Chapter IV: Californians (8)

[546] _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 306. At Santa Cruz, 'the Gentile Indian, when he wishes to marry, goes to the hut of her he desires for a wife, and sitting himself close by her, sighs without speaking a word, and casting at her feet some beads on a string, goes out, and without further ceremony he is married.' _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_. At Clear Lake 'rape exists among them in an authorized form, and it is the custom for a party of young men to surprise and ravish a young girl, who becomes the wife of one of them.' _Revere's Tour_, pp. 125-6.

[547] _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 234. At Clear Lake 'if the parties separate the children go with the wife.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112.

[548] _Powers' Pomo, MS._

[549] 'The Yukas are often brutal and cruel to their women and children, especially to the women.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 308. In the vicinity of Fort Ross, 'sie lieben ihre Kinder mit grosser Zärtlichkeit.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 77.

[550] _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178. 'The practice of abortion, so common among the Chinooks and some other tribes in Oregon, is unknown here.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 112-13.

[551] Mr Powers, in his _Pomo, MS._, makes this assertion upon what he states to be reliable authority.

[552] For a full account of this custom of the couvade, as it existed in various parts of the world, see _Tylor's Researches_, pp. 293-302, and _Max Müller's Chips_, vol. ii., pp. 271-9. For its observance in California, see _Venagas_, _Noticias de Cal._, tom. i., p. 94, and _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367.

[553] 'It was not a thing at all uncommon, in the days of the Indians' ancient prosperity, to see a woman become a mother at twelve or fourteen. An instance was related to me where a girl had borne her first-born at ten, as nearly as her years could be ascertained, her husband, a White Man, being then sixty-odd.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 500.

[554] For further authorities on family and domestic affairs, see: _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 456; _Delano's Life on the Plains_, pp. 306; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 190; _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 317-26. Also quoted in _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 232-35; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178; _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 223-4; _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_; _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 217; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., pp. 308, 500-6, vol. x., p. 325; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 106-8; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 170-1; _Borthwick's Three Years in Cal._, p. 129; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 303; _Rollin_, in _Id._, tom. iv., pp. 57-8; _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 145; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 112-13; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., pp. 201, 259; _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 457; _Gilbert, McAdam, and Jewett_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, pp. 242-4; _Revere's Tour_, p. 126; _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_, 1852; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, pp. 367-70; _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 77; _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 83-8.

[555] Every traveler who has seen them dance enters into details of dress, etc.; but no two of these accounts are alike, and the reason of this is that they have no regular figures or costumes peculiar to their dances, but that every man, when his dress is not paint only, wears all the finery he possesses with an utter disregard for uniformity. 'At some of their dances we were told that they avoid particular articles of food, even fowls and eggs.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 113. Dancing is executed at Santa Cruz, by forming a circle, assuming a stooping posture, raising a loud, discordant chant, and, without moving from their places, lifting and lowering a foot, and twisting the body into various contortions. _Archives of Santa Cruz Mission._ 'In their dances they sometimes wear white masks.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 192. 'Se poudrent les cheveux avec du duvet d'oiseaux.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 4. When a Wallie chief 'decides to hold a dance in his village, he dispatches messengers to the neighboring rancherias, each bearing a string whereon is tied a certain number of knots. Every morning thereafter the invited chief unties one of the knots, and when the last but one is reached, they joyfully set forth for the dance.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 325. For descriptions of dances of Neeshenams, see _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. xii., pp. 26-7.

[556] 'Each one had two and sometimes three whistles, made of reeds, in his mouth.' _San Francisco Bulletin_, _Oct. 21, 1858._ 'Some had whistles or double flageolets of reed which were stuck into their noses.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 133. 'The Gentiles do not possess any instrument whatever.' _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_. 'Their own original instrument consists of a very primitive whistle, some double, some single, and held in the mouth by one end, without the aid of the fingers; they are about the size and length of a common fife, and only about two notes can be sounded on them.' _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 26, 1860_.

[557] 'They use a species of native tobacco of nauseous and sickening odour.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 107. 'They burned the aulone shell for the lime to mix with their tobacco, which they swallowed to make them drunk.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 27, 1860_. 'A species of tobacco is found on the sandy beaches which the Indians prepare and smoke.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 202. 'Se pusieron á chupar y reparé en ellos la misma ceremonia de esparcir el humo hácia arriba diciendo en cada bocanada unas palabras; solo entendí una que fué _esmen_ que quiere decir sol; observé la misma costumbre de chupar primero el mas principal, luego da la pipa á otro, y da vuelta á otros.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 69; see also p. 77.

[558] On the subject of amusements, see _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 282. _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 307; _Helper's Land of Gold_, pp. 271-2; _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 72, 76-7; _Kostromitonow_, in _Id._, pp. 85-92; _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 173; _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 5, 1860_; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178; _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 128; _Revere's Tour_, pp. 120-133; _San Francisco Bulletin_, _Oct. 21, 1858_, _Nov. 29, 1871_; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., pp. 307-8, 501-5, vol. x., pp. 325-7; _Power's Pomo, MS._; _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 150; _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 127; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., pp. 442-6; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367; _Hist. Chrétienne_, pp. 53-4; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pp. ii., p. 456; _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. iii., pp. 4-5; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 306-7.

[559] The Meewocs 'believe that their male physicians, who are more properly sorcerers, can sit on a mountain top fifty miles distant from a man they wish to destroy, and compass his death by filliping poison towards him from their finger-ends.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 327.

[560] 'I incautiously entered one of these caverns during the operation above described, and was in a few moments so nearly suffocated with the heat, smoke, and impure air, that I found it difficult to make my way out.' _Bryant's Cal._, p. 272.

[561] 'Zur Heilung bedienen sich die Schamane der Kräuter und Wurzeln, grösstentheils aber saugen sie mit dem Munde das Blut aus der kranken Stelle aus, wobei sie Steinchen oder kleine Schlangen in den Mund nehmen und darauf versichern, sie hätten dieselben aus der Wunde herausgezogen.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 95; see also pp. 83, 91, 94-5. 'Until now it has not been ascertained that the Indians had any remedy for curing the sick or allaying their sufferings. If they meet with an accident they invariably die.' _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_. 'Ring-worm is cured by placing the milk of the poison oak in a circle round the affected part.' _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 440. 'Among the Meewocs stomachic affections and severe travail are treated with a plaster of hot ashes and moist earth spread on the stomach.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 327. See further: _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 140; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 370; _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 173; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 324; _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 35, 78; _San Joaquin Republican_, _Sept., 1858_; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 63; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 103, 107; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 193; _Pickering's Races_, in _Id._, vol. ix., p. 109; _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 333; also quoted in _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 237; _Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52; _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p. 284; _Powers' Pomo, MS._; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 166; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., p. 94; _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 295; _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 152.

[562] 'From north to south, in the present California, up to the Columbia river they burnt the dead in some tribes, and in others buried them. These modes of sepulture differed every few leagues.' _Taylor's Indianology_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 8, 1860_. A dead Oleepa was buried by one woman in 'a pit about four feet deep, and ten feet in front of the father's door.' _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 301. At Santa Cruz 'the Gentiles burn the bodies of their warriors and allies who fall in war; those who die of natural death they inter at sundown.' _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_. The Indians of the Bay of San Francisco burned their dead with everything belonging to them, 'but those of the more southern regions buried theirs.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 363. In the vicinity of Clear Lake all the tribes with the exception of the Yubas bury their dead. _Geiger_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 289.

[563] 'Los Runsienes dividian últimamente entre los parientes las pocas cosas que componian la propiedad del difunto. Los Eslenes, al contrario, no solo no repartian cosa alguna, sino que todos sus amigos y súbditos debian contribuir con algunos abalorios que enterraban con el cadáver del fallecido.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 172. 'If a woman dies in becoming a mother, the child, whether living or dead, is buried with its mother.' _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 437.

[564] 'Die nächsten Anverwandten schneiden sich das Haar ab und werfen es ins Feuer, wobei sie sich mit Steinen an die Brust schlagen, auf den Boden stürzen, ja bisweilen aus besonderer Anhänglichkeit zu dem Verstorbenen sich blutrünstig oder gar zu Tode stossen; doch sind solche Fälle selten.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 88. 'The body is consumed upon a scaffold built over a hole, into which the ashes are thrown and covered.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. See also: _Tehama Gazette_, _May, 1859_; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 171-2; _Powers' Pomo, MS._; also in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 502, vol. x., p. 328, vol. xii., p. 28; _San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, _April 4, 1861_; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp. 448-50; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 306; _Placerville Index_, 1857; _Marmier_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 230, 236; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 437; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 369; _Folsom Dispatch_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 9, 1860_; _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 225; _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 458; _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 242; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 195.

[565] In the Russian River Valley the Indians 'sind weichherzig, und von Natur nicht rachsüchtig ... sie erlernen mit Leichtigkeit mancherlei Handarbeiten und Gewerbe.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 77-8. Near Fort Ross 'sind sie sanft und friedfertig, und sehr fähig, besonders in der Auffassung sinnlicher Gegenstände. Nur in Folge ihrer unmässigen Trägheit und Sorglosigkeit scheinen sie sehr dumm zu seyn.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Id._, pp. 81-2. 'They appear ... by no means so stupid' as those at the missions. _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 26. At Bodega Bay 'their disposition is most liberal.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 47. At Clear Lake 'they are docile, mild, easily managed ... roguish, ungrateful, and incorrigibly lazy ... cowardly and cringing towards the whites ... thorough sensualists and most abandoned gamblers ... wretchedly improvident.' _Revere's Tour_, pp. 120-1. In the Sacramento Valley they are 'excessively jealous of their squaws ... stingy and inhospitable.' _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p. 114. 'A mirthful race, always disposed to jest and laugh.' _Dana_, in _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 222. 'Possessed of mean, treacherous, and cowardly traits of character, and the most thievish propensities.' _Johnson's Cal. and Ogn._, p. 143. In the vicinity of San Francisco Bay 'they are certainly a race of the most miserable beings I ever saw, possessing the faculty of human reason.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 13. 'For the most part an idle, intemperate race.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., p. 78. 'They are a people of a tractable, free, and louing nature, without guile or treachery.' _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 131. 'Bastantes rancherias de gentiles muy mansos y apacibles.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 497. 'Son muy mansos, afables, de buenas caras y los mas de ellos barbados.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Id._, tom. vii., p. 59. At Monterey they 'étaient lourds et peu intelligents.' Those living farther from the missions were not without 'une certaine finesse, commune à tous les hommes élevés dans l'état de nature.' _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 134. 'Ces peuples sont si peu courageux, qu'ils n'opposent jamais aucune résistance aux trois ou quatre soldats qui violent si évidement à leur égard le droit des gens.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 297. 'The Yukas are a tigerish, truculent, sullen, thievish, and every way bad, but brave race.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 306. The Tahtoos were very cowardly and peace-loving. _Powers' Pomo, MS._ Than the Oleepas 'a more jolly, laughter-loving, careless, and good-natured people do not exist.... For intelligence they are far behind the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains.' _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 297. The Kannimares 'were considered a brave and warlike Indian race.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_. The condition of the Wallas 'is the most miserable that it is possible to conceive; their mode of living, the most abject and destitute known to man.' _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 241. The Fresno River Indians 'are peaceable, quiet and industrious.' _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 304. A rational, calculating people, generally industrious. _Lewis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 291. On the coast range north and east of Mendocino 'they are a timid and generally inoffensive race.' _Bailey_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 304. In Placer County they are industrious, honest, and temperate; the females strictly virtuous. _Brown_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 243. Lazy, trifling, drunken. _Applegate_, _Ib._ In Tuolumne: friendly, generally honest, truthful; men lazy, women industrious. _Jewett_, _Id._, p. 244. In the Yosemite Valley, 'though low in the scale of man, they are not the abject creatures generally represented; they are mild, harmless, and singularly honest.' _Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52. At Santa Clara they have no ambition, are entirely regardless of reputation and renown. _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 21. In stupid apathy 'they exceed every race of men I have ever known, not excepting the degraded races of Terra del Fuego or Van Dieman's Land.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 97. At Santa Cruz 'they are so inclined to lying that they almost always will confess offences they have not committed;' very lustful and inhospitable. _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_. At Kelsey River they are 'amiable and thievish.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 124. 'In general terms, the California Indians are more timid, peaceable, and joyous than any of their neighbors.' _Stephens_, in _Powers' Pomo, MS._ 'Their stupidity, insensibility, ignorance, inconstancy, slavery to appetite, excessive sloth and laziness, being absorbed for the time in the stir and din of night-watching and battle, give them a new existence.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 366. 'Faul und jeder Anstrengung abgeneigt.' _Osswald_, _Californien_, p. 63. 'Stupidity seemed to be their distinctive character.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 239. 'Loose, lazy, careless, capricious, childish and fickle.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _March 2, 1860_. 'They are really the most harmless tribes on the American continent.' _Gerstaecker's Nar._, p. 212. Revengeful, timid, treacherous and ungrateful. _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p. 284. 'Cowardly, treacherous, filthy and indolent.' _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223. 'Dull, indolent, phlegmatic, timid and of a gentle, submissive temper.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 199. 'In stature no less than in mind are certainly of a very inferior race of human beings.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 168. 'Pusillanimous.' _Forbes' Cal._, p. 183. 'Ils sont également extrêmes dans l'expression de la joie et de la colère.' _Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 58. 'Seemed to be almost of the lowest grade of human beings.' _King's Rept._, in _Bayard Taylor's El Dorado, Appendix_, vol. ii., p. 210. 'Die Indianer von Californien sind physisch und moralisch den andern Indianern untergeordnet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 177. 'Su estupidez mas parece un entorpecimiento de las potencias por falta de accion y por pereza característica, que limitacion absoluta de sus facultades intelectuales; y así quando se las pone en movimiento, y se les dan ideas, no dexan de discernir y de aprender lo que se les enseña.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 164. 'I noticed that all the Indians from Southern to Northern California were low, shiftless, indolent, and cowardly.' _Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 16. Cowardly and treacherous in the extreme. _Life of Gov. L. W. Boggs, by his Son, MS._

[566] At Santa Catalina 'las mujeres son muy hermosas y honestas, los niños son blancos y rubios y muy risueños.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, p. 18, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv. See also _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 140; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 712. At Santa Barbara, 'son mas altos, dispuestos, y membrados, que otros, que antes se avian visto.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 714. On the coast from San Diego to San Francisco they are 'd'une couleur foncée, de petite taille, et assez mal faits.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 153; see also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 226. At San Luis Rey, 'sont bien faits et d'une taille moyenne.' _Id._, p. 171; quoted in _Marmier_, p. 229. An Indian seen at Santa Inez Mission 'was about twenty-seven years old, with a black thick beard, iris of the eyes light chocolate-brown, nose small and round, lips not thick, face long and angular.' _Cal. Farmer_, _May 4, 1860_. The Noches 'aunque de buena disposicion son delgados y bastante delicados para andar á pié.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 295. 'Well proportioned in figure, and of noble appearance.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 45. 'The women (of the Diegeños) are beautifully developed, and superbly formed, their bodies as straight as an arrow.' _Michler_, in _Emory's U. S. and Mex., Bound. Survey_, vol. i., p. 107. The Cahuillas 'are a filthy and miserable-looking set, and great beggars, presenting an unfavorable contrast to the Indian upon the Colorado.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 134.

[567] The ordinary cloak descends to the waist: 'le chef seul en a une qui lui tombe jusqu'au jarret, et c'est là la seule marque de distinction.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 172; see also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 229.

[568] These capes Father Crespi describes as being 'unos capotillos hechos de pieles de liebres y conejos de que hacen tiras y tercidas como mecate; cosen uno con otro y las defienden del frio cubriéndolas por la honestidad.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., pp. 291-2; see also _Id._, p. 312.

[569] The lobo marino of the Spanish is the common seal and sea calf of the English; le veau marin and phoque commun of the French; vecchio marino of the Italians; Meerwolf and Meerhund of the Germans; Zee-Hund of the Dutch; Sael-hund of the Danes; Sial of the Swedes; and moelrhon of the Welsh. _Knight's Eng. Encyc. Nat. Hist._, vol. iv., p. 299.

[570] _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_.

[571] _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18.

[572] This hair turban or coil 'sirve de bolsa para guardar en la cabeza los abalorios y demas chucherias que se les dá.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 215. The same custom seems to prevail among the Cibolos of New Mexico, as Marmier, in his additional chapter in the French edition of _Bryant's Cal._, p. 258, says: 'les hommes du peuple tressent leurs cheveux avec des cordons, et y placent le peu d'objets qu'ils possèdent, notamment la corne qui renferme leur tabac à fumer.'

[573] On the subject of dress see also _Navarrete_, _Introd._, in _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. lxiv.; _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 79; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 45; _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 240; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 138; _Garces_, in _Doc. Mex. Hist._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 294; _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 229.

[574] On the Los Angeles Coast: 'La ranchería se compone de veinte casas hechas de zacate de forma esférica á modo de uno media naranja con su respiradero en lo alto por donde les entra la luz y tiene salida el humo.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 314; _Hoffmann_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. v., p. 149.

[575] 'Partiéron de allí el 9, entráron en una ensenada espaciosa, y siguiendo la costa viéron en ella un pueblo de Indios junto á la mar con casas grandes á manera de las de Nueva-España.' _Navarrete_, _Introd._, in _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. xxix., xxxi., xxxvi. The accounts of Cabrillo's voyage are so confused that it is impossible to know the exact locality in which he saw the people he describes. On this point compare _Cabrillo_, _Relacion_, in _Col. Doc. Hist. Florida_, tom. i., p. 173; _Browne's Lower Cal._, pp. 18, 19; _Burney's Chron. Hist. Discov._, vol. i., pp. 221-5; _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 154-5; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 329; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 210-11; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 306. 'Nur um die Meerenge von Santa Barbara fand man, 1769, die Bewohner ein wenig gesittigter. Sie bauten grosse Häuser von pyramidaler Form, in Dörfer vereint.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5.

[576] _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 259; _Bancroft's Nat. Races_, vol. iii., pp. 163-9.

[577] 'One of their most remarkable superstitions is found in the fact of their not eating the flesh of large game. This arises from their belief that in the bodies of all large animals the souls of certain generations, long since past, have entered.... A term of reproach from a wild tribe to those more tamed is, "they eat venison."' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., pp. 215-6; see also _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_.

[578] 'All their food was either cold or nearly so.... Salt was used very sparingly in their food, from an idea that it had a tendency to turn their hair gray.' _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_. 'I have seen many instances of their taking a rabbit, and sucking its blood with eagerness, previous to consuming the flesh in a crude state.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 239. 'Viven muy regalados con varias semillas, y con la pesca que hacen en sus balsas de tule ... y queriendoles dar cosa de comida, solian decir, que de aquello no, que lo que querian era ropa; y solo con cosa de este género, eran los cambalaches que hacian de su pescado con los Soldados y Arrieros.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 79. See also _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 712; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 139; _Stanley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 102; _Id._, 1869, pp. 194-5; _Walker_, in _Id._, 1872, p. 67; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 125; _Hoffmann_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. v., p. 149; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., pp. 82-3.

[579] _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, pp. 83-4.

[580] _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, pp. 306-9.

[581] The baskets, though water-proof, 'were used only for dry purposes. The vessels in use for liquids were roughly made of rushes and plastered outside and in with bitumen or pitch, called by them _sanot_.' _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5; and _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. 82.

[582] 'Leurs mortiers de pierre et divers autres ustensiles sont incrustés avec beaucoup d'art de morceaux de nacre de perle.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 319. 'Mortars and pestles were made of granite, about sixteen inches wide at the top, ten at the bottom, ten inches high and two thick.' Soapstone pots were 'about an inch in thickness, and procured from the Indians of Santa Catalina; the cover used was of the same material.' _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_. On the eastern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, blankets are made which will easily hold water. _Taylor_, in _San Francisco Bulletin_, 1862, also quoted in _Shuck's Cal. Scrap Book_, p. 405. 'Todas sus obras son primorosas y bien acabadas.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 315.

[583] _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 319-20.

[584] 'The planks were bent and joined by the heat of fire, and then paved with asphaltum, called by them chapapote.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 1, 1860_.

[585] At Santa Catalina Vizcaino saw 'vnas Canoguelas, que ellos vsan, de Tablas bien hechas, como Barquillos, con las Popas, y Proas levantadas, y mas altas, que el Cuerpo de la Barca, ò Canoa.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 712; see also _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18. On the coast of Los Angeles Father Crespi saw 'canoas hechas de buenas tablas de pino, bien ligadas y de una forma graciosa con dos proas.... Usan remos largos de dos palas y vogan con indecible lijeriza y velocidad.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 315. At San Diego Palou describes 'balsas de tule, en forma de Canoas, con lo que entran muy adentro del mar.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 79; _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 240; _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 228. Description of balsas, which differ in no respect from those used north.

[586] 'The worth of a rial was put on a string which passed twice and a-half round the hand, i. e., from end of middle finger to wrist. Eight of these strings passed for the value of a silver dollar.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 1, 1860_. 'Eight yards of these beads made about one dollar of our currency.' _Id._, _Jan. 18, 1861_.

[587] 'If a quarrel occurred between parties of distinct lodges (villages), each chief heard the witnesses produced by his own people; and then, associated with the chief of the opposite side, they passed sentence. In case they could not agree, an impartial chief was called in, who heard the statements made by both, and he alone decided. There was no appeal from his decision.' _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_.

[588] 'Pour tout ce qui concerne les affaires intérieures, l'influence des devins est bien supérieure à la leur.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 373. At San Diego 'Chaque village est soumis aux ordres absolus d'un chef.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 153; or see _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 226. 'I have found that the captains have very little authority.' _Stanley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 194.

[589] _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, pp. 262-9.

[590] Dr. Hoffman states that in the vicinity of San Diego 'their laws allow them to keep as many wives as they can support.' _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. vi., p. 150. Fages, speaking of the Indians on the coast from San Diego to San Francisco, says: 'Ces Indiens n'ont qu'une seule femme à la fois, mais ils en changent aussi souvent que cela leur convient.' _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 153. Of those in the vicinity of San Luis Rey the same author says: 'Les chefs de ce district ont le privilége de prendre deux on trois femmes, de les répudier ou de les changer aussi souvent qu'ils le veulent; mais les autres habitants n'en ont qu'une seule et ne peuvent les répudier qu'en cas d'adultère.' _Id._, p. 173.

[591] 'Les veufs des deux sexes, qui veulent se remarier, ne peuvent le faire qu'avec d'autres veufs.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 173; see also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 230.

[592] 'The perverse child, invariably, was destroyed, and the parents of such remained dishonored.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 270. 'Ils ne pensent pas à donner d'autre éducation à leurs enfants qu'à enseigner aux fils exactement ce que faisait leur père; quant aux filles, elles ont le droit de choisir l'occupation qui leur convient le mieux.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1814, tom. ci., p. 153.

[593] The intoxicating liquor was 'made from a plant called _Pibat_, which was reduced to a powder, and mixed with other intoxicating ingredients.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 271.

[594] _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 215. For other descriptions of ceremony observed at age of puberty, see: _Hoffman_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. vi., pp. 150-1; _McKinstry_, in _San Francisco Herald_, _June, 1853_.

[595] 'Pero en la Mision de S. Antonio se pudo algo averiguar, pues avisando á los Padres, que en una de las casas de los Neófitos se habian metido dos Gentiles, el uno con el traje natural de ellos, y el otro con el trage de muger, expresándolo con el nombre de Joya (que dicen llamarlos asi en su lengua nativa) fué luego el P. Misionero con el Cabo y un Soldado á la casa á ver lo que buscaban, y los hallaron en el acto de pecado nefando. Castigáronlos, aunque no con la pena merecida, y afearonles el hecho tan enorme; y respondió el Gentil, que aquella Joya era su muger.... Solo en el tramo de la Canal de Santa Bárbara, se hallan muchos Joyas, pues raro es el Pueblo donde no se vean dos ó tres.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 222. 'Así en esta ranchería como en otros de la canal, hemos visto algunos gentiles con traje de muger con sus nagüitas de gamusa, y muy engruesadas y limpias; no hemos podido entender lo que significa, ni á qué fin.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 325. See also _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, pp. 283-4; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 371; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. ii., pp. 427; _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 173.

[596] 'In some tribes the men and the women unite in the dance; in others the men alone trip to the music of the women, whose songs are by no means unpleasant to the ear.' _McKinstry_, in _S. Francisco Herald_, _June 1853_. 'In their religious ceremonial dances they differ much. While, in some tribes, all unite to celebrate them, in others, men alone are allowed to dance, while the women assist in singing.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 214-15.

[597] 'La danse est exécutée par deux couples au son d'une espèce de flûte, les autres restent simples spectateurs et se contentent d'augmenter le bruit en frappant des roseaux secs.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 176; _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, pp. 289-95; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., pp. 214-15; _McKinstry_, in _S. Francisco Herald_, _June 1853_; _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_; _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 322.

[598] _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 380. 'When the new year begun, no thought was given to the past; and on this account, even amongst the most intelligent, they could not tell the number of years which had transpired, when desirous of giving an idea of any remote event.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 303.

[599] 'For Gonorrhoea they used a strong decoction of an herb that grows very plentifully here, and is called by the Spanish "chancel agua," and wild pigeon manure, rolled up into pills. The decoction is a very bitter astringent, and may cure some sores, but that it fails in many, I have undeniable proof. In syphilis they use the actual cautery, a living coal of fire applied to the chancer, and a decoction of an herb, said to be something like sarsaparilla, called rosia.' _Hoffman_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. v., p. 152-3.

[600] I am indebted for the only information of value relating to the medical usages of the southern California tribes, to _Boscana's MS._, literally translated by Robinson in his _Life in Cal._, pp. 310-14, and also given in substance in _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 378-9, and to Reid's papers on the Indians of Los Angeles County, in the _Los Angeles Star_, also quoted in _Cal. Farmer_, _Jan. 11, 1861._

[601] See _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 377-8, and plate, p. 248, and Hoffmann, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. v., p. 152.

[602] 'The same custom is now in use, but not only applied to deaths, but to their disappointments and adversities in life, thus making public demonstration of their sorrow.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, pp. 314-15.

[603] _California Farmer_, _May 22, 1863_.

[604] _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_.

[605] The latitude of which he fixes at 34° 33´.

[606] _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 173-4. Quoted almost literally by _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 230.

[607] _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 317.

[608] In spelling the word Shoshone, I have followed the most common orthography. Many, however, write it Shoshonee, others, Shoshonie, either of which would perhaps give a better idea of the pronunciation of the word, as the accent falls on the final _e_. The word means 'Snake Indian,' according to Stuart, _Montana_, p. 80; and 'inland,' according to Ross, _Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 249. I apply the name Shoshones to the whole of this family; the Shoshones proper, including the Bannacks, I call the Snakes; the remaining tribes I name collectively Utahs.

[609] See _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 249; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 228-9; _Remy and Brenchley's Journey_, vol. i., p. 124; _Chandless' Visit_, p. 118; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 377; _Carvalho's Incid. of Trav._, p. 200; _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 178; _Beckwith_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 42; _Farley's Sanitary Rept._, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. iii., p. 154; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 298; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 88; _Hesperian Magazine_, vol. x., p. 255; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 197; _Prince_, quoted in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_; _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 125, 133; _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 152, 194; _Coke's Rocky Mountains_, p. 276; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, pp. 148, 267; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 312; _Figuier's Human Race_, p. 484; _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 585. Mention is made by Salmeron of a people living south of Utah Lake, who were 'blancas, y rosadas las mejillas como los franceses.' _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 101. Escalante, speaking of Indians seen in the same region, lat. 39° 34´ 37´´, says: 'Eran estos de los barbones, y narices agujeradas, y en su idioma se nombran Tirangapui, Tian los cinco, que con su capitan venieron primero, tan crecida la barba, que parecian padres capuchinos ó belemitas.' _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 476. Wilkes writes, 'Southwest of the Youta Lake live a tribe who are known by the name of the Monkey Indians; a term which is not a mark of contempt, but is supposed to be a corruption of their name.... They are reported to live in fastnesses among high mountains; to have good clothing and houses; to manufacture blankets, shoes, and various other articles, which they sell to the neighboring tribes. Their colour is as light as that of the Spaniards; and the women in particular are very beautiful, with delicate features, and long flowing hair.... Some have attempted to connect these with an account of an ancient Welsh colony, which others had thought they discovered among the Mandans of the Missouri; while others were disposed to believe they might still exist in the Monkeys of the Western Mountains. There is another account which speaks of the Monquoi Indians, who formerly inhabited Lower California, and were partially civilized by the Spanish missionaries, but who have left that country, and of whom all traces have long since been lost.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 502-3. 'On the southern boundary of Utah exists a peculiar race, of whom little is known. They are said to be fair-skinned, and are called the "White Indians;" have blue eyes and straight hair, and speak a kind of Spanish language differing from other tribes.' _San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, _May 15, 1863_. Taylor has a note on the subject, in which he says that these fair Indians were doubtless the Moquis of Western New Mexico. _Cal. Farmer_, _June 26, 1863_. Although it is evident that this mysterious and probably mythic people belong in no way to the Shoshone family, yet as they are mentioned by several writers as dwelling in a region which is surrounded on all sides by Shoshones, I have given this note, wherefrom the reader can draw his own conclusions.

[610] _Beckwith_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 42; _Heap's Cent. Route_, p. 102.

[611] Speaking of women: 'their breasts and stomachs were covered with red mastic, made from an earth peculiar to these rocks, which rendered them hideous. Their only covering was a pair of drawers of hare-skin, badly sewn together, and in holes.' _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. ii., p. 386; see also vol. i., p. 127, and vol. ii., pp. 389, 404, 407. 'The women often dress in skirts made of entrails, dressed and sewed together in a substantial way.' _Prince_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_. Hareskins 'they cut into cords with the fur adhering; and braid them together so as to form a sort of cloak with a hole in the middle, through which they thrust their heads.' _Farnham's Life and Adven._, p. 376. The remaining authorities describe them as naked, or slightly and miserably dressed; see _Stansbury's Rept._, pp. 82, 202-3; _Chandless' Visit_, p. 291; _Heap's Cent. Route_, p. 100; _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 255; _Bryant's Cal._, p. 194; _Forney_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 365; _Dodge_, _Ib._, pp. 374-5; _Fenton_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 203; _Graves_, in _Id._, 1854, p. 178; _Burton's City of the Saints_, pp. 217-18, 272-3, 581, 585; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, pp. 148, 168-9, 212, 218, 225, 227, 267; _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 129; _Saxon's Golden Gate_, p. 251; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 197; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 539; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 331.

[612] _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 125, 133; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 25; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 325; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 228-30, 308-9; _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 249-50, 257-8, vol. ii., pp. 22-3; _Chandless' Visit_, p. 118; _Carvalho's Incid. of Trav._, p. 200; _White's Ogn._, p. 377; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 298; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 244, 281.

[613] 'The ermine is the fur known to the north-west traders by the name of the white weasel, but is the genuine ermine.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 313.

[614] _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 312-15.

[615] 'On y rencontre aussi des terres métalliques de différentes couleurs, telles que vertes, bleues, jaunes, noires, blanches, et deux sortes d'ocres, l'une pâle, l'autre d'un rouge brillant comme du vermillion. Les Indiens en font très-grand cas; ils s'en servent pour se peindre le corps et le visage.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 83.

[616] 'They remain in a semi-dormant, inactive state the entire winter, leaving their lowly retreats only now and then, at the urgent calls of nature, or to warm their burrows.... In the spring they creep from their holes ... poor and emaciated, with barely flesh enough to hide their bones, and so enervated from hard fare and frequent abstinence, that they can scarcely move.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 179. Stansbury mentions lodges in Utah, east of Salt Lake, which were constructed of 'cedar poles and logs of a considerable size, thatched with bark and branches, and were quite warm and comfortable.' _Stansbury's Rept._, p. 111; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 334; _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 255; _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. i., pp. 80-1, 129, vol. ii., pp. 362, 373; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 101; _Farley_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. iii., p. 154; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 378; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 538; _Heap's Cent. Route_, pp. 98-9; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 28; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 247, vol. ii., pp. 256-7; _Coke's Rocky Mountains_, p. 257; _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 117; _White's Ogn._, p. 376; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 257, 290; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 305; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, 1842-3, pp. 142, 212, 218; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 136; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 325, 331-2, 337-8; _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 179; _Farnham's Trav._, pp. 58, 61-2; _Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 51; _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 573; _Knight's Pioneer Life, MS._

[617] _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 275; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 29; _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 375; _Saint-Amant_, _Voyages_, p. 325.

[618] 'They eat the seed of two species of Conifers, one about the size of a hazel-nut, the other much smaller. They also eat a small stone-fruit, somewhat red, or black in colour, and rather insipid; different berries, among others, those of _Vaccinium_. They collect the seed of the _Atriplex_ and _Chenopodium_, and occasionally some grasses. Among roots, they highly value that of a bushy, yellowish and tolerably large broomrape, which they cook or dry with the base, or root-stock, which is enlarged, and constitutes the most nutritious part. They also gather the napiform root of a _Cirsium acaule_, which they eat raw or cooked; when cooked, it becomes quite black, resinous as pitch and rather succulent; when raw, it is whitish, soft, and of a pleasant flavour.' _Remy and Brenchley's Journey_, vol. i., p. 129. The Shoshones of Utah and Nevada 'eat certain roots, which in their native state are rank poison, called Tobacco root, but when put in a hole in the ground, and a large fire burned over them, become wholesome diet.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 697. 'Of the roots used ... the pap-pa, or wild potatoe, is abundant.' _Id._, vol. iv., p. 222; see also, _Id._, vol. v., pp. 199-200. At Bear River, 'every living animal, thing, insect, or worm they eat.' _Fremont's Explor. Exp._, p. 142, see also pp. 148, 160, 173-4, 212, 218-19, 267, 273. Inland savages are passionately fond of salt; those living near the sea detest it. _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 85. The Utahs eat 'the cactus leaf, piñon-nut, and various barks; the seed of the bunch-grass, and of the wheat, or yellow grass, somewhat resembling rye, the rabbit-bush twigs, which are chewed, and various roots and tubers; the soft sego bulb, the rootlet of the cat-tail flag, and of the tule, which when sun-dried and powdered to flour, keeps through the winter and is palatable even to white men.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 581, see also pp. 573, 577. The Pi-Edes 'live principally on lizards, swifts, and horned toads.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865. p. 145; see also _Id._, 1854, p. 229; 1856, p. 234; 1861, p. 112; 1859, p. 365; 1866, pp. 114; 1869, pp. 203, 216; 1870, pp. 95, 114; 1872, p. 59. The Snakes eat a white-fleshed kind of beaver, which lives on poisonous roots, whose flesh affects white people badly, though the Indians roast and eat it with impunity. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 117, see also vol. i., p. 269-72; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 539; _Farnham's Life and Adven._, pp. 371, 376-8; _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, pp. 255, 257, 401-2; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 501; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 219; _Bryant's Cal._, p. 202; _Stansbury's Rept._, pp. 77, 148, 233; _Kelly's Excursion_, vol. i., p. 238; _Saxon's Golden Gate_, p. 251; _Smith_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1828, tom. xxxvii., p. 209; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 178-9; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 144; _White's Ogn._, p. 376; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 228-31, 309; _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 277; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 258, 295; _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 28-30, 127; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 334; _Farnham's Trav._, pp. 58, 61; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 242, 270, vol. ii., pp. 19, 60, 61, 64, 244, 311; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. ii., p. 534; _Simpson's Route to Pac._, pp. 51-2; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 270, 288-9, 298-9; _Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS._

[619] The Wararereeks are 'dirty in their camps, in their dress, and in their persons.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 250. The persons of the Piutes are 'more disgusting than those of the Hottentots. Their heads are white with the germs of crawling filth.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 58. 'A filthy tribe--the prey of idleness and vermin.' _Farnham's Life and Adven._, p. 325. Bryant says, of the Utahs between Salt Lake and Ogden's Hole, 'I noticed the females hunting for the vermin in the heads and on the bodies of their children; finding which they ate the animals with an apparent relish.' _Bryant's Cal._, p. 154. The Snakes 'are filthy beyond description.' _Townsend's Nar._, p. 137. 'J'ai vu les Sheyennes, les Serpents, les Youts, etc., manger la vermine les uns des autres à pleins peignes.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 47. 'The Snakes are rather cleanly in their persons.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 61.

[620] 'A weapon called by the Chippeways, by whom it was formerly used, the poggamoggon.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 309. Bulfinch, _Oregon_, p. 126, says the stone weighs about two pounds. Salmeron also mentions a similar weapon used by the people living south of Utah Lake; concerning whom see note 187, p. 423.

[621] The Utahs 'no usan mas armas que las flechas y algunas lanzas de perdernal, ni tienen otro peto, morrion ni espaldar que el que sacaron del vientre de sus madres.' _Escalante_, quoted in _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, ser. iii., part iv., p. 126. 'Bows made of the horns of the bighorn ... are formed by cementing with glue flat pieces of the horn together, covering the back with sinewes and glue, and loading the whole with an unusual quantity of ornaments.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 309. At Ogden River, in Utah, they work obsidian splinters 'into the most beautiful and deadly points, with which they arm the end of their arrows.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p. 343. 'Pour toute arme, un arc, des flèches et un bâton pointu.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 28. 'Bows and arrows are their (Banattees) only weapons of defence.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 251. The arrows of the Pa-Utes 'are barbed with a very clear translucent stone, a species of opal, nearly as hard as the diamond; and, shot from their long bow, are almost as effective as a gunshot.' _Fremont's Expl. Ex._, p. 267. The Pi-Utes and Pitches 'have no weapon of defence except the club, and in the use of that they are very unskilful.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 58. Southwest of Great Salt Lake, 'their arms are clubs, with small bows and arrows made of reeds.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180. The Pi-Utes 'make some weapons of defence, as bows and arrows. The bows are about six feet long; made of the savine (Juniperus sabina).' _Farnham's Life and Adven._, p. 378; see farther, _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. ii., pp. 291, 261; _Stansbury's Rept._, p. 232; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 198; _Heap's Cent. Route_, pp. 56, 72, 77, 84, 99; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 134; _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 129; _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, pp. 146, 255, 400; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 219; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 228-9, 233; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 279; _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1822, tom. xiii., p. 50; _Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS._; _Knight's Pioneer Life, MS._

[622] _Remy and Brenchley's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 407; _Heap's Cent. Route_, p. 99; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p. 171.

[623] 'Taking an enemy's scalp is an honour quite independent of the act of vanquishing him. To kill your adversary is of no importance unless the scalp is brought from the field of battle, and were a warrior to slay any number of his enemies in action, and others were to obtain the scalps or first touch the dead, they would have all the honours, since they have borne off the trophy.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 309; see also p. 265. The Utahs 'will devour the heart of a brave man to increase their courage, or chop it up, boil it in soup, engorge a ladleful, and boast they have drunk the enemy's blood.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 581; see also p. 140. The Utahs never carry arrows when they intend to fight on horseback. _Heap's Cent. Route_, p. 77; see also p. 100; _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, pp. 97, 99; _Stansbury's Rept._, p. 81; _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 28-9; _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 275, vol. ii., pp. 93-6; _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 129; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 36.

[624] The pipe of the chief 'was made of a dense transparent green stone, very highly polished, about two and a half inches long, and of an oval figure, the bowl being in the same situation with the stem. A small piece of burnt clay is placed in the bottom of the bowl to separate the tobacco from the end of the stem.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 267. Pots made of 'a stone found in the hills ... which, though soft and white in its natural state, becomes very hard and black after exposure to the fire.' _Id._, p. 312. 'These vessels, although rude and without gloss, are nevertheless strong, and reflect much credit on Indian ingenuity.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 274. Pipe-stems 'resemble a walking-stick more than anything else, and they are generally of ash, and from two-and-a-half to three feet long.' _Id._, vol. ii., p. 109. 'Cooking vessels very much resembling reversed bee-hives, made of basket work covered with buffalo skins.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 244. Stansbury discovered pieces of broken Indian pottery and obsidian about Salt Lake. _Stansbury's Rept._, p. 182. The material of baskets 'was mostly willow twig, with a layer of gum, probably from the pine tree.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 573. The Utahs 'manufacture very beautiful and serviceable blankets.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 200. 'Considering that they have nothing but stone hammers and flint knives it is truly wonderful to see the exquisite finish and neatness of their implements of war and hunting, as well as their ear-rings and waist-bands, made of an amalgam of silver and lead.' _Prince_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_. 'Les Indiens en font des jarres, des pots, des plats de diverses formes. Ces vaisseaux communiquent une odeur et une saveur très-agréables à tout ce qu'ils renferment; ce qui provient sans doute de la dissolution de quelque substance bitumineuse contenue dans l'argile.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 83. 'The pipes of these Indians are either made of wood or of red earth; sometimes these earthen pipes are exceedingly valuable, and Indians have been known to give a horse in exchange for one of them.' _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. i., p. 130; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 128-32, 228-9, 234.

[625] _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 274.