitt River.

[470] The Hoopas exacted tribute from all the surrounding tribes. At the time the whites arrived the Chimalaquays were paying them tribute in deer-skins at the rate of twenty-five cents per head. _Powers' Pomo_, _MS_. The Hoopahs have a law requiring those situated on the Trinity, above them to pay tribute. _Humboldt Times_, _Nov. 1857_; _S. F. Evening Bulletin_, _Nov. 23, 1857_.

[471] The Sassics, Cahrocs, Hoopahs, Klamaths and Rogue River Indians, take no scalps, but decapitate the slain, or cut off their hands and feet. _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317.

[472] The Veeards on Lower Humboldt Bay 'took elk-horns and rubbed them on stones for days together, to sharpen them into axes and wedges.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ On the Klamath river they had 'spoons neatly made of bone and horn.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 146.

[473] 'For basket making, they use the roots of pine-trees, the stem of the spice-bush, and ornament with a kind of grass which looks like a palm leaf, and will bleach white. They also stain it purple with elder berries, and green with soapstone.' ... 'The Pitt River Indians excel all others in basket-making, but are not particularly good at bead work.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._, _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 204; _Johnson_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 536; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 134; _Powers' Pomo, MS._

[474] _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 253; _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 218.

[475] The boats formerly used by the Modocs were 'quite rude and unshapely concerns, compared with those of the lower Klamath, but substantial and sometimes large enough to carry 1800 pounds of merchandise.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 532, vol. x., p. 536. 'Blunt at both ends, with a small projection in the stern for a seat.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 142. 'Those on Rogue river were roughly built--some of them scow fashion, with flat bottom.' _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 218. The Pitt River Indians 'used boats made from pine; they burn them out ... about twenty feet long, some very good ones.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[476] _Chase_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 433. 'A kind of bead made from a shell procured on the coast. These they string and wear about the neck.... Another kind is a shell about an inch long, which looks like a porcupine quill. They are more valuable than the other. They also use them as nose-ornaments.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ 'The unit of currency is a string of the length of a man's arm, with a certain number of the longer shells below the elbow, and a certain number of the shorter ones above.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 329. 'A rare shell, spiral in shape, varying from one to two inches in length, and about the size of a crowquill, called by the natives, _Siwash_, is used as money.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, March, 1856.

[477] 'The ownership of a (white) deer-skin, constitutes a claim to chieftainship, readily acknowledged by all the dusky race on this coast.' _Humboldt Times_, _Dec., 1860_.

[478] 'Property consists in women, ornaments made of rare feathers and shells, also furs and skins.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, March, 1856. Their wealth 'consisted chiefly of white deerskins, canoes, the scalp of the red-headed woodpecker, and _aliquachiek_.' _Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Joint Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 497.

[479] 'Have no tribal organization, no such thing as public offence.' _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._ A Pitt River chief tried the white man's code, but so unpopular was it, that he was obliged to abandon it. _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ Among the Klamath and Trinity tribes the power of the chief 'is insufficient to control the relations of the several villages, or keep down the turbulence of individuals.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 139-140. The Cahrocs, Eurocs, Hoopas, and Kailtas, have a nominal chief for each village, but his power is extremely limited and each individual does as he likes. Among the Tolewas in Del Norte County, money makes the chief. The Modocs and Patawats have an hereditary chieftainship. _Powers' Pomo, MS._ At Trinidad Bay they were 'governed by a ruler, who directs where they shall go both to hunt and fish.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 18. 'Der Häuptling ist sehr geachtet; er hat über Handel und Wandel, Leben und Tod seiner Unterthanen zu verfügen, und seine Macht vererbt sich auf seinen Erstgebornen.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 223. The chief 'obtains his position from his wealth, and usually manages to transmit his effects and with them his honors, to his posterity.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, March, 1856. Formerly 'the different rancherias had chiefs, or heads, known as Mow-wee-mas, their influence being principally derived from their age, number of relatives, and wealth.' _Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Joint. Spec. Com._, p. 497.

[480] The Cahrocs compound for murder by payment of one string. Among the Patawats the average fine for murdering a man is ten strings, for killing a woman five strings, worth about $100 and $50 respectively. 'An average Patawut's life is considered worth about six ordinary canoes, each of which occupies two Indians probably three months in making, or, in all, tantamount to the labor of one man for a period of three years.' 'The Hoopas and Kailtas also paid for murder, or their life was taken by the relatives of the deceased.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ 'They seem to do as they please, and to be only governed by private revenge. If one man kills another the tribe or family of the latter kill the murderer, unless he buy himself off.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[481] _Drew's Owyhee Reconnaissance_, p. 17.

[482] The Cahrocs, Eurocs, Hoopahs, and Patawats, all acquire their wives by purchase. _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Powers' Pomo, MS._ 'Wenn ein Allequa seine künftige Lebensgefährtin unter den Schönen seines Stammes erwählt hat und sich verheirathen will, muss er dem Mauhemi (chief) eine armslange Muschelschnur vorzeigen.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 223. The mountain Indians seldom, if ever, intermarry with those on the coast. _Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Joint. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 497; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 127. Buy wives with shell-money. _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._ Among the Modocs 'the women are offered for sale to the highest buyer.' _Meacham's Lecture_, in _S. F. Alta California_, Oct. 6, 1861; _Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs_.

[483] Polygamy is common among the Modocs. _Meacham's Lecture_, in _S. F. Alta California_, _Oct. 6, 1873_. On Pitt River a chief sometimes has five wives. 'The most jealous people in the world.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._ 'Among the tribes in the north of the State adultery is punished by the death of the child.' _Taylor_, in _California Farmer_, _March 8, 1861_. 'The males have as many wives as they are able to purchase;' adultery committed by a woman is punished with death. _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, _March, 1856_. Among the Cahrocs polygamy is not tolerated; among the Modocs polygamy prevails, and the women have considerable privilege. The Hoopa adulterer loses one eye, the adulteress is exempt from punishment. _Powers' Pomo, MS._ The Weeyots at Eel river 'have as many wives as they please.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 127. At Trinidad Bay 'we found out that they had a plurality of wives.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 19.

[484] All the young unmarried women are a common possession. _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 330. The women bewail their virginity for three nights before their marriage. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 173. If we believe Powers, they cannot usually have much to bewail.

[485] Boys are disgraced by work. _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ Women work, while men gamble or sleep. _Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Joint Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 497; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 242; _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._

[486] _Kane's Wand._, p. 182.

[487] For the god Chareya, see _Bancroft's Nat. Races_, vol. iii., pp. 90, 161.

[488] _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 318. The Pitt River Indians 'sing as they gamble and play until they are so hoarse they cannot speak.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[489] _Chase_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 433.

[490] 'They used tobacco, which they smoaked in small wooden pipes, in form of a trumpet, and procured from little gardens, where they had planted it.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 21.

[491] The Pitt River Indians 'give no medicines.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ 'The prevailing diseases are venereal, scrofula and rheumatism.' Many die of consumption. _Force_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 157. At the mouth of Eel river 'the principal diseases noticed, were sore eyes and blindness, consumption, and a species of leprosy.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 128. They suffer from a species of lung fever. _Geiger_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 289. 'A disease was observed among them (the Shastas) which had the appearance of the leprosy.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 255.

[492] 'The only medicine I know of is a root used for poultices, and another root or plant for an emetic.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ 'The root of a parasite fern, found growing on the tops of the fir trees (collque nashul), is the principal remedy. The plant in small doses is expectorant and diurtetic; hence it is used to relieve difficulties of the lungs and kidneys; and, in large doses, it becomes sedative and is an emmenagogue; hence, it relieves fevers, and is useful in uterine diseases, and produces abortions. The squaws use the root extensively for this last mentioned purpose.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, _March, 1856_.

[493] A Pitt River doctor told his patient that for his fee 'he must have his horse or he would not let him get well.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 428; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 175.

[494] _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Rector_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 261; _Ostrander_, in _Id._, 1857, p. 369; _Miller_, in _Id._, p. 361.

[495] _Temescal_ is an Aztec word defined by Molina, _Vocabulario_, 'Temazcalli, casilla como estufa, adonde se bañan y sudan.' The word was brought to this region and applied to the native sweat-houses by the Franciscan Fathers. _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 72, gives 'sweat-house' in the Chemehuevi language, as _pahcaba_.

[496] _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._; _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317; _Powers' Pomo, MS._; _Chase_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 432.

[497] _Meacham's Lecture on the Modocs_, in _S. F. Alta California_, _Oct. 6, 1873_; _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[498] On Pitt River they burn their dead and heap stones over the ashes for a monument. 'No funeral ceremonies.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ On the ocean frontier of south Oregon and north California 'the dead are buried with their faces looking to the west.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, _March, 1856_. The Patawats and Chillulas bury their dead. The Tolewahs are not allowed to name the dead. _Powers' Pomo, MS._ 'It is one of the most strenuous Indian laws that whoever mentions the name of a deceased person is liable to a heavy fine, the money being paid to the relatives.' _Chase_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 431. 'The bodies had been doubled up, and placed in a sitting posture in holes. The earth, when replaced, formed conical mounds over the heads.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 69. 'They bury their dead under the noses of the living, and with them all their worldly goods. If a man of importance, his house is burned and he is buried on its site.' _Johnson_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 536. 'The chick or ready money, is placed in the owner's grave, but the bow and quiver become the property of the nearest male relative. Chiefs only receive the honors of a fence, surmounted with feathers, round the grave.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 175. 'Upon the death of one of these Indians they raised a sort of funeral cry, and afterward burned the body within the house of their ruler.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 19.

[499] _Muck-a-muck_, food. In the Chinook Jargon 'to eat; to bite; food. Muckamuck chuck, to drink water.' _Dict. Chinook Jargon, or Indian Trade Language_, p. 12.

[500] In the vicinity of Nootka Sound and the Columbia River, the first United States traders with the natives were from Boston; the first English vessels appeared about the same time, which was during the reign of George III. Hence in the Chinook Jargon we find '_Boston_, an American; _Boston illahie_, the United States;' and '_King George_, English--_King George man_, an Englishman.'

[501] 'They will often go three or four miles out of their way, to avoid passing a place which they think to be haunted.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[502] The Pitt River Indians 'are very shrewd in the way of stealing, and will beat a coyote. They are full of cunning.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ They 'are very treacherous and bloody in their dispositions.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 61. 'The Indians of the North of California stand at the very lowest point of culture.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 316. 'Incapable of treachery, but ready to fight to the death in avenging an insult or injury. They are active and energetic in the extreme.' _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p. 166. At Klamath Lake they are noted for treachery. _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 205. 'The Tolowas resemble the Hoopas in character, being a bold and masterly race, formidable in battle, aggressive and haughty.' The Patawats are 'extremely timid and inoffensive.' The Chihulas, like most of the coast tribes 'are characterized by hideous and incredible superstitions.' The Modocs 'are rather a cloddish, indolent, ordinarily good-natured race, but treacherous at bottom, sullen when angered, and notorious for keeping punic faith. Their bravery nobody can dispute.' The Yukas are a 'tigerish, truculent, sullen, thievish, and every way bad, but brave race.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ On Trinity River 'they have acquired the vices of the whites without any of their virtues.' _Heintzelman_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 391. Above the forks of the main Trinity they are 'fierce and intractable.' On the Klamath they 'have a reputation for treachery, as well as revengefulness; are thievish, and much disposed to sulk if their whims are not in every way indulged.' They 'blubber like a schoolboy at the application of a switch.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 139, 141, 176. The Rogue River Indians and Shastas 'are a warlike race, proud and haughty, but treacherous and very degraded in their moral nature.' _Miller_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 361. At Rogue River they are 'brave, haughty, indolent, and superstitious.' _Ostrander_, in _Id._, 1857, p. 363; _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._

[503] These are not to be confounded with the Yukas in Round Valley, Tehama County.

[504] Spelled Walhalla on some maps.